CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrom=1"/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"/><meta name="keywords" content/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico" rel="icon"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Biography"/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" property="article:publisher"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@biography"/><meta property="og:title"/><meta property="og:description"/><meta name="parsely-metadata" content="{}"/><meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noai,noimageai,max-image-preview:large,max-snippet:-1,max-video-preview:30"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="Biography-US"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Biography" href="/rss/all.xml"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="17"/><script id="settings" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">window.__FRE={env:"production",ver:"0.11.569",cdn:true},window.__SITE={brand:"biography",domain:"https://www.biography.com",dk:"aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmlvZ3JhcGh5LmNvb::Q==",force_www:true,id:"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce",locale:"en-us",locale_path:"",trailing_slash:false,assetPrefix:"/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm"},Object.defineProperties(window,{ADSFREE:{value:false,writable:!1},GDPR:{value:false,writable:!1}});</script><script id="device-detect" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">(()=>{const o="ontouchstart"in window||!!navigator.maxTouchPoints||window.location.search.includes("__touch"),t=window.matchMedia("only screen and (max-width: 767px)").matches,n=o&&t,i=o&&!t,e=[n?"mobile":"no-mobile",i?"tablet":"no-tablet",o?"touch":"no-touch"];window.touch=o,window.tablet=i,window.mobile=n,window.desktop=!(n||i),document.documentElement.classList.add(...e)})();</script><script id="journey-info" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">(()=>{if(window.JOURNEY_INFO)return;const e=new RegExp(["Publication-Access-for-Facebook","adwallet"].join("|"),"i").test(navigator.userAgent);window.JOURNEY_INFO={status:"pending",isBot:e};const i=Number.parseInt("null",10);Number.isNaN(i)||(window.JOURNEY_INFO.previewBlockerSlidePosition=i)})();</script><noscript data-n-css></noscript><script defer noModule src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script id="onetrust-script" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" async fetchpriority="high" data-domain-script="651a82cd-9caa-41a8-bb3c-c2a80ef76a30" data-document-language="true" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script id="moapt-data-bundle" src="/_assets/moapt/2.260.0/moapt-data.js" async fetchpriority="high" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script id="moapt-bundle" src="/_assets/moapt/2.260.0/moapt-bundle-hdm.js" async fetchpriority="high" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/93584-503463645e1f4044.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/41952-04924a6f78d59366.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/14916-2ad89b9781e3c9b1.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/34377-6ee2f57addbe2e0c.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/26775-1a391eec7d2fcc33.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/95314-08e0c9b88bd2bdd2.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/23470-222fafe0fdbdd981.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/52865-dceb75784c542ee0.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/86909-9dafecfe035d561f.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/31958-0a675f1ec5bcf129.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/16800-70ace7890c7fd81a.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/73837-0aadf1ed9e25097d.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/33171-662d9b9f6d8b63d5.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/36050-db80d03c19def9cc.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/31461.5ece1f0b9ba1d74f.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/51327.e1d5e09d2bdaca6e.js"></script><script defer src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/17252.8548de7228efa7e4.js"></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/webpack-03afbc76e614e362.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/framework-2b2b58bbe4aef117.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/main-95534ba70d5b6b91.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-73f9df0aa4a29132.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/25597-2959ccabc8c018a0.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/30311-643a5601f7b018b2.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/15407-59946bbc57eacb9a.js" defer></script><script src="/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/chunks/pages/_error-d7c18addb881c70f.js" defer></script><style type="text/css" id="deferred-fonts" media="none">@font-face {font-family: 'Gilroy'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/fonts/GilroyBold_normal_normal.02461fe.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Inter'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/fonts/inter-v3-latin-regular.c8ad008.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Gilroy'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/fonts/GilroyExtraBold_normal_normal.375b5d3.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 800; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Charter'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/fonts/e4fc2e26-0ce1-4e6c-bb35-330c133f041c.c08ce2c.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Charter'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/fonts/74c2aebb-af4a-4c7d-a7f5-2db2c73334eb.c4cafa4.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} @font-face {font-family: 'Charter'; src: url('/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/fonts/e38fddd1-89a4-4995-9f7f-3c701b2e62f1.dd7387f.woff2') format('woff2'); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-display: fallback;} </style><style data-emotion="css-global k5cj40">body{--nav-height:96px;--mobile-sticky-header-height:96px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global y17bjk">html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;}main{display:block;}h1{font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0;}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bolder;}code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em;}small{font-size:80%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}sup{top:-0.5em;}img{border-style:none;}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;}button,input{overflow:visible;}button,select{text-transform:none;}button,[type='button'],[type='reset'],[type='submit']{-webkit-appearance:button;}button::-moz-focus-inner,[type='button']::-moz-focus-inner,[type='reset']::-moz-focus-inner,[type='submit']::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0;}button:-moz-focusring,[type='button']:-moz-focusring,[type='reset']:-moz-focusring,[type='submit']:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText;}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal;}progress{vertical-align:baseline;}textarea{overflow:auto;}[type='checkbox'],[type='radio']{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}[type='number']::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type='number']::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto;}[type='search']{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px;}[type='search']::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit;}details{display:block;}summary{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-list-item;display:-ms-list-itembox;display:list-item;}template{display:none;}[hidden]{display:none;}*{box-sizing:border-box;}html{font-family:sans-serif;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;scroll-behavior:smooth;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){*{-webkit-animation-duration:0.01ms!important;animation-duration:0.01ms!important;-webkit-animation-iteration-count:1!important;animation-iteration-count:1!important;transition-duration:0.01ms!important;scroll-behavior:auto!important;}}html.no-scroll{overflow:hidden;}html.no-scroll body{overflow:scroll;}html.touch.no-scroll,html.touch body.no-scroll{overflow:hidden;}body{min-height:100vh;min-height:-webkit-fill-available;}a{color:inherit;}a:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted;outline-offset:0.313rem;}button{color:inherit;}img:-moz-loading{color:transparent;}.__resp-container{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.__resp-container:before{content:'';color:transparent;display:block;width:100%;height:0;padding-bottom:var(--aspect-ratio, 100%);}.__resp-container img:not(.video-items-box img):not(.filmstrip-image-wrapper img):not([data-dynamic-svg]):not(.video-player img),.__resp-container video{position:absolute;top:var(--top, 0);left:var(--left, 0);width:var(--width, 100%);min-width:var(--min-width, 100%);height:var(--height, auto);max-height:var(--max-height, 100%);object-fit:var(--object-fit, cover);}.__resp-container .video-player video{object-fit:contain;}.__resp-container .video-player{position:absolute;top:0;}.__resp-container.lqip img[importance=auto]{-webkit-transition:opacity 0.3s linear;transition:opacity 0.3s linear;opacity:0;}.__resp-container.lqip img[importance=auto].lazyloaded{opacity:1;}.screen-reader-only{position:absolute;left:-10000px,width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;}.lqip{-webkit-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;-webkit-background-position:center;background-position:center;}@media print{.no-print{display:none!important;}}</style><style data-emotion="css-global k89zuy">@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:105.76%;ascent-override:89.45%;descent-override:24.87%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:106.07%;ascent-override:89.18%;descent-override:24.79%;}@font-face{font-family:"Inter-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:107.32%;ascent-override:90.27%;descent-override:22.50%;}@font-face{font-family:"Inter-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:107.64%;ascent-override:90.00%;descent-override:22.43%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:100.55%;ascent-override:94.98%;descent-override:26.85%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:93.17%;ascent-override:102.50%;descent-override:28.98%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-upcase-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:100.23%;ascent-override:94.38%;descent-override:26.24%;}@font-face{font-family:"Gilroy-upcase-local";src:local('Arial');size-adjust:92.87%;ascent-override:101.86%;descent-override:28.32%;}@font-face{font-family:"Charter-styleitalic-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:94.46%;ascent-override:103.74%;descent-override:30.13%;}@font-face{font-family:"Charter-styleitalic-local";src:local('Georgia');size-adjust:95.37%;ascent-override:102.75%;descent-override:29.85%;}@font-face{font-family:"Charter-weightbold-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:105.20%;ascent-override:93.53%;descent-override:28.31%;}@font-face{font-family:"Charter-weightbold-local";src:local('Georgia');size-adjust:106.21%;ascent-override:92.64%;descent-override:28.04%;}@font-face{font-family:"Charter-roboto";src:local('Roboto');size-adjust:98.60%;ascent-override:99.39%;descent-override:28.87%;}@font-face{font-family:"Charter-local";src:local('Georgia');size-adjust:99.55%;ascent-override:98.44%;descent-override:28.60%;}</style><style data-emotion="css 1ezvwko 1kkonqv 13htjwu 1y3rz31 1nsrob6 1lgifh3 xwjhf9 1bz0sbn 1fqyieb 75z2gz pjjyzu bbrknr sfww4i gvs19i 1i49q4a 1reavtv 1blpyyf 40dj9l 9immum q5lz0j 0 1597st4 1cr3k5e gvpcz9 18dmdzi phb1gc 1cd8suq 1y3x20e rk6tbh tvm17b uj3gxj cii14r 631opn 1r9ia61 1ss7lvu iz4391 111owi6 6uae8g 70qvj9 n9en60 jmxdxt kzigki 1vc4yu1 15si9rg j307y1 i7117i lqx6q4 r7fsoq 5tjtfu 18syejm 1vz74g1 1wohilq 6bu6ey 1o9hvj">.css-1ezvwko{visibility:hidden;content-visibility:hidden;background-color:#F5F5F5;color:#000;width:20rem;max-width:20rem;height:100%;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:scroll;position:fixed;top:0rem;z-index:8000000;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s linear;transition:transform 0.2s linear;-webkit-transform:translateX(-20rem);-moz-transform:translateX(-20rem);-ms-transform:translateX(-20rem);transform:translateX(-20rem);}.css-1ezvwko >div{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;min-height:100%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.css-1ezvwko ~.sidepanelToggleable{-webkit-transform:initial;-moz-transform:initial;-ms-transform:initial;transform:initial;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s linear;transition:transform 0.2s linear;}.css-1ezvwko.open{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);-moz-transform:translateX(0);-ms-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0);visibility:visible;content-visibility:auto;}.css-1ezvwko.open ~.sidepanelToggleable{-webkit-transform:translateX(20rem);-moz-transform:translateX(20rem);-ms-transform:translateX(20rem);transform:translateX(20rem);}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-1ezvwko.open ~.sidepanelToggleable{-webkit-transform:translateX(7rem);-moz-transform:translateX(7rem);-ms-transform:translateX(7rem);transform:translateX(7rem);}}.css-1kkonqv{margin:1rem 1rem 0 1rem;padding:0 0.6rem;width:auto;height:2.1875rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;margin-right:6rem;}.css-1kkonqv svg{fill:#000000;}.css-13htjwu{width:1rem;height:1rem;}.css-1y3rz31{padding:1rem;color:#000000;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}.css-1nsrob6{background-color:#A00000;border:0;color:#ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;margin-top:0rem;margin-bottom:0rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;right:1.0625rem;top:1rem;position:absolute;}.css-1nsrob6:hover{background-color:#525252;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;background:inherit;}.css-1nsrob6:disabled{background-color:#F3F4F6;color:#A3A3A3;cursor:not-allowed;}.css-1nsrob6{position:absolute;padding:0.6rem;border-radius:0;margin:0rem;background:inherit;right:1.0625rem;}.css-1nsrob6:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted;outline-offset:0.313rem;}.css-1lgifh3{width:1rem;height:1rem;fill:#000000;}.css-xwjhf9{margin:0.5rem 1rem 0.125rem;padding:0rem;opacity:35%;height:0.0625rem;border:0;width:auto;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;}.css-1bz0sbn{position:relative;list-style:none;margin:0rem;padding:0.6rem;-webkit-flex:1 0 auto;-ms-flex:1 0 auto;flex:1 0 auto;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}.css-1bz0sbn a{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1fqyieb{-webkit-transition:background-color 0.2s linear;transition:background-color 0.2s linear;padding:0 1rem;}.css-1fqyieb.has-submenu{position:relative;padding:0.5rem 1rem;color:#000000;-webkit-transition:padding 0.3s linear,background-color 0.2s linear;transition:padding 0.3s linear,background-color 0.2s linear;}.css-1fqyieb.has-submenu.submenu-open{padding:0.5rem 1rem 0;background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;}.css-1fqyieb:focus{outline:0.0625rem solid black;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1fqyieb:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#000;}}.css-75z2gz{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;width:100%;height:2.875rem;color:#000000;-webkit-transition:color 0.2s linear;transition:color 0.2s linear;}.has-submenu .css-75z2gz{height:unset;display:inline;-webkit-align-items:unset;-webkit-box-align:unset;-ms-flex-align:unset;align-items:unset;padding:0.5rem 0;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-75z2gz:hover{color:side-panel-menu-link;}}.css-pjjyzu{position:absolute;right:1.4rem;top:1.2rem;border-color:#000000;border-style:solid;border-width:0 0.0625rem 0.0625rem 0;padding:0.2rem;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.25s ease-in-out;transition:transform 0.25s ease-in-out;cursor:pointer;background-color:transparent;color:#fff;}.submenu-open .css-pjjyzu{-webkit-transform:rotate(45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(45deg);transform:rotate(45deg);}.submenu-closed .css-pjjyzu{-webkit-transform:rotate(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotate(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotate(-45deg);transform:rotate(-45deg);}.css-bbrknr{margin:0 auto;margin-left:1.1rem;}.css-bbrknr .e1f7ykkd1{border:0.0625rem solid #000000;}.css-sfww4i{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;height:3.125rem;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding-left:1rem;}.css-gvs19i{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;margin-right:1rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.2 linear;transition:opacity 0.2 