CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Aleksander Kwaśniewski - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9777a8f1-47d6-42c5-91b2-e36dded99147","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Aleksander_Kwaśniewski","wgTitle":"Aleksander Kwaśniewski","wgCurRevisionId":1275354037,"wgRevisionId":1275354037,"wgArticleId":150186,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2020","Pages with Polish IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021", "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Commons category link from Wikidata","People appearing on C-SPAN","1954 births","Living people","People from Białogard","Polish atheists","Polish socialists","Polish United Workers' Party members","Presidents of Poland","Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993","Members of the Polish Sejm 1993–1997","Democratic Left Alliance politicians","Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty","Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic","Collars of the Order of the White Lion","Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry","Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour","Grand Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas","Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George","Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana", "Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class","Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta","Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 1st class","Grand Crosses with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)","Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","Recipients of the Olympic Order","Recipients of the National Order of Merit (Malta)","Polish Round Table Talks participants","Candidates in the 2000 Polish presidential election","Candidates in the 1995 Polish presidential election","Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania","Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)","Recipients of the Order of Outstanding Merit"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Aleksander_Kwaśniewski","wgRelevantArticleId":150186,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q55758","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser" :false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1746"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1164"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="931"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Aleksander Kwaśniewski - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Aleksander_Kwaśniewski rootpage-Aleksander_Kwaśniewski skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career_(1973–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career_(1973–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early political career (1973–1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career_(1973–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1995–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1995–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Presidency (1995–2005)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1995–2005)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1995–2005) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1995–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversial_pardons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_pardons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Controversial pardons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_pardons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rywingate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rywingate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rywingate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rywingate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_secret_police_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_secret_police_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Member of secret police allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_secret_police_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_illegal_lobbying_on_behalf_of_Paul_Manafort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_illegal_lobbying_on_behalf_of_Paul_Manafort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Possible illegal lobbying on behalf of Paul Manafort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_illegal_lobbying_on_behalf_of_Paul_Manafort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="ألكسندر كفاشنيفسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر كفاشنيفسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kvasnevski" title="Aleksandr Kvasnevski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Kvasnevski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Аляксандр Квасьнеўскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Квасьнеўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Аляксандар Квасьнеўскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Квасьнеўскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александер Квашневски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александер Квашневски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9A%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Αλεξάντερ Κφασνιέφσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντερ Κφασνιέφσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="الکساندر کواشنیوسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر کواشنیوسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4_%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%97%90%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="알렉산데르 크바시니에프스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산데르 크바시니에프스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D6%87%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Ալեքսանդր Կվասնևսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Կվասնևսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अलेक्सांदर क्वास्नियेव्स्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलेक्सांदर क्वास्नियेव्स्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="אלכסנדר קוושנייבסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר קוושנייבסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე კვასნევსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე კვასნევსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Alexander Kwaśniewski – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanders_Kvas%C5%86evskis" title="Aleksanders Kvasņevskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksanders Kvasņevskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александар Квашњевски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Квашњевски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="अलेक्सांदर क्वाशन्येफ्स्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्सांदर क्वाशन्येफ्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდერ კვაშნიევსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდერ კვაშნიევსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="الكسندر كفاشنيفسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر كفاشنيفسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="الکساندر کواشنیوسکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الکساندر کواشنیوسکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александр Квасньевски – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Александр Квасньевски" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A7%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD" title="アレクサンデル・クファシニェフスキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンデル・クファシニェフスキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Квасьневский, Александр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квасьневский, Александр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwasniewski" title="Aleksander Kwasniewski – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aleksander Kwasniewski" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Александар Квашњевски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Квашњевски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="อาแล็กซันแดร์ กฟัชแญฟสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาแล็กซันแดร์ กฟัชแญฟสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Александр Квасневський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александр Квасневський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亚历山大·克瓦希涅夫斯基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大·克瓦希涅夫斯基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="亞歷山大·克瓦希涅夫斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞歷山大·克瓦希涅夫斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&oldid=1275354037" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&id=1275354037&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAleksander_Kwa%25C5%259Bniewski"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAleksander_Kwa%25C5%259Bniewski"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55758" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Poland from 1995 to 2005</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kwasniewski" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Kwaśniewski">Kwaśniewski</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Slavic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic name">Slavic name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Kwaśniewski</i>, sometimes transliterated as <i> Kwasniewski</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kwaśniewski in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 December 1995 – 23 December 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy" title="Józef Oleksy">Józef Oleksy</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Cimoszewicz" title="Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz">Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Miller" title="Leszek Miller">Leszek Miller</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Marek_Belka" title="Marek Belka">Marek Belka</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Marcinkiewicz" title="Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz">Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland">Leader of the Social Democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 January 1990 – 23 December 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy" title="Józef Oleksy">Józef Oleksy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-11-15</span>) </span>15 November 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 70)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ogard" title="Białogard">Białogard</a>, Poland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> (1995–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (1977–1990)<br /><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland">Social Democracy</a> (1990–1995)<br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">Democratic Left Alliance</a> (1991–1995)<br /><a href="/wiki/Left_and_Democrats" title="Left and Democrats">Left and Democrats</a> (2007)<br /><a href="/wiki/Europa_Plus_(Poland)" title="Europa Plus (Poland)">Europa Plus</a> (2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jolanta_Kwa%C5%9Bniewska" title="Jolanta Kwaśniewska">Jolanta Konty</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1979)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Aleksandra Kwaśniewska</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="University of Gdańsk">University of Gdańsk</a><br />(Did not graduate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the White Eagle"><img alt="Order of the White Eagle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg/40px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg/60px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg/80px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Polonia Restituta"><img alt="Order of the Polonia Restituta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg/40px-POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg/60px-POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg/80px-POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_with_the_Golden_Chain_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Vytautas the Great - Golden Chain"><img alt="Order of Vytautas the Great - Golden Chain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_with_the_Golden_Chain_BAR.svg/40px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_with_the_Golden_Chain_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_with_the_Golden_Chain_BAR.svg/60px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_with_the_Golden_Chain_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_with_the_Golden_Chain_BAR.svg/80px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_with_the_Golden_Chain_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Vytautas the Great - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of Vytautas the Great - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-LTU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/40px-LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/80px-LTU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Bath"><img alt="Order of the Bath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/40px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of St. Michael and St. George"><img alt="Order of St. Michael and St. George" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/40px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/60px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/80px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic"><img alt="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/40px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/60px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg/80px-Cordone_di_gran_Croce_di_Gran_Cordone_OMRI_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Legion of Honour - Grand Cross"><img alt="Legion of Honour - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_Sint_Olaf_1_kl.