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href="#Causes_of_injustice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes of injustice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_of_injustice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes of injustice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_injustice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Economic systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systemic_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systemic_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Systemic causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systemic_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disproportionality_between_causality_and_burden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disproportionality_between_causality_and_burden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Disproportionality between causality and burden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disproportionality_between_causality_and_burden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intergenerational_equity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intergenerational_equity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intergenerational equity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intergenerational_equity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disproportionate_impacts_on_disadvantaged_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disproportionate_impacts_on_disadvantaged_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disproportionate_impacts_on_disadvantaged_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_improve_climate_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_improve_climate_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Responses to improve climate justice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses_to_improve_climate_justice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Responses to improve climate justice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_improve_climate_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_principles_of_justice_in_burden-sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_principles_of_justice_in_burden-sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Common principles of justice in burden-sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_principles_of_justice_in_burden-sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_cases_and_litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_cases_and_litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Court cases and litigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_cases_and_litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Societal_disruption_and_policy_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_disruption_and_policy_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Societal disruption and policy support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_disruption_and_policy_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_and_damage_discussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_and_damage_discussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Loss and damage discussions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_and_damage_discussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil-fuels_dependent_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil-fuels_dependent_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fossil-fuels dependent states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil-fuels_dependent_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicting_interest-driven_interpretations_as_barriers_to_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicting_interest-driven_interpretations_as_barriers_to_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Conflicting interest-driven interpretations as barriers to agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicting_interest-driven_interpretations_as_barriers_to_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsistence_farmers_in_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsistence_farmers_in_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Subsistence farmers in Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsistence_farmers_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Katrina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hurricane Katrina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan_Floods_(2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan_Floods_(2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pakistan Floods (2022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan_Floods_(2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate justice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عدالة مناخية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدالة مناخية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জলবায়ু ন্যায়বিচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলবায়ু ন্যায়বিচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustisya_sa_klima" title="Hustisya sa klima – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hustisya sa klima" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%C3%ADcia_clim%C3%A0tica" title="Justícia climàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Justícia climàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatick%C3%A1_spravedlnost" title="Klimatická spravedlnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klimatická spravedlnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfiawnder_newid_hinsawdd" title="Cyfiawnder newid hinsawdd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfiawnder newid hinsawdd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Climate justice" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimagerechtigkeit" title="Klimagerechtigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klimagerechtigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Κλιματική δικαιοσύνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλιματική δικαιοσύνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicia_clim%C3%A1tica" title="Justicia climática – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Justicia climática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justizia_klimatiko" title="Justizia klimatiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Justizia klimatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="عدالت اقلیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عدالت اقلیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_climatique" title="Justice climatique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Justice climatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceartas_aer%C3%A1ide" title="Ceartas aeráide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceartas aeráide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xustiza_clim%C3%A1tica" title="Xustiza climática – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xustiza climática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98" title="기후정의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기후정의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalci_na_yanayi" title="Adalci na yanayi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Adalci na yanayi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadilan_iklim" title="Keadilan iklim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keadilan iklim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giustizia_climatica" title="Giustizia climatica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giustizia climatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haki_za_hali_ya_hewa" title="Haki za hali ya hewa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Haki za hali ya hewa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jistis_klimatik" title="Jistis klimatik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jistis klimatik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1_(%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9F%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94)" title="ຄວາມຍຸດຕິທຳດ້ານສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ (ສະພາບດິນຟ້າອາກາດ) – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມຍຸດຕິທຳດ້ານສິ່ງແວດລ້ອມ (ສະພາບດິນຟ້າອາກາດ)" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Климатска правда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Климатска правда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="കാലാവസ്ഥാ നീതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലാവസ്ഥാ നീതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadilan_iklim" title="Keadilan iklim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keadilan iklim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaatrechtvaardigheid" title="Klimaatrechtvaardigheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klimaatrechtvaardigheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97%E5%80%99%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="気候正義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="気候正義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimarettferdighet" title="Klimarettferdighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klimarettferdighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8_%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81" title="آب و ہوا دا انصاف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آب و ہوا دا انصاف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="اقلیمي عدالت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اقلیمي عدالت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprawiedliwo%C5%9B%C4%87_klimatyczna" title="Sprawiedliwość klimatyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sprawiedliwość klimatyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justi%C3%A7a_clim%C3%A1tica" title="Justiça climática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Justiça climática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justi%C8%9Bia_climatic%C4%83" title="Justiția climatică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Justiția climatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Климатска правда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Климатска правда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimatr%C3%A4ttvisa" title="Klimaträttvisa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klimaträttvisa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Кліматична справедливість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кліматична справедливість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8_%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81" title="آب و ہوا کا انصاف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آب و ہوا کا انصاف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_l%C3%BD_kh%C3%AD_h%E1%BA%ADu" title="Công lý khí hậu – Vietnamese" 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href="/wiki/File:Greta_Thunberg_und_Luisa_Neubauer_demonstrieren_mit_Fridays_For_Future.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greta_Thunberg_und_Luisa_Neubauer_demonstrieren_mit_Fridays_For_Future.jpg/220px-Greta_Thunberg_und_Luisa_Neubauer_demonstrieren_mit_Fridays_For_Future.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greta_Thunberg_und_Luisa_Neubauer_demonstrieren_mit_Fridays_For_Future.jpg/330px-Greta_Thunberg_und_Luisa_Neubauer_demonstrieren_mit_Fridays_For_Future.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Greta_Thunberg_und_Luisa_Neubauer_demonstrieren_mit_Fridays_For_Future.jpg/440px-Greta_Thunberg_und_Luisa_Neubauer_demonstrieren_mit_Fridays_For_Future.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">Fridays for Future</a> demonstration in Berlin in September 2021 with the slogan "fight for climate justice".