linear;}.css-gvs19i:last-of-type{margin-right:0rem;}.css-gvs19i:hover{color:activside-panel-sub-menu-hover;}.css-1i49q4a{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:absolute;left:1rem;top:1rem;z-index:12000000;text-align:center;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-moz-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-ms-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border:medium solid white;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #55adff;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;width:auto;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1;font-family:Inter,Inter-roboto,Inter-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;border-radius:1.875rem;}.css-1i49q4a:focus{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0%);-moz-transform:translateY(0%);-ms-transform:translateY(0%);transform:translateY(0%);}.css-1i49q4a:focus-visible{outline:none;}.css-1reavtv{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:absolute;left:1rem;top:1rem;z-index:12000000;text-align:center;opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-moz-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-ms-transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));transform:translateY(calc(-100% - 2.5rem));-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border:medium solid white;box-shadow:0 0 0 3px #55adff;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;width:auto;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1;font-family:Inter,Inter-roboto,Inter-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:bold;border-radius:1.875rem;}.css-1reavtv:focus{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0%);-moz-transform:translateY(0%);-ms-transform:translateY(0%);transform:translateY(0%);}.css-1reavtv:focus-visible{outline:none;}.css-1blpyyf{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;z-index:6000000;top:var(--nav-offset, 0);background-color:#000000;color:#fff;}@media(max-width: 73.75rem){.css-1blpyyf{height:96px;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1blpyyf{height:48px;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:var(--nav-offset, 0);}}@media print{.css-1blpyyf{display:none;}}.css-40dj9l{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100%;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;width:100%;z-index:0;}@media(max-width: 64rem){.css-40dj9l{background:inherit;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-40dj9l{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}.css-9immum{background-color:inherit;border:none;color:#ffffff;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.625rem 1.25rem;margin-top:0rem;margin-bottom:0rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out,color 0.3s ease-in-out;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;margin-left:0.9375rem;border-radius:0;line-height:0.7;}@media(max-width: 64rem){.css-9immum{padding:0.5rem 0.25rem 0.5rem 0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 20rem){.css-9immum{padding:0.5rem 0.25rem 0.5rem 0;}.css-9immum svg{fill:#ffffff;-webkit-transition:fill 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:fill 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-9immum svg:hover{fill:#D4D4D4;}}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 90rem){.css-9immum{margin-left:2.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-9immum{padding:0.5rem 0.625rem 0.5rem 0.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 90rem){.css-9immum{margin-left:0rem;}}.css-9immum:hover{background-color:#525252;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;background:inherit;}.css-9immum:disabled{background-color:#F3F4F6;color:#A3A3A3;cursor:not-allowed;}.css-9immum:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem dotted;outline-offset:0.313rem;}.css-9immum img{width:1.875rem;height:1.875rem;}.css-9immum svg{width:1.875rem;height:1.875rem;}.css-q5lz0j{line-height:1;margin-right:auto;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-q5lz0j{width:10rem;height:1.2rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-q5lz0j{width:13rem;height:1.5rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-q5lz0j{margin-right:0.3125rem;}}.css-1597st4{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;width:100%;border-top:thin solid #F5F5F5;border-bottom:thin solid #F5F5F5;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1597st4{border-top:0;border-bottom:0;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1597st4{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}.css-1597st4::-webkit-scrollbar{height:0rem;}.css-1cr3k5e{list-style:none;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;margin:0rem;padding-left:1.125rem;-webkit-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);-moz-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);-ms-transform:translateX(undefinedpx);transform:translateX(undefinedpx);}@media(min-width: 40.625rem) and (max-width: 61.25rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:2.625rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:3.125rem;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1cr3k5e{padding-left:0rem;}}.css-gvpcz9{white-space:nowrap;padding:0 1.875rem 0 1.25rem;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:0.075rem;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-gvpcz9{padding:0 1.25rem 0 1.25rem;}}.css-18dmdzi{display:inline-block;min-height:3rem;min-width:3rem;padding:.5rem 0 .5rem 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;color:inherit;line-height:2.58918;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-18dmdzi{color:inherit;}}.css-18dmdzi:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-phb1gc{display:inline-block;min-height:3rem;min-width:3rem;padding:.5rem 0 .5rem 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:outline 0.3s ease-in-out,outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out;color:inherit;line-height:2.58918;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-phb1gc{color:inherit;}}.css-phb1gc:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;}.css-1cd8suq{z-index:6000000;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px));width:100%;}.css-1y3x20e{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:var(--nav-height, 0);z-index:6000000;}.css-rk6tbh{position:relative;background-color:bg-primary;}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-rk6tbh{margin-right:var(--sponsor-panel-width, auto);}}.css-tvm17b{text-align:center;padding:1.875rem 0.938rem;margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-tvm17b{padding:4.375rem 2.5rem;}}.css-uj3gxj{font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;text-align:center;font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-uj3gxj{font-size:3rem;line-height:1;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-uj3gxj{font-size:3.25rem;line-height:1.1;}}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-uj3gxj{font-size:4.375rem;line-height:1.3;}}.css-cii14r{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:thin solid black;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.6;font-family:Charter,Charter-roboto,Charter-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}.css-cii14r:hover{color:#A00000;border-bottom:border-thin-brandColorPrimary;}.css-cii14r em{font-style:italic;font-family:Charter,Charter-styleitalic-roboto,Charter-styleitalic-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}.css-cii14r strong{font-family:Charter,Charter-weightbold-roboto,Charter-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-weight:bold;}.css-631opn{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:thin solid black;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.6;font-family:Charter,Charter-roboto,Charter-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}.css-631opn:hover{color:#A00000;border-bottom:border-thin-brandColorPrimary;}.css-631opn em{font-style:italic;font-family:Charter,Charter-styleitalic-roboto,Charter-styleitalic-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;}.css-631opn strong{font-family:Charter,Charter-weightbold-roboto,Charter-weightbold-local,Georgia,Times,Serif;font-weight:bold;}.css-1r9ia61{position:relative;padding-top:1.875rem;padding-bottom:1.875rem;background-color:#000000;color:#fff;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-roboto,Gilroy-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;}@media(min-width: 64rem){.css-1r9ia61{margin-right:var(--sponsor-panel-width, auto);}}@media print{.css-1r9ia61{display:none;}}body:has(#page-settings[data-has-sponsor]) .css-1r9ia61{margin-top:25vh;top:-25vh;}@media(min-width: 64rem){body:has(#page-settings[data-has-sponsor]) .css-1r9ia61{margin-top:auto;top:auto;}}.css-1ss7lvu{padding:0 0.938rem;margin:0 auto;max-width:75rem;}@media(min-width: 40.625rem){.css-1ss7lvu{padding:0 2.5rem;}}.css-iz4391{display:grid;grid-gap:0.5rem;grid-template-rows:1fr 1fr;line-height:1;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-iz4391{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;grid-gap:10%;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;grid-template-rows:1fr;}}.css-111owi6{display:block;width:7.5rem;max-height:1.4375rem;}.css-6uae8g{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:grid;margin-left:-1.25rem;grid-auto-columns:minmax(3rem, 3rem);grid-auto-flow:column;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-6uae8g{margin-left:0rem;}}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-6uae8g{top:2.5rem;}}.css-70qvj9{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-n9en60{padding:0.8125rem 1rem;}.css-jmxdxt{height:1.063rem;width:1.063rem;}.css-jmxdxt path{fill:#ffffff;}.css-kzigki{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, 1fr);margin-top:0.5rem;margin-bottom:0.875rem;}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-kzigki{grid-template-columns:repeat(4, 1fr);}}.css-1vc4yu1{padding:0.6rem 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-1vc4yu1{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-1vc4yu1:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}}.css-15si9rg{max-width:12rem;padding-bottom:0.3125rem;}.css-j307y1{padding-top:0.9375rem;margin:0.3125rem 0;}.css-i7117i{padding-top:0.9375rem;margin:0.3125rem 0;line-height:1.4;}.css-i7117i span{display:block;margin-top:1rem;}.css-lqx6q4{padding-top:0.9375rem;line-height:2;}.css-r7fsoq{padding:0.625rem 0.625rem 0.625rem 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding-right:1.25rem;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-r7fsoq{-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-r7fsoq:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}}.css-5tjtfu{display:inline-block;margin:1.875rem 0.9375rem 1.25rem 0;}.css-18syejm{display:inline-block;gap:0px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;border:thin solid white;padding:0.625rem;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:0.075rem;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-18syejm{text-align:left;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-18syejm{text-align:center;}}.css-18syejm:hover{background-color:#D4D4D4;color:#000;}.css-1vz74g1{display:inline-block;gap:0px;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;border:thin solid white;padding:0.625rem;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1.3;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:Gilroy,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-roboto,Gilroy-weight800-upcase-local,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:0.075rem;-webkit-transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:background 0.3s ease-in-out;}@media(max-width: 48rem){.css-1vz74g1{text-align:left;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1vz74g1{text-align:center;}}.css-1vz74g1:hover{background-color:#D4D4D4;color:#000;}.css-1wohilq{position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%;z-index:10000000;background-color:#E5E5E5;color:#000000;text-align:center;}@media(min-width: 61.25rem){.css-1wohilq{display:none;}}.css-6bu6ey{min-width:18.75rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;}.css-1o9hvj{visibility:hidden;position:absolute;right:0.625rem;bottom:auto;top:-0.7rem;padding:0rem;margin:0rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;z-index:2000000;box-sizing:content-box;width:1.4rem;height:1.4rem;border:2px solid white;border-radius:1em;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;cursor:pointer;background-color:#000000;box-shadow:1px 1px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);}.css-1o9hvj::before{display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;width:0.75rem;height:0.1rem;position:absolute;content:"";border:none;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow:none;inset:0;margin:auto;-webkit-transform:rotateZ(45deg);-moz-transform:rotateZ(45deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(45deg);transform:rotateZ(45deg);}.css-1o9hvj::after{display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;width:0.75rem;height:0.1rem;position:absolute;content:"";border:none;color:#000000;text-overflow:clip;background-color:#ffffff;text-shadow:none;inset:0;margin:auto;-webkit-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);-moz-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);-ms-transform:rotateZ(-45deg);transform:rotateZ(-45deg);}</style></head><body><template id="page-settings" data-nav-height="96"></template><div id="__next"><section data-lazy-id="P0-1"><nav id="sidepanel" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" class="new-sidepanel-menu hidden css-1ezvwko e13srmb716"><div data-focus-lock-disabled="disabled"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/search" class="css-1kkonqv e1c1bym14"><img src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/search.f1c199c.svg" alt="Search" title="Search" width="16" height="16" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-13htjwu e13srmb70"/><span class="css-1y3rz31 e13srmb715">Search</span></a><button data-theme-key="button-primary" aria-label="Close Sidepanel" class="css-1nsrob6 e12nq69g1"><img src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/close.38e3324.svg" alt="Close" title="Close" width="100%" height="auto" decoding="async" loading="lazy" role="img" class="css-1lgifh3 e13srmb714"/></button><hr class="css-xwjhf9 e13srmb713"/><ul class="css-1bz0sbn e13srmb712"><li data-id="1" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/history-culture" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">History &amp; Culture</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="history&amp;culture" aria-label="History &amp; Culture" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="2" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/musicians" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Musicians</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="musicians" aria-label="Musicians" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="3" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/movies-tv" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Movies &amp; TV</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="movies&amp;tv" aria-label="Movies &amp; TV" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="4" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/athletes" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Athletes</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="athletes" aria-label="Athletes" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="5" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/artists" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Artists</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="artists" aria-label="Artists" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="6" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/political-figures" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Power &amp; Politics</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="power&amp;politics" aria-label="Power &amp; Politics" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="7" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/business-leaders" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Business</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="business" aria-label="Business" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="8" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scholars-educators" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Scholars &amp; Educators</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="scholars&amp;educators" aria-label="Scholars &amp; Educators" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="9" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/scientists" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Scientists</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="scientists" aria-label="Scientists" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="10" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/activists" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Activists</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="activists" aria-label="Activists" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="11" class="nav-item has-children has-submenu submenu-closed css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/crime" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Notorious Figures</a><button role="button" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="notoriousfigures" aria-label="Notorious Figures" class="css-pjjyzu e13srmb78"></button></li><li data-id="12" class="nav-item css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/bio-buys" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">BIO Buys</a></li><li data-id="13" class="nav-item css-1fqyieb e13srmb710"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/email/biography-newsletter" class="css-75z2gz e1c1bym14">Newsletter</a></li></ul><div class="css-bbrknr e13srmb74"></div><footer class="sidepanel-footer-container css-sfww4i e13srmb73"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice" class="css-gvs19i e1c1bym14">Privacy Notice</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-terms-of-use" class="css-gvs19i e1c1bym14">Terms Of Use</a></footer></div></nav></section><span tabindex="0"></span><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="#main-content" class="ez54tv90 css-1reavtv e1c1bym14">Skip to Content</a><nav data-tracking-id="topNav" class="css-1blpyyf e1rbq3om6"><div class="nav-bar-container css-40dj9l e1rbq3om5"><button data-theme-key="button-primary" aria-label="Sidepanel Button" title="Side Panel" class="css-9immum e12nq69g1"><svg data-dynamic-svg="true"><use href="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/menu.cf1782e.svg?embed#icon"></use></svg></button><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/" aria-label="Biography" class="nav-logo css-q5lz0j e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo.5ec9b18.