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Saint Olav - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of Saint Olav - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Order_Sint_Olaf_1_kl.png/40px-Order_Sint_Olaf_1_kl.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Order_Sint_Olaf_1_kl.png/60px-Order_Sint_Olaf_1_kl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Order_Sint_Olaf_1_kl.png/80px-Order_Sint_Olaf_1_kl.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="OOrder of the Savior"><img alt="OOrder of the Savior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg/40px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg/60px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg/80px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the White Rose - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of the White Rose - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-FIN_Order_of_the_White_Rose_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Three_Stars_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Three Starts - Commander"><img alt="Order of the Three Starts - Commander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Order_of_the_Three_Stars_Ribbon_bar.svg/40px-Order_of_the_Three_Stars_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Order_of_the_Three_Stars_Ribbon_bar.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Three_Stars_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Order_of_the_Three_Stars_Ribbon_bar.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Three_Stars_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LVA_Cross_of_Recognition.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross of Recognition"><img alt="Cross of Recognition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/LVA_Cross_of_Recognition.png/40px-LVA_Cross_of_Recognition.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/LVA_Cross_of_Recognition.png/60px-LVA_Cross_of_Recognition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/LVA_Cross_of_Recognition.png/80px-LVA_Cross_of_Recognition.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Prince Jarosław the Wise"><img alt="Order of Prince Jarosław the Wise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/40px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/60px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png/80px-Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise_1st_2nd_and_3rd_Class_of_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Merit_1st_Class_of_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Merit of Ukraine - 1st Class"><img alt="Order of Merit of Ukraine - 1st Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Order_of_Merit_1st_Class_of_Ukraine.png/40px-Order_of_Merit_1st_Class_of_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Order_of_Merit_1st_Class_of_Ukraine.png/60px-Order_of_Merit_1st_Class_of_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Order_of_Merit_1st_Class_of_Ukraine.png/80px-Order_of_Merit_1st_Class_of_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia"><img alt="Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg/40px-Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg/60px-Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg/80px-Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Dutch Lion - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of the Dutch Lion - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/40px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SVK_Rad_Bieleho_Dvojkriza_2_triedy_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Double White Cross"><img alt="Order of the Double White Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SVK_Rad_Bieleho_Dvojkriza_2_triedy_BAR.svg/40px-SVK_Rad_Bieleho_Dvojkriza_2_triedy_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SVK_Rad_Bieleho_Dvojkriza_2_triedy_BAR.svg/60px-SVK_Rad_Bieleho_Dvojkriza_2_triedy_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SVK_Rad_Bieleho_Dvojkriza_2_triedy_BAR.svg/80px-SVK_Rad_Bieleho_Dvojkriza_2_triedy_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Prince Henry - Grand Collar"><img alt="Order of Prince Henry - Grand Collar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/40px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/60px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg/80px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - First Class"><img alt="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - First Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/40px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/60px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/80px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 1st Class"><img alt="Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 1st Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/40px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/60px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/80px-AUT_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Star of Romania - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of the Star of Romania - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg/40px-ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg/60px-ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg/80px-ROU_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania_1999_GCross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROU_Faithful_Service_Order_2000_GCross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Faithful Service - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of Faithful Service - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ROU_Faithful_Service_Order_2000_GCross_BAR.svg/40px-ROU_Faithful_Service_Order_2000_GCross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ROU_Faithful_Service_Order_2000_GCross_BAR.svg/60px-ROU_Faithful_Service_Order_2000_GCross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ROU_Faithful_Service_Order_2000_GCross_BAR.svg/80px-ROU_Faithful_Service_Order_2000_GCross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Collar_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Merit of Chile - Collar"><img alt="Order of Merit of Chile - Collar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Collar_BAR.png/40px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Collar_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Collar_BAR.png/60px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Collar_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Collar_BAR.png/80px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Collar_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="528" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Leopold - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of Leopold - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg/40px-BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg/60px-BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg/80px-BEL_-_Order_of_Leopold_-_Grand_Cordon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the State of the Republic of Turkey"><img alt="Order of the State of the Republic of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey.png/40px-Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey.png/60px-Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey.png/80px-Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="187" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_of_an_order_of_king_Tomislav.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Order of King Tomisław"><img alt="Grand Order of King Tomisław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ribbon_of_an_order_of_king_Tomislav.png/40px-Ribbon_of_an_order_of_king_Tomislav.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ribbon_of_an_order_of_king_Tomislav.png/60px-Ribbon_of_an_order_of_king_Tomislav.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ribbon_of_an_order_of_king_Tomislav.png/80px-Ribbon_of_an_order_of_king_Tomislav.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="45" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar"><img alt="Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/40px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/60px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/80px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_(civ)_1class_Collar_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Meirt of Hungary - 1st Class"><img alt="Order of Meirt of Hungary - 1st Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civ%29_1class_Collar_BAR.svg/40px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civ%29_1class_Collar_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civ%29_1class_Collar_BAR.svg/60px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civ%29_1class_Collar_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civ%29_1class_Collar_BAR.svg/80px-HUN_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Hungarian_Rep_%28civ%29_1class_Collar_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross"><img alt="Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/40px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/80px-BRA_-_Order_of_the_Southern_Cross_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Service_(Peru)_Ribbon.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Merit for Distinguished Service (Peru)"><img alt="Order of Merit for Distinguished Service (Peru)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Service_%28Peru%29_Ribbon.gif/40px-The_Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Service_%28Peru%29_Ribbon.gif" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Service_%28Peru%29_Ribbon.gif/60px-The_Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Service_%28Peru%29_Ribbon.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Service_%28Peru%29_Ribbon.gif/80px-The_Order_of_Merit_for_Distinguished_Service_%28Peru%29_Ribbon.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany - Grand Cross Special Class"><img alt="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany - Grand Cross Special Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg/40px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg/60px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg/80px-GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_9_Sond_des_Grosskreuzes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EST_Order_of_the_White_Star_-_1st_Class_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the White Star - 1st Class"><img alt="Order of the White Star - 1st Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EST_Order_of_the_White_Star_-_1st_Class_BAR.png/40px-EST_Order_of_the_White_Star_-_1st_Class_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EST_Order_of_the_White_Star_-_1st_Class_BAR.png/60px-EST_Order_of_the_White_Star_-_1st_Class_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EST_Order_of_the_White_Star_-_1st_Class_BAR.png/80px-EST_Order_of_the_White_Star_-_1st_Class_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_Dostik_1kl_rib.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Friendship - 1st Class"><img alt="Order of Friendship - 1st Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Order_Dostik_1kl_rib.png/40px-Order_Dostik_1kl_rib.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Order_Dostik_1kl_rib.png/60px-Order_Dostik_1kl_rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Order_Dostik_1kl_rib.png/80px-Order_Dostik_1kl_rib.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Chrysanthemums"><img alt="Order of Chrysanthemums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/40px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/60px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/80px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Order of Merit"><img alt="National Order of Merit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg/40px-MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg/60px-MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg/80px-MLT_National_Order_of_Merit_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the White Lion - 1st Class"><img alt="Order of the White Lion - 1st Class" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg/40px-CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg/60px-CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg/80px-CZE_Rad_Bileho_Lva_1_tridy_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Order_gold_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olympic Order - Gold"><img alt="Olympic Order - Gold" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olympic_Order_gold_ribbon.svg/40px-Olympic_Order_gold_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olympic_Order_gold_ribbon.svg/60px-Olympic_Order_gold_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olympic_Order_gold_ribbon.svg/80px-Olympic_Order_gold_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of the Smile"><img alt="Order of the Smile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg/40px-POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg/60px-POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg/80px-POL_Order_U%C5%9Bmiechu_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_Signature.svg/128px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_Signature.svg/192px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_Signature.svg/256px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwasniewskialeksander.eu/">www<wbr />.kwasniewskialeksander<wbr />.eu</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aleksander Kwaśniewski</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[alɛˈksandɛr<span class="wrap"> </span>kfaˈɕɲɛfskʲi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/Pl-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski.ogg\/Pl-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Aleksander Kwa\u015bniewski.