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Climate justice</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that focuses on the unequal <a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Impacts of climate change">impacts of climate change</a> on marginalized or otherwise vulnerable populations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate justice seeks to achieve an equitable distribution of both the burdens of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the efforts to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">economic burden of climate change mitigation</a> is estimated by some at around 1% to 2% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhys-2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhys-2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kotz2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotz2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate justice examines concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">collective rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and the historical responsibilities for climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate justice recognises that those who have benefited most from <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> bear a disproportionate responsibility for the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere, and thus for climate change. Meanwhile, there is growing consensus that people in regions that are the least responsible for climate change as well as the world's poorest and most marginalised communities often tend to suffer the greatest consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the country and context, this may include people with low-incomes, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous communities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communities_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities of color">communities of color</a>. They might also be further disadvantaged by responses to climate change which might exacerbate existing inequalities around race, gender, sexuality and disability. When those affected the most by climate change despite having contributed the least to causing it are also negatively affected by responses to climate change, this is known as the 'triple injustice' of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conceptions of climate justice can be grouped along the lines of <a href="/wiki/Procedural_justice" title="Procedural justice">procedural justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributive_justice" title="Distributive justice">distributive justice</a>. The former stresses fair, transparent and inclusive decision-making. The latter stresses a fair distribution of the costs and outcomes of climate change (<a href="/wiki/Substantive_rights" title="Substantive rights">substantive rights</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are at least ten different principles that are helpful to distribute climate costs fairly.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate justice also tries to address the social implications of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>. If these are not addressed properly, this could result in profound economic and social tensions. It could even lead to delays in necessary changes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate justice actions can include the growing global body of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">climate litigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a report of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> identified 894 ongoing legal actions worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_objectives">Definition and objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">Just transition</a></div> <p>Use and popularity of <i>climate justice language</i> has increased dramatically in recent years, yet climate justice is understood in many ways, and the different meanings are sometimes contested. At its simplest, conceptions of climate justice can be grouped along the following two lines:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_justice" title="Procedural justice">procedural justice</a>, which emphasizes fair, transparent and inclusive decision making, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_justice" title="Distributive justice">distributive justice</a>, which places the emphasis on who bears the costs of both climate change and the actions taken to address it.</li></ul> <p>The objectives of climate justice can be described as: "to encompasses a set of rights and obligations, which corporations, individuals and governments have towards those vulnerable people who will be in a way significantly disproportionately affected by climate change."<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_20210319_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_20210319-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate justice examines concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">collective rights</a>, and the historical responsibilities for climate change. There are procedural dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>, as well as distributive ethical ones. Recognition and respect are the underlying basis for distributive and procedural justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Related fields are <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_injustice">Causes of injustice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes of injustice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_systems">Economic systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_(includes_OTHER).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg/242px-20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg/363px-20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg/484px-20210703_Variwide_chart_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita_by_country_%28includes_OTHER%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Among major emitters, the U.S. has higher annual <i>per capita</i> emissions than China, which has more total annual emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20220712_Global_economic_damage_due_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/20220712_Global_economic_damage_due_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_by_country.svg/242px-20220712_Global_economic_damage_due_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/20220712_Global_economic_damage_due_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_by_country.svg/363px-20220712_Global_economic_damage_due_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/20220712_Global_economic_damage_due_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_by_country.svg/484px-20220712_Global_economic_damage_due_to_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cumulatively, U.S. and China emissions have caused the most greenhouse gas-related economic damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_20220712_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20220712-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Whether fundamental differences in economic systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> versus socialism, are the, or a, root cause of climate injustice is a contentious issue. In this context, fundamental disagreements arise between conservative environmental groups on one side and leftist organizations on the other. While the former often tend to blame the excesses of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> for climate change and argue in favor of market-based reform within capitalism, the latter view capitalism with its exploitative traits as the underlying central issue.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other possible causal explanations include hierarchies based on the group differences and the nature of the fossil fuel industry itself.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_causes">Systemic causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Systemic causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:System_Change,_not_Climate_Change_Vienna_COP21.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/System_Change%2C_not_Climate_Change_Vienna_COP21.png/220px-System_Change%2C_not_Climate_Change_Vienna_COP21.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/System_Change%2C_not_Climate_Change_Vienna_COP21.png/330px-System_Change%2C_not_Climate_Change_Vienna_COP21.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/System_Change%2C_not_Climate_Change_Vienna_COP21.png/440px-System_Change%2C_not_Climate_Change_Vienna_COP21.png 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Many participants of grassroots movements that demand climate justice also ask for system change.</figcaption></figure> <p>It has been argued that the unwarranted rate of climate change, along with its inequality of burdens, is a structural injustice. There is political responsibility for the maintenance and support of existing structural processes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is despite assumed viable potential alternative models based on novel technologies and means. As a criterion for determining responsibility for climate change, individual causal contribution does not matter as much as responsibility for the perpetuation of <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a> practices and institutions. These structures constitute the global politico-economic system, rather than enabling <a href="/wiki/Structural_fix" title="Structural fix">structural changes</a> towards a <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">system</a> that does not facilitate exploitation of people and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1177/1474885120955148_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1177/1474885120955148-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For others, climate justice could be pursued through existing economic frameworks, global organizations and policy mechanisms. Therefore, the root causes could be found in the causes that so far inhibited global implementation of measures like <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading schemes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disproportionality_between_causality_and_burden">Disproportionality between causality and burden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disproportionality between causality and burden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20210818_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_income_category_-_UN_Emissions_Gap_Report.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/20210818_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_income_category_-_UN_Emissions_Gap_Report.svg/197px-20210818_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_income_category_-_UN_Emissions_Gap_Report.svg.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/20210818_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_income_category_-_UN_Emissions_Gap_Report.svg/296px-20210818_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_income_category_-_UN_Emissions_Gap_Report.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/20210818_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_income_category_-_UN_Emissions_Gap_Report.svg/394px-20210818_Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_income_category_-_UN_Emissions_Gap_Report.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Emissions of the richest 1% are more than twice that of the poorest 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEmissionsGap_2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEmissionsGap_2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>'s 1.5°C goal would require the richest 1% to reduce emissions by at least 30 times, while per-person emissions of the poorest 50% could approximately triple.