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" fetchPriority="high" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="Logo" class="css-0 e1qdlatq0"/></a><div style="scrollbar-width:none;margin-right:0.5rem;" data-lazy-id="P0-2" class="css-1597st4 e1rbq3om2"><ul class="css-1cr3k5e e1rbq3om1"><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/history-culture" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-phb1gc e1c1bym14">History &amp; Culture</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/musicians" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-phb1gc e1c1bym14">Musicians</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/athletes" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-phb1gc e1c1bym14">Athletes</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/movies-tv" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-phb1gc e1c1bym14">Movies &amp; TV</a></li><li class="css-gvpcz9 e1rbq3om0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/email/biography-newsletter" aria-current="false" class="e1c1bym11 css-phb1gc e1c1bym14">Newsletter</a></li></ul></div></div></nav><div class="css-1cd8suq ex7z30p0"></div><div id="journey-topnav" class="css-1y3x20e ei7rc5z0"></div><div class="oop-ad css-0 e7hrg971"><div id="gpt-ad-oop-1" class="ad-container css-0 e7hrg970"></div></div><main id="main-content" class="css-rk6tbh ewq0ot90"><div class="css-tvm17b e126p0cn2"><h2 class="css-uj3gxj e126p0cn1">Oops! We don't have the page you're looking for.</h2><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/" aria-label="Homepage" class="e126p0cn0 css-631opn e1c1bym14">Check out our latest stories.</a></div></main><footer data-lazy-id="P0-3" class="footer css-1r9ia61 eqtscwt0"><div class="css-1ss7lvu eluqz9n10"><div class="css-iz4391 eluqz9n9"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/" aria-label="Biography" class="css-111owi6 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo.5ec9b18.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="Logo" class="css-0 e1qdlatq0"/></a><div class="css-6uae8g eznjit40"><div class="css-70qvj9 eznjit44"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://twitter.com/biography" aria-label="x" class="css-n9en60 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/x.3361b6d.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&amp;id=social-button-icon" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="x" class="css-jmxdxt eznjit42"/></a></div><div class="css-70qvj9 eznjit44"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" aria-label="facebook" class="css-n9en60 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/facebook.a5a3a69.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&amp;id=social-button-icon" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="facebook" class="css-jmxdxt eznjit42"/></a></div><div class="css-70qvj9 eznjit44"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.instagram.com/biography/" aria-label="instagram" class="css-n9en60 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/instagram.f282b14.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&amp;id=social-button-icon" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="instagram" class="css-jmxdxt eznjit42"/></a></div></div></div><nav data-track-type="footer-menu" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer" class="css-kzigki eluqz9n8"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/about/a43602329/about-us" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">About Biography.com</a><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/email/biography-newsletter" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">Newsletter</a><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/about/a42731733/contact-us" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">Contact Us</a><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="http://subscribe.hearstmags.com/circulation/shared/index.html" class="css-1vc4yu1 e1c1bym14">Other Hearst Subscriptions</a></nav><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/network-logo.04aa008.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="41" width="192" alt="A Part of Hearst Digital Media" class="css-15si9rg eluqz9n7"/><p class="css-j307y1 eluqz9n6">A Part of Hearst Digital Media</p><p class="css-i7117i eluqz9n5">We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.</p><p class="css-j307y1 eluqz9n3">漏2024 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&amp;E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks庐protected in the US and other countries around the globe.</p><div data-track-type="legal-footer-menu" class="css-lqx6q4 eluqz9n2"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">Privacy Notice</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-terms-of-use" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">Terms of Use</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">CA Notice at Collection</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_OPT_OUTS" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">DAA Industry Opt Out</a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO" class="css-r7fsoq e1c1bym14">Your CA Privacy Rights/Shine the Light</a></div><div class="css-5tjtfu eluqz9n1"></div><div class="css-0 eluqz9n0"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="#" title="Cookies Choices" data-track-type="cookie-choices" class="ot-sdk-show-settings e1f7ykkd1 css-1vz74g1 e1c1bym14">Cookies Choices</a></div></div></footer><div class="mobile-adhesion-unit open css-1wohilq e1kh6tol1"><div id="adAdhesion" class="css-6bu6ey ewg5wdb0"></div><div aria-label="Close" class="mobile-adhesion-unit-close-button css-1o9hvj e1kh6tol0"></div></div></div><script id="HRST">window.HRST=JSON.parse("{\"site\":{\"cds-paywall\":false,\"icxSiteId\":\"2171\",\"jam-journey-enabled\":true,\"jam-journey-modals-enabled\":false,\"jam-journey-registration-modals-enabled\":true,\"name\":\"Biography\",\"new-nav\":true,\"piano-paywall\":false,\"prefix\":\"biography\",\"sso\":true},\"adConfig\":{\"bu\":\"HDM\",\"site\":\"biography\",\"zone\":\"/36117602/hdm-biography/\",\"bidders\":{\"IX\":{\"d\":{\"ga\":\"670278\",\"gb\":\"670282\",\"la\":\"670277\",\"lb\":\"670283\",\"brk\":\"670280\",\"garb\":\"670279\",\"brkrr\":\"670281\"},\"m\":{\"ga\":\"670284\",\"gb\":\"670285\",\"lb\":\"670287\",\"adh\":\"670288\",\"brk\":\"670286\"},\"v\":\"942443\"},\"APN\":{\"d\":{\"ga\":\"28335653\",\"gb\":\"28335699\",\"la\":\"28335652\",\"lb\":\"28335701\",\"brk\":\"28335694\",\"garb\":\"28335656\",\"brkrr\":\"28335695\"},\"m\":{\"ga\":\"28335663\",\"gb\":\"28335702\",\"lb\":\"28335703\",\"adh\":\"28335673\",\"brk\":\"28335674\"},\"v\":\"28336229\"},\"KAR\":{\"m\":{\"gb\":\"_huOqULAdyc\",\"lb\":\"_vlJObQkrHZ\",\"adh\":\"_mV3wfVHC2F\",\"gabrk\":\"_t5dIWrCwC8\"},\"v\":\"_roqCuZZ19L\"},\"MAG\":{\"d\":{\"ga\":\"2669930\",\"gb\":\"2669944\",\"la\":\"2669926\",\"lb\":\"2669948\",\"brk\":\"2669936\",\"garb\":\"2669934\",\"brkrr\":\"2669940\"},\"m\":{\"ga\":\"2669952\",\"gb\":\"2669976\",\"lb\":\"2669980\",\"adh\":\"2669982\",\"brk\":\"2669978\"},\"v\":\"2731528\",\"siteId\":\"455226\",\"accountId\":\"11636\"},\"TDS\":{\"d\":{\"tdsArt\":\"174937\",\"tdsBrk\":\"174936\"},\"m\":{\"tdsArt\":\"174936\"},\"pageId\":\"160343\",\"pageIdDesktop300\":\"160344\"},\"TPL\":{\"d\":{\"ga\":\"biography_300x600_flex_atf_desktop_PB\",\"gb\":\"biography_300x250_flex_btf_desktop_PB\",\"lb\":\"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB\",\"brkrr\":\"biography_300x600_flex_brk_desktop_PB\",\"la728\":\"biography_728x90_btf_desktop_PB\",\"la970\":\"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB\"},\"m\":{\"ga\":\"biography_300x250_flex_atf_mobile_PB\",\"lb\":\"biography_300x250_flex_btf_mobile_PB\",\"adh\":\"biography_320x50_atf_mobile_PB\",\"brk\":\"biography_300x250_flex_brk_mobile_PB\"}},\"TTD\":{\"d\":{\"ttd\":\"desktop\"},\"m\":{\"ttd\":\"mobile\"},\"v\":\"video\",\"siteId\":\"hdm-biography\",\"supplySourceId\":\"hearstmagazines\"},\"AMZN\":\"3049\"},\"modules\":{\"ias\":{\"pubId\":\"931694\"},\"meta\":{\"id\":\"1818263528206619\",\"cur\":\"USD\"},\"parsely\":{\"siteId\":\"biography.com\"},\"comscore\":{\"c2\":6035258},\"oneTrust\":{\"doNotSellUrlOverride\":\"/about/a42621427/do-not-sell-my-personal-information\"},\"sailthru\":{\"ids\":{\"production\":\"35bb1c0998d8c6fd4f6ee5f6b8462a30\"}},\"trueAnthem\":\"hearst\",\"googleAnalytics\":{\"measurementId\":\"G-Z0D64Z6MCG\"}},\"adBundle\":[],\"settings\":{\"mgu\":1,\"mobileStickyAds\":true,\"enableVerityTags\":true},\"siteList\":[\"www.biography.com\"]},\"abTestingFullStack\":[],\"app\":{\"fontFallbacks\":[\"Gilroy\",\"Inter\",\"Charter\"]}}"),window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("HRST"));</script><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"theme":{"fonts":{"primary":"Gilroy, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","tertiary":"CharterBold, Georgia, Times, Serif","secondary":"Ramillas, Georgia, Times, Serif","DekPrimary":"primary","BodyPrimary":"Charter, Georgia, Times, Serif","MenuPrimary":"primary","BodySanSerif":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","BodyTertiary":"CharterItalic, Georgia, Times, Serif","DekSecondary":"primary","LabelPrimary":"primary","TitlePrimary":"primary","AdTextPrimary":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","BodySecondary":"CharterBold, Georgia, Times, Serif","BylinePrimary":"primary","MenuSecondary":"primary","LabelSecondary":"primary","TitleSecondary":"secondary","AdTextSecondary":"BylinePrimary","BylineSecondary":"primary","HeadlinePrimary":"primary","HeadlineSecondary":"primary","SubheadlinePrimary":"secondary","SubheadlineSecondary":"primary"},"radii":{"l":"1.875rem","m":"1.25rem","s":"0.9375rem","xl":"4.375rem","xs":"0.625rem","xxs":"0.3125rem","xxxs":"0.25rem"},"sizes":{"iconSize":{"l":"1.875rem","m":"1.5rem","s":"1.25rem","xl":"2.5rem","xs":"1.063rem","xxl":"3.125rem","xxs":"1rem","xxxl":"3.75rem","xxxs":"0.5rem","xxxxl":"4.6rem","xxxxxl":"5rem"},"navHeight":"3.375rem","primitive-0":"0rem","primitive-1":"0.0625rem","primitive-2":"0.125rem","primitive-4":"0.25rem","primitive-6":"0.375rem","primitive-8":"0.5rem","primitive-10":"0.625rem","primitive-11":"0.6875rem","primitive-12":"0.75rem","primitive-13":"0.8125rem","primitive-14":"0.875rem","primitive-15":"0.9375rem","primitive-16":"1rem","primitive-17":"1.0625rem","primitive-18":"1.125rem","primitive-19":"1.188rem","primitive-20":"1.25rem","primitive-22":"1.375rem","primitive-24":"1.5rem","primitive-28":"1.75rem","primitive-32":"2rem","primitive-36":"2.25rem","primitive-40":"2.5rem","primitive-44":"2.75rem","primitive-48":"3rem","primitive-52":"3.25rem","primitive-56":"3.5rem","primitive-60":"3.75rem","primitive-64":"4rem","primitive-72":"4.5rem","primitive-80":"5rem","primitive-96":"6rem","outlineOffset":{"outline-offset-m":"0.375rem","outline-offset-s":"0.25rem","outline-offset-lg":"0.5rem","outline-offset-xs":"0.125rem","outline-offset-xxs":"0.0625rem","outline-offset-none":"0"},"outlineWidths":{"outline-m":"0.3125rem","outline-s":"0.19rem","outline-lg":"0.625rem","outline-xs":"0.125rem","outline-xxs":"0.0625rem","outline-none":"0"},"primitive-112":"7rem","primitive-128":"8rem","primitive-160":"10rem","primitive-192":"12rem","primitive-224":"14rem","primitive-256":"16rem","primitive-320":"20rem","primitive-384":"24rem","primitive-448":"28rem","primitive-512":"32rem","primitive-640":"40rem","primitive-768":"48rem","primitive-1024":"64rem","primitive-1280":"80rem","primitive-1600":"100rem","primitive-1920":"120rem","maxContentWidth":"75rem","footer-network-logo":{"width":"192","height":"41"}},"space":{"l":"1.875rem","m":"1.25rem","s":"0.9375rem","xl":"4.375rem","xs":"0.625rem","xxs":"0.3125rem","xxxs":"0.25rem","center":"0 auto","contentWidth":"75rem","mobile-gutter":"0.938rem","tablet-gutter":"2.5rem","maxContentWidth":"75rem","maxContentWidthAd":"25rem","mobileOuterGutter":"0.938rem","tabletOuterGutter":"2.5rem"},"colors":{"red":"#AA0703","grey":"neutral-300","black":"#000000","white":"#ffffff","red-50":"#FEF2F2","sky-50":"#F0F9FF","yellow":"#F3B032","blue-50":"#EFF6FF","cyan-50":"#ECFEFF","gray-50":"#F9FAFB","lime-50":"#F7FEE7","pink-50":"#FDF2F8","red-100":"#FEE2E2","red-200":"#FECACA","red-300":"#FCA5A5","red-400":"#F87171","red-500":"#EF4444","red-600":"#DC2626","red-700":"#B91C1C","red-800":"#991B1B","red-900":"#7F1D1D","red-950":"#450A0A","rose-50":"#FFF1F2","sky-100":"#E0F2FE","sky-200":"#BAE6FD","sky-300":"#7DD3FC","sky-400":"#38BDF8","sky-500":"#0EA5E9","sky-600":"#0284C7","sky-700":"#0369A1","sky-800":"#075985","sky-900":"#0C4A6E","sky-950":"#082F49","teal-50":"#F0FDFA","zinc-50":"#FAFAFA","amber-50":"#FFFBEB","bg-error":"globalColorError","bg-legal":"greyLight","blue-100":"#DBEAFE","blue-200":"#BFDBFE","blue-300":"#93C5FD","blue-400":"#60A5FA","blue-500":"#3B82F6","blue-600":"#2563EB","blue-700":"#1D4ED8","blue-800":"#1E40AF","blue-900":"#1E3A8A","blue-950":"#172554","cyan-100":"#CFFAFE","cyan-200":"#A5F3FC","cyan-300":"#67E8F9","cyan-400":"#22D3EE","cyan-500":"#06B6D4","cyan-600":"#0891B2","cyan-700":"#0E7490","cyan-800":"#155E75","cyan-900":"#164E63","cyan-950":"#083344","fg-error":"globalColorError","gray-100":"#F3F4F6","gray-200":"#E5E7EB","gray-300":"#D1D5DB","gray-400":"#9CA3AF","gray-500":"#6B7280","gray-600":"#4B5563","gray-700":"#374151","gray-800":"#1F2937","gray-900":"#111827","gray-950":"#030712","green-50":"#F0FDF4","greyDark":"neutral-400","lime-100":"#ECFCCB","lime-200":"#D9F99D","lime-300":"#BEF264","lime-400":"#A3E635","lime-500":"#84CC16","lime-600":"#65A30D","lime-700":"#4D7C0F","lime-800":"#3F6212","lime-900":"#365314","lime-950":"#1A2E05","pink-100":"#FCE7F3","pink-200":"#FBCFE8","pink-300":"#F9A8D4","pink-400":"#F472B6","pink-500":"#EC4899","pink-600":"#DB2777","pink-700":"#BE185D","pink-800":"#9D174D","pink-900":"#831843","pink-950":"#500724","redLight":"#F0908E","rose-100":"#FFE4E6","rose-200":"#FECDD3","rose-300":"#FDA4AF","rose-400":"#FB7185","rose-500":"#F43F5E","rose-600":"#E11D48","rose-700":"#BE123C","rose-800":"#9F1239","rose-900":"#881337","rose-950":"#4C0519","slate-50":"#F8FAFC","stone-50":"#FAFAF9","teal-100":"#CCFBF1","teal-200":"#99F6E4","teal-300":"#5EEAD4","teal-400":"#2DD4BF","teal-500":"#14B8A6","teal-600":"#0D9488","teal-700":"#0F766E","teal-800":"#115E59","teal-900":"#134E4A","teal-950":"#042F2E","zinc-100":"#F4F4F5","zinc-200":"#E4E4E7","zinc-300":"#D4D4D8","zinc-400":"#A1A1AA","zinc-500":"#71717A","zinc-600":"#52525B","zinc-700":"#3F3F46","zinc-800":"#27272A","zinc-900":"#18181B","zinc-950":"#09090B","amber-100":"#FEF3C7","amber-200":"#FDE68A","amber-300":"#FCD34D","amber-400":"#FBBF24","amber-500":"#F59E0B","amber-600":"#D97706","amber-700":"#B45309","amber-800":"#92400E","amber-900":"#78350F","amber-950":"#431407","bg-avatar":"white","bg-rating":"globalColorRating","green-100":"#DCFCE7","green-200":"#BBF7D0","green-300":"#86EFAC","green-400":"#4ADE80","green-500":"#22C55E","green-600":"#16A34A","green-700":"#15803D","green-800":"#166534","green-900":"#14532D","green-950":"#052E16","greenDark":"#006603","greyLight":"neutral-200","greyXdark":"neutral-500","indigo-50":"#EEF2FF","orange-50":"#FFF7ED","purple-50":"#FAF5FF","slate-100":"#F1F5F9","slate-200":"#E2E8F0","slate-300":"#CBD5E1","slate-400":"#94A3B8","slate-500":"#64748B","slate-600":"#475569","slate-700":"#334155","slate-800":"#1E293B","slate-900":"#0F172A","slate-950":"#020617","stone-100":"#F5F5F4","stone-200":"#E7E5E4","stone-300":"#D6D3D1","stone-400":"#A8A29E","stone-500":"#78716C","stone-600":"#57534E","stone-700":"#44403C","stone-800":"#292524","stone-900":"#1C1917","stone-950":"#0C0A09","violet-50":"#F5F3FF","yellow-50":"#FEFCE8","emerald-50":"#ECFDF5","fuchsia-50":"#FDF4FF","greenLight":"#75C278","greyXXdark":"neutral-600","greyXlight":"neutral-100","indigo-100":"#E0E7FF","indigo-200":"#C7D2FE","indigo-300":"#A5B4FC","indigo-400":"#818CF8","indigo-500":"#6366F1","indigo-600":"#4F46E5","indigo-700":"#4338CA","indigo-800":"#3730A3","indigo-900":"#312E81","indigo-950":"#1E1B4B","neutral-50":"#FAFAFA","orange-100":"#FFEDD5","orange-200":"#FED7AA","orange-300":"#FDBA74","orange-400":"#FB923C","orange-500":"#F97316","orange-600":"#EA580C","orange-700":"#C2410C","orange-800":"#9A3412","orange-900":"#7C2D12","orange-950":"#431407","purple-100":"#F3E8FF","purple-200":"#E9D5FF","purple-300":"#D8B4FE","purple-400":"#C084FC","purple-500":"#A855F7","purple-600":"#9333EA","purple-700":"#7E22CE","purple-800":"#6B21A8","purple-900":"#581C87","purple-950":"#3B0764","text-error":"globalColorError","text-legal":"greyXXXdark","violet-100":"#EDE9FE","violet-200":"#DDD6FE","violet-300":"#C4B5FD","violet-400":"#A78BFA","violet-500":"#8B5CF6","violet-600":"#7C3AED","violet-700":"#6D28D9","violet-800":"#5B21B6","violet-900":"#4C1D95","violet-950":"#2E1065","yellow-100":"#FEF9C3","yellow-200":"#FEF08A","yellow-300":"#FDE047","yellow-400":"#FACC15","yellow-500":"#EAB308","yellow-600":"#CA8A04","yellow-700":"#A16207","yellow-800":"#854D0E","yellow-900":"#713F12","yellow-950":"#422006","bg-discount":"globalColorDiscount","emerald-100":"#D1FAE5","emerald-200":"#A7F3D0","emerald-300":"#6EE7B7","emerald-400":"#34D399","emerald-500":"#10B981","emerald-600":"#059669","emerald-700":"#047857","emerald-800":"#065F46","emerald-900":"#064E3B","emerald-950":"#022C22","fg-discount":"globalColorDiscount","footer-fill":"white","fuchsia-100":"#FAE8FF","fuchsia-200":"#F5D0FE","fuchsia-300":"#F0ABFC","fuchsia-400":"#E879F9","fuchsia-500":"#D946EF","fuchsia-600":"#C026D3","fuchsia-700":"#A21CAF","fuchsia-800":"#86198F","fuchsia-900":"#701A75","fuchsia-950":"#4A044E","greyXXXdark":"neutral-800","neutral-100":"#F5F5F5","neutral-200":"#E5E5E5","neutral-300":"#D4D4D4","neutral-400":"#A3A3A3","neutral-500":"#737373","neutral-600":"#525252","neutral-700":"#404040","neutral-800":"#262626","neutral-900":"#171717","neutral-950":"#0A0A0A","text-avatar":"black","text-rating":"greyXXXdark","yellowLight":"#F9D187","bg-chip-base":"greyXlight","sidepanel-bg":"greyXlight","footerbgColor":"black","text-discount":"globalColorDiscount","textFillColor":"black","bg-chip-button":"black","bg-informative":"greyLight","sidepanel-text":"black","sponsor-bar-bg":"white","bg-avatar-hover":"black","bg-error-onDark":"globalColorError-OnDark","bg-legal-onDark":"greyXXXdark","fg-error-onDark":"globalColorError-OnDark","text-chip-label":"black","text-form-error":"globalColorError","text-form-label":"greyXXXdark","bg-rating-onDark":"globalColorRating-OnDark","globalColorError":"red","globalColorFocus":"black","globalColorLegal":"greyXXXdark","text-form-helper":"greyXdark","text-informative":"greyXXXdark","bg-color-poll-bar":"greyLight","bg-droppdown-list":"white","brandColorPrimary":"#A00000","breaker-ad-border":"greyLight","globalColorRating":"yellow","text-avatar-hover":"white","text-error-onDark":"globalColorError-OnDark","text-legal-onDark":"white","bg-block-big-story":"","bg-block-three-col":"","bg-discount-onDark":"globalColorDiscount-OnDark","fg-discount-onDark":"globalColorDiscount-OnDark","side-panel-menu-bg":"white","sidePanelLinkColor":"white","text-form-disabled":"greyDark","text-rating-onDark":"greyLight","footer-network-fill":"white","globalColorDiscount":"greenDark","text-droppdown-list":"black","bg-block-four-across":"","bg-chip-button-hover":"greyXdark","color-rating-default":"#F3B032","text-discount-onDark":"globalColorDiscount-OnDark","bg-block-content-text":"","bg-chip-base-disabled":"greyLight","bg-form-check-resting":"white","bg-form-input-resting":"white","bg-informative-onDark":"greyXXXdark","color-link-body-hover":"brandColorPrimary","text-form-placeholder":"greyXXXdark","bg-form-check-disabled":"greyXlight","bg-form-check-selected":"black","bg-form-input-disabled":"greyXlight","bg-form-input-selected":"white","globalColorInformative":"greyXXXdark","side-panel-sub-menu-bg":"greyXlight","bg-block-big-story-feed":"","bg-droppdown-list-first":"greyLight","bg-droppdown-list-hover":"greyXlight","globalColorError-OnDark":"redLight","globalColorFocus-OnDark":"white","globalColorLegal-OnDark":"greyXlight","location-choice-menu-bg":"black","text-informative-onDark":"white","globalColorRating-OnDark":"yellowLight","nav-subscribe-link-focus":"white","sidePanelLinkColor-hover":"grey","text-chip-label-disabled":"greyDark","color-star-rating-default":"#F3B032","side-panel-sub-menu-focus":"black","side-panel-sub-menu-hover":"greyDark","text-droppdown-list-first":"black","text-droppdown-list-hover":"black","bg-block-content-big-story":"","bg-block-content-three-col":"","bg-color-do-not-sell-hover":"grey","globalColorDiscount-OnDark":"greenLight","bg-block-content-four-across":"","globalColorInformative-OnDark":"greyXlight","link-hover-item-title-primary":"brandColorPrimary","saved-menu-panel-focus-link-bg":"greyXlight","bg-block-content-big-story-feed":"","link-hover-three-column-heading":"brandColorPrimary","bg-block-content-big-story-under":"","bg-block-content-big-story-noimage":"","bg-block-content-big-story-under-ad":"","bg-block-content-big-story-imageright":"","bg-block-content-big-story-noimage-ad":"","bg-block-content-big-story-imageright-ad":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-feature":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-stacked-feature":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-colright-feature":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-basefeed":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-stacked-basefeed":"","bg-block-content-big-story-feed-colright-basefeed":"","navLogoColor":"white","brandColorSecondary":"#FFF5F5","navLogoWithSponsorColor":"black","sidePanelLinkWithSponsorColor":"black","sidePanelLinkColorWithSponsorHover":"greyXXdark"},"styles":{"nav":{"bg":"black","height":{"lg":"48px","\u003clg":"96px"}},"footer":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"body-h2":{"\u0026 em, i":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"inherit"},"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-32","md":"font-size-32","\u003csm":"font-size-30"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"},"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3","outline":"none"},"body-h3":{"\u0026 em, i":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"inherit"},"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-24","md":"font-size-24","\u003csm":"font-size-24"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"},"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3"},"body-h4":{"\u0026 em, i":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"inherit"},"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-20","md":"font-size-20","\u003csm":"font-size-20"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"},"\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"},"color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"800","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3"},"body-ol":{"margin":{"_":"{s} 0 0 {xs}","md":"{s} 0"},"\u0026 em, i":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"inherit"},"variant":"body-primary","\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"}},"body-ul":{"margin":{"_":"{s} 0 0 {xs}","md":"{s} 0"},"\u0026 em, i":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"inherit"},"variant":"body-primary","\u0026 b, strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit","fontWeight":"bold"}},"by-line":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-primary"},"nav-bar":{"m":"0 auto","px":"0","width":"100%","height":"100%","display":"flex","maxWidth":"75rem","alignItems":"center"},"nav-logo":{"width":{"md":"13rem","\u003csm":"10rem"},"height":{"md":"1.5rem","\u003csm":"1.2rem"},"marginRight":{"_":"auto","lg\u003e":"xxs"}},"body-text":{"variant":"body-primary"},"error-text":{"variant":"small-specs-error-text-primary"},"dim-overlay":{"elevation":"sunken"},"do-not-sell":{"border":"border-thin-white","padding":"xs","variant":"button-secondary","fontSize":"font-size-11","textAlign":{"md":"center","\u003csm":"left"},"lineHeight":"lineheight-lg","textTransform":"capitalize"},"footer-logo":{"width":"7.5rem","maxHeight":"1.4375rem"},"form-select":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"sponsor-bar":{"variant":"ad-text-primary"},"by-line-name":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-primary"},"footer-fixed":{"bg":"greyXlight","boxShadow":"0 0 40px rgb(0 0 0, 0.2)"},"marquee-logo":{"img":{"width":"auto","height":{"lg":"auto"},"maxHeight":{"_":"5.625rem","lg":"8rem","md":"6.25rem","sm":"5.625rem","xlg":"9rem"},"transform":"translate3d(0,0,0)"},"textAlign":"center","width":{"md":"1.5rem","\u003csm":"3.463rem","xlg":"1rem"}},"nav-bar-link":{"variant":"button-secondary"},"three-column":{"bg":"black","div":{"color":"white"},"a h2 span":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"grey"}}},"affiliate-bar":{"variant":"ad-text-primary"},"block-heading":{"variant":"headline-primary","mt":"m"},"sponsor-label":{"mb":"xxs","variant":"ad-text-primary","textTransform":"none"},"spotlight-hed":{"p":"0.6rem {m}","\u0026:hover":{"color":"brandColorPrimary","transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out"},"variant":"headline-secondary","color":"greyXXXdark","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"404-error-link":{"variant":"body-primary"},"author-bio-bio":{"\u0026 p":{"margin":"0"},"variant":"body-secondary"},"list-item-link":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"spotlight-logo":{"\u0026 img":{"height":"1.6rem"},"img":{"width":{"md":"6.5rem","\u003csm":"5rem"}}},"404-error-title":{"variant":"headline-primary"},"author-bio-name":{"variant":"byline-secondary"},"big-story-block":{"bg":"greyXlight","a":{"mb":"m"},"h2":{"pb":"xxs","pt":"xxs"},"pb":{"lg":"2.5rem","md":"1.5625rem"},"pt":{"lg":"m","md":"1.5625rem","sm":"xs","\u003csm":"0"},"div":{"mb":"0","video":{"background":"none"}},"span div":{"pb":"xxs","pt":{"_":"xs","\u003cxs":"xxxs"}}},"breaker-ad-text":{"variant":"ad-text-primary","lineHeight":"lineheight-base","textTransform":"uppercase"},"custom-item-dek":{"variant":"dek-primary","my":"s","pt":"0"},"feed-body-label":{"variant":"label-tag-primary"},"legal-menu-link":{"variant":"menu-secondary"},"marquee-content":{"width":{"smd":"34rem","xlg":"40rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"popover-trigger":{"border":"border-dropdown","variant":"dropdown-text-primary","background":"white"},"side-panel-menu":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"spotlight-label":{"variant":"label-tag-primary","m":"{s} auto","display":{"sm":"inline-block","\u003csm":"block"}},"statement-block":{"paddingY":{"md":"{*sizes.primitive-32}","\u003csm":"{*sizes.primitive-32}"}},"video-hub-title":{"variant":"item-title-stacked-feature-big-story-feed"},"author-bio-label":{"color":"black","variant":"byline-secondary","marginRight":"xxs"},"block-subheading":{"variant":"subheadline-primary","pb":{"_":"xxs","\u003csm":"xs"},"pt":{"_":"xxs","\u003csm":"xs"},"color":"greyXXXdark"},"breadcrumbs-link":{"variant":"breadcrumbs-link-primary"},"breadcrumbs-list":{"variant":"breadcrumbs-primary"},"custom-item-meta":{"pr":"xxs"},"form-input-field":{"variant":"overlay-item-text","\u0026::placeholder":{"color":"greyXXXdark"}},"form-input-label":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"load-more-button":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"nav-header-title":{"variant":"ad-text-primary"},"video-hub-byline":{"variant":"byline-primary"},"accordion-wrapper":{"borderBottom":"border-thin-grey"},"body-loop-caption":{"\u0026 em, i":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"inherit"},"variant":"body-secondary","color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"bold"},"custom-item-image":{"mb":"xs","text-overflow":"ellipsis"},"custom-item-label":{"display":"inline-block","variant":"label-tag-primary","pb":"s"},"custom-item-title":{"my":"0","variant":"title-primary"},"footer-legal-menu":{"lineHeight":"lineheight-max"},"form-select-label":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"four-across-block":{"bg":"greyXlight"},"marquee-body-text":{"\u0026 p":{"margin":{"_":"0 auto {s}","xlg":"0 auto"}},"margin":"0 auto","padding":{"_":"0 {mobileOuterGutter}","md":"0 {tabletOuterGutter} {s}","xlg":"0 0 {l}"},"variant":"body-primary"},"nav-search-button":{"margin":"xxs","padding":{"sm":"xxs","\u003csm":"0"}},"spotlight-details":{"m":{"_":"0 auto {s}","md":"0 auto {m}"},"px":{"_":"s","md":"xl"},"alignSelf":"flex-end","textAlign":"center","background":"transparent"},"body-image-caption":{"\u0026 em, i":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"inherit"},"variant":"body-secondary","mb":"xxs","color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"bold"},"collapsible-header":{"variant":"label-header-primary","\u0026 strong":{"fontFamily":"inherit"}},"content-header-dek":{"mb":"xs","fontSize":{"md":"font-size-20","\u003csm":"font-size-14"},"fontFamily":"DekPrimary","fontWeight":"600","lineHeight":{"md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"},"color":"greyXXdark"},"dropdown-menu-item":{"border":"border-dropdown","\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-droppdown-list-hover"},"variant":"dropdown-text-primary","background":"bg-droppdown-list"},"feed-product-title":{"variant":"title-primary"},"form-select-option":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"nav-bar-login-text":{"variant":"button-secondary"},"nav-subscribe-link":{"variant":"button-primary","\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"nav-subscribe-link-focus"},"color":"white"},"newsletter-wrapper":{"backgroundImage":"url('/_assets/design-tokens/PR-143/1a74f8d/fre/static/images/marketing/bg-newsletter.jpg')"},"search-input-field":{"bg":"greyXlight","border":"none","height":"2.6rem","variant":"overlay-item-text","borderBottom":"border-thin-greyDark"},"wide-marquee-label":{"margin":"{xs} auto","variant":"label-tag-primary"},"wide-marquee-title":{"p":{"_":"{xs}","sm":"0.75rem {m}","\u003csm":"0.75rem 1rem"},"bg":"white","display":{"_":"block","sm":"unset"},"variant":"headline-secondary","color":"greyXXXdark","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"authors-bio-wrapper":{"borderTop":"border-thin-greyXXdark","marginTop":"l"},"checkbox-error-text":{"variant":"small-specs-error-text-primary"},"checkbox-label-text":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"collapsible-section":{"marginBottom":"0"},"feed-product-button":{"mb":"xs","variant":"button-primary"},"footer-fixed-button":{"variant":"button-text"},"form-input-required":{"color":"globalColorError","variant":"overlay-item-text"},"search-input-button":{"variant":"button-contained","marginTop":"0","marginLeft":"xxs"},"share-social-button":{"\u0026img":{"primary":"white"}},"side-panel-sub-menu":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"sidepanel-close-btn":{"border":"0"},"author-bio-job-title":{"variant":"byline-secondary","marginTop":"xs","mb":"xxs","opacity":"0.7"},"author-bio-read-more":{"pb":"0.05rem","pt":"0.05rem","color":"black","\u0026:hover":{"color":"brandColorPrimary","backgroundSize":"0"},"variant":"body-secondary","fontSize":"font-size-16","backgroundSize":"0 0","backgroundImage":"linear-gradient( to bottom, #F5F5F5, #F5F5F5)","backgroundRepeat":"repeat-x","backgroundPosition":"0 100%"},"big-story-feed-block":{"bg":"greyXlight","a":{"mb":"m","\u003e div":{"mb":"0"}},"h2":{"pb":"0","pt":"xxs"},"pb":{"lg":"2.5rem","md":"1.5625rem"},"pt":{"lg":"m","md":"1.5625rem","sm":"xs","\u003csm":"0"},"div":{"mb":"0"}},"byline-enhanced-icon":{"primary":"greyXXdark"},"content-header-title":{"marginY":"s","variant":"headline-tertiary","color":"greyXXXdark"},"footer-fixed-content":{"variant":"body-primary"},"footer-social-button":{"width":"iconSize.xs","height":"iconSize.xs","primary":"white"},"form-select-required":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-text-area-field":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"photo-credit-divider":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-secondary","pl":"0","color":"greyXXdark"},"search-nav-container":{"div":{"border":"0","borderBottom":"border-none-transparent","\u0026:focus-within":{"outline":"0"},"bg":"black"},"borderBottom":"border-xs-white","top":{"lg":"3rem","xxs:md":"3.5rem"}},"search-results-count":{"variant":"body-primary"},"skip-to-content-link":{"border":"border-medium-white","variant":"button-quaternary","boxShadow":"0 0 0 3px #55adff"},"syndicated-link-link":{"variant":"body-primary"},"syndicated-link-text":{"variant":"body-primary"},"text-block-container":{"p":"0 {s}","bg":"bg-block-content-text"},"wide-marquee-content":{"m":"0 auto","bottom":"0","display":"flex","textAlign":"center","justifyContent":"center"},"account-dropdown-menu":{"border":"border-thin-greyXXXdark","boxShadow":"0 