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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Whisper_Systems" title="Whisper Systems">Whisper Systems</a>, a company that was acquired by Twitter, or <a href="/wiki/Whisper_(app)" title="Whisper (app)">Whisper</a>, a product of WhisperText LLC.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Open Whisper Systems</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_WhisperSystems_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Open_WhisperSystems_logo.png/220px-Open_WhisperSystems_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Open_WhisperSystems_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="315" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">OWS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Signal_Technology_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Technology Foundation">Signal Technology Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">January 21, 2013; 12 years ago (2013-01-21)<a href="#cite_note-welcome-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike">Moxie Marlinspike</a><a href="#cite_note-mashable1-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">January 10, 2018; 7 years ago (2018-01-10)<a href="#cite_note-de-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a><a href="#cite_note-mashable1-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2016-06-22-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile software">Mobile software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Staff</th><td class="infobox-data">2–6<a href="#cite_note-signal-foundation-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Disrupt-2017-09-18-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whispersystems.org/">whispersystems.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Open Whisper Systems (abbreviated OWS<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>) was a software development group<a href="#cite_note-ONeill-2017-01-03-8">[8]</a> that was founded by <a href="/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike">Moxie Marlinspike</a> in 2013. The group picked up the <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> development of <a href="/wiki/TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a> and RedPhone, and was later responsible for starting the development of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a> messaging app. In 2018, Signal Messenger was incorporated as an LLC by Moxie Marlinspike and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Acton" title="Brian Acton">Brian Acton</a> and then rolled under the independent <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3)</a> non-profit <a href="/wiki/Signal_Technology_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Technology Foundation">Signal Technology Foundation</a>. Today, the Signal app is developed by Signal Messenger LLC, which is funded by the Signal Technology Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-signal-foundation-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-propublica-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010–2013:_Background">2010–2013: Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2010–2013: Background">edit</a>]</div> Security researcher <a href="/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike">Moxie Marlinspike</a> and roboticist Stuart Anderson co-founded a startup company called <a href="/wiki/Whisper_Systems" title="Whisper Systems">Whisper Systems</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-wired1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-businessweek1-12">[12]</a> The company produced <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> enterprise mobile security software. Among these were an encrypted texting program called <a href="/wiki/TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a> and an encrypted voice calling app called RedPhone.<a href="#cite_note-forbes1-13">[13]</a> They also developed a firewall and tools for encrypting other forms of data.<a href="#cite_note-wired1-11">[11]</a> In November 2011, Whisper Systems announced that it had been acquired by <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. The financial terms of the deal were not disclosed by either company.<a href="#cite_note-venturebeat1-14">[14]</a> The acquisition was done "primarily so that Mr. Marlinspike could help the then-startup improve its security".<a href="#cite_note-Yadron-2015-15">[15]</a> Shortly after the acquisition, Whisper Systems' RedPhone service was made unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-forbes2-16">[16]</a> Some criticized the removal, arguing that the software was "specifically targeted [to help] people under repressive regimes" and that it left people like the Egyptians in "a dangerous position" during the events of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wired2-17">[17]</a> Twitter released TextSecure as <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPLv3</a> license in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-wired1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-twitter1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-whispersys2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-mashable2-20">[20]</a> RedPhone was also released under the same license in July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-whispersys3-21">[21]</a> Marlinspike later left Twitter and founded Open Whisper Systems as a collaborative open source project for the continued development of TextSecure and RedPhone.<a href="#cite_note-wired3-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-welcome-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013–2018:_Open_Whisper_Systems">2013–2018: Open Whisper Systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2013–2018: Open Whisper Systems">edit</a>]</div> Marlinspike launched Open Whisper Systems' website in January 2013.<a href="#cite_note-mashable1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-welcome-1">[1]</a> In February 2014, Open Whisper Systems introduced the second version of their TextSecure Protocol (now <a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a>), which added end-to-end encrypted group chat and instant messaging capabilities to TextSecure.