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEmissionsGap_2020_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEmissionsGap_2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_CO2_emissions_by_income_decile_-_International_Energy_Agency_IEA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2021_CO2_emissions_by_income_decile_-_International_Energy_Agency_IEA.svg/237px-2021_CO2_emissions_by_income_decile_-_International_Energy_Agency_IEA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2021_CO2_emissions_by_income_decile_-_International_Energy_Agency_IEA.svg/356px-2021_CO2_emissions_by_income_decile_-_International_Energy_Agency_IEA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2021_CO2_emissions_by_income_decile_-_International_Energy_Agency_IEA.svg/474px-2021_CO2_emissions_by_income_decile_-_International_Energy_Agency_IEA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Though total CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions (size of pie charts) differ substantially among high-emitting regions, the pattern of higher income classes emitting more than lower income classes is consistent across regions.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20230222_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_20230222-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's top 1% of emitters emit over 1000 times more than the bottom 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_20230222_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_20230222-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Carbon_dioxide_(CO2)_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2021_Carbon_dioxide_%28CO2%29_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg/201px-2021_Carbon_dioxide_%28CO2%29_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="201" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2021_Carbon_dioxide_%28CO2%29_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg/302px-2021_Carbon_dioxide_%28CO2%29_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/2021_Carbon_dioxide_%28CO2%29_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg/402px-2021_Carbon_dioxide_%28CO2%29_emissions_per_person_versus_GDP_per_person_-_scatter_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Richer <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">(developed)</a> countries emit more CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per person than poorer <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">(developing)</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_20230301_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_20230301-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emissions are roughly proportional to <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> per person, though the rate of increase diminishes with average GDP/pp of about $10,000.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_Ethics_Cartogram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Climate_Ethics_Cartogram.jpg/233px-Climate_Ethics_Cartogram.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Climate_Ethics_Cartogram.jpg/350px-Climate_Ethics_Cartogram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Climate_Ethics_Cartogram.jpg/466px-Climate_Ethics_Cartogram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A country-by-country visualisation of each country's vulnerability to effects of climate change (country size) and greenhouse gas emissions (country colour intensity). High emitting countries are generally not the most vulnerable.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The responsibility for climate change differs substantially among individuals and groups. Many of the people and nations most affected by climate change are among the least responsible for it.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts. Robust action by them and their governments is necessary to reduce these impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_role_of_high-socioeconomic-stat_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_role_of_high-socioeconomic-stat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2020 report by <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Environment_Institute" title="Stockholm Environment Institute">Stockholm Environment Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the richest 1% of the global population have caused twice as much carbon emissions as the poorest 50% over the 25 years from 1990 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNEmissionsGap_2020_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEmissionsGap_2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was, respectively, during that period, 15% of cumulative emissions compared to 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second 2023 report found the richest 1% of humans produce more carbon emissions than poorest 66%, while the top 10% richest people account for more than half of global carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bottom half of the population is directly responsible for less than 20% of energy footprints and consume less than the top 5% in terms of trade-corrected energy. High-income people usually have higher <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">energy footprints</a> as they use more energy-intensive goods. In particular, the largest disproportionality was identified to be in the domain of transport, where the top 10% consume 56% of vehicle fuel and conduct 70% of vehicle purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 review article found that if there were a 2<sup>o</sup>C temperature rise by 2100, roughly 1 billion primarily poor people would die as a result of primarily wealthy people's greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intergenerational_equity">Intergenerational equity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Intergenerational equity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">intergenerational equity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg/220px-20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg/330px-20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg/440px-20240625_Global_warming_across_generations_-_warming_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Global warming—the progression from cooler historical temperatures (blue) to recent warmer temperatures (red)—is being experienced disproportionately by younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-GW_generations_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW_generations-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With continued fossil fuel emissions, that trend that will continue.<sup id="cite_ref-GW_generations_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW_generations-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>People need to make changes, including sacrifices, to enable climate justice for <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could include uncomfortable lifestyle-changes,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alterations to public spending and other <a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">individual actions on climate change</a>. </p><p>Preventable severe <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> are likely to occur during the lifetime of the present adult population. Under current climate policy pledges, children born in 2020 (e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Generation_Alpha" title="Generation Alpha">Generation Alpha</a>") will experience over their lifetimes, 2–7 times as many <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, as well as more of other <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> events compared to people born in 1960. This raises issues of <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">intergenerational equity</a> as it was these generations (individuals and their collective governance and economic systems) who are mainly responsible for the burden of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This illustrates that emissions produced by any given generation can lock-in damage for one or more future generations. Climate change could progressively become more threatening for the generations affected than for the generation responsible for the threats. The climate system contains <a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">tipping points</a>, such as the amount of deforestation of the Amazon that will launch the forest's irreversible decline.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A generation whose continued emissions drive the climate system past such significant tipping points inflicts severe injustice on multiple future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disproportionate_impacts_on_disadvantaged_groups">Disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disproportionate impacts on disadvantaged groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Climate change vulnerability</a></div> <p>Disadvantaged groups will continue to be especially impacted as climate change persists.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups will be affected due to inequalities based on demographic characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, and income.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">Inequality</a> increases the exposure of disadvantaged groups to harmful effects of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damage is worsened because disadvantaged groups are last to receive <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency relief</a> and are rarely included in the planning process at local, national and international levels for coping with the impacts of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communities of color, women, indigenous groups, and people of low-income all face higher vulnerability to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups will be disproportionately impacted by heat waves, air quality, and extreme weather events.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Women_and_the_environment" title="Women and the environment">Women</a> are also disadvantaged and will be affected by climate change differently than men.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may impact the ability of minority groups to adapt, unless steps are taken to provide these groups with more access to universal resources.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous groups are affected by the consequences of climate change even though they historically have contributed the least to causing it.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous peoples are unjustifiably impacted due to their low income, and continue to have fewer resources to cope with climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_improve_climate_justice">Responses to improve climate justice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Responses to improve climate justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #202060;">Burden on future generations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;"><span class="nowrap">     </span>One generation must not be allowed to consume large portions of the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> budget while bearing a relatively minor share of the reduction effort if this would involve leaving subsequent generations with a drastic reduction burden and expose their lives to comprehensive losses of freedom.</span> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a><br />April 2021<sup id="cite_ref-AssocPress_20210429_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssocPress_20210429-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #202060;">Conclusion on the Rights of Nature</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;"><span class="nowrap">     </span>The rights of nature protect ecosystems and natural processes for their intrinsic value, thus complementing them with the human right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The rights of nature, like all constitutional rights, are justiciable and, consequently, judges are obliged to guarantee them.