10px 16px -4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24)"},"byline-enhanced-label":{"mt":"xs","variant":"byline-secondary"},"nav-bar-top-list-item":{"padding":{"_":"0 {l} 0 {m}","lg\u003e":"0 {m} 0 {m}"},"variant":"button-secondary"},"nav-bar-top-list-link":{"color":{"_":"inherit","smd\u003e":"inherit"},"\u0026:hover":{"textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"lineHeight":"2.58918","transition":"outline 0.3s ease-in-out, outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out"},"nav-side-panel-button":{"\u0026 img":{"width":"iconSize.l","height":"iconSize.l"},"\u0026 svg":{"width":"iconSize.l","height":"iconSize.l"},"padding":{"md":"0.5rem {xs} 0.5rem {xs}","\u003cmd":"0.5rem {xxxs} 0.5rem {xs}","xxs":"0.5rem {xxxs} 0.5rem 0"}},"photo-credit-creditor":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-secondary","color":"greyXXdark"},"popover-avatar-button":{"bg":"bg-avatar","color":"text-avatar","border":"border-avatar","variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"account-dropdown-links":{"bg":"white","\u0026:hover":{"textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"variant":"button-secondary","transition":"outline 0.3s ease-in-out, outline-offset 0.3s ease-in-out"},"custom-item-title-text":{"my":"0","variant":"title-primary"},"load-more-button-saved":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"photo-credit-copyright":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-secondary","color":"greyXXdark"},"popover-label-headline":{"variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"search-input-container":{},"search-nav-button-icon":{"border":"0","\u0026:hover":{"border":"0"},"\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"white"}},"search-nav-input-field":{"variant":"button-secondary","color":"white"},"side-panel-search-text":{"color":"sidepanel-text","variant":"menu-primary"},"sponsor-logo-separator":{"p":"0 {xs} 0 {s}","color":"greyXXXdark","variant":"ad-text-primary"},"byline-enhanced-wrapper":{"span":{"display":"inherit"},"display":"flex","flexWrap":"wrap","marginTop":"0","alignItems":"center","justifyContent":"center"},"dropdown-label-headline":{"variant":"dropdown-text-primary"},"dropdown-menu-item-link":{"textTransform":"capitalize"},"feed-product-custom-tag":{"variant":"label-tag-primary"},"field-message-container":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"form-select-multi-value":{"p":"0.2rem","bg":"greyLight","marginY":"0","variant":"specs-item-primary"},"form-select-placeholder":{"p":"0","variant":"overlay-item-text","lineHeight":"lineheight-max"},"load-more-button-author":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"vertical-playlist-title":{"display":"block","fontSize":"font-size-15","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-base","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6","textTransform":"uppercase"},"watch-next-player-title":{"variant":"label-tag-primary","m":"{m} auto","display":"block"},"wide-marquee-title-only":{"variant":"headline-secondary"},"breadcrumbs-link-section":{"variant":"breadcrumbs-link-primary"},"breadcrumbs-list-section":{"variant":"breadcrumbs-primary","marginTop":"-{m}","textAlign":"center","marginBottom":"m"},"collapsible-icon-wrapper":{"width":"iconSize.l","border":"border-thin-greyXdark","height":"iconSize.l","padding":"0.4rem","marginRight":"xs","borderRadius":"50%"},"collapsible-section-text":{"\u003e p":{"marginTop":"0"},"width":"100%","variant":"body-primary"},"custom-item-publish-date":{"pr":"xxs","variant":"byline-primary","mt":"xs"},"dropdown-menu-label-item":{"fontWeight":"normal"},"feed-product-description":{"variant":"dek-primary"},"footer-fixed-button-open":{"color":"black"},"form-select-single-value":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"item-dek-statement-block":{"\u0026 ul,li":{"textAlign":"left"},"fontSize":"font-size-14","fontFamily":"DekPrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-lg","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-4"},"load-more-button-overlay":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"media-poster-play-button":{"primary":"white"},"search-input-button-icon":{"primary":"white"},"search-overlay-list-item":{"variant":"overlay-item-text"},"side-panel-search-button":{"width":"iconSize.xxs","height":"iconSize.xxs"},"byline-enhanced-container":{},"collapsible-header-button":{"bg":"white","width":"100%","border":"0","borderTop":"border-thin-grey","textAlign":"left","paddingTop":"xxs","borderBottom":"none","paddingBottom":"xxs"},"feed-product-info-details":{"margin":{"_":"xs","xlg":"m"},"textAlign":"center"},"load-more-button-listicle":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"newsletter-content-button":{"p":"0.75rem {xl}","variant":"button-contained","flexShrink":"0"},"watch-next-player-wrapper":{"my":"l"},"account-dropdown-container":{"pr":{"_":"0","xxxlg\u003e":"0","sm:xxlg":"2.5rem"}},"item-title-statement-block":{"fontSize":"font-size-20","fontFamily":"HeadlinePrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"nav-bar-top-list-container":{"borderTop":{"_":"border-thin-greyXlight","smd\u003e":"0"},"borderBottom":{"_":"border-thin-greyXlight","smd\u003e":"0"}},"newsletter-content-wrapper":{"padding":{"\u003cmd":"l","md\u003e":"3rem {l}"},"background":"white"},"author-bio-letter-mark-icon":{},"byline-enhanced-author-name":{"variant":"byline-secondary"},"content-header-publish-date":{"ml":"xs","variant":"byline-secondary"},"embedded-product-price-text":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"footer-affiliate-disclosure":{"lineHeight":"lineheight-lg"},"footer-legal-menu-item-link":{"paddingRight":"m"},"item-button-statement-block":{"variant":"button-contained"},"newsletter-content-headline":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-40","md":"font-size-38","\u003csm":"font-size-30"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"newsletter-feedpage-wrapper":{"py":"2.5rem","form":{"\u003e div":{"alignItems":{"sm":"flex-start","\u003csm":"center"}},"alignItems":"flex-start"},"width":"100%"},"skip-to-section-link-anchor":{"a":{"transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out"},"a:hover":{"color":"greyXdark"},"variant":"button-secondary"},"dropdown-link-list-collapsed":{"variant":"specs-item-primary"},"vertical-playlist-item-title":{"fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"wide-marquee-label-container":{},"feed-product-button-container":{"marginY":"xs"},"footer-fixed-button-collapsed":{"color":"black"},"newsletter-content-email-icon":{"primary":"greyXXXdark"},"newsletter-feedpage-container":{"margin":"center","padding":{"lg":"0","md":"tablet-gutter","xxs":"mobile-gutter"},"maxWidth":"75rem"},"search-overlay-list-container":{"boxShadow":"shadow-modal"},"watch-next-player-video-title":{"variant":"title-tertiary","color":"greyXXXdark"},"location-choice-menu-item-link":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"newsletter-content-back-button":{"p":"0.75rem {xl}","variant":"button-contained"},"content-header-title-left-right":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-48","md":"font-size-29","\u003csm":"font-size-40","xlg":"font-size-52"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","xlg":"lineheight-xs"},"color":"greyXXXdark","variant":"headline-tertiary"},"dropdown-menu-item-arrow-button":{"transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out"},"nav-bar-top-list-link-highlight":{"textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"newsletter-content-sub-headline":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-20","\u003csm":"font-size-18"},"fontFamily":"DekPrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-md"}},"author-bio-bio-job-title-wrapper":{},"byline-enhanced-author-job-title":{"mt":"xs","variant":"byline-secondary","marginLeft":{"sm":"xs","\u003csm":"xxs"},"paddingLeft":{"sm":"xxs","\u003csm":"xxs"},"opacity":"0.7"},"content-header-by-line-container":{"mb":"xs","pr":"xxs","span":{"display":"inline-block","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg","fontFamily":"primary"},"variant":"byline-secondary","color":"greyXXXdark"},"custom-item-label-big-story-feed":{"display":"inline-block","variant":"label-tag-primary"},"dropdown-contentdropdown-content":{"border":"border-dropdown"},"item-button-text-statement-block":{"variant":"button-text"},"dropdown-menu-label-item-username":{"fontWeight":"bold"},"newsletter-feedpage-email-wrapper":{"columnGap":"1rem","alignItems":{"\u003csm":"center","sm\u003e":"flex-end"},"flexDirection":{"_":"column","sm":"row"}},"search-overlay-list-item-selected":{"variant":"overlay-item-text","paddingX":"xxxs"},"location-choice-sub-menu-item-link":{"variant":"menu-primary"},"photo-credit-figcaption-lead-image":{"paddingLeft":{"lg":"0","\u003clg":"s"},"mt":"xxs"},"privacy-disclosure-content-wrapper":{"bg":"neutral-800","[data-theme-key='button-primary']":{"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"transparent"}}},"skip-to-section-link-nav-container":{"borderTop":"border-thin-grey","borderBottom":"border-thin-grey"},"author-bio-name-job-title-container":{"alignItems":"baseline"},"load-more-button-product-summary-view":{"variant":"button-load-more-primary"},"newsletter-content-footer-terms-of-use":{"margin":"{xs} {m} {m} 0","variant":"ad-text-primary","textAlign":"left"},"content-header-text-left-right-container":{"textAlign":{"md":"center"}},"content-header-left-right-byline-enhanced-container":{"m":"0","maxWidth":"none"},"save-button":{"variant":"button-primary","alignItems":"center"},"link-body-primary":{"color":"brandColorPrimary","\u0026:hover":{"color":"greyXXdark"},"fontWeight":"bold"},"spotlight-logo-link":{"height":"3rem","display":"flex","alignItems":"center"},"wide-marquee-header":{"mb":"0"},"search-nav-close-icon":{"primary":"white","\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"white"}},"search-nav-input-icon":{"primary":"white","\u0026:focus-visible":{"outlineColor":"white"}},"search-nav-input-field-placeholder":{"color":"white"},"title-design-element-watch-next-header-after":{"\u0026:after":{"bg":"greyXXXdark","ml":"1.8rem","mt":"m","width":"1.5rem","height":"0.063rem","content":"''","display":"flex"}},"table-of-contents-title-place-holder":{"height":"{*space.m}","outline":"none"}},"borders":{"border-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-avatar":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-rating":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorRating}","border-m-black":"{*borderWidths.border-m} solid black","border-m-white":"{*borderWidths.border-m} solid white","border-s-black":"{*borderWidths.border-s} solid black","border-s-white":"{*borderWidths.border-s} solid white","border-xs-grey":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-discount":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorDiscount}","border-dropdown":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-lg-black":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid black","border-lg-white":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid white","border-ml-black":"{*borderWidths.border-ml} solid black","border-mlg-grey":"{*borderWidths.border-mlg} solid {*colors.grey}","border-xs-black":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid black","border-xs-white":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid white","border-xxs-grey":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-mlg-black":"{*borderWidths.border-mlg} solid black","border-thin-grey":"thin solid {*colors.grey}","border-xxs-black":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid black","border-xxs-white":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid white","border-thin-black":"thin solid black","border-thin-white":"thin solid white","border-informative":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-medium-grey":"medium solid {*colors.grey}","button-border-thin":"thin solid","border-medium-black":"medium solid black","border-medium-white":"medium solid white","border-xxs-greyDark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-lg-greyXlight":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-thin-greyDark":"thin solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-xxs-greyLight":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-xxs-greyXdark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXdark}","border-button-outline":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-lg-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-lg} solid transparent","border-thin-greyLight":"thin solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-thin-greyXdark":"thin solid {*colors.greyXdark}","border-xs-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-xs} solid transparent","border-xxs-greyXXdark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXXdark}","border-xxs-greyXlight":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-link-body-hover":"border-thin-brandColorPrimary","border-thin-greyXXdark":"thin solid {*colors.greyXXdark}","border-thin-greyXlight":"thin solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-xxs-greyXXXdark":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyXXXdark}","border-xxs-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid transparent","border-form-input-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-radio-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-large-greyXlight":"0.6rem solid {*colors.greyXlight}","border-medium-greyLight":"{*borderWidths.border-m} solid {*colors.greyLight}","border-none-transparent":"{*borderWidths.border-none} solid transparent","border-thin-greyXXXdark":"thin solid {*colors.greyXXXdark}","border-thin-transparent":"thin solid transparent","border-xxs-dotted-black":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} dotted black","border-form-select-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-large-transparent":"0.6rem solid transparent","border-thin-dashed-black":"thin dashed black","border-form-input-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-form-radio-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-checkbox-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-form-input-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-input-selected":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-radio-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-select-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-form-textarea-error":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.globalColorError}","border-button-outline-hover":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-form-select-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-select-selected":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-checkbox-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-form-textarea-resting":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.greyDark}","border-form-checkbox-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-textarea-disabled":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.grey}","border-form-textarea-selected":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.black}","border-msm-black":"{*sizes.primitive-4} solid {*colors.black}","border-msm-brand-primary":"{*sizes.primitive-4} solid {*colors.brandColorPrimary}","border-xxs-brand-primary":"{*borderWidths.border-xxs} solid {*colors.brandColorPrimary}"},"shadows":{"shadow-grey":"0 0.188rem 0.188rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2)","shadow-modal":"0 0.2rem 0.6rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)","shadow-greyXdark":"0 0.063rem 0.063rem rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25)"},"outlines":{"outline-focus-black":"{*sizes.outlineWidths.outline-xs} dotted {*colors.black}","outline-focus-white":"{*sizes.outlineWidths.outline-xs} dotted {*colors.white}","outline-focus-transparent":"{*sizes.outlineWidths.outline-xs} dotted