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Toward the end of July 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced plans to unify its RedPhone and TextSecure applications as <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-signal-24">[24]</a> These announcements coincided with the initial release of Signal as a RedPhone counterpart for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>. The developers said that their next steps would be to provide TextSecure <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> capabilities for iOS, unify the RedPhone and TextSecure applications on Android, and launch a web client.<a href="#cite_note-threatpost1-25">[25]</a> Signal was the first iOS app to enable easy, strongly encrypted voice calls for free.<a href="#cite_note-wired3-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-techcrunch2-26">[26]</a> TextSecure compatibility was added to the iOS application in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-theintercept1-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-arstechnica1-28">[28]</a> On 18 November 2014, Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> by incorporating the Signal Protocol into each WhatsApp client platform.<a href="#cite_note-techcrunch1-29">[29]</a> Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and <a href="/wiki/Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">key</a> verification would be coming soon after.<a href="#cite_note-whatsapp-30">[30]</a> WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.<a href="#cite_note-fortune1-31">[31]</a> On 5 April 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.<a href="#cite_note-Metz-2016-04-05-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In September 2016, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> launched a new messaging app called <a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Allo</a>, which features an optional "incognito mode" that uses the Signal Protocol for end-to-end encryption.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2016-05-18-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs-2016-9-21-35">[35]</a> In October 2016, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> deployed an optional mode called "secret conversations" in <a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a> mobile apps which provides end-to-end encryption using an implementation of the Signal Protocol.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2016-10-05-38">[38]</a> In November 2015, the TextSecure and RedPhone applications on Android were merged to become Signal for Android.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2015-11-2-39">[39]</a> A month later, Open Whisper Systems announced Signal Desktop, a <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Chrome Apps">Chrome app</a> that could link with a Signal client.<a href="#cite_note-Motherboard-2015-12-02-40">[40]</a> At launch, the app could only be linked with the Android version of Signal.<a href="#cite_note-Motherboard-2015-12-02-40">[40]</a> On 26 September 2016, Open Whisper Systems announced that Signal Desktop could now be linked with the iOS version of Signal as well.<a href="#cite_note-signal-desktop-ios-41">[41]</a> On 31 October 2017, Open Whisper Systems announced that the Chrome app was <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-standalone-signal-desktop-42">[42]</a> At the same time, they announced the release of a standalone desktop client for certain Windows, MacOS and Linux distributions.<a href="#cite_note-standalone-signal-desktop-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coldewey-2017-10-31-43">[43]</a> On 4 October 2016, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> (ACLU) and Open Whisper Systems published a series of documents revealing that OWS had received a <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> requiring them to provide information associated with two phone numbers for a federal <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">grand jury</a> investigation in the first half of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Perlroth-2016-10-04-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-2016-10-04-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-OWS-2016-10-04-46">[46]</a> Only one of the two phone numbers was registered on Signal, and because of how the service is designed, OWS was only able to provide "the time the user’s account had been created and the last time it had connected to the service".<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman-2016-10-04-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perlroth-2016-10-04-44">[44]</a> Along with the subpoena, OWS received a <a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">gag order</a> requiring OWS not to tell anyone about the subpoena for one year.<a href="#cite_note-Perlroth-2016-10-04-44">[44]</a> OWS approached the ACLU, and they were able to lift part of the gag order after challenging it in court.<a href="#cite_note-Perlroth-2016-10-04-44">[44]</a> OWS said it was the first time they had received a subpoena, and that they were committed to treat "any future requests the same way".<a href="#cite_note-OWS-2016-10-04-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018–present:_Signal_Foundation">2018–present: Signal Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2018–present: Signal Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Signal_Foundation" title="Signal Foundation">Signal Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal (messaging app)</a></div> On February 21, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike">Moxie Marlinspike</a> and <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Brian_Acton" title="Brian Acton">Brian Acton</a> announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Foundation" title="Signal Foundation">Signal Foundation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/501(c)_organization" title="501(c) organization">501(c)(3) non-profit organization</a> whose mission is "to support, accelerate, and broaden Signal’s mission of making private communication accessible and ubiquitous."