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Pl-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski.ogg/Pl-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski.ogg" title="File:Pl-Aleksander Kwaśniewski.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician and journalist. He served as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">president of Poland</a> from 1995 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tenure as President was marked by modernization of Poland, rapid economic growth (Poland's GDP has doubled in ten years), the drafting of a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Polish Constitution</a> (1997), and the accession of Poland to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (1999) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, he brokered a pro-democratic agreement during the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ogard" title="Białogard">Białogard</a>, attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="University of Gdańsk">University of Gdańsk</a>, and served as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sport_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Sport (Poland)">Minister of Sport</a> in the communist government during the 1980s. After the fall of Communism, he became a leader of the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland">Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland</a>, a successor to the former ruling <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a>, and a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">Democratic Left Alliance</a>. </p><p>Kwaśniewski was elected to the presidency in 1995, defeating the incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>. He was re-elected to a second and final term as President in 2000 in a decisive first-round victory. In line with a constitutional limit of two terms, his second term ended on 23 December 2005. According to a 2020 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)" title="Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)"><i>Rzeczpospolita</i></a>, Kwaśniewski was considered the best president in post-1989 history of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_(1973–1995)"><span id="Early_political_career_.281973.E2.80.931995.29"></span>Early political career (1973–1995)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early political career (1973–1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1973 to 1977, Kwaśniewski studied Transport Economics and Foreign Trade at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="University of Gdańsk">University of Gdańsk</a>, although he never graduated.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became politically active at this time, and joined the ruling <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR) in 1977, remaining a member until it was dissolved in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An activist in the communist student movement until 1982, he held, among other positions, the chairmanship of the University Council of the Socialist Union of Polish Students (SZSP) from 1976 to 1977 and the vice-chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Gdańsk Voivodship</a> Union from 1977 to 1979. Kwaśniewski was a member of the SZSP supreme authorities from 1977 to 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A.T.Kijowski%26A.Kwasniewski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A.T.Kijowski%26A.Kwasniewski.jpg/220px-A.T.Kijowski%26A.Kwasniewski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A.T.Kijowski%26A.Kwasniewski.jpg/330px-A.T.Kijowski%26A.Kwasniewski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A.T.Kijowski%26A.Kwasniewski.jpg/440px-A.T.Kijowski%26A.Kwasniewski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Kwaśniewski (left) on <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Tadeusz_Kijowski" title="Andrzej Tadeusz Kijowski">Andrzej Tadeusz Kijowski</a>'s talk show in December 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>From November 1981 to February 1984 he was the editor-in-chief of the communist-controlled student weekly <i>ITD</i>, then editor-in-chief of the daily communist youth <i><a href="/wiki/Sztandar_M%C5%82odych" title="Sztandar Młodych">Sztandar Młodych</a></i> from 1984 to 1985. He was a co-founder of the first computer-science periodical in Poland, <i>Bajtek</i>, in 1985. From 1985 to 1987, Kwaśniewski was Minister for Youth Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Messner" title="Zbigniew Messner">Zbigniew Messner</a> government, and then Chairman of the Committee for Youth and Physical Culture till 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He joined the government of <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a>, first as a Cabinet Minister and then as chairman of the government Social-Political Committee from October 1988 to September 1989. A participant in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Round-Table negotiations</a>, he co-chaired the task group for trade-union pluralism with <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> and Romuald Sosnowski.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the PZPR was wound up, he became a founding member of the post-communist <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland">Social Democratic Party</a> of the Republic of Poland (SdRP) from January to February 1990, and its first chairman until he assumed the presidency in December 1995. He was also one of the founding members of the coalition <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">Democratic Left Alliance</a> (SLD) in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kwaśniewski was an activist in the Student Sports Union from 1975 to 1979 and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Olympic_Committee" title="Polish Olympic Committee">Polish Olympic Committee</a> (PKOL); he later served as PKOL president from 1988 to 1991. Running for the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> constituency in 1991, he won the largest number of votes (148,533), although did not win an absolute majority. Kwaśniewski headed the parliamentary caucus of the Democratic Left Alliance in his first and second terms (1991–1995).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and chairman of the Constitutional Committee of the National Assembly from November 1993 to November 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1995–2005)"><span id="Presidency_.281995.E2.80.932005.29"></span>Presidency (1995–2005)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presidency (1995–2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_Aleksandrem_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskim-_gratulacje_1995_po_wyborach_prezydenckich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Z_Aleksandrem_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskim-_gratulacje_1995_po_wyborach_prezydenckich.jpg/220px-Z_Aleksandrem_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskim-_gratulacje_1995_po_wyborach_prezydenckich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Z_Aleksandrem_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskim-_gratulacje_1995_po_wyborach_prezydenckich.jpg/330px-Z_Aleksandrem_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskim-_gratulacje_1995_po_wyborach_prezydenckich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Z_Aleksandrem_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskim-_gratulacje_1995_po_wyborach_prezydenckich.jpg/440px-Z_Aleksandrem_Kwa%C5%9Bniewskim-_gratulacje_1995_po_wyborach_prezydenckich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Kwaśniewski">Kwaśniewski</a> receiving praises by supporters after his presidential victory in 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>In an often bitter campaign, Kwaśniewski won the <a href="/wiki/1995_Polish_presidential_election" title="1995 Polish presidential election">presidential election in 1995</a>, collecting 51.7 percent of votes in the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">run-off</a>, against 48.3 percent for the incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> leader. Kwaśniewski's campaign slogans were "Let's choose the future" (<i>Wybierzmy przyszłość</i>) and "A Poland for all" (<i>Wspólna Polska</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political opponents disputed his victory and produced evidence to show that he had lied about his education in registration documents and public presentations. There was also some mystery over his graduation from university. A law court confirmed that Kwaśniewski had lied about his record—and this did not come to light until after the election—but did not penalise him for it. Kwaśniewski took the presidential <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> on 23 December 1995. Later the same day, he was sworn in as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces at the Warszawa First Fighter Wing, in <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk_Mazowiecki" title="Mińsk Mazowiecki">Mińsk Mazowiecki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His political course resembled that of Wałęsa's in several key respects, such as the pursuit of closer ties to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. Kwaśniewski also continued the transition to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of state-owned enterprises, although with less energy than his predecessor. </p><p>Hoping to be seen as "the president of all Poles", including his political opponents, he resigned from the SLD after the election. Every Polish president since then has renounced formal ties with their party upon taking office. Later, he formed a coalition with the rightist government of <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a> with few major conflicts and on several occasions, he stood against movements of the SLD government of <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Miller" title="Leszek Miller">Leszek Miller</a>. At one moment, support for Kwaśniewski reached as high as 80% in popularity polls; most of the time it was over 50%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jacques_Chirac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jacques_Chirac.jpg/220px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jacques_Chirac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jacques_Chirac.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jacques_Chirac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jacques_Chirac.jpg/440px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jacques_Chirac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Kwaśniewski with French President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> in Strasbourg, October 1997</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1997, the Polish newspaper <i>Zycie</i> reported that Kwaśniewski had met former KGB officer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Alganov" title="Vladimir Alganov">Vladimir Alganov</a> at the Baltic sea resort <a href="/wiki/Cetniewo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetniewo">Cetniewo</a> in 1994. First Kwaśniewski denied ever meeting Alganov and filed a libel suit against the newspaper. Eventually, Kwaśniewski admitted that he had met Alganov on official occasions, but denied meeting him in Cetniewo.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kwaśniewski's greatest achievement was his ability to bring about a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution of Poland</a> to replace the modified <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalinist</a> document then still in use. The failure to create a new document had been a criticism often levelled at Wałęsa. Kwaśniewski actively campaigned for its approval in the subsequent referendum, and he signed it into law on 16 July 1997. He took an active part in the efforts to secure Polish membership of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_15_October_2001-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vladimir_Putin_15_October_2001-4.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_15_October_2001-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Vladimir_Putin_15_October_2001-4.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_15_October_2001-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Vladimir_Putin_15_October_2001-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Kwaśniewski with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Moscow, October 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>He headed Poland's delegation at the 1997 Madrid summit, where Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> were promised membership; and the Washington summit, where on 26 February 1999, during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo conflict">Kosovo conflict</a>, which he supported, he signed the instruments ratifying Poland's membership of NATO. He also took an active part in promoting further enlargement of the alliance, speaking out in favor of membership for a further seven states and the open-door policy that leaves open the option of further members.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was an author of the 2002 Riga Initiative, a forum for cooperation between Central European states, aimed towards further enlargement of NATO and the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An advocate of regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe, Kwaśniewski hosted a summit of the region's leaders at <a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut" title="Łańcut">Łańcut</a> in 1996. Speaking out against the danger <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> posed to the region, he submitted a draft of a convention on fighting organised crime to the UN in 1996. He was an active participant at meetings of regional leaders in <a href="/wiki/Portoro%C5%BE" title="Portorož">Portorož</a> in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Levo%C4%8Da" title="Levoča">Levoča</a> in 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> in 1999. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jan_Peter_Balkenende.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jan_Peter_Balkenende.jpg/220px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jan_Peter_Balkenende.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jan_Peter_Balkenende.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jan_Peter_Balkenende.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jan_Peter_Balkenende.jpg/440px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_i_Jan_Peter_Balkenende.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Kwaśniewski with Dutch Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jan_Peter_Balkenende" title="Jan Peter Balkenende">Jan Peter Balkenende</a> in Warsaw, October 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>After a history of sometimes acrimonious relations with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, Kwaśniewski was a driving force behind the presidential summit in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> in 1997, at which the two countries' presidents signed a treaty of friendship. Poland subsequently became one of the strongest advocates of Lithuanian membership in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the strongest advocate of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> in Europe. In 2000 he was re-elected in a single round, collecting 53.9 percent of the vote. His election campaign slogan was: "A home for all—Poland" (<i>Dom wszystkich—Polska</i>). <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, this is the only time since the end of Communism that a presidential election has been decided in a single round. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001 attacks">11 September 2001 attacks</a>, Kwaśniewski organized an international conference in Warsaw, with the participation of leaders from Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe to strengthen regional activities in fighting international terrorism. Under Kwaśniewski's leadership, Poland became a strong ally of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_involvement_in_the_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq">contributed troops</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, a move that was highly controversial in Poland and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poland was in charge of a sector of Iraq after the removal of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. Polish membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> became a reality on 1 May 2004, during Kwaśniewski's second term.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both he and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jolanta_Kwa%C5%9Bniewska" title="Jolanta Kwaśniewska">Jolanta</a> had campaigned for approval of the EU accession treaty in June 2003. He strongly supported including mention of Europe's Christian roots into the <a href="/wiki/European_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="European Constitution">European Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to his close relations with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a>, in late 2004 he became a mediator in a political conflict in Ukraine – the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a>, and according to some commentators, he played the major role in its peaceful solution.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_Poland%27s_President_Aleksander_Kwasniewski_shake_hands_as_they_meet_with_reporters_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/President_George_W._Bush_and_Poland%27s_President_Aleksander_Kwasniewski_shake_hands_as_they_meet_with_reporters_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Poland%27s_President_Aleksander_Kwasniewski_shake_hands_as_they_meet_with_reporters_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/President_George_W._Bush_and_Poland%27s_President_Aleksander_Kwasniewski_shake_hands_as_they_meet_with_reporters_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Poland%27s_President_Aleksander_Kwasniewski_shake_hands_as_they_meet_with_reporters_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/President_George_W._Bush_and_Poland%27s_President_Aleksander_Kwasniewski_shake_hands_as_they_meet_with_reporters_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_Poland%27s_President_Aleksander_Kwasniewski_shake_hands_as_they_meet_with_reporters_in_the_Oval_Office_at_the_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Kwaśniewski with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in Washington, D.C., October 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>After the release of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a> in December 2014, Kwaśniewski admitted that he had agreed in 2003 to host a secret <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">black site</a> in Poland, but that activities were to be carried out in accordance to Polish law. He said that a U.S. draft memorandum had stated that "people held in Poland are to be treated as prisoners of war and will be afforded all the rights they are entitled to", but due to time constraints, the U.S. had not signed the memorandum. The U.S. had conducted activities in great secrecy at <a href="/wiki/Stare_Kiejkuty_(base)" title="Stare Kiejkuty (base)">the site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20141210_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20141210-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_pardons">Controversial pardons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversial pardons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2005, when his presidency was coming to an end, he granted <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> for a post-Communist deputy minister of Justice Zbigniew Sobotka, who had been sentenced for 3.5 years of prison for revealing a state secret (effectively, he warned gangsters about an operation against them). Kwaśniewski changed the prison sentence to <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another case of Kwaśniewski's controversial granting of <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vogel_(banker)" title="Peter Vogel (banker)">Peter Vogel</a> case. The story goes back to 1971 when Piotr Filipczyński, a.k.a. Peter Vogel was sentenced to 25 years in jail for a brutal murder (shortened to 15 years in 1979). Surprisingly enough, in 1983 (during <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a>) he was granted a passport and allowed to leave the country. He returned in 1990 soon earning the nickname "the accountant of the Left" as a former Swiss banker who took care of more than thirty accounts of Polish <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliance_(Poland)" title="Democratic Left Alliance (Poland)">social democrats</a>. Despite an arrest warrant issued in 1987, Vogel moved freely in Poland and was eventually arrested in 1998 in Switzerland. After Vogel's extradition to Poland, in 1999 Kwaśniewski initiated the procedure of granting him amnesty. In December 2005 (a few days before leaving his office) Kwaśniewski pardoned Vogel despite the negative opinion of the procurer.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rywingate">Rywingate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rywingate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kwaśniewski refused in 2003 to face a special parliamentary commission,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was set up to reveal all circumstances linked with <a href="/wiki/Rywingate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rywingate">Rywingate</a>. Kwaśniewski argued, that the constitution did not allow parliamentary commissions to investigate the president, and there were no clear law opinions. The commission decided eventually not to summon Kwaśniewski.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a second time Kwaśniewski refused as a witness to face the commission investigating the privatization of <a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a> petrol concern, in March 2005. He argued that the actions of commission members, being in opposition to the leftist government supported by him, were directed against him.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought to undermine the commission by releasing considerable amounts of information to journalists while only belatedly making it available to the commission members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_secret_police_allegations">Member of secret police allegations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Member of secret police allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a> revealed that Kwaśniewski was registered during communist times as an agent "Alek" of the secret police, the Security Service (<i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82u%C5%BCba_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Służba Bezpieczeństwa">Służba Bezpieczeństwa</a></i> – SB), from 1983 to 1989. Kwaśniewski himself denied having been an agent in a special statement, demanded from politicians by Polish law, and a court confirmed his statement.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 March 2006, Kwaśniewski was appointed Distinguished Scholar in the Practice of Global Leadership at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, where he teaches students in the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Foreign Service">Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service</a> about contemporary European politics, the trans-Atlantic relationship, and democratization in Central and Eastern Europe. He also teaches a course on political leadership, convened by Professor Carol Lancaster, with former Spanish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also Chairman of the supervisory board of the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="International Centre for Policy Studies">International Centre for Policy Studies</a> in Kyiv, Ukraine and a member of the International Honorary Council<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the European Academy of Diplomacy. </p><p>In 2008 Aleksander Kwaśniewski became Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/European_Council_on_Tolerance_and_Reconciliation" title="European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation">European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation</a>, a not-for-profit organization established to monitor <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a> in Europe, prepare practical recommendations to governments and <a href="/wiki/International_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisation">international organisations</a> on improving interreligious and interethnic relations on the continent. The organization is co-chaired by <a href="/wiki/European_Jewish_Fund" title="European Jewish Fund">European Jewish Fund</a> President <a href="/wiki/Viatcheslav_Moshe_Kantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor">Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor</a>. </p><p>Since June 2012 Kwaśniewski and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> lead a <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> monitoring mission in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to monitor the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_cases_against_Yulia_Tymoshenko_since_2010" title="Criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko since 2010">criminal cases against Yulia Tymoshenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Lutsenko" title="Yuriy Lutsenko">Yuriy Lutsenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Ivaschenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriy Ivaschenko">Valeriy Ivaschenko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2011, Kwaśniewski has served on the <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Summit" title="Concordia Summit">Leadership Council for Concordia</a>, a nonpartisan, nonprofit based in New York City focused on promoting effective public-private collaboration to create a more prosperous and sustainable future. </p><p>Kwaśniewski was also involved with the EU talks with the Ukrainian government about the association agreement with the EU that the Ukrainian parliament failed to ratify in November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan unrest</a> had installed the transitional government under <a href="/wiki/Arseniy_Yatsenyuk" title="Arseniy Yatsenyuk">Yatsenyuk</a>, who signed the EU association agreement for Ukraine in 2014, Kwaśniewski took up in a director's post in the gas company ″<a href="/wiki/Burisma_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Burisma Holdings">Burisma Holdings</a> Limited″ which owns licenses for the major Ukrainian gas fields.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, he became a Member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Advisory_Council" title="International Advisory Council">International Advisory Council</a> (IAC) to Uzbekistan. In 2020, he assumed the position of Chair of the Eastern Europe and Central Asia Commission on Drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_illegal_lobbying_on_behalf_of_Paul_Manafort">Possible illegal lobbying on behalf of Paul Manafort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible illegal lobbying on behalf of Paul Manafort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a plea agreement <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_Paul_Manafort" title="Trials of Paul Manafort">filed in United States Federal court</a> on 14 September 2018, former Donald Trump campaign chair <a href="/wiki/Paul_Manafort" title="Paul Manafort">Paul Manafort</a> admitted to organizing a group of former European heads of state to illegally lobby, starting in 2011, on behalf of then-Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>. The plea agreement describes one of the heads of state involved in this secret lobbying as a "former Polish President" who "was also a representative of the European Parliament with oversight responsibility for Ukraine."