transparent"},"variants":{"body-l":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-24","md":"font-size-22","\u003csm":"font-size-22"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"body-m":{"fontSize":"font-size-19","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg"},"body-s":{"fontSize":"font-size-18","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-xl":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-36","md":"font-size-28","\u003csm":"font-size-28"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"body-xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-16","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-2xl":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-80","md":"font-size-60","\u003csm":"font-size-60"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-base","md":"lineheight-base","\u003csm":"lineheight-base"}},"body-2xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-14","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-3xl":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-96","md":"font-size-60","\u003csm":"font-size-60"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-base","md":"lineheight-base","\u003csm":"lineheight-base"}},"body-3xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"body-4xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"label-xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-14","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"label-2xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-13","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"label-3xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"label-4xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-11","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"ad-wrapper":{"minHeight":{"_":"523px","md":"138px"}},"chip-label":{"fontSize":"font-size-11","fontFamily":"","lineHeight":"lineheight-base"},"headline-l":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-28","md":"font-size-24","\u003csm":"font-size-24"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-m":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-24","md":"font-size-22","\u003csm":"font-size-22"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-s":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-22","md":"font-size-20","\u003csm":"font-size-20"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"}},"button-text":{"bg":"transparent","color":"black","width":"auto","\u0026:focus":{"outline":"outline-focus-black","outlineOffset":"{*sizes.outlineOffset.outline-offset-s}"},"\u0026:hover":{"color":"greyXXdark","background":"none","textDecorationColor":"greyXXdark"},"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","textTransform":"uppercase","textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"dek-primary":{"fontFamily":"primary","fontWeight":"600"},"headline-xl":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-36","md":"font-size-28","\u003csm":"font-size-28"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-xs":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-20","md":"font-size-18","\u003csm":"font-size-18"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"}},"body-primary":{"\u0026 em":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"BodyPrimary"},"\u0026 strong":{"fontFamily":"BodyPrimary","fontWeight":"bold"},"fontSize":"font-size-19","fontFamily":"BodyPrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg"},"headline-2xl":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-48","md":"font-size-36","\u003csm":"font-size-36"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"headline-2xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-16","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"headline-3xl":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-60","md":"font-size-48","\u003csm":"font-size-48"},"lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"}},"headline-3xs":{"fontSize":"font-size-14","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"menu-primary":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"label-primary":{"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","textTransform":"uppercase"},"title-primary":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontSize":{"_":"font-size-32","\u003csm":"font-size-24"},"fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":{"_":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs"}},"body-secondary":{"\u0026 em":{"fontStyle":"italic","fontFamily":"BodyTertiary"},"fontSize":"font-size-16","fontFamily":"BodyPrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-lg"},"button-outline":{"bg":"white","color":"black","width":"auto","border":"border-thin-black","\u0026:focus":{"outline":"outline-focus-black","outlineOffset":"{*sizes.outlineOffset.outline-offset-s}"},"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"greyLight","border":"border-thin-black"},"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","svg \u003e path":{"fill":"black"},"transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","borderRadius":"0","textTransform":"uppercase","textDecoration":"none","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"button-primary":{"p":"{xs} {m}","bg":"brandColorPrimary","color":"white","width":"auto","\u0026:hover":{"bg":"greyXXdark"},"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","textTransform":"uppercase","padding":"0.75rem","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"byline-primary":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","fontFamily":"secondary","color":"greyXXXdark","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"capitalize"},"menu-secondary":{"fontFamily":"MenuPrimary"},"title-tertiary":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-30","md":"font-size-28","\u003csm":"font-size-26"},"fontFamily":"TitleSecondary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-md","\u003csm":"lineheight-md"},"fontWeight":"900"},"ad-text-primary":{"a":{"color":"inherit","\u0026:hover":{"color":"color-link-body-hover","textDecorationColor":"border-link-body-hover"},"transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out","textDecoration":"underline","textDecorationColor":"inherit","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"fontSize":"font-size-11","fontFamily":"primary","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"none","color":"greyXXXdark"},"title-secondary":{"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary"},"button-contained":{"bg":"brandColorPrimary","color":"white","width":"auto","border":"border-thin-transparent","\u0026:focus":{"outline":"outline-focus-black","outlineOffset":"{*sizes.outlineOffset.outline-offset-s}"},"\u0026:hover":{"bg":"greyXXdark","border":"border-thin-transparent"},"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","borderRadius":"0","textTransform":"uppercase","textDecoration":"none","p":"{xs} {m}","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"button-secondary":{"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontSize":"font-size-12","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-10","textTransform":"uppercase"},"headline-primary":{"fontFamily":"HeadlinePrimary","fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-70","md":"font-size-52","\u003csm":"font-size-48"},"textAlign":"center","fontWeight":"600","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-base"},"textTransform":"uppercase"},"nav-with-sponsor":{"bg":"white","borderBottom":"border-thin-grey"},"title-quaternary":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-18","md":"font-size-18","\u003csm":"font-size-18"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-md","\u003csm":"lineheight-md"},"fontWeight":"800"},"button-quaternary":{"p":"{xs} {m}","bg":"black","width":"auto","fontSize":"font-size-14","fontFamily":"AdTextPrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-base","borderRadius":"l"},"headline-tertiary":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-44","md":"font-size-35","\u003csm":"font-size-24","xlg":"font-size-44"},"fontFamily":"TitleSecondary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-xs","md":"lineheight-xs","\u003csm":"lineheight-xs","xlg":"lineheight-xs"},"fontWeight":"900"},"label-tag-primary":{"bg":"none","width":"fit-content","padding":"{xxxs} {xs}","fontSize":"font-size-13","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-xlg","textTransform":"uppercase","px":"0","color":"brandColorPrimary","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-4"},"overlay-item-text":{"fontSize":"font-size-14","fontFamily":"primary","lineHeight":"lineheight-md"},"headline-secondary":{"fontFamily":"TitleSecondary","textTransform":"capitalize","fontSize":{"_":"font-size-32","\u003csm":"font-size-24"},"fontWeight":"900","lineHeight":{"_":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"},"letterSpacing":{"_":"letter-spacing-2","\u003csm":"letter-spacing-n2"}},"saved-headline-dek":{"fontSize":"font-size-19","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm"},"specs-item-primary":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-14","md":"font-size-16","\u003csm":"font-size-16"},"fontFamily":"primary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-lg","md":"lineheight-lg","\u003csm":"lineheight-lg"}},"spotlight-hed-dark":{"bg":"white"},"breadcrumbs-primary":{"color":"greyXXdark","fontSize":"font-size-11","fontFamily":"primary","lineHeight":"lineheight-md"},"byline-link-primary":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"black","textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"item-big-story-feed":{"p":"0","textAlign":"center","bg":"white","border":{"sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary","\u003csm":"border-none-transparent"}},"spotlight-hed-light":{"bg":"white","\u0026:hover":{"color":"brandColorPrimary","transition":"color 0.3s ease-in-out"}},"subheadline-primary":{"fontFamily":"SubheadlinePrimary","fontSize":{"_":"font-size-20","\u003csm":"font-size-16"},"textAlign":"center","lineHeight":{"_":"lineheight-lg","\u003csm":"lineheight-md"}},"label-header-primary":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-18","md":"font-size-18","\u003csm":"font-size-22"},"fontFamily":"primary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-md","md":"lineheight-md","\u003csm":"lineheight-md"}},"saved-headline-title":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-28","\u003csm":"font-size-24"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"}},"spotlight-label-dark":{"bg":"brandColorPrimary","color":"white","padding":{"sm":"{xxs} {s}","\u003csm":"{xxs} {s}"}},"dropdown-text-primary":{"fontSize":"font-size-14","fontFamily":"MenuPrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-xxlg","textTransform":"capitalize"},"spotlight-label-light":{"bg":"brandColorPrimary","color":"white","padding":{"sm":"{xxs} {s}","\u003csm":"{xxs} {s}"}},"ad-leaderboard-wrapper":{"minHeight":{"md":"121px"}},"saved-headline-primary":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-28","\u003csm":"font-size-24"},"fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"}},"button-discount-outline":{"bg":"unset","color":"text-discount","border":"unset","\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount","border":"unset"},"outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenDark}","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","textTransform":"uppercase"},"breadcrumbs-link-primary":{"\u0026:hover":{"color":"black","textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","textDecoration":"underline","textUnderlineOffset":"0.25rem","textDecorationThickness":"0.0625rem"},"button-load-more-primary":{"bg":"white","color":"black","width":"100%","border":"border-thin-black","\u0026:hover":{"bg":"brandColorPrimary","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","transition":"all 0.3s ease-in-out","borderRadius":"xxxs","textTransform":"uppercase","fontWeight":"800"},"byline-lowercase-primary":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"lowercase"},"byline-uppercase-primary":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"uppercase"},"item-content-four-across":{"bg":"bg-block-content-four-across"},"label-tag-primary-darkbg":{"bg":"greyXXXdark","color":"white","width":"fit-content","padding":"{xxxs} {xs}","fontSize":"font-size-13","textAlign":"center","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-max","textTransform":"uppercase"},"button-discount-contained":{"bg":"bg-discount","border":"unset","\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount","border":"unset"},"outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenDark}","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","textTransform":"uppercase"},"byline-capitalize-primary":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-content-three-column":{"bg":"bg-block-content-three-col"},"item-image-link-big-story":{"mb":"0"},"item-imageright-big-story":{"bg":"white","pl":"0","border":{"sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary","\u003csm":"border-none-transparent"},"div img":{"minHeight":"auto"}},"item-content-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","h2":{"pb":{"lg":"s","md":"xs","\u003csm":"xxxs"},"pt":{"sm":"xs","\u003csm":"xs"}},"borderX":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"padding":{"lg":"{m} 7rem {l}","md":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem"},"borderBottom":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"}},"item-content-under-big-story":{"bg":"white","textAlign":"center","padding":{"lg":"3.5rem 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem"}},"item-imageright-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":{"lg":"border-none-transparent","sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary","\u003csm":"border-none-transparent"}},"byline-transform-none-primary":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","fontFamily":"BylinePrimary","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","textTransform":"none"},"button-discount-outline-OnDark":{"bg":"unset","color":"text-discount-onDark","border":"unset","\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount-onDark","border":"unset"},"outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenLight}","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","textTransform":"uppercase"},"item-content-noimage-big-story":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-noimage","padding":{"lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-image-link-big-story-feed":{"marginBottom":"0"},"small-specs-error-text-primary":{"color":"globalColorError","fontSize":"font-size-11","fontFamily":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","fontWeight":"normal","lineHeight":"lineheight-xs","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6"},"small-specs-label-text-primary":{"color":"greyXXdark","fontSize":"font-size-11","fontFamily":"primary","fontWeight":"normal","lineHeight":"lineheight-xs","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6","textTransform":"none"},"item-content-under-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","textAlign":"center","padding":{"lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem"}},"button-discount-contained-OnDark":{"bg":"bg-discount-onDark","border":"unset","\u0026:hover":{"bg":"bg-discount-onDark","border":"unset"},"outline":"0.125rem dotted {*colors.greenLight}","fontFamily":"LabelPrimary","textTransform":"uppercase"},"small-specs-label-text-secondary":{"color":"greyXXdark","fontSize":"font-size-11","fontFamily":"Inter, Helvetica, Arial, Sans-serif","fontWeight":"normal","lineHeight":"lineheight-xs","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-6","textTransform":"none"},"item-content-imageright-big-story":{"bg":"white","borderX":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"padding":{"lg":"0 4rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"l"},"textAlign":"center","borderBottom":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"}},"item-content-noimage-ad-big-story":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-noimage-ad","padding":{"lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem"},"textAlign":"center"},"item-imagelink-imageright-big-story":{"mb":"0"},"item-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"textAlign":"center"},"item-content-imageright-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":{"lg":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderX":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"padding":{"lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"0 2rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem","smd":"{m} 7rem"},"textAlign":"center","borderBottom":{"\u003cxs":"border-xxs-brand-primary"}},"item-imagelink-imageright-ad-big-story":{"mb":"0"},"item-dek-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-noimage-feature-ad-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-stacked-feature-ad-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-content-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-feature","h2":{"pb":{"lg":"s","md":"xs","\u003csm":"xxxs"},"pt":{"sm":"xs","\u003csm":"xs"}},"padding":{"lg":"{m} 7rem","sm":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem"},"textAlign":{"sm":"center","\u003csm":"center"}},"item-content-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","h2":{"pb":{"lg":"xs","md":"xs","\u003csm":"xxxs"},"pt":{"lg":"xs","sm":"xs","\u003csm":"xs"}},"borderX":"border-xxs-brand-primary","padding":{"lg":"{m} 7rem {l}","sm":"{l} 2.5rem","\u003csm":"1.5rem 2rem"},"borderBottom":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-content-noimage-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-noimage-basefeed","p":{"lg":"{s} 0 {s}","sm":"{s} 0 {xs}","\u003csm":"{s} 0 {xs}"},"h2":{"pb":{"\u003csm":"xs"},"pr":"xs","display":{"sm":"inline-block"},"verticalAlign":"baseline"},"textAlign":{"sm":"left","\u003csm":"center"},"borderBottom":"border-xxs-grey"},"item-content-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-stacked-basefeed","p":"s"},"item-dek-column-right-feature-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-dek-column-right-feature-ad-big-story-feed":{"paddingTop":{"_":"0","md":"0"}},"item-content-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"bg-block-content-big-story-feed-colright-basefeed","p":{"lg":"0 {xs} 0 