<a href="#cite_note-signal-foundation-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2018-02-21-47">[47]</a> The foundation was started with an initial $50 million in funding from Acton, who had left WhatsApp's parent company Facebook in September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2018-02-21-47">[47]</a> According to the announcement, Acton is the foundation's executive chairman and Marlinspike continued as CEO of Signal Messenger.<a href="#cite_note-signal-foundation-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a> agreed to continue accepting donations on behalf of Signal while the Signal Foundation's non-profit status was pending.<a href="#cite_note-signal-foundation-5">[5]</a> The Signal Foundation became officially tax-exempt in February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-propublica-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> In May 2014, Moxie Marlinspike said that "Open Whisper Systems is a project rather than a company, and the project's objective is not financial profit."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> News media outlets later described Open Whisper Systems as a "non-profit software group"<a href="#cite_note-wired3-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-mashable1-2">[2]</a> while the project was not registered as a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ONeill-2017-01-03-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-signal-foundation-5">[5]</a> Between 2013 and 2016, Open Whisper Systems received grants from the <a href="/wiki/Shuttleworth_Foundation" title="Shuttleworth Foundation">Shuttleworth Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-shuttleworthfoundation-49">[49]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Knight_Foundation" title="Knight Foundation">Knight Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-knightfoundation-50">[50]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Open_Technology_Fund" title="Open Technology Fund">Open Technology Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-opentechfund-51">[51]</a> Signal Messenger was initially funded by donations through the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ONeill-2017-01-03-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> which acted as Signal Messenger's <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sponsorship" title="Fiscal sponsorship">fiscal sponsor</a> while the Signal Foundation's non-profit status was pending.<a href="#cite_note-signal-foundation-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Timm-2017-01-25-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pressfreedomfoundation-54">[54]</a> The Signal Foundation is officially tax-exempt as of February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-propublica-10">[10]</a> In January 2021, the tech billionaire <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1347165127036977153?lang=en">tweeted his support for the Signal app</a> with two words "Use Signal", showing his favor for the app as an alternative to WhatsApp. Musk doubled down stating he had financially supported Signal in the past and that he will continue to do so.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In addition to other platform mass migrations, Signal saw a large influx of new users and user donations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Former <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> contractor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> endorsed Open Whisper Systems applications,<a href="#cite_note-pcmag-snowden-56">[56]</a> including during an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> in October 2014,<a href="#cite_note-thenewyorker-snowden-57">[57]</a> and during a remote appearance at an event hosted by <a href="/wiki/Ryerson_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryerson University">Ryerson University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journalists_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Journalists for Free Expression">Canadian Journalists for Free Expression</a>, in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-dailydot-snowden-58">[58]</a> Asked about encrypted messaging apps during a <a href="/wiki/Reddit_AMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddit AMA">Reddit AMA</a> in May 2015, he recommended "Signal for iOS, Redphone/TextSecure for Android".<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-snowden-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-voxmedia-snowden-60">[60]</a> In November 2015, Snowden tweeted that he used Signal "every day".<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-2016-02-61">[61]</a> In October 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) included TextSecure, RedPhone, and Signal in their updated Surveillance Self-Defense (SSD) guide.<a href="#cite_note-eff2-62">[62]</a> In November 2014, all three received top scores on the EFF's Secure Messaging Scorecard, along with <a href="/wiki/Cryptocat" title="Cryptocat">Cryptocat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silent_Circle_(software)" title="Silent Circle (software)">Silent Phone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silent_Circle_(software)" title="Silent Circle (software)">Silent Text</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eff1-63">[63]</a> They received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having communications encrypted with keys the providers don't have access to (<a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a>), making it possible for users to independently verify their correspondent's identities, having past communications secure if the keys are stolen (<a href="/wiki/Forward_secrecy" title="Forward secrecy">forward secrecy</a>), having their code open to independent review (<a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>), having their security designs well-documented, and having recent independent security audits.<a href="#cite_note-eff1-63">[63]</a> On 28 December 2014, <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> published slides from an internal <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> presentation dating to June 2012 in which the NSA deemed RedPhone on its own as a "major threat" to its mission, and when used in conjunction with other privacy tools such as Cspace, <a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt" title="TrueCrypt">TrueCrypt</a> was ranked as "catastrophic," leading to a "near-total loss/lack of insight to target communications, presence..."