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one press report claimed that Kwaśniewski was this former Polish President.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_-_Europejski_Kongres_Gospodarczy_2013_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_-_Europejski_Kongres_Gospodarczy_2013_%285%29.jpg/220px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_-_Europejski_Kongres_Gospodarczy_2013_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_-_Europejski_Kongres_Gospodarczy_2013_%285%29.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_-_Europejski_Kongres_Gospodarczy_2013_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_-_Europejski_Kongres_Gospodarczy_2013_%285%29.jpg/440px-Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_-_Europejski_Kongres_Gospodarczy_2013_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Aleksander Kwaśniewski during the 2013 European Economic Forum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwasniewski_and_bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kwasniewski_and_bush.jpg/220px-Kwasniewski_and_bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kwasniewski_and_bush.jpg/330px-Kwasniewski_and_bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Kwasniewski_and_bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>President Kwaśniewski greets President of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg/220px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg/330px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg/440px-Aleksander_Kwasniewski_and_Mary_McAleese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Kwaśniewski with the President of Ireland <a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a> in Dublin, Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aleksander Kwaśniewski has been honored to date with the following decorations: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a> (<i>ex officio</i>); Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta" title="Order of Polonia Restituta">Order of Polonia Restituta</a> First Class, Grand Master of the Order and President of the Chapter</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great" title="Order of Vytautas the Great">Order of Vytautas the Great</a> (1996), Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas" title="Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas">Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas</a> (1999); Order of Vytautas the Great with Golden Chain (2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (March 1996); Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (October 1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> with Collar (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a> (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St._Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav">Royal Order of Saint Olav</a> (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer</a> (1996)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Rose">Order of the White Rose</a> with Collar (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars" title="Order of the Three Stars">Order of the Three Stars</a> (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Rose_of_Finland" title="Order of the White Rose of Finland">Commander Grand Cross, with Collar, of the Order of the White Rose of Finland</a> (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: Honorary Recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_the_Realm" title="Order of the Crown of the Realm">Order of the Crown of the Realm</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a>, 1st class (1997); <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Ukraine)" title="Order of Merit (Ukraine)">Order of Merit</a>, 1st class (2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Order of Infant Henry with Grand Ribbon</a> (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>: Grand Cross (or 1st Class) of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Double_Cross" title="Order of the White Double Cross">Order of the White Double Cross</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: Grand Cross with Ribbon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana" title="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana">Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana</a> (1998); Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Star" title="Order of the White Star">Order of the White Star</a> (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Order of the Star of Romania</a> with Sash (1999)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Merit_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Merit of Chile">Grand Chain of the Order of Merit</a> (1999)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_State_of_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the State of Republic of Turkey">Order of the State of Republic of Turkey</a> (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Order_of_King_Tomislav" title="Grand Order of King Tomislav">Grand Order of King Tomislav</a> with Sash and Great Star (April 2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> with Chain (2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary">Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary</a> with Collar (2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: Collar of the National <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Order of the Southern Cross</a> (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>: Special Grand Cross of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Merit_(Peru)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Merit (Peru) (page does not exist)">Order of Merit</a> "in recognition of the Special Merit" (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the Supreme <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a> (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> (2004)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>: Collar of the Supreme <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a> (2004)</li> <li>International: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Smile" title="Order of the Smile">Order of the Smile</a> (1993)</li> <li>International: Golden <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> in (1998)</li> <li>International: Gold Order of Merit of the <a href="/wiki/International_Amateur_Athletic_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Amateur Athletic Federation">International Amateur Athletic Federation</a> (1999)</li> <li>International: Medal of Merit of the <a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="European Olympic Committee">European Olympic Committee</a> (2000)</li> <li>Awarded <a href="/wiki/Doctor_honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor honoris causa">doctor honoris causa</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> in Jerusalem (2004), <a href="/wiki/Kyiv-Mohyla_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv-Mohyla Academy">Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a> (2005) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vilnius" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Vilnius">University of Vilnius</a> (2005). In 2010, became an honorary citizen of Warsaw.</li> <li>Kwaśniewski was awarded the highest distinction of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a>, the Order of Saint Magdalena, first degree with decorations (1998). He received the television "Wiktor" prize three times (1993, 1995, and 2000). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski_Eagle_Award" title="Jan Karski Eagle Award">Jan Karski Eagle Award</a> (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Freedom_Award" title="Knight of Freedom Award">Knight of Freedom Award</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steiger_Award" title="Steiger Award">Steiger Award</a> (2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, Kwaśniewski married lawyer <a href="/wiki/Jolanta_Kwa%C5%9Bniewska" title="Jolanta Kwaśniewska">Jolanta Konty</a> in a civil ceremony. They have one child: a daughter, Aleksandra (born 1981).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He identifies as an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polish_president_wins_second_term_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polish_president_wins_second_term-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warsaw_Voice_–_A_PiS_Take_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warsaw_Voice_–_A_PiS_Take-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beata_Pasek_2000_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beata_Pasek_2000-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, at the end of his second presidential term, the couple finalised their marriage in a low-key Catholic ceremony presided by Kwaśniewski's former presidential chaplain, in the presidential chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Poland">Presidents of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Polish_presidential_election" title="2005 Polish presidential election">2005 Polish presidential election</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksander-Kwasniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Polish politician at Encyclopaedia Britannica.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/CHN/USA">"GDP, current prices | Billions of U.S. dollars"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=GDP%2C+current+prices+%7C+Billions+of+U.S.+dollars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDPD%40WEO%2FCHN%2FUSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksander-Kwasniewski">"Aleksander Kwasniewski | Biography, Presidency, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwasniewski+%7C+Biography%2C+Presidency%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAleksander-Kwasniewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/european-mediators-and-ukraines-orange-revolution">"European Mediators and Ukraine's Orange Revolution | Wilson Center"</a>. <i>www.wilsoncenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=European+Mediators+and+Ukraine%27s+Orange+Revolution+%7C+Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Feuropean-mediators-and-ukraines-orange-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2011/07/07/for-our-freedom-and-yours">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"For our freedom and yours"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=%22For+our+freedom+and+yours%22&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feastern-approaches%2F2011%2F07%2F07%2Ffor-our-freedom-and-yours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/sondaz-dla-rzeczpospolitej-aleksander-kwasniewski-najlepszym-prezydentem-w-historii/dt8ewk0">"Sondaż dla "Rzeczpospolitej": Aleksander Kwaśniewski najlepszym prezydentem w historii"</a>. <i>Onet Wiadomości</i> (in Polish). 2 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onet+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci&rft.atitle=Sonda%C5%BC+dla+%22Rzeczpospolitej%22%3A+Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski+najlepszym+prezydentem+w+historii&rft.date=2020-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.onet.pl%2Fkraj%2Fsondaz-dla-rzeczpospolitej-aleksander-kwasniewski-najlepszym-prezydentem-w-historii%2Fdt8ewk0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Krasowski, Robert (2014). <i>Czas gniewu: rozkwit i upadek imperium SLD</i>. Warsaw: Czerwone i czarne. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7700-148-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7700-148-6"><bdi>978-83-7700-148-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czas+gniewu%3A+rozkwit+i+upadek+imperium+SLD&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Czerwone+i+czarne&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-83-7700-148-6&rft.aulast=Krasowski&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katalog.bip.ipn.gov.pl/informacje/68767">"Dane osoby z katalogu kierowniczych stanowisk partyjnych i państwowych PRL"</a>. <i>ipn.gov.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipn.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Dane+osoby+z+katalogu+kierowniczych+stanowisk+partyjnych+i+pa%C5%84stwowych+PRL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatalog.bip.ipn.gov.pl%2Finformacje%2F68767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/postacie/aleksander-kwasniewski">"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"</a>. <i>dzieje.pl</i> (in Polish). 1 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Fpostacie%2Faleksander-kwasniewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldleaders.columbia.edu/directory/aleksander-kwasniewski">"Aleksander Kwasniewski"</a>. <i>columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwasniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldleaders.columbia.edu%2Fdirectory%2Faleksander-kwasniewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackiewiczŻołna1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mackiewicz, Lubomir; Żołna, Anna (1993). <i>Kto jest kim w Polsce: informator biograficzny</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Interpress. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-223-2644-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-223-2644-0"><bdi>83-223-2644-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kto+jest+kim+w+Polsce%3A+informator+biograficzny&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Interpress&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=83-223-2644-0&rft.aulast=Mackiewicz&rft.aufirst=Lubomir&rft.au=%C5%BBo%C5%82na%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaszkiewicz2004" class="citation book cs1">Paszkiewicz, Krystyna Anna (2004). <i>Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej</i>. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-22924933" title="Special:BookSources/83-22924933"><bdi>83-22924933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partie+i+koalicje+polityczne+III+Rzeczypospolitej&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=83-22924933&rft.aulast=Paszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Krystyna+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomats.pl/member/aleksander-kwasniewski/">"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"</a>. <i>diplomats.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diplomats.pl&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomats.pl%2Fmember%2Faleksander-kwasniewski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomats.pl/member/aleksander-kwasniewski/">"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"</a>. <i>diplomats.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diplomats.pl&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomats.pl%2Fmember%2Faleksander-kwasniewski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlga_Szarycka2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olga Szarycka (29 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depesza.fm/aleksander-kwasniewski-wszystko-co-trzeba-wiedziec-o-bylym-prezydencie-polski-1635408433">"Aleksander Kwaśniewski - wykształcenie, działalność polityczna i życie prywatne. Wszystko w jednym miejscu"</a>. <i>depesza.fm</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depesza.fm&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski+-+wykszta%C5%82cenie%2C+dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9B%C4%87+polityczna+i+%C5%BCycie+prywatne.+Wszystko+w+jednym+miejscu&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft.au=Olga+Szarycka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepesza.fm%2Faleksander-kwasniewski-wszystko-co-trzeba-wiedziec-o-bylym-prezydencie-polski-1635408433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldleaders.columbia.edu/directory/aleksander-kwasniewski#:~:text=His%20election%20campaign%20slogan%20was%3A%20%22The%20home%20of,the%20First%20Fighter%20Wing%2C%20%22Warszawa%22%2C%20in%20Minsk%20Mazowiecki.">"Aleksander Kwasiniewski"</a>. <i>columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwasiniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldleaders.columbia.edu%2Fdirectory%2Faleksander-kwasniewski%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHis%2520election%2520campaign%2520slogan%2520was%253A%2520%2522The%2520home%2520of%2Cthe%2520First%2520Fighter%2520Wing%252C%2520%2522Warszawa%2522%252C%2520in%2520Minsk%2520Mazowiecki.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol6num4/constitutionwatch/poland.html">East European Constitutional Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902091957/http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol6num4/constitutionwatch/poland.html">Archived</a> 2 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Volume 6 Number 4. Fall 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/prsrl/2002/11898.htm">"Joint Statement by President George W. Bush and Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski"</a>. <i>state.gov</i>. 17 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=state.gov&rft.atitle=Joint+Statement+by+President+George+W.+Bush+and+Polish+President+Aleksander+Kwasniewski&rft.date=2002-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fp%2Feur%2Frls%2Fprsrl%2F2002%2F11898.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/opinions_19645.htm">"Statement on NATO Enlargement by H. E. Aleksander Kwasniewski, President of the Republic of Poland"</a>. <i>nato.int</i>. 21 November 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nato.int&rft.atitle=Statement+on+NATO+Enlargement+by+H.+E.+Aleksander+Kwasniewski%2C+President+of+the+Republic+of+Poland&rft.date=2002-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatolive%2Fopinions_19645.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldleaders.columbia.edu/directory/aleksander-kwasniewski">"Aleksander Kwasniewski"</a>. <i>columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwasniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldleaders.columbia.edu%2Fdirectory%2Faleksander-kwasniewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/09/world/polish-president-wins-election-for-second-term.html">"Polish President Wins Election For Second Term"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 9 October 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Polish+President+Wins+Election+For+Second+Term&rft.date=2000-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F10%2F09%2Fworld%2Fpolish-president-wins-election-for-second-term.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3525356.stm">"Poland was 'misled' over Iraq WMD"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. 18 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Poland+was+%27misled%27+over+Iraq+WMD&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3525356.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eecpoland.eu/2023/en/speakers/aleksander-kwasniewski,20079.html">"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"</a>. <i>eecpoland.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eecpoland.eu&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eecpoland.eu%2F2023%2Fen%2Fspeakers%2Faleksander-kwasniewski%2C20079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Pritchard2003" class="citation news cs1">Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (4 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040417034703/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2003%2F06%2F04%2Fwkwas04.xml">"Atheist premier attacks lack of Christianity in EU constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph.co.uk">telegraph.co.uk</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/06/04/wkwas04.xml">the original</a> on 17 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Atheist+premier+attacks+lack+of+Christianity+in+EU+constitution&rft.date=2003-06-04&rft.aulast=Evans-Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Ambrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2003%2F06%2F04%2Fwkwas04.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029122834/http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=3666">"Wywiady zagraniczne – Rok 2003 – NRC Handelsblad, 27 września 2003 r."</a> <i>prezydent.pl</i> (in Polish). 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=3666">the original</a> on 29 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prezydent.pl&rft.atitle=Wywiady+zagraniczne+%E2%80%93+Rok+2003+%E2%80%93+NRC+Handelsblad%2C+27+wrze%C5%9Bnia+2003+r.&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prezydent.pl%2Fx.node%3Fid%3D3666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomats.pl/member/kwasniewski-aleksander/">"Aleksander Kwasniewski"</a>. <i>diplomats.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diplomats.pl&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwasniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomats.pl%2Fmember%2Fkwasniewski-aleksander%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-20141210-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20141210_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Day2014" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Day (10 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11286267/Polish-president-admits-Poland-agreed-to-host-secret-CIA-black-site.html">"Polish president admits Poland agreed to host secret CIA 'black site'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Polish+president+admits+Poland+agreed+to+host+secret+CIA+%27black+site%27&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.au=Matthew+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fpoland%2F11286267%2FPolish-president-admits-Poland-agreed-to-host-secret-CIA-black-site.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231074520/http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,47243,3072146.html">"Kwaśniewski ułaskawił Sobotkę"</a> [Kwaśniewski pardoned Sobotka]. <i><a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a></i> (in Polish). 17 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,47243,3072146.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza&rft.atitle=Kwa%C5%9Bniewski+u%C5%82askawi%C5%82+Sobotk%C4%99&rft.date=2005-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserwisy.gazeta.pl%2Fkraj%2F1%2C47243%2C3072146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224050641/http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,wid,8124847,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=1df9e">"Zbigniew Sobotka ułaskawiony"</a> [Zbigniew Sobotka pardoned]. <i><a href="/wiki/WP.pl" class="mw-redirect" title="WP.pl">WP.pl</a></i> (in Polish). 16 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1342,wid,8124847,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=12ddb">the original</a> on 24 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WP.pl&rft.atitle=Zbigniew+Sobotka+u%C5%82askawiony&rft.date=2005-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.wp.pl%2Fkat%2C1342%2Cwid%2C8124847%2Cwiadomosc.html%3Fticaid%3D12ddb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_Chodakiewicz" class="citation web cs1">Marek Chodakiewicz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317171437/http://www.iwp.edu/news/newsID.315/news_detail.asp">"Kwasniewski's chekist service killed his chance to head UN"</a>. <i>The Institute of World Politics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwp.edu/news/newsID.315/news_detail.asp">the original</a> on 17 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>Likewise, in December 2005, Kwasniewski pardoned the post-Communist deputy minister of Justice Zbigniew Sobotka, who had warned gangsters about a planned police operation against them. Sobotka was convicted and sentenced to jail but the presidential pardon freed him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+World+Politics&rft.atitle=Kwasniewski%27s+chekist+service+killed+his+chance+to+head+UN&rft.au=Marek+Chodakiewicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwp.edu%2Fnews%2FnewsID.315%2Fnews_detail.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwp.edu/news/newsID.315/news_detail.asp">The institute of world politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317171437/http://www.iwp.edu/news/newsID.315/news_detail.asp">Archived</a> 17 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on 1 January 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndulskiRigendinger2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Indulski, Grzegorz; Rigendinger, Balz (8 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=85649">"Kasjer Vogel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wprost" title="Wprost">Wprost</a></i> (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Kasjer+Vogel&rft.date=2006-01-08&rft.aulast=Indulski&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft.au=Rigendinger%2C+Balz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Far%2F%3FO%3D85649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadaj2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Hadaj, Marcin (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpress.org/Europe/1098.cfm">"Poland: Paper Chase"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Press_Review" title="World Press Review">World Press Review</a></i>. Vol. 50, no. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Press+Review&rft.atitle=Poland%3A+Paper+Chase&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Hadaj&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpress.org%2FEurope%2F1098.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030822072402/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2877">"Endgame Sans President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Warsaw_Voice" title="The Warsaw Voice">The Warsaw Voice</a></i>. 10 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/2877/">the original</a> on 22 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Warsaw+Voice&rft.atitle=Endgame+Sans+President&rft.date=2003-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Fview%2F2877%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPijaczyński2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pijaczyński, Marcin (1 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719065429/http://wiadomosci.polska.pl/polityka/article,Prezydent,id,49332.htm">"Prezydent odetchnął"</a>. <i>Polska.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiadomosci.polska.pl/polityka/article,Prezydent,id,49332.htm">the original</a> on 19 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polska.pl&rft.atitle=Prezydent+odetchn%C4%85%C5%82&rft.date=2003-07-01&rft.aulast=Pijaczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.polska.pl%2Fpolityka%2Farticle%2CPrezydent%2Cid%2C49332.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/polish/domestic/story/2005/03/050307_kwasniewski_commission.shtml">"Prezydent nie stanie przed komisją"</a> [President will not stand before the commission]. <i>BBCPolska.com</i> (in Polish). 7 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBCPolska.com&rft.atitle=Prezydent+nie+stanie+przed+komisj%C4%85&rft.date=2005-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpolish%2Fdomestic%2Fstory%2F2005%2F03%2F050307_kwasniewski_commission.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305005125/http://www.dziennik.pl/polityka/article54626/Kwasniewski_oszukiwal_nawet_esbekow.html">"Kwaśniewski oszukiwał nawet esbeków"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik.pl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dziennik.pl">Dziennik.pl</a></i> (in Polish). 