</span> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Ecuador" title="Constitutional Court of Ecuador">Constitutional Court of Ecuador</a><sup id="cite_ref-EcuadorConstCt_20211110_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EcuadorConstCt_20211110-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />10 November 2021</cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_principles_of_justice_in_burden-sharing">Common principles of justice in burden-sharing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common principles of justice in burden-sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three principles of justice in burden-sharing that can be used in making decisions on who bears the larger burdens of climate change globally and domestically: a) those who most caused the problem, b) those who have the most burden-carrying ability and c) those who have benefited most from the activities that cause climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 study estimated that the top 21 fossil fuel companies would owe cumulative <a href="/wiki/Climate_reparations" title="Climate reparations">climate reparations</a> of $5.4 trillion over the period 2025–2050.<sup id="cite_ref-OneEarth_20230519_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OneEarth_20230519-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another method of decision-making starts from the objective of preventing climate change e.g. beyond 1.5 °C, and from there reasons backwards to who should do what.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes use of the principles of justice in burden-sharing to maintain fairness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_cases_and_litigation">Court cases and litigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Court cases and litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands,_large_courtroom_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_large_courtroom_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_large_courtroom_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_large_courtroom_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_large_courtroom_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_large_courtroom_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands%2C_large_courtroom_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Supreme Court of the Netherlands</a> confirmed that the government must cut carbon dioxide emissions further, as climate change threatens citizens' human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminski_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminski-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By December 2022, the number of climate change-related lawsuits had grown to 2,180, more than half in the U.S. (1,522 lawsuits).<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2023_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2023-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on existing laws, some relevant parties can already be forced into action by means of courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminski_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminski-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_litigation&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a>, also known as climate litigation, is an emerging body of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a> using legal practice to set <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> to further <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> efforts from public institutions, such as governments and companies. Finding that <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">climate change politics</a> provides insufficient <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> for their tastes, activists and lawyers have increased efforts to use national and international judiciary systems to advance the effort. Climate litigation typically engages in one of five types of legal claims:<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_litigation_:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_litigation_:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a> (focused on breaches of constitutional rights by the state),<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_litigation_Viola2022_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_litigation_Viola2022-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> (challenging the merits of administrative decision making), <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> (challenging corporations or other organizations for negligence, nuisance, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">fraud or consumer protection</a> (challenging companies for misrepresenting information about climate impacts), or <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> (claiming that failure to act on climate change is a failure to protect human rights).<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_litigation_:1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_litigation_:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:276px;max-width:276px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobilization_for_Climate_Justice-_Stop_Chevron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mobilization_for_Climate_Justice-_Stop_Chevron.jpg/274px-Mobilization_for_Climate_Justice-_Stop_Chevron.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mobilization_for_Climate_Justice-_Stop_Chevron.jpg/411px-Mobilization_for_Climate_Justice-_Stop_Chevron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mobilization_for_Climate_Justice-_Stop_Chevron.jpg/548px-Mobilization_for_Climate_Justice-_Stop_Chevron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rally for climate justice: Mass mobilization at the Chevron Oil Refinery in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a> (2009)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_action_day_copenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Global_action_day_copenhagen.jpg/160px-Global_action_day_copenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Global_action_day_copenhagen.jpg/240px-Global_action_day_copenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Global_action_day_copenhagen.jpg/320px-Global_action_day_copenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="657" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tens of thousands marching in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> for climate justice (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa; color: #202060;"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">The COP26 Climate Change Conference</a>...</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:12pt;"><span class="nowrap">     </span>... <i>acknowledging</i> that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">right to health</a>, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity, ...</span> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— The Glasgow climate pact<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />13 November 2021</cite></p> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights and climate change</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_and_climate_change&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights and climate change</a> is a conceptual and legal framework under which international <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and their relationship to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> are studied, analyzed, and addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_rights_and_climate_change_Humphreys_2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_rights_and_climate_change_Humphreys_2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The framework has been employed by governments, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> organizations, <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a>, human rights and environmental advocates, and academics to guide national and international policy on climate change under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC) and the core <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022 Working Group II of the IPCC suggested that "climate justice comprises justice that links development and human rights to achieve a rights-based approach to addressing climate change".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal_disruption_and_policy_support">Societal disruption and policy support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Societal disruption and policy support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests#Fuel_prices" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests § Fuel prices</a></div> <p>Climate justice may often conflict with social stability. For example, interventions that establish more just product pricing could result in social unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decarbonization interventions could lead to decreased material possessions, comfort, maintained habits.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Multiple studies estimate that if a rapid transition were to be implemented the number of jobs could increase overall at least temporarily due to increased demand for labor to e.g. build <a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">public infrastructure</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">green jobs</a> to build the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The urgent need for changes, especially when seeking to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable lifestyle">lifestyle-changes</a> and shifts on an industry scale, could lead to social tension and decrease levels of public support for political parties in power.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, keeping gas prices low is often "really good for the poor and the middle class".<sup id="cite_ref-moraldec_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moraldec-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_and_damage_discussions">Loss and damage discussions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Loss and damage discussions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage (climate change)</a></div> <p>Some may see climate justice arguments for compensation by rich countries for <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> as a way for "limitless liability". High levels of compensations could drain a society's resources, efforts, focus and financial funds away from efficient <i>preventive</i> climate change mitigation towards e.g. immediate climate change <i>relief</i> compensations.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil-fuels_dependent_states">Fossil-fuels dependent states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fossil-fuels dependent states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out#Assessment_of_extraction_prevention_responsibilities" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out § Assessment of extraction prevention responsibilities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20211026_Cumulative_carbon_dioxide_CO2_emissions_by_country_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/20211026_Cumulative_carbon_dioxide_CO2_emissions_by_country_-_bar_chart.svg/248px-20211026_Cumulative_carbon_dioxide_CO2_emissions_by_country_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/20211026_Cumulative_carbon_dioxide_CO2_emissions_by_country_-_bar_chart.svg/372px-20211026_Cumulative_carbon_dioxide_CO2_emissions_by_country_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/20211026_Cumulative_carbon_dioxide_CO2_emissions_by_country_-_bar_chart.svg/496px-20211026_Cumulative_carbon_dioxide_CO2_emissions_by_country_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The US, China and Russia have cumulatively contributed the greatest amounts of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> since 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-CarbonBrief_20211005_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarbonBrief_20211005-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:186px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20211104_Percentage_of_electricity_from_fossil_fuels,_nuclear,_renewables_-_biggest_fossil_fuel_emitters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/20211104_Percentage_of_electricity_from_fossil_fuels%2C_nuclear%2C_renewables_-_biggest_fossil_fuel_emitters.svg/248px-20211104_Percentage_of_electricity_from_fossil_fuels%2C_nuclear%2C_renewables_-_biggest_fossil_fuel_emitters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/20211104_Percentage_of_electricity_from_fossil_fuels%2C_nuclear%2C_renewables_-_biggest_fossil_fuel_emitters.svg/372px-20211104_Percentage_of_electricity_from_fossil_fuels%2C_nuclear%2C_renewables_-_biggest_fossil_fuel_emitters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/20211104_Percentage_of_electricity_from_fossil_fuels%2C_nuclear%2C_renewables_-_biggest_fossil_fuel_emitters.svg/496px-20211104_Percentage_of_electricity_from_fossil_fuels%2C_nuclear%2C_renewables_-_biggest_fossil_fuel_emitters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Many of the heaviest users of fossil fuels rely on them for a high percentage of their electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-BP-Ember_20211103_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-Ember_20211103-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Fossil fuel phase out is projected to affect states and their citizens with large or central industries of fossil-fuels extraction – including <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> states – differently than other nations. These states have obstructed climate negotiations and it has been argued that, due to their wealth, they should not need to receive financial support from other countries but could implement adequate transitions on their own in terms of financial resources.