<a href="#cite_note-spiegel1-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-spiegel2-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Projects">edit</a>]</div> Over its five-year existence from 2013 to 2018, the Open Whisper Systems group managed multiple projects, which included:<a href="#cite_note-gh-whispersystems-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signal_ultramarine_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Signal_ultramarine_icon.png/100px-Signal_ultramarine_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Signal_ultramarine_icon.png/150px-Signal_ultramarine_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Signal_ultramarine_icon.png/200px-Signal_ultramarine_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Signal</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a>: An <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice calling">voice calling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Video calling">video calling</a><a href="#cite_note-Mott-2017-03-14-67">[67]</a> application for Android, iOS and desktop.<a href="#cite_note-Coldewey-2017-10-31-43">[43]</a> It uses <a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">end-to-end encryption</a> protocols to secure all communications to other Signal users.<a href="#cite_note-arstechnica1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-eff1-63">[63]</a> Signal can be used to send end-to-end encrypted group messages, attachments and media messages to other Signal users. The app uses 4 encryption algorithms to encrypt all text and media sent to and from the app: XEdDSA and VXEdDSA, Double Ratchet, X3DH, and Sesame.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All calls are made over a Wi-Fi or data connection and are free of charge, including long distance and international.<a href="#cite_note-techcrunch2-26">[26]</a> Signal has a built-in mechanism for verifying that no <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a> has occurred. Signal Messenger has set up dozens of servers to handle the encrypted calls in more than 10 countries around the world to minimize latency.<a href="#cite_note-wired3-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a> are published under the <a href="/wiki/GPLv3" class="mw-redirect" title="GPLv3">GPLv3</a> license.<a href="#cite_note-signal-ios-github-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-signal-android-github-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-signal-desktop-github-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a>: A non-federated cryptographic protocol that can be used to provide end-to-end encryption. It combines the <a href="/wiki/Double_Ratchet_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Ratchet algorithm">Double Ratchet algorithm</a>, prekeys, and a 3-DH handshake.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Signal Messenger maintains several open source Signal Protocol <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> on GitHub.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Signal Server: The software is published under the <a href="/wiki/AGPLv3" class="mw-redirect" title="AGPLv3">AGPLv3</a> license.<a href="#cite_note-Signal-Server-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Contact Discovery Service: A <a href="/wiki/Microservice" class="mw-redirect" title="Microservice">microservice</a> that "allows clients to discover which of their contacts are registered users, but does not reveal their contacts to the service operator or any party that may have compromised the service."<a href="#cite_note-ContactDiscoveryService-77">[77]</a> The software is published under the <a href="/wiki/AGPLv3" class="mw-redirect" title="AGPLv3">AGPLv3</a> license.<a href="#cite_note-ContactDiscoveryService-77">[77]</a> As of 26 September 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit">[update]</a>, the service is in beta.<a href="#cite_note-private-contact-discovery-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li></ul> Some of these projects were discontinued or merged into other projects: <ul><li>BitHub: A service that would automatically pay a percentage of <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> funds for every submission to a <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repository.<a href="#cite_note-bithub-gh-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-bithub-commit-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Flock: A service that synced calendar and contact information on Android devices. Users had the ability to host their own server. The developer cited technological choices that led to high server costs as a reason for discontinuing the service.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Flock was discontinued 1 October 2015, but its source code is still available on GitHub under the GPLv3 license.<a href="#cite_note-Flock-GH-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedPhone_icon_2014.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RedPhone_icon_2014.svg/100px-RedPhone_icon_2014.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RedPhone_icon_2014.svg/150px-RedPhone_icon_2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RedPhone_icon_2014.svg/200px-RedPhone_icon_2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>RedPhone</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>RedPhone: A stand-alone application for encrypted voice calling on Android. RedPhone integrated with the system dialler to make calls, but used <a href="/wiki/ZRTP" title="ZRTP">ZRTP</a> to set up an end-to-end encrypted VoIP channel for the actual call. RedPhone was designed specifically for mobile devices, using audio codecs and buffer algorithms tuned to the characteristics of mobile networks, and used push notifications to preserve the user's device's battery life while still remaining responsive.<a href="#cite_note-RedPhone-85">[85]</a> RedPhone was merged into TextSecure on 2 November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2015-11-2-39">[39]</a> TextSecure was then renamed as Signal for Android.<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2015-11-2-39">[39]</a> RedPhone's source code was available under the GPLv3 license.