27 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dziennik.pl/polityka/article54626/Kwasniewski_oszukiwal_nawet_esbekow.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dziennik.pl&rft.atitle=Kwa%C5%9Bniewski+oszukiwa%C5%82+nawet+esbek%C3%B3w&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dziennik.pl%2Fpolityka%2Farticle54626%2FKwasniewski_oszukiwal_nawet_esbekow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317011436/http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=13238">"Former Polish President Joins SFS Faculty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=13238">the original</a> on 17 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Polish+President+Joins+SFS+Faculty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplore.georgetown.edu%2Fnews%2F%3FID%3D13238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202143035/http://diplomats.pl/en/component/content/article/473.html">"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"</a>. <i>diplomats.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diplomats.pl/en/component/content/article/473.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diplomats.pl&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiplomats.pl%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.co.uk/ukraine-news/ukraine-welcomes-prolongation-of-cox-kwasniewski-mission-until-fall-says-kozhara/">Ukraine welcomes prolongation of Cox-Kwasniewski mission until fall, says Kozhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (18 April 2013)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/145261.html">Cox-Kwasniewski mission to visit Ukraine in late March, planning to visit Tymoshenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (19 March 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/ukraine-tymoshenko-bill-rejected/25175222.html">"After Kyiv Snub, Kwasniewski Says EU-Ukraine Deal Is Off"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i>. 21 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=After+Kyiv+Snub%2C+Kwasniewski+Says+EU-Ukraine+Deal+Is+Off&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fukraine-tymoshenko-bill-rejected%2F25175222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514022640/http://burisma.com/board-of-directors/">"Board of Directors"</a>. <i>burisma.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burisma.com/board-of-directors/">the original</a> on 14 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=burisma.com&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburisma.com%2Fboard-of-directors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanessa_Gera2019" class="citation web cs1">Vanessa Gera (28 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/biden-aleksander-kwasniewski-poland-europe-37424b8a0a994c1a935c5831643a84e3">"AP Interview: Ex-Polish president defends Biden and Burisma"</a>. <i>apnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apnews.com&rft.atitle=AP+Interview%3A+Ex-Polish+president+defends+Biden+and+Burisma&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft.au=Vanessa+Gera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fbiden-aleksander-kwasniewski-poland-europe-37424b8a0a994c1a935c5831643a84e3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eecpoland.eu/2023/en/speakers/aleksander-kwasniewski,20079.html">"Aleksander Kwaśniewski"</a>. <i>eecpoland.eu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eecpoland.eu&rft.atitle=Aleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eecpoland.eu%2F2023%2Fen%2Fspeakers%2Faleksander-kwasniewski%2C20079.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://int.nyt.com/data/documenthelper/302-paul-manafort-court-documents/c44625ae1d687a0163b2/optimized/full.pdf#page=36">"Re: United States vs. Paul J. Manafort, Jr"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+United+States+vs.+Paul+J.+Manafort%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fint.nyt.com%2Fdata%2Fdocumenthelper%2F302-paul-manafort-court-documents%2Fc44625ae1d687a0163b2%2Foptimized%2Ffull.pdf%23page%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2c4acbc2-b894-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe">"Prosecutors expose dark arts of Manafort lobbying"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 15 September 2018. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/2c4acbc2-b894-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Prosecutors+expose+dark+arts+of+Manafort+lobbying&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F2c4acbc2-b894-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volks krant, State visit of Netherlands in Poland, 1997, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static3.volkskrant.nl/static/photo/2012/13/11/11/album_large_1067186.jpg">Photo with Queen Beatrix</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074106/http://static3.volkskrant.nl/static/photo/2012/13/11/11/album_large_1067186.jpg">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp">"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/">the original</a> on 19 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semakan+Penerima+Darjah+Kebesaran%2C+Bintang%2C+dan+Pingat+Persekutuan.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istiadat.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fcomponent%2Fsemakanlantikanskp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slovak republic website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/">State honours</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413004835/http://www.slovak-republic.org/symbols/honours/">Archived</a> 13 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: 1st Class received in 1997 (click on "Holders of the Order of the 1st Class White Double Cross" to see the holders' table)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belgian royal official site, Gala dinner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchie.be/sites/default/files/imagecache/ImageDetail/images/fr_pol.jpg">Group photo</a> of President, his wife and the Royal Family</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberler.com/dostluk-iliskilerine-katkinin-altin-sembolu-devlet-4331381-haberi/">"Dostluk İlişkilerine Katkının Altın Sembolü: Devlet ve Cumhuriyet Nişanları (Turkish) - The Gold Symbol Contribution of Friendly Relations: State and Republic Orders"</a>. Haberler.com. February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dostluk+%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkilerine+Katk%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+Alt%C4%B1n+Sembol%C3%BC%3A+Devlet+ve+Cumhuriyet+Ni%C5%9Fanlar%C4%B1+%28Turkish%29+-+The+Gold+Symbol+Contribution+of+Friendly+Relations%3A+State+and+Republic+Orders&rft.pub=Haberler.com&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2Fdostluk-iliskilerine-katkinin-altin-sembolu-devlet-4331381-haberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/kwasniewski-i-unger-uhonorowani-nagroda-orla-jana-karskiego">"Kwaśniewski i Unger uhonorowani Nagrodą Orła Jana Karskiego"</a>. <i>dzieje.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Kwa%C5%9Bniewski+i+Unger+uhonorowani+Nagrod%C4%85+Or%C5%82a+Jana+Karskiego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fkwasniewski-i-unger-uhonorowani-nagroda-orla-jana-karskiego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph.co.uk_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I am an atheist and everybody knows it..." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/1431975/Atheist-premier-attacks-lack-of-Christianity-in-EU-constitution.html">Atheist premier attacks lack of Christianity in EU constitution</a></i>, by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, <i>The Telegraph</i>, 4 June 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polish_president_wins_second_term-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polish_president_wins_second_term_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/961814.stm">"Polish president wins second term"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 October 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Polish+president+wins+second+term&rft.date=2000-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F961814.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warsaw_Voice_–_A_PiS_Take-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warsaw_Voice_–_A_PiS_Take_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/10205/">"A PiS Take"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Warsaw_Voice" title="The Warsaw Voice">The Warsaw Voice</a></i>. 4 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Warsaw+Voice&rft.atitle=A+PiS+Take&rft.date=2006-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsawvoice.pl%2Fview%2F10205%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beata_Pasek_2000-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beata_Pasek_2000_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeata_Pasek2000" class="citation news cs1">Beata Pasek (2000). "Ex-communist Kwasniewski wins second term as Polish president". <i>The Independent</i>. <q>Kwasniewski had maintained a commanding lead in opinion polls, despite Solidarity attack ads that included video of him and an aide appearing to mock Polish-born Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> in 1997. Poland is an overwhelmingly Roman Catholic country, and Kwasniewski is an atheist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ex-communist+Kwasniewski+wins+second+term+as+Polish+president&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Beata+Pasek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nowosci.com.pl/tajny-slub-kwasniewskich/ar/11323247">"Tajny ślub Kwaśniewskich"</a>. <i>nowosci.com.pl</i> (in Polish). Nowości: Dziennik Toruński. 6 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nowosci.com.pl&rft.atitle=Tajny+%C5%9Blub+Kwa%C5%9Bniewskich&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnowosci.com.pl%2Ftajny-slub-kwasniewskich%2Far%2F11323247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/1,114873,3100022.html">"Kwaśniewscy wzięli ślub kościelny"</a>. <i>gazeta.pl</i> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Gazeta_Wyborcza" title="Gazeta Wyborcza">Gazeta Wyborcza</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=gazeta.pl&rft.atitle=Kwa%C5%9Bniewscy+wzi%C4%99li+%C5%9Blub+ko%C5%9Bcielny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiadomosci.gazeta.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2F1%2C114873%2C3100022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fakt.pl/wydarzenia/polityka/kwasniewscy-razem-juz-od-30-lat-a-slub-brali-dwa-razy/bbbnpc7">"Kwaśniewscy razem już od 30 lat! A ślub brali dwa razy"</a>. <i>fakt.pl</i> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Fakt" title="Fakt">Fakt</a>. 20 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=fakt.pl&rft.atitle=Kwa%C5%9Bniewscy+razem+ju%C5%BC+od+30+lat%21+A+%C5%9Blub+brali+dwa+razy&rft.date=2009-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fakt.pl%2Fwydarzenia%2Fpolityka%2Fkwasniewscy-razem-juz-od-30-lat-a-slub-brali-dwa-razy%2Fbbbnpc7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAleksander+Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aleksander Kwaśniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Aleksander Kwaśniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041157/http://www.kwasniewskialeksander.eu/">Aleksander Kwaśniewski – official web page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?44165">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Position established </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland">Social Democracy</a> </b><br />1990–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy" title="Józef Oleksy">Józef Oleksy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a> </b><br />1995–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_Poland375" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="Template:Heads of state of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Heads of state of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_Poland375" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Poland" title="List of heads of state of Poland">Heads of state of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Council_of_State" title="Provisional Council of State">Provisional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack of the President of Poland"><img alt="Jack of the President of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2481" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Republic of Poland</a><br />(1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz" title="Gabriel Narutowicz">Gabriel Narutowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Maciej Rataj</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wojciechowski" title="Stanisław Wojciechowski">Stanisław Wojciechowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maciej_Rataj" title="Maciej Rataj">Maciej Rataj</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a><br />(1939–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Raczkiewicz" title="Władysław Raczkiewicz">Władysław Raczkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Zaleski" title="August Zaleski">August Zaleski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ostrowski" title="Stanisław Ostrowski">Stanisław Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernard_Raczy%C5%84ski" title="Edward Bernard Raczyński">Edward Raczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sabbat" title="Kazimierz Sabbat">Kazimierz Sabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Kaczorowski" title="Ryszard Kaczorowski">Ryszard Kaczorowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a><br />(1944–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Tr%C4%85balski" title="Franciszek Trąbalski">Franciszek