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study suggested governments of nations that have historically benefited from extraction should take the lead, with countries that have a high dependency on fossil fuels but low capacity for transition needing some support to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, transitional impacts of a rapid extraction phase-out is thought to be better absorbed in diversified, wealthier economies as they may have more capacities for enacting absorptive socioeconomic policies.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicting_interest-driven_interpretations_as_barriers_to_agreements">Conflicting interest-driven interpretations as barriers to agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Conflicting interest-driven interpretations as barriers to agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg/260px-2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg/390px-2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg/520px-2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Net income of the global oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-IEAinvestment_202305_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEAinvestment_202305-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Group_decision-making#Formal_systems" title="Group decision-making">Group decision-making § Formal systems</a></div> <p>Different interpretations and perspectives, arising from different interests, needs, circumstances, expectations, considerations and histories, can lead to highly varying ideas of what is <i>fair</i>. This may make it more difficult for countries to reach an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing effective, legitimate and enforceable agreements could be complicated. This is especially the case if traditional methods or tools of policy-making are used. </p><p>Fundamental fairness principles could include: Responsibility, capability and rights (needs). For these principles, country characteristics can predict relative support.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_(annual)_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg/260px-2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg/390px-2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg/520px-2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>After recovering from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, energy company profits increased with greater revenues from higher fuel prices resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, falling debt levels, <a href="/wiki/Write-off" title="Write-off">tax write-downs</a> of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_20230208_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230208-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Record profits sparked public calls for <a href="/wiki/Windfall_tax" title="Windfall tax">windfall taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_20230208_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230208-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars">Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fridays_for_Future" title="Fridays for Future">Fridays For Future</a> launched an appeal saying it is impossible to ensure climate justice without peace and disarmement. To prevent societal collapse, the appeal says, we must limit consumption and adapt a <a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">sharing economy</a> and this will not happen as long as wars continue, because to achieve higher military potential, countries must increase consumption. The appeal mentions that the effects of wars and an unjust economy-such as climate change-will be felt not only by those with low incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">Developed countries</a>, as the main cause of climate change, in assuming their historical responsibility, must recognize and honor their climate debt in all of its dimensions as the basis for a just, effective, and scientific solution to climate change. (...) The focus must not be only on financial compensation, but also on restorative justice, understood as the restitution of integrity to our Mother Earth and all its beings. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth, People's Agreement, April 2010, Cochabamba, Bolivia<sup id="cite_ref-PWCCC_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWCCC-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1990-_Annual_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_U.S._-_line_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1990-_Annual_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_U.S._-_line_chart.svg/250px-1990-_Annual_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_U.S._-_line_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1990-_Annual_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_U.S._-_line_chart.svg/375px-1990-_Annual_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_U.S._-_line_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1990-_Annual_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_U.S._-_line_chart.svg/500px-1990-_Annual_greenhouse_gas_emissions_-_U.S._-_line_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Though the U.S.'s <i>per capita</i> and per <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> emissions have declined significantly, the raw numerical decline in emissions is much less substantial.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_GHGemissions_1990_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_GHGemissions_1990_-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing populations and increased economic activity work against mitigation attempts.</figcaption></figure><p>The concept of climate justice was deeply influential on <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">climate negotiations</a> years before the term "climate justice" was regularly applied to the concept. In December 1990 the United Nations appointed an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to draft what became the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), adopted at the UN Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the name "Environment and Development" indicated, the fundamental goal was to coordinate action on climate change with action on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. It was impossible to draft the text of the FCCC without confronting central questions of climate justice concerning how to share the responsibilities of slowing climate change fairly between <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a>.  </p><p>The issue of the fair terms for sharing responsibility was raised forcefully for the INC by statements about climate justice from developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the FCCC adopted the now-famous (and still-contentious) principles of climate justice embodied in Article 3.1:<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Accordingly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof."</i> The first principle of climate justice embedded in Article 3.1 is that calculations of benefits (and burdens) must include not only those for the present generation but also those for <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a>. The second is that responsibilities are "common but differentiated", that is, every country has some responsibilities, but equitable responsibilities are different for different types of countries. The third is that a crucial instance of different responsibilities is that in fairness developed countries' responsibilities must be greater. How much greater continues to be debated politically.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/UNFCCC#2000_–_COP_6,_The_Hague,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFCCC">Sixth Conference of the Parties (COP 6)</a>, the first Climate Justice Summit took place in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. This summit aimed to "affirm that climate change is a rights issue" and to "build alliances across states and borders" against climate change and in favor of sustainable development.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, in August–September 2002, international environmental groups met in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this summit, also known as Rio+10, as it took place ten years after the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a>, the Bali Principles of Climate Justice<sup id="cite_ref-bali_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bali-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were adopted. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; border-width: 1px; font-size: 100%; color: #202122;background-color: #fafafa;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Climate Justice affirms the rights of communities dependent on natural resources for their livelihood and cultures to own and manage the same in a sustainable manner, and is opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Commodification_of_nature" title="Commodification of nature">commodification of nature</a> and its resources. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Bali Principles of Climate Justice, article 18, August 29, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-bali_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bali-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In 2004, the Durban Group for Climate Justice was formed at an international meeting in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa. Here representatives from <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> and peoples' movements discussed realistic policies for addressing climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/2007_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference">13th Conference of the Parties (COP 13) in Bali</a>, the global coalition <a href="/wiki/Climate_Justice_Now!" title="Climate Justice Now!">Climate Justice Now!</a> was founded, and, in 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Humanitarian_Forum" title="Global Humanitarian Forum">Global Humanitarian Forum</a> focused on climate justice at its inaugural meeting in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Justice_Action" title="Climate Justice Action">Climate Justice Action</a> Network was formed during the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference">Copenhagen Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proposed <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> during the summit, and many climate activists used the slogan 'system change not climate change'. </p><p>In April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/World_People%27s_Conference_on_Climate_Change_and_the_Rights_of_Mother_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth">World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Tiquipaya" title="Tiquipaya">Tiquipaya</a>, Bolivia. It was hosted by the government of Bolivia as a global gathering of civil society and governments. The conference published a "People's Agreement" calling, among other things, for greater climate justice.