0","md":"s","sm":"s","\u003cxs":"xs"}},"item-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":{"sm":"border-xxs-brand-primary","\u003csm":"border-none-transparent"},"borderX":{"\u003csm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"borderBottom":{"\u003csm":"border-xxs-brand-primary"}},"label-tertiary":{"fontSize":"font-size-16","fontFamily":"primary","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-md","letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-3","textTransform":"uppercase"},"byline-secondary":{"fontSize":"font-size-12","fontFamily":"primary","fontWeight":"800","lineHeight":"lineheight-base"},"block-heading-4-across":{"mb":{"\u003csmd":"1rem"}},"item-noimage-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-title-four-across":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-three-column":{"color":"white","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-byline-three-column":{"color":"white"},"item-header-three-column":{"mb":{"sm":"1.563rem","\u003csm":"1.563rem"}},"item-heading-three-column":{"fontSize":{"lg":"font-size-32","md":"font-size-28","\u003csm":"font-size-30"},"textAlign":{"_":"left","\u003csm":"center"},"fontWeight":"300","lineHeight":{"lg":"lineheight-sm","md":"lineheight-sm","\u003csm":"lineheight-sm"},"letterSpacing":"letter-spacing-4"},"item-noimage-ad-big-story":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-title-big-story-feed":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontWeight":"bold"},"three-column-block-column":{"a":{"mb":"m","\u003e div":{"mb":"0"},"border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"h2 a":{"border":"border-none-transparent","\u0026:hover":{"color":"grey"}}},"item-byline-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-title-ad-three-column":{"color":"white","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-byline-ad-three-column":{"color":"white"},"item-byline-under-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-noimage-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-under-ad-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-publish-date-three-column":{"color":"white","display":"flex"},"item-byline-imageright-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-noimage-ad-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-column-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xxs"},"item-publish-date-ad-three-column":{"color":"white","display":"flex"},"item-byline-imageright-ad-big-story":{"pt":"xs"},"item-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","mt":"s","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","border":"border-xxs-brand-primary"},"item-title-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontWeight":"bold"},"item-title-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"fontFamily":"secondary","fontWeight":"bold"},"item-byline-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-byline-stacked-feature-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-label-noimage-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"m":{"sm":"{xs} 0 0","\u003csm":"{xs} auto 0"},"display":"block"},"item-label-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"pt":"0","margin":"auto auto {xs}","display":"block"},"item-title-noimage-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-title-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-byline-stacked-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xxs"},"item-column-right-basefeed-ad-big-story-feed":{"bg":"white","mt":{"sm":"s","\u003csm":"0"},"div":{"p":"s"},"border":"border-xxs-brand-primary","span div":{"p":"0"}},"item-label-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"pt":"0","margin":"auto auto {xs}","display":"block"},"item-title-column-right-basefeed-big-story-feed":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"},"item-publish-date-noimage-feature-big-story-feed":{"pt":"xs"},"item-title-column-right-basefeed-ad-big-story-feed":{"color":"greyXXXdark","fontSize":"font-size-18","fontFamily":"TitlePrimary","fontWeight":"bold","lineHeight":"lineheight-sm","textTransform":"capitalize"}},"elevation":{"nav":"6000000","base":"0","gate":"14000000","drawer":"8000000","raised":"2000000","subnav":"4000000","sunken":"-2000000","overlay":"10000000","floating":"12000000"},"fontSizes":{"font-size-11":"0.001","font-size-12":"0.170157","font-size-13":"0.36758","font-size-14":"0.55034","font-size-15":"0.72049","font-size-16":"0.879669","font-size-17":"1.02919","font-size-18":"1.17016","font-size-19":"1.3035","font-size-20":"1.43","font-size-21":"1.55034","font-size-22":"1.66507","font-size-23":"1.7747","font-size-24":"1.87967","font-size-25":"1.98035","font-size-26":"2.07708","font-size-27":"2.17016","font-size-28":"2.25985","font-size-29":"2.3464","font-size-30":"2.43001","font-size-31":"2.51088","font-size-32":"2.58918","font-size-33":"2.66507","font-size-34":"2.7387","font-size-35":"2.81019","font-size-36":"2.87967","font-size-37":"2.94724","font-size-38":"3.01301","font-size-39":"3.07708","font-size-40":"3.13952","font-size-41":"3.20042","font-size-42":"3.25985","font-size-43":"3.31788","font-size-44":"3.37458","font-size-45":"3.43001","font-size-46":"3.48422","font-size-47":"3.53726","font-size-48":"3.58918","font-size-49":"3.64003","font-size-50":"3.68986","font-size-52":"3.78659","font-size-54":"3.87967","font-size-56":"3.96936","font-size-58":"4.05591","font-size-60":"4.13952","font-size-62":"4.22039","font-size-64":"4.29869","font-size-70":"4.5197","font-size-80":"4.84903","font-size-96":"5.29869","font-size-112":"5.67887"},"scaleRatio":1.5,"lineHeights":{"lg":"1.4","md":"1.3","sm":"1.2","xs":"1.1","xlg":"1.5","xxs":"1","large":"1.5","small":"1.2","medium":"1.3","normal":{"size":"10","minLinePadding":"5","roundToNearestHalfLine":"false"},"lineheight-lg":"1.4","lineheight-md":"1.3","lineheight-sm":"1.2","lineheight-xs":"1.1","lineheight-max":"2","lineheight-xlg":"1.5","lineheight-base":"1","lineheight-xxlg":"1.6","lineheight-xxxlg":"1.8","lineheight-xsmall":"0.9","lineheight-xxsmall":"0.8"},"borderWidths":{"thin":"0.0625rem","thick":"0.3125rem","medium":"0.19rem","border-m":"0.3125rem","border-s":"0.19rem","border-lg":"0.625rem","border-ml":"0.375rem","border-xs":"0.125rem","border-mlg":"0.5rem","border-xxs":"0.0625rem","border-none":"0"},"fontFamilies":{"Inter":{"src":["static/fonts/inter-v3-latin-regular.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"weight:700":{"src":"static/fonts/inter-v3-latin-700.woff2"}}},"Charter":{"src":["static/fonts/e38fddd1-89a4-4995-9f7f-3c701b2e62f1.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"weight:bold":{"src":"static/fonts/74c2aebb-af4a-4c7d-a7f5-2db2c73334eb.woff2"},"style:italic":{"src":"static/fonts/e4fc2e26-0ce1-4e6c-bb35-330c133f041c.woff2"}}},"CharterBold":{"src":["static/fonts/74c2aebb-af4a-4c7d-a7f5-2db2c73334eb.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"style:italic":{"src":"static/fonts/8d8c24cd-7112-47d5-9f8d-a9063ad51341.woff2"}}},"Gilroy":{"src":["static/fonts/GilroyBold_normal_normal.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"weight:300":{"src":"static/fonts/GilroyLight_normal_normal.woff2"},"weight:800":{"src":"static/fonts/GilroyExtraBold_normal_normal.woff2"}}},"Ramillas":{"src":["static/fonts/TTRamillasRegular_normal_normal.woff2",{"defaults":false}],"variants":{"weight:bold":{"src":"static/fonts/TTRamillasBlack_normal_normal.woff2"}}}},"fontSettings":{"base":"0.7"},"letterSpacings":{"letter-spacing-1":"0.0075rem","letter-spacing-2":"0.015rem","letter-spacing-3":"0.0225rem","letter-spacing-4":"0.03rem","letter-spacing-5":"0.0375rem","letter-spacing-6":"0.045rem","letter-spacing-8":"0.06rem","letter-spacing-10":"0.075rem","letter-spacing-20":"0.15rem","letter-spacing-30":"0.3rem","letter-spacing-40":"0.4rem","letter-spacing-n1":"-0.0075rem","letter-spacing-n2":"-0.015rem","letter-spacing-n3":"-0.0225rem","letter-spacing-n4":"-0.03rem","letter-spacing-n5":"-0.0375rem","letter-spacing-n6":"-0.045rem","letter-spacing-n8":"-0.06rem","letter-spacing-n10":"-0.075rem","letter-spacing-n48":"-0.15rem","letter-spacing-n60":"-0.188rem","letter-spacing-n80":"-0.25rem","letter-spacing-base":"0"}},"layoutContextProps":{"siteData":{"brand":{"name":"Biography","slug":"biography"},"locale":{"country":"US","name":"United States"},"metadata":{"adConfig":{"bu":"HDM","site":"biography","zone":"/36117602/hdm-biography/","bidders":{"IX":{"d":{"ga":"670278","gb":"670282","la":"670277","lb":"670283","brk":"670280","garb":"670279","brkrr":"670281"},"m":{"ga":"670284","gb":"670285","lb":"670287","adh":"670288","brk":"670286"},"v":"942443"},"APN":{"d":{"ga":"28335653","gb":"28335699","la":"28335652","lb":"28335701","brk":"28335694","garb":"28335656","brkrr":"28335695"},"m":{"ga":"28335663","gb":"28335702","lb":"28335703","adh":"28335673","brk":"28335674"},"v":"28336229"},"KAR":{"m":{"gb":"_huOqULAdyc","lb":"_vlJObQkrHZ","adh":"_mV3wfVHC2F","gabrk":"_t5dIWrCwC8"},"v":"_roqCuZZ19L"},"MAG":{"d":{"ga":"2669930","gb":"2669944","la":"2669926","lb":"2669948","brk":"2669936","garb":"2669934","brkrr":"2669940"},"m":{"ga":"2669952","gb":"2669976","lb":"2669980","adh":"2669982","brk":"2669978"},"v":"2731528","siteId":"455226","accountId":"11636"},"TDS":{"d":{"tdsArt":"174937","tdsBrk":"174936"},"m":{"tdsArt":"174936"},"pageId":"160343","pageIdDesktop300":"160344"},"TPL":{"d":{"ga":"biography_300x600_flex_atf_desktop_PB","gb":"biography_300x250_flex_btf_desktop_PB","lb":"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB","brkrr":"biography_300x600_flex_brk_desktop_PB","la728":"biography_728x90_btf_desktop_PB","la970":"biography_970x250_flex_atf_desktop_PB"},"m":{"ga":"biography_300x250_flex_atf_mobile_PB","lb":"biography_300x250_flex_btf_mobile_PB","adh":"biography_320x50_atf_mobile_PB","brk":"biography_300x250_flex_brk_mobile_PB"}},"TTD":{"d":{"ttd":"desktop"},"m":{"ttd":"mobile"},"v":"video","siteId":"hdm-biography","supplySourceId":"hearstmagazines"},"AMZN":"3049"},"modules":{"ias":{"pubId":"931694"},"meta":{"id":"1818263528206619","cur":"USD"},"parsely":{"siteId":"biography.com"},"comscore":{"c2":6035258},"oneTrust":{"doNotSellUrlOverride":"/about/a42621427/do-not-sell-my-personal-information"},"sailthru":{"ids":{"production":"35bb1c0998d8c6fd4f6ee5f6b8462a30"}},"trueAnthem":"hearst","googleAnalytics":{"measurementId":"G-Z0D64Z6MCG"}},"adBundle":[],"settings":{"mgu":1,"mobileStickyAds":true,"enableVerityTags":true},"siteList":["www.biography.com"]},"ciam":{},"copyright":"Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A\u0026E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networks庐protected in the US and other countries around the globe.","icxSiteId":"2171","oneTrustDomainId":"651a82cd-9caa-41a8-bb3c-c2a80ef76a30","networkTagLine":"A Part of Hearst Digital Media","social":{"networks":{"x":{"socialUrl":"https://twitter.com/biography"},"line":[],"qzone":[],"weibo":[],"douyin":[],"tumblr":[],"twitter":{"handle":"@biography","socialUrl":"https://twitter.com/biography"},"youtube":[],"facebook":{"socialUrl":"https://www.facebook.com/Biography"},"instagram":{"socialUrl":"https://www.instagram.com/biography/"},"pinterest":[],"googleplus":[]}}},"bookmarksConfig":{}},"config_ds":{},"icxSiteId":"2171","isAdsFree":false,"isGDPR":false,"isUSUserLocation":false,"menuItems":[{"title":"Footer","children":[{"id":"f3418aee-e3ce-4967-9372-40d56fa55899","title":"About Biography.com","url":"/about/a43602329/about-us","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"4837ce50-842b-408b-8c02-cba6a4afcf39","title":"Newsletter","url":"/email/biography-newsletter","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"ed123825-3d0c-490f-afd7-ab3897310639","title":"Contact Us","url":"/about/a42731733/contact-us","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"f587c07b-3380-4f29-9a2f-8bdd13a36fe6","title":"Other Hearst Subscriptions","url":"http://subscribe.hearstmags.com/circulation/shared/index.html","new_tab":true,"nofollow":true}]},{"title":"Footer-Legal","children":[{"id":"c70c8bd8-5564-48d5-b714-0e66f649895c","title":"Privacy Notice","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9ce73a9a-1fb9-4d54-9912-bef8e9d095f0","title":"Terms of Use","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-terms-of-use","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d574b255-6f98-4fe7-ab47-93358be05b5f","title":"CA Notice at Collection","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"726af1cd-9752-4301-ac9a-96456c0b02fa","title":"DAA Industry Opt Out","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_OPT_OUTS","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false},{"id":"920603c5-62cf-48dd-bab5-9ce4e36cdcc2","title":"Your CA Privacy Rights/Shine the Light","url":"https://www.hearst.com/-/us-magazines-privacy-notice#_ADDITIONAL_INFO","new_tab":true,"nofollow":false}]},{"title":"Panel","children":[{"id":"3c0c1eeb-cd3f-460a-81f1-826c270ad619","title":"History \u0026 Culture","url":"/history-culture","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"2265e077-fb67-481f-9540-67aca5bb5f53","title":"Explorers","url":"/explorers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"a8c2229f-9c78-4d0b-9000-b1ebc626975c","title":"Black History","url":"/black-history-month","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"cbdd8922-5023-40b3-aa43-5925ff4bb424","title":"Women鈥檚 History","url":"/womens-history","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"531a0c27-d1d2-41fe-abd7-5832fdf5f912","title":"American Revolutionaries","url":"/american-revolution-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b7448402-23c3-4bfc-98a7-0c0963370934","title":"Founding Fathers","url":"/founding-fathers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d6f384d7-3307-42be-880c-ed3735d6e665","title":"Native Americans","url":"/native-americans","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"4a133902-9fa7-4c31-a31f-cdec82f803eb","title":"Civil War Figures","url":"/civil-war-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d5cd0252-f4f4-4ed1-8e59-75d6b38e71da","title":"Celebrities","url":"/celebrities","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"2636750e-d138-4c74-947e-e068aa4989cf","title":"Religious Figures","url":"/religious-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"41de05e6-9c89-441f-b9e9-bad1075e6335","title":"European Explorers","url":"/european-explorers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"90568062-3621-4410-ae39-774578efc193","title":"Musicians","url":"/musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"1afd415e-24e1-425e-a1eb-3e186ed7ffab","title":"Country Singers","url":"/country-singers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"656ea719-f2c1-4791-ac41-745eb74e83e9","title":"Rock Stars","url":"/rock-musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"302c02ad-673e-458c-b624-a69f154b8abb","title":"Classical Musicians","url":"/classical-musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"d5274ab5-b8d3-40a0-ab03-04a9c1a3a2f8","title":"Folk Musicians","url":"/folk-musicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"341b1225-f0ab-4da2-a508-31a15f8ea398","title":"Movies \u0026 TV","url":"/movies-tv","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"a3527796-9e65-449c-b66e-10010fc7f54e","title":"Actors","url":"/actors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"c1eeb3dc-9011-4679-a3b1-0e2b51e305c2","title":"Filmmakers","url":"/filmmakers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"8d08f797-2bf6-4a7a-9125-0f339d7dc17d","title":"Comedians","url":"/comedians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9955b3a7-db15-4b8f-8644-3a52ea581dbf","title":"Emmy Awards","url":"/emmy-awards","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9c6c62cd-b537-498b-a276-34e63ae5d240","title":"Academy Awards","url":"/academy-awards","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"5fbb16c1-a4af-438c-ae98-b6252a5ca87c","title":"News Anchors","url":"/news-anchors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"19f75a12-4cb8-42ea-aa11-f1536ac1c92b","title":"Athletes","url":"/athletes","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"1429a93a-2a91-41f1-a3b9-2d7f29e6df7b","title":"Baseball Players","url":"/baseball-players","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b3fe9eba-bb0a-4dfa-8d8c-180543294ca3","title":"Football Players","url":"/football-players","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"6bdd7b7c-85bd-4b5a-a954-a2a84b6b4569","title":"Basketball Players","url":"/basketball-players","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"8a362747-25cb-47f8-b226-7e027d8dd980","title":"Gymnasts","url":"/gymnasts","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b50663e0-2dec-4e18-888d-e6446c132d50","title":"Wrestlers","url":"/wwe-legends","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"31ae6f71-e490-4a85-a6d0-c4b56c2e1307","title":"Olympians","url":"/olympic-athletes","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"2c3a73d7-41cb-49e0-b8c5-eb61bde5115a","title":"Artists","url":"/artists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"0346b244-22ee-443d-b308-8b56d04614fd","title":"Painters","url":"/famous-painters","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"0cb3d6dd-48b2-41de-bf22-1993209ce964","title":"Playwrights","url":"/playwrights","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"113ecff6-db3f-4341-b0cb-dc6e7856a344","title":"Dancers","url":"/dancers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"1494240f-576a-4cf8-bbe3-583ea2b260ce","title":"Poets","url":"/poets","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"499145dd-4382-43f5-95b4-ea9ecaa8a053","title":"Fashion