Trąbalski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kowalski_(politician)" title="Władysław Kowalski (politician)">Władysław Kowalski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki" title="Aleksander Zawadzki">Aleksander Zawadzki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Spychalski" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Cyrankiewicz" title="Józef Cyrankiewicz">Józef Cyrankiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Jab%C5%82o%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Jabłoński">Henryk Jabłoński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">Republic of Poland</a><br />(1990–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Borusewicz" title="Bogdan Borusewicz">Bogdan Borusewicz</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Schetyna" title="Grzegorz Schetyna">Grzegorz Schetyna</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="previous_←_Candidates_in_the_1995_Polish_presidential_election_→_following283" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_1995" title="Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1995"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_1995" title="Template talk:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1995"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_1995" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1995"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="previous_←_Candidates_in_the_1995_Polish_presidential_election_→_following283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_1990" title="Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1990">previous</a> ← Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Polish_presidential_election" title="1995 Polish presidential election">1995 Polish presidential election</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_2000" title="Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2000">following</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack of the President of the Republic of Poland"><img alt="Jack of the President of the Republic of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2481" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leszek_Bubel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leszek Bubel (page does not exist)">Leszek Bubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Gronkiewicz-Waltz" title="Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz">Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Janusz Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Ko%C5%BAluk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Koźluk (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Koźluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Kuro%C5%84" title="Jacek Kuroń">Jacek Kuroń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Lepper" title="Andrzej Lepper">Andrzej Lepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Olszewski" title="Jan Olszewski">Jan Olszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlak" title="Waldemar Pawlak">Waldemar Pawlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pietrzak" title="Jan Pietrzak">Jan Pietrzak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Piotrowicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Piotrowicz (page does not exist)">Kazimierz Piotrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Zieli%C5%84ski_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Zieliński (politician) (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Zieliński</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Withdrew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marek_Markiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marek Markiewicz (page does not exist)">Marek Markiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Moczulski" title="Leszek Moczulski">Leszek Moczulski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogdan_Paw%C5%82owski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogdan Pawłowski (page does not exist)">Bogdan Pawłowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="previous_←_Candidates_in_the_2000_Polish_presidential_election_→_following248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_2000" title="Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2000"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_2000" title="Template talk:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2000"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_2000" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2000"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="previous_←_Candidates_in_the_2000_Polish_presidential_election_→_following248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_1995" title="Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 1995">previous</a> ← Candidates in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Polish_presidential_election" title="2000 Polish presidential election">2000 Polish presidential election</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Polish_presidential_election,_2005" title="Template:Candidates in the Polish presidential election, 2005">following</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack of the President of the Republic of Poland"><img alt="Jack of the President of the Republic of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/70px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/105px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg/140px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2481" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Grabowski" title="Dariusz Grabowski">Dariusz Grabowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Ikonowicz" title="Piotr Ikonowicz">Piotr Ikonowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kalinowski" title="Jarosław Kalinowski">Jarosław Kalinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke" title="Janusz Korwin-Mikke">Janusz Korwin-Mikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Krzaklewski" title="Marian Krzaklewski">Marian Krzaklewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Lepper" title="Andrzej Lepper">Andrzej Lepper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_%C5%81opusza%C5%84ski_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Łopuszański (politician) (page does not exist)">Jan Łopuszański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Olechowski" title="Andrzej Olechowski">Andrzej Olechowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogdan_Paw%C5%82owski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogdan Pawłowski (page does not exist)">Bogdan Pawłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Wilecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Wilecki (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Wilecki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Withdrew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Olszewski" title="Jan Olszewski">Jan Olszewski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55758#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1611" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55758#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1611" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55758#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000078635154">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79430209">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/386383/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4cGbJHVG9WvWQxBCmh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119558009">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97006719">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20030314001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000568428&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537394105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007281500005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119558009.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119558009">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080022782">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwaśniewski&oldid=1275354037">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwaśniewski&oldid=1275354037</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_births" title="Category:1954 births">1954 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Bia%C5%82ogard" title="Category:People from Białogard">People from Białogard</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_atheists" title="Category:Polish atheists">Polish atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_socialists" title="Category:Polish socialists">Polish socialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_United_Workers%27_Party_members" title="Category:Polish United Workers' Party members">Polish United Workers' Party members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Poland" title="Category:Presidents of Poland">Presidents of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Polish_Sejm_1991%E2%80%931993" title="Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993">Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Polish_Sejm_1993%E2%80%931997" title="Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1993–1997">Members of the Polish Sejm 1993–1997</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Left_Alliance_politicians" title="Category:Democratic Left Alliance politicians">Democratic Left Alliance politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service_faculty" title="Category:Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty">Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collars_of_the_Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Category:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic">Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collars_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Category:Collars of the Order of the White Lion">Collars of the Order of the White Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Collars_of_the_Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Category:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry">Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas">Grand Crosses of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Collar_of_the_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana" title="Category:Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana">Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class">Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta">Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Merit_(Ukraine),_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 1st class">Recipients of the Order of Merit (Ukraine), 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_with_Chain_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary_(civil)" title="Category:Grand Crosses with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)">Grand Crosses with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (civil)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_Special_Class_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Olympic_Order" title="Category:Recipients of the Olympic Order">Recipients of the Olympic Order</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_National_Order_of_Merit_(Malta)" title="Category:Recipients of the National Order of Merit (Malta)">Recipients of the National Order of Merit (Malta)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Round_Table_Talks_participants" title="Category:Polish Round Table Talks participants">Polish Round Table Talks participants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_2000_Polish_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 2000 Polish presidential election">Candidates in the 2000 Polish presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1995_Polish_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1995 Polish presidential election">Candidates in the 1995 Polish presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Outstanding_Merit" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Outstanding Merit">Recipients of the Order of Outstanding Merit</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Polish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Polish IPA">Pages with Polish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 15:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>67 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b95555b9d-bksv2","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.234","walltime":"1.640","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15657,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":182926,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26520,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":217451,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1406.868 1 -total"," 25.65% 360.857 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.10% 353.069 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 14.50% 204.038 1 Template:IPA"," 13.67% 192.274 30 Template:Cite_web"," 6.87% 96.646 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.17% 86.736 1 Template:Country2nationality"," 5.96% 83.846 17 Template:Cite_news"," 5.53% 77.786 1 Template:Presidents_of_Poland"," 5.37% 75.545 3 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.712","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":29258894,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b95555b9d-cms6m","timestamp":"20250227102956","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aleksander Kwa\u015bniewski","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55758","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55758","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-23T14:04:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T15:04:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/61\/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"President of Poland from 1995 to 2005"}</script> </body> </html>