<sup id="cite_ref-PWCCC_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWCCC-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013 the Climate Justice Dialogue convened by the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> Foundation and the <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a> released their Declaration on Climate Justice in an appeal to those drafting the proposed agreement to be negotiated at <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP-21</a> in Paris in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2018, the People's Demands for Climate Justice, signed by 292,000 individuals and 366 organizations, called upon government delegates at <a href="/wiki/COP24" class="mw-redirect" title="COP24">COP24</a> to comply with a list of six climate justice demands.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the demands was to "Ensure developed countries honor their "Fair Shares" for largely fueling this crisis." </p><p>Some advance was achieved at the Paris climate finance summit at June 2023. The World Bank allowed to low income countries temporarily stop paying debts if they are hit by climate disaster. Most of financial help to climate vulnerable countries is coming in the form of debts, what often worsens the situation as those countries are overburdened with debts. Around 300 billion dollars was pledged as financial help in the next years, but trillions are needed to really solve the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 100 leading economists signed a letter calling for an extreme wealth tax as a solution (2% tax can generate around 2.5 trillion). It can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">loss and damage</a> mechanism as the 1% of richest people is responsible for twice as many emissions as the poorest 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsistence_farmers_in_Latin_America">Subsistence farmers in Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subsistence farmers in Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies that investigated the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">impacts of climate change on agriculture</a> in Latin America suggest that in the poorer countries of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, agriculture composes the most important economic sector and the primary form of sustenance for small farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_4_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> is the only grain still produced as a sustenance crop on small farms in Latin American nations.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The projected decrease of this grain and other crops can threaten the welfare and the economic development of subsistence communities in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_1-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food security is of particular concern to rural areas that have weak or non-existent food markets to rely on in the case food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_5_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_5-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2019, Honduras declared a state of emergency when a drought caused the southern part of the country to lose 72% of its corn and 75% of its beans. Food security issues are expected to worsen across Central America due to climate change. It is predicted that by 2070, corn yields in Central America may fall by 10%, beans by 29%, and rice by 14%. With Central American crop consumption dominated by corn (70%), beans (25%), and rice (6%), the expected drop in staple crop yields could have devastating consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expected impacts of climate change on subsistence farmers in Latin America and other developing regions are unjust for two reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_4_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_6_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_6-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, subsistence farmers in developing countries, including those in Latin America are disproportionately vulnerable to climate change<sup id="cite_ref-ref_6_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_6-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, these nations were the least responsible for causing the problem of anthropogenic induced climate.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_6_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_6-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Brazil emitted a lot since the source was published (December 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Disproportionate vulnerability to climate disasters is socially determined.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_4_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_6_125-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_6-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, socioeconomic and policy trends affecting smallholder and subsistence farmers limit their capacity to adapt to change.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_4_121-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A history of policies and economic dynamics has negatively impacted rural farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1950s and through the 1980s, high inflation and appreciated real exchange rates reduced the value of agricultural exports.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, farmers in Latin America received lower prices for their products compared to world market prices.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following these outcomes, Latin American policies and national crop programs aimed to stimulate agricultural intensification.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These national crop programs benefitted larger commercial farmers more. In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_2_120-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perceived vulnerability to climate change differs even within communities, as in the example of subsistence farmers in Calakmul, Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adaptive planning is challenged by the difficulty of predicting local scale climate change impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_4_121-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crucial component to adaptation should include government efforts to lessen the effects of food shortages and famines.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_7_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_7-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning for equitable adaptation and agricultural sustainability will require the engagement of farmers in decision-making processes.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_7_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_7-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hurricane Katrina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_crushed_in_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/House_crushed_in_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg/220px-House_crushed_in_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/House_crushed_in_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg/330px-House_crushed_in_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/House_crushed_in_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg/440px-House_crushed_in_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A house is crushed and swept off its foundations by flooding from a breached levee in the Ninth Ward, New Orleans, Louisiana, due to a storm surge from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>. Around 90% of the Ninth Ward's population is black.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></div> <p>Due to climate change, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclones">tropical cyclones</a> are expected to increase in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_intensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclone intensity">intensity</a> and have increased rainfall, and have larger <a href="/wiki/Storm_surges" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm surges">storm surges</a>, but there might be fewer of them globally. These changes are driven by rising sea temperatures and increased maximum water vapour content of the atmosphere as the air heats up.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005 showed how climate change disasters affect different people individually,<sup id="cite_ref-ref_100_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_100-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it had a disproportionate effect on low-income and minority groups.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_100_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_100-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study on the race and class dimensions of Hurricane Katrina suggests that those most vulnerable include poor, black, brown, elderly, sick, and homeless people.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_400_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_400-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-income and black communities had little resources and limited mobility to evacuate before the storm.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_500_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_500-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_600_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_600-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the hurricane, low-income communities were most affected by contamination,<sup id="cite_ref-ref_100_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_100-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this was made worse by the fact that government relief measures failed to adequately assist those most at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_300_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_300-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref_400_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_400-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan_Floods_(2022)"><span id="Pakistan_Floods_.282022.29"></span>Pakistan Floods (2022)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pakistan Floods (2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, Pakistan faced catastrophic floods that affected over 33 million people and resulted in significant loss of life and property. The unprecedented monsoon rains and melting glaciers, attributed to climate change, submerged one-third of the country under water. Despite contributing less than 1% to global greenhouse gas emissions, Pakistan is disproportionately impacted by climate-induced disasters. This situation highlights the essence of climate justice, emphasizing how nations with minimal contributions to global emissions suffer the most severe consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_reparations" title="Climate reparations">Climate reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Justice_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Justice Movement">Global Justice Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Development_Rights" title="Greenhouse Development Rights">Greenhouse Development Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">Just transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Geneva, Switzerland: UNRISD. pp. 18, 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9085-098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9085-098-4"><bdi>978-92-9085-098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNRISD+Flagship+Report+Policy+Innovations+Transformative+Change%3A+Implementing+the+2030+Agenda+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=18%2C+50&rft.pub=UNRISD&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-92-9085-098-4&rft.au=United+Nations+Research+Institute+for+Social+Development+%28UNRISD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.unrisd.org%2Fassets%2Flegacy-files%2F301-info-files%2F2D9B6E61A43A7E87C125804F003285F5%2FFlagship2016_FullReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewellSrivastavaNaessTorres_Contreras2020" class="citation journal cs1">Newell, Peter; Srivastava, Shilpi; Naess, Lars Otto; Torres Contreras, Gerardo A.; Price, Roz (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15497/Wp540_Towards_Transformative_Climate_Justice.pdf">"Towards Transformative Climate Justice: Key Challenges and Future Directions for Research"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Paper Volume 2020</i> (540). Sussex, UK: Institute for Development Studies. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413%2F15497">20.500.12413/15497</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116094001/https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/15497/Wp540_Towards_Transformative_Climate_Justice.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290850984" title="Special:BookSources/9789290850984"><bdi>9789290850984</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519221140/https://cdn.unrisd.org/assets/legacy-files/301-info-files/2D9B6E61A43A7E87C125804F003285F5/Flagship2016_FullReport.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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More than a question of terminology"</a>. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928160039/https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-environmental-law/202103/climate-equity-or-climate-justice-more-a-question-terminology">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Equity+or+Climate+Justice%3F+More+than+a+question+of+terminology&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+%28IUCN%29&rft.date=2021-03-19&rft.aulast=Manzo&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fnews%2Fworld-commission-environmental-law%2F202103%2Fclimate-equity-or-climate-justice-more-a-question-terminology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/">"AR6 Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability — IPCC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318140208/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AR6+Climate+Change+2022%3A+Impacts%2C+Adaptation+and+Vulnerability+%E2%80%94+IPCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Fsixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalCarbonAtlas_Territorial_MtCO2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">● Source for carbon emissions data: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalcarbonatlas.org/emissions/carbon-emissions/">"Territorial (MtCO₂) / Emissions / Carbon emissions / Chart View"</a>. Global Carbon Atlas. 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territorial+%28MtCO%E2%82%82%29+%2F+Emissions+%2F+Carbon+emissions+%2F+Chart+View&rft.pub=Global+Carbon+Atlas&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalcarbonatlas.org%2Femissions%2Fcarbon-emissions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> <br />● Source for country population data: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/POP.pdf">"Population 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Bank. 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241022200208/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/POP.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+2022&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabankfiles.worldbank.org%2Fpublic%2Fddpext_download%2FPOP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_20220712-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_20220712_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chart based on: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilman2022" class="citation news cs1">Milman, Oliver (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/12/us-carbon-emissions-greenhouse-gases-climate-crisis">"Nearly $2tn of damage inflicted on other countries by US emissions"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712091602/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/12/us-carbon-emissions-greenhouse-gases-climate-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nearly+%242tn+of+damage+inflicted+on+other+countries+by+US+emissions&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft.aulast=Milman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fjul%2F12%2Fus-carbon-emissions-greenhouse-gases-climate-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Guardian</i> cites <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahanMankin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Callahan, Christopher W.; Mankin, Justin S. (12 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-022-03387-y">"National attribution of historical climate damages"</a>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. <b>172</b> (40): 40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ClCh..172...40C">2022ClCh..172...40C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-022-03387-y">10.1007/s10584-022-03387-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250430339">250430339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=National+attribution+of+historical+climate+damages&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2022-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250430339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-022-03387-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ClCh..172...40C&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft.au=Mankin%2C+Justin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10584-022-03387-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boell.de/de/node/272493">"Is a Successful Ecological Turnaround of Capitalism Possible?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110544/https://www.boell.de/de/node/272493">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+a+Successful+Ecological+Turnaround+of+Capitalism+Possible%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boell.de%2Fde%2Fnode%2F272493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2011" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Timothy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882609648"><i>Carbon democracy : political power in the age of oil</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-896-9"><bdi>978-1-84467-896-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882609648">882609648</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530100808/https://www.worldcat.org/title/carbon-democracy-political-power-in-the-age-of-oil/oclc/882609648">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon+democracy+%3A+political+power+in+the+age+of+oil&rft.place=London&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882609648&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-896-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F882609648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewellSrivastavaNaessContreras2021" class="citation journal cs1">Newell, Peter; Srivastava, Shilpi; Naess, Lars Otto; Contreras, Gerardo A. Torres; Price, Roz (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16789">"Toward transformative climate justice: An emerging research agenda"</a>. <i>WIREs Climate Change</i>. <b>12</b> (6): e733. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021WIRCC..12E.733N">2021WIRCC..12E.733N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwcc.733">10.1002/wcc.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-7799">1757-7799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238789301">238789301</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530100809/https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16789">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Affairs&rft.atitle=Climate+Justice+Begins+at+Home%3A+Conceptual%2C+Pragmatic+and+Transformative+Approaches+to+Climate+Justice+in+Scotland&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-252&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F9385e844-d046-41db-80e9-6c8e68d3e3dd&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2FSCOT.2016.0128&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Christman%2C+B&rft.au=Bonaventura%2C+M&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+D&rft.au=Holbrook%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprint.ncl.ac.uk%2Ffulltext.aspx%3Furl%3D254585%2FAF534B0A-1630-407C-9BA2-4296B2F4591A.pdf%26pub_id%3D254585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEmissionsGap_2020-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNEmissionsGap_2020_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEmissionsGap_2020_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNEmissionsGap_2020_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/34438/EGR20ESE.pdf">"Emissions Gap Report 2020 / Executive Summary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United Nations Environment Programme</i>. 2021. p. 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International Energy Agency (IEA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303032020/https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-world-s-top-1-of-emitters-produce-over-1000-times-more-co2-than-the-bottom-1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iea.org&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+top+1%25+of+emitters+produce+over+1000+times+more+CO2+than+the+bottom+1%25&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft.aulast=Cozzi&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Chen%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hyeji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fcommentaries%2Fthe-world-s-top-1-of-emitters-produce-over-1000-times-more-co2-than-the-bottom-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> "Methodological note: ... The analysis accounts for energy-related CO2, and not other greenhouse gases, nor those related to land use and agriculture."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashPost_20230301-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashPost_20230301_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2023" class="citation news cs1">Stevens, Harry (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2023/global-warming-carbon-emissions-china-us/">"The United States has caused the most global warming. When will China pass it?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301130719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/interactive/2023/global-warming-carbon-emissions-china-us/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+United+States+has+caused+the+most+global+warming.+When+will+China+pass+it%3F&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fclimate-environment%2Finteractive%2F2023%2Fglobal-warming-carbon-emissions-china-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52543589">"Climate change: More than 3bn could live in extreme heat by 2070"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505153614/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52543589">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Climate Central. 