Designers \u0026 Models","url":"/fashion","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"8446fc8c-8bdb-4afe-aa8b-6001653d1724","title":"Black Artists","url":"/black-artists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"037bd007-78d1-4011-8622-4086c7378d0c","title":"Power \u0026 Politics","url":"/political-figures","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"1692860d-5869-4e91-a231-a9dd058c1d67","title":"U.S. Presidents","url":"/us-presidents","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"9f091cf0-ea3b-4880-ac1f-32d67a6c4a40","title":"Supreme Court Justices","url":"/supreme-court-justices","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"90ea99b4-ae22-4bba-abc1-a1506d05ae11","title":"Royalty","url":"/royalty","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"de41483f-0476-485e-8834-5dba14c6f0c9","title":"Dictators","url":"/dictators","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"c9ade8c6-47db-4dc1-9f32-d60bca02fca0","title":"Emperors","url":"/emperors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"2b72c04f-bcdd-4892-98d7-315b2d4c9767","title":"U.S. First Ladies","url":"/us-first-ladies","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"40735b0e-93ed-49a7-81bc-a7969510c993","title":"Business","url":"/business-leaders","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"77884c57-9d41-424d-a270-54e18b7e5386","title":"Entrepreneurs","url":"/entrepreneurs","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"20dadab1-de37-415b-8280-a98b0fdcb8d4","title":"Chefs","url":"/famous-chefs","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"df92555d-9b9f-4dc0-9c30-859f34963d91","title":"Philanthropists","url":"/philanthropists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"e35fc8fe-4f42-4143-8a84-bd04943c7f6c","title":"Scholars \u0026 Educators","url":"/scholars-educators","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"027b4d19-aff8-4d1e-9911-586dabb458dd","title":"Inventors","url":"/inventors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"bf93c9e6-27a4-4e07-bbf8-422463e603d1","title":"Black Inventors","url":"/black-inventors","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"16d22435-6dfb-4949-a50a-c8b3155798a6","title":"Mathematicians","url":"/famous-mathematicians","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"a41940c5-dbf0-4020-a8b7-ddf4cacdf279","title":"Nobel Prize Winners","url":"/nobel-prize-winners","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"ec152ac9-8c9a-4e38-a772-2df2a7a108e7","title":"Philosophers","url":"/philosophers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"fd172605-e6e1-4b3f-acbf-d1099591efd5","title":"Scientists","url":"/scientists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"d5aeaa8f-edb5-4841-84df-577688e44e5f","title":"Astronauts","url":"/astronauts","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"9e61be66-a7aa-42f3-8e5b-7d0199a84bee","title":"Activists","url":"/activists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"381b6223-edf9-4260-9f35-69fe5a85bac9","title":"Abolitionists","url":"/abolitionists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"849c5605-7717-4bcc-bc22-cb2113e1e8c3","title":"Civil Rights Activists","url":"/civil-right-activists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b7afb949-8996-41fa-a0f2-2b2da5f88511","title":"Environmentalists","url":"/environmentalists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"27e4dd09-5880-4996-949e-5e965b72e962","title":"Suffragettes","url":"/suffragettes","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"10ce09fc-e20c-4919-bb0c-372fafce7509","title":"Women鈥檚 Rights Activists","url":"/womens-rights-activists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"457c522c-3cfa-4920-8b91-179b13dafe61","title":"LGBTQ Pride","url":"/pride","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"c3bb37f9-41f2-4f87-a747-4c0cfda40fcb","title":"Notorious Figures","url":"/crime","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false,"children":[{"id":"49433965-78ec-49fc-b0b2-57f897861162","title":"Serial Killers","url":"/serial-killers","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"653ee61d-8811-4770-8ee5-32658baab634","title":"Gangsters","url":"/gangsters","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"b5444e04-4d1c-483f-8278-e0d7f5198126","title":"Con Artists","url":"/con-artists","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"id":"f7a131fa-7c3d-4316-86a7-90e555c7e9b5","title":"BIO Buys","url":"/bio-buys","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false},{"id":"258e5662-d7cb-4f95-b2e5-6b4ceea1e62b","title":"Newsletter","url":"/email/biography-newsletter","new_tab":false,"nofollow":false}]},{"title":"Top"}],"menuLinks":{"Top":[{"id":"f2cf55a3-87fe-4407-b2b6-493a04bda284","title":"History \u0026 Culture","url":"/history-culture","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"65958f1d-23e9-4642-a4fa-54b9a0ce9f65","title":"Musicians","url":"/musicians","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"78fe95b0-00ce-4478-847c-32264055ee13","title":"Athletes","url":"/athletes","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"310b3ec5-a577-4bf6-98bf-eb8601893da1","title":"Movies \u0026 TV","url":"/movies-tv","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false},{"id":"5ff98f73-fbf2-45d0-b82b-902eaa832d2f","title":"Newsletter","url":"/email/biography-newsletter","new_tab":false,"aria-current":false}]},"pageType":"","pageId":"error","tagManager":{"dev":"mag-dev","default":"mag"}},"fatalError":false},"appProps":{"providerData":{"scopeManager":{"scopes":{"@site":"biography_en-us","@locale":"en-us","@brand":"biography","@client":"hdm","@app":"fre"},"asset":"/_assets/design-tokens","media":"/design-tokens","selected":{"865286506898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"3635572","metadata":{}},"1079308378848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"794597151848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"1621037567848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"948601947898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"f1c199c","metadata":{}},"622986035898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"1ceaaeb","metadata":{}},"544524768848759106":{"scope":"biography","hash":"02461fe","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["105.76%","100.23%"],"ascentOverride":["89.45%","94.38%"],"descentOverride":["24.87%","26.24%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["106.07%","92.87%"],"ascentOverride":["89.18%","101.86%"],"descentOverride":["24.79%","28.32%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["106.77%","93.40%"],"ascentOverride":["88.60%","101.29%"],"descentOverride":["24.63%","28.16%"]}}}},"2141149703898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"38e3324","metadata":{}},"350512797848759106":{"scope":"fre","hash":"c8ad008","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["107.32%","106.36%"],"ascentOverride":["90.27%","91.08%"],"descentOverride":["22.50%","22.70%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["107.64%","98.55%"],"ascentOverride":["90.00%","98.30%"],"descentOverride":["22.43%","24.50%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["108.35%","99.11%"],"ascentOverride":["89.41%","97.75%"],"descentOverride":["22.29%","24.37%"]}}}},"588148124898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"cf1782e","metadata":{}},"14425694531966502534":{"scope":"biography","hash":"5ec9b18","metadata":{}},"154714574898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"375b5d3","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["106.28%","100.55%"],"ascentOverride":["89.85%","94.98%"],"descentOverride":["25.40%","26.85%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["106.60%","93.17%"],"ascentOverride":["89.58%","102.50%"],"descentOverride":["25.33%","28.98%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["107.31%","93.69%"],"ascentOverride":["89.00%","101.93%"],"descentOverride":["25.16%","28.82%"]}}}},"1780745863898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"c08ce2c","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["94.46%","97.03%"],"ascentOverride":["103.74%","101.00%"],"descentOverride":["30.13%","29.34%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["94.75%","89.90%"],"ascentOverride":["103.43%","109.00%"],"descentOverride":["30.04%","31.66%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["95.37%","90.41%"],"ascentOverride":["102.75%","108.39%"],"descentOverride":["29.85%","31.49%"]}}}},"410495278898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"c4cafa4","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["105.20%","104.03%"],"ascentOverride":["93.53%","94.57%"],"descentOverride":["28.31%","28.63%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["105.51%","96.39%"],"ascentOverride":["93.25%","102.07%"],"descentOverride":["28.23%","30.90%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["106.21%","96.94%"],"ascentOverride":["92.64%","101.50%"],"descentOverride":["28.04%","30.73%"]}}}},"237689033848759106":{"scope":"fre","hash":"dd7387f","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["98.60%","100.86%"],"ascentOverride":["99.39%","97.17%"],"descentOverride":["28.87%","28.23%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["98.90%","93.45%"],"ascentOverride":["99.09%","104.87%"],"descentOverride":["28.78%","30.46%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["99.55%","93.98%"],"ascentOverride":["98.44%","104.28%"],"descentOverride":["28.60%","30.29%"]}}}},"738037164848759106":{"scope":"biography","hash":"04aa008","metadata":{}},"1221623699101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"3361b6d","metadata":{}},"914434039101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"a5a3a69","metadata":{}},"628614349101657":{"scope":"fre","hash":"f282b14","metadata":{}}},"manifestUrl":"https://static-assets.hearstapps.com/design-tokens/manifest.json"},"flags":{"fre.content.enable-privacy-disclaimer":"(NOT_SET)","cover-stories":1,"ecommerce.enable-embedded-experience":"(NOT_SET)","seo.syndicated-content.no-noindex":1,"seo.block-meta-ai-crawler":1,"ecommerce.load-pulse-script":"(NOT_SET)","fre.piano.int":"(NOT_SET)","content-pass.enable":0,"enable-sso":1,"enable-google-one-tap":"(NOT_SET)","enable-microsoft-quick-auth":"(NOT_SET)","display-search":1,"fre.show-magnifying-glass-icon-only":"(NOT_SET)","location-choice":0,"fre.location-choice.display-generic-title":1,"fre.do-not-sell-link":1,"search.fre.display-top-navigation":0,"fre.top-navigation.gift-lab":"(NOT_SET)","fre.piano.login":"(NOT_SET)","fre.enable-jam-journey":1,"fre.jam-journey.enable-top-slim-banner":1,"new-nav":1,"fre.cds.enable-paywall":0,"fre.piano.enable-paywall":0,"fre.jam-journey.enable-modals":0,"fre.jam-journey.enable-meters":1,"fre.jam-journey.enable-post-registration-modals":0,"mobile-adhesion-unit":1,"content-editor.content-body.preview-blocker":0},"lazy":{"P0-1":[[73288]],"P0-2":[[70661]],"P0-3":[[67057]]},"translations":{"common":{"checkLatestStories":"Check out our latest stories.","close":"Close","cookie_choices":"Cookies Choices","do_not_sell_info_footer":"Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads","do_not_sell_info_sidepanel":"Your Privacy Choices","login":"sign in","myAccountSlug":"my-account","other_editions":"Other Editions","privacyNotice":"Privacy Notice","sidepanel":"Side Panel","search":"Search","skipToContent":"Skip to Content","termsOfUse":"Terms Of Use"},"content":{"affiliate-disclosure-footer":"We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.","image":{"no-longer-available":"Image no longer available"},"why-trust-us":"Why Trust Us?"},"errors":{"internal-server-error":"Oops! We're having trouble loading the page you're looking for. Please try again.","page-not-found":{"title":"Oops! We don't have the page you're looking for."}}}}}},"page":"/_error","query":{},"buildId":"be23e81a89","assetPrefix":"/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm","runtimeConfig":{"APP_ENVIRONMENT":"production","APP_VERSION":"0.11.569","DEFAULT_FETCH_TIMEOUT":"2000","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_PUBLISHER_KEY":"dGVk90VVSURz","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_ADUNIT_KEY":"jAgnNJlb","RUNTIME_TRADE_TOOL_APP_URL":"https://app.blackbookinformation.com","RUNTIME_USE_SENTRY":"1","RUNTIME_RESIN_ASSETS_URL":"https://cdsshopprod-assets.resin.com","RUNTIME_ENABLE_RECAPTCHA":"true","RUNTIME_OPEN_WEB_ENABLED":"1","RUNTIME_PUBLIC_IMAGE_HOSTNAME":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod","RUNTIME_MICROSOFT_AUTH_CLIENT_ID":"952b8b0a-eccb-4fa4-90ca-13796e19166f","RUNTIME_GLIMMER_BUNDLE_FILE":"player.js","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_TIMEOUT":"12000","RUNTIME_SPEEDCURVE_URL":"https://cdn.speedcurve.com/js/lux.js?id=231332287","RUNTIME_CHAT_CONFIG_ID":"20eabe8a-105a-48e7-b4b7-92a6be9f1e6e","RUNTIME_PAYMENT_CAPTURE_SCRIPT_URL":"https://paymentcapture.resin.com/v1/payment-capture.js","RUNTIME_RECAPTCHA_KEY":"6LcygTohAAAAALJc9PUf8gwQA5bdSdXK34HDB_5l","RUNTIME_SLIDES_PER_PAGE_OVERLAY":"10","RUNTIME_NITEHAWK_URL":"https://nitehawk.hearst.io","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_API_URL":"https://api.trvmarketplace.com/click/v1/auto","RUNTIME_TRADE_TOOL_SCRIPT_URL":"https://app.blackbookinformation.com/app/shopping-tools-js/v1.js","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_URL":"https://heimdall.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_SLIDES_PER_PAGE_LIST":"30","RUNTIME_ORDER_INTAKE_URL":"https://api.resin.com/orders","RUNTIME_AIHUB_ACCESS_KEY":"063c297c-96bf-4f89-9a82-cf784ff402c0","RUNTIME_TCF_API_TIMEOUT":"2000","RUNTIME_BUY_SUB_URL":"https://optout.hearstmags.com/servlet/OrdersGateway?cds_mag_code=A99\u0026amp;cds_page_id=246801","RUNTIME_PUBLIC_FILE_HOSTNAME":"https://hmg-h-cdn.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_CIAM_AUTH_URLS":"https://auth.mylo.id","RUNTIME_GLIMMER_BUNDLE_PATH":"8.91.0","RUNTIME_RUFUS_HOSTNAME":"https://preferencecenter.hearstmags.com","RUNTIME_JOKER_URL":"https://joker.hearstgames.com","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_LICENSE_KEY":"afb7f38f-6470-445f-b583-28ae8e1ed325","RUNTIME_TRADE_TOOL_DEALER_ID":"0441002","RUNTIME_CIAM_UI_URLS":"https://www.mylo.id","RUNTIME_GLIMMER_BUNDLE_PREFIX":"/_assets/glimmer","RUNTIME_VIDEO_PLAYER_URL":"https://glimmer.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_CIAM_DATA_URL":"https://ciam-data.cdsshopprod.cdsglobalapps.com/graphql","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_TIMEOUT_FEED":"20000","RUNTIME_TRUECAR_SHOPPING_URL":"https://shopping.caranddriver.com","RUNTIME_RIDDLER_GAME_URL":"https://riddler.hearstgames.com","RUNTIME_GOOGLE_AUTH_CLIENT_ID":"966691262229-s6tftim27cpahri78teloejj82ms26hh.apps.googleusercontent.com","RUNTIME_SLIDES_PER_PAGE_GRID":"5","RUNTIME_JAM_SCRIPT_URL":"https://jam.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_PRODUCTS_TIMEOUT":"30000","RUNTIME_CUSTOM_EVENT_DISPATCHER_URL":"https://oply.hearstapps.com/v1/events","RUNTIME_PUBLIC_IMAGE_DOMAIN":"https://hips.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_MEDIA_GATEWAY_URL":"https://media.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_INSURANCE_PANEL_ADUNIT_KEY":"DuS9oM6s","RUNTIME_PRODUCTS_URL":"https://products.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_CONCORDE_URL":"https://search.hearstapps.com","RUNTIME_GRAPHQL_TOKEN":"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCIsImtpZCI6Imp3dF9zZWNyZXRfZnJlIn0.e30.wlF-prqbR7gQ28qeFJrGOTKcct5p5jzNfrO6NBcc7C8","RUNTIME_AFFILIATE_BUNDLE_VERSION":"8.3.49","RUNTIME_CARS_FOR_SALE_MODULE_URL":"/inventory","RUNTIME_LIVE_STREAM_URL":"https://player.vimeo.com/video/","RUNTIME_LIVE_STREAM_CHAT":"https://vimeo.com/live-chat/","RUNTIME_VIMEO_STREAM_URL":"https://vimeo.com/event/","RUNTIME_THEME_SLUG":"","RUNTIME_NEXT_LAZY":"1"},"isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[72074,55580,73205,17252],"gip":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script><script id="build-manifest">window.__BUILD_MANIFEST_CB=function(){return new Promise(((e,n)=>{document.body.appendChild(Object.assign(document.createElement("script"),{src:"/_assets/fre/scopes/hdm/_next/static/be23e81a89/_buildManifest.js",onload:e,onerror:n}))}))};</script><script type="text/javascript" id="font-loader">(()=>{const e=navigator?.connection?.effectiveType;if(e&&"4g"!==e)return;const{search:n}=window.location;if(n.includes("disableFonts"))return;const t=document,o=()=>{const e=t.getElementById("deferred-fonts");e&&(e.media="all")};"interactive"===document.readyState?o():window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",o)})();</script></body></html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10