<a href="#cite_note-RedPhone-85">[85]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TextSecure_Blue_Icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/TextSecure_Blue_Icon.png/100px-TextSecure_Blue_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/TextSecure_Blue_Icon.png/150px-TextSecure_Blue_Icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/TextSecure_Blue_Icon.png/200px-TextSecure_Blue_Icon.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>TextSecure</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a>: A stand-alone application for encrypted messaging on Android.<a href="#cite_note-textsecure-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-87">[87]</a> TextSecure could be used to send and receive <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a>, and instant messages.<a href="#cite_note-motherboard1-88">[88]</a> It used end-to-end encryption with forward secrecy and deniable authentication to secure all instant messages to other TextSecure users.<a href="#cite_note-eff1-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-the-new-textsecure-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-ghacks1-90">[90]</a> TextSecure was merged with RedPhone to become Signal for Android,<a href="#cite_note-Greenberg-2015-11-2-39">[39]</a> but lost its ability to encrypt SMS. The source code is available under the GPLv3 license.<a href="#cite_note-textsecure-86">[86]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/32px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/48px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/64px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Telecommunications">Telecommunications portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of instant messaging clients">Comparison of instant messaging clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_VoIP_software" title="Comparison of VoIP software">Comparison of VoIP software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">List of free and open-source software organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">Secure communication</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-welcome-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-welcome_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-welcome_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-welcome_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Condé Nast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927143335/https://www.wired.com/story/signal-contact-lists-private-secure-enclave">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Signal+Has+a+Fix+for+Apps%27+Contact-Leaking+Problem&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fsignal-contact-lists-private-secure-enclave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bithub-gh-80"><a href="#cite_ref-bithub-gh_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Whisper_Systems" class="citation web cs1">Open Whisper Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/WhisperSystems/BitHub">"BitHub"</a>. GitHub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227204347/https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Bithub">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=BitHub&rft.au=Open+Whisper+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FWhisperSystems%2FBitHub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Finley, Klint (17 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/12/bithub/">"Love Child of Bitcoin and GitHub Pays Cash for Code"</a>. Wired. Condé Nast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918073105/http://www.wired.com/2013/12/bithub">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Love+Child+of+Bitcoin+and+GitHub+Pays+Cash+for+Code&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Klint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fbithub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bithub-commit-82"><a href="#cite_ref-bithub-commit_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlinspikeRizzio2017" class="citation web cs1">Marlinspike, Moxie; Rizzio, Nicholas (11 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/signalapp/Signal-Android/commit/99ea6f98126ed502915ab377c13af422647915de">"Remove the last references to BitHub and Coinbase"</a>. GitHub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161433/https://github.com/signalapp/Signal-Android/commit/99ea6f98126ed502915ab377c13af422647915de">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Remove+the+last+references+to+BitHub+and+Coinbase&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.aulast=Marlinspike&rft.aufirst=Moxie&rft.au=Rizzio%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fsignalapp%2FSignal-Android%2Fcommit%2F99ea6f98126ed502915ab377c13af422647915de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrhodey2015" class="citation web cs1">rhodey (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gist.github.com/rhodey/873ae9d527d8d2a38213">"RE: Flock shutting down"</a>. GitHub Gist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929130810/https://gist.github.com/rhodey/873ae9d527d8d2a38213">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub+Gist&rft.atitle=RE%3A+Flock+shutting+down&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.au=rhodey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgist.github.com%2Frhodey%2F873ae9d527d8d2a38213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flock-GH-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Flock-GH_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Whisper_Systems" class="citation web cs1">Open Whisper Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Flock">"Flock"</a>. GitHub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103141512/https://github.com/WhisperSystems/Flock">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Flock&rft.au=Open+Whisper+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FWhisperSystems%2FFlock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedPhone-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedPhone_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedPhone_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Whisper_Systems" class="citation web cs1">Open Whisper Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905191050/https://github.com/WhisperSystems/RedPhone">"RedPhone"</a>. GitHub. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/WhisperSystems/RedPhone">the original</a> on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=RedPhone&rft.au=Open+Whisper+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FWhisperSystems%2FRedPhone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-textsecure-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-textsecure_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-textsecure_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Whisper_Systems" class="citation web cs1">Open Whisper Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/WhisperSystems/TextSecure/">"TextSecure"</a>. GitHub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208095618/https://github.com/WhisperSystems/TextSecure/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=TextSecure&rft.au=Open+Whisper+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FWhisperSystems%2FTextSecure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolly_Wood2014" class="citation news cs1">Molly Wood (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/technology/personaltech/privacy-please-tools-to-shield-your-smartphone-from-snoopers.html">"Privacy Please: Tools to Shield Your Smartphone"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225120608/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/20/technology/personaltech/privacy-please-tools-to-shield-your-smartphone-from-snoopers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Privacy+Please%3A+Tools+to+Shield+Your+Smartphone&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.au=Molly+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F20%2Ftechnology%2Fpersonaltech%2Fprivacy-please-tools-to-shield-your-smartphone-from-snoopers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-motherboard1-88"><a href="#cite_ref-motherboard1_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDJ_Pangburn2014" class="citation web cs1">DJ Pangburn (3 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314165046/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/textsecure-is-the-easiest-encryption-app-to-use-so-far">"TextSecure Is the Easiest Encryption App To Use (So Far)"</a>. Motherboard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/textsecure-is-the-easiest-encryption-app-to-use-so-far">the original</a> on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TextSecure+Is+the+Easiest+Encryption+App+To+Use+%28So+Far%29&rft.pub=Motherboard&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft.au=DJ+Pangburn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherboard.vice.com%2Fblog%2Ftextsecure-is-the-easiest-encryption-app-to-use-so-far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the-new-textsecure-89"><a href="#cite_ref-the-new-textsecure_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoxie_Marlinspike2014" class="citation web cs1">Moxie Marlinspike (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whispersystems.org/blog/the-new-textsecure/">"The New TextSecure: Privacy Beyond SMS"</a>. Open Whisper Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224200749/https://whispersystems.org/blog/the-new-textsecure/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+TextSecure%3A+Privacy+Beyond+SMS&rft.pub=Open+Whisper+Systems&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.au=Moxie+Marlinspike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhispersystems.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-new-textsecure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghacks1-90"><a href="#cite_ref-ghacks1_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Brinkmann2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Brinkmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Brinkmann">Martin Brinkmann</a> (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghacks.net/2014/02/24/textsecure-open-source-messaging-app-strong-security-features/">"TextSecure is an open source messaging app with strong security features"</a>. Ghacks Technology News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302041935/http://www.ghacks.net/2014/02/24/textsecure-open-source-messaging-app-strong-security-features/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TextSecure+is+an+open+source+messaging+app+with+strong+security+features&rft.pub=Ghacks+Technology+News&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.au=Martin+Brinkmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghacks.net%2F2014%2F02%2F24%2Ftextsecure-open-source-messaging-app-strong-security-features%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngerDechandBonneauFahl2015" class="citation conference cs1">Unger, Nik; Dechand, Sergej; Bonneau, Joseph; Fahl, Sascha; Perl, Henning; Goldberg, Ian Avrum; Smith, Matthew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieee-security.org/TC/SP2015/papers-archived/6949a232.pdf">SoK: Secure Messaging</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. IEEE Computer Society's Technical Committee on Security and Privacy. pp. 232–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FSP.2015.22">10.1109/SP.2015.22</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=SoK%3A+Secure+Messaging&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society%27s+Technical+Committee+on+Security+and+Privacy&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FSP.2015.22&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Nik&rft.au=Dechand%2C+Sergej&rft.au=Bonneau%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Fahl%2C+Sascha&rft.au=Perl%2C+Henning&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Ian+Avrum&rft.au=Smith%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieee-security.org%2FTC%2FSP2015%2Fpapers-archived%2F6949a232.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+Whisper+Systems" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Whisper_Systems&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_Whisper_Systems" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Open Whisper Systems">Open Whisper Systems</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whispersystems.org/">Official website</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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