22 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613055205/https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-matters/warming-across-generations">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warming+Across+Generations&rft.pub=Climate+Central&rft.date=2023-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatecentral.org%2Fclimate-matters%2Fwarming-across-generations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Data source for <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global average surface temperature</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.metoffice.cloud/temperature.html">"Global temperature / Global mean temperature"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Climate+tipping+points+%E2%80%94+too+risky+to+bet+against&rft.volume=575&rft.issue=7784&rft.pages=592-595&rft.date=2019-11-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F40141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208330359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.575..592L&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-03595-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31776487&rft.aulast=Lenton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rft.au=Rockstr%C3%B6m%2C+Johan&rft.au=Gaffney%2C+Owen&rft.au=Rahmstorf%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Steffen%2C+Will&rft.au=Schellnhuber%2C+Hans+Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-019-03595-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2022" class="citation news cs1">Fountain, Henry (7 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/climate/amazon-rainforest-climate-change-deforestation.html">"Amazon Is Less Able to Recover From Droughts and Logging, Study Finds"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318164957/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/climate/amazon-rainforest-climate-change-deforestation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Amazon+Is+Less+Able+to+Recover+From+Droughts+and+Logging%2C+Study+Finds&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F03%2F07%2Fclimate%2Famazon-rainforest-climate-change-deforestation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShue2021" class="citation book cs1">Shue, Henry (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1245960372"><i>The pivotal generation : why we have a moral responsibility to slow climate change right now</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22007-9"><bdi>978-0-691-22007-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245960372">1245960372</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530100806/https://www.worldcat.org/title/pivotal-generation-why-we-have-a-moral-responsibility-to-slow-climate-change-right-now/oclc/1245960372">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pivotal+generation+%3A+why+we+have+a+moral+responsibility+to+slow+climate+change+right+now&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245960372&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22007-9&rft.aulast=Shue&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1245960372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCounterActWomen's_Climate_Justice_Collective2020" class="citation web cs1">CounterAct; Women's Climate Justice Collective (4 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/climate-justice-feminism/">"Climate Justice and Feminism Resource Collection"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=Climate+Justice+and+Feminism+Resource+Collection&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.au=CounterAct&rft.au=Women%27s+Climate+Justice+Collective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fclimate-justice-feminism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamWinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Islam, S. Nazrul; Winkel, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2017/wp152_2017.pdf"><i>Climate Change and Social Inequality</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: UN DESA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116113453/https://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2017/wp152_2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+Social+Inequality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=UN+DESA&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Islam&rft.aufirst=S.+Nazrul&rft.au=Winkel%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fdesa%2Fpapers%2F2017%2Fwp152_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird2008" class="citation web cs1">Baird, Rachel (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-524-The-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Minorities-and-Indigenous-Peoples.pdf">"Impact of Climate Change on Minorities and Indigenous Peoples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520215556/https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-524-The-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Minorities-and-Indigenous-Peoples.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Climate+Change+on+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fold-site-downloads%2Fdownload-524-The-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Minorities-and-Indigenous-Peoples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Mary (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1019922693"><i>Climate justice : hope, resilience, and the fight for a sustainable future</i></a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63286-928-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63286-928-9"><bdi>978-1-63286-928-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1019922693">1019922693</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530100807/https://www.worldcat.org/title/climate-justice-hope-resilience-and-the-fight-for-a-sustainable-future/oclc/1019922693">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+justice+%3A+hope%2C+resilience%2C+and+the+fight+for+a+sustainable+future&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1019922693&rft.isbn=978-1-63286-928-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1019922693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/">Fourth National Climate Assessment</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a>. 2018. pp. 1–470. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181230065117/https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fourth+National+Climate+Assessment&rft.pages=1-470&rft.pub=U.S.+Global+Change+Research+Program&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnca2018.globalchange.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonBallewNaimanSchuldt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Adam R.; Ballew, Matthew T.; Naiman, Sarah; Schuldt, Jonathon P. (26 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228620-e-412">"Race, Class, Gender and Climate Change Communication"</a>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228620.013.412">10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190228620" title="Special:BookSources/9780190228620"><bdi>9780190228620</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311142249/https://oxfordre.com/climatescience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228620-e-412">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Climate+Science&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Class%2C+Gender+and+Climate+Change+Communication&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228620.013.412&rft.isbn=9780190228620&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Adam+R.&rft.au=Ballew%2C+Matthew+T.&rft.au=Naiman%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Schuldt%2C+Jonathon+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228620.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190228620-e-412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/1/">Fourth National Climate Assessment</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></i> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027172323/https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/1/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fourth+National+Climate+Assessment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnca2018.globalchange.gov%2Fchapter%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/hr5389.doc.htm">"Indigenous Peoples Disproportionately Impacted by Climate Change, Systematically Targeted for Defending Freedoms, Speakers Tell Permanent Forum | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>. 18 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031164707/https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/hr5389.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Peoples+Disproportionately+Impacted+by+Climate+Change%2C+Systematically+Targeted+for+Defending+Freedoms%2C+Speakers+Tell+Permanent+Forum+%7C+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2018%2Fhr5389.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AssocPress_20210429-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AssocPress_20210429_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordans2021" class="citation news cs1">Jordans, Frank (29 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/europe-climate-climate-change-business-environment-and-nature-80cc854f7d1bf4e34b157f94958df4cc">"Court: Germany must share climate burden between young, old"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429084148/https://apnews.com/article/europe-climate-climate-change-business-environment-and-nature-80cc854f7d1bf4e34b157f94958df4cc">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Court%3A+Germany+must+share+climate+burden+between+young%2C+old&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft.aulast=Jordans&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Feurope-climate-climate-change-business-environment-and-nature-80cc854f7d1bf4e34b157f94958df4cc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> ● <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2021/bvg21-031.html">"Verfassungsbeschwerden gegen das Klimaschutzgesetz teilweise erfolgreich (Constitutional complaints against the Climate Protection Act partially successful)"</a>. <i>bundesverfassungsgericht.de</i> (in German). Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Federal Constitutional Court). 29 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503150428/https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2021/bvg21-031.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundesverfassungsgericht.de&rft.atitle=Verfassungsbeschwerden+gegen+das+Klimaschutzgesetz+teilweise+erfolgreich+%28Constitutional+complaints+against+the+Climate+Protection+Act+partially+successful%29&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesverfassungsgericht.de%2FSharedDocs%2FPressemitteilungen%2FDE%2F2021%2Fbvg21-031.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EcuadorConstCt_20211110-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EcuadorConstCt_20211110_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esacc.corteconstitucional.gob.ec/storage/api/v1/10_DWL_FL/e2NhcnBldGE6J3RyYW1pdGUnLCB1dWlkOic2MmE3MmIxNy1hMzE4LTQyZmMtYjJkOS1mYzYzNWE5ZTAwNGYucGRmJ30=">"CASO No. 1149-19-JP/20"</a>. <i>CorteConstitucional.gob.ec</i> (in Spanish). Constitutional Court of Ecuador. 10 November 2021. pp. VI. Conclusiones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202103108/http://esacc.corteconstitucional.gob.ec/storage/api/v1/10_DWL_FL/e2NhcnBldGE6J3RyYW1pdGUnLCB1dWlkOic2MmE3MmIxNy1hMzE4LTQyZmMtYjJkOS1mYzYzNWE5ZTAwNGYucGRmJ30=">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CorteConstitucional.gob.ec&rft.atitle=CASO+No.+1149-19-JP%2F20&rft.pages=VI.+Conclusiones&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesacc.corteconstitucional.gob.ec%2Fstorage%2Fapi%2Fv1%2F10_DWL_FL%2Fe2NhcnBldGE6J3RyYW1pdGUnLCB1dWlkOic2MmE3MmIxNy1hMzE4LTQyZmMtYjJkOS1mYzYzNWE5ZTAwNGYucGRmJ30%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurma2021" class="citation news cs1">Surma, Katie (3 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203200108/https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03122021/ecuador-rights-of-nature/">"Ecuador's High Court Affirms Constitutional Protections for the Rights of Nature in a Landmark Decision"</a>. <i>Inside Climate News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/03122021/ecuador-rights-of-nature/">the original</a> on 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Climate+News&rft.atitle=Ecuador%27s+High+Court+Affirms+Constitutional+Protections+for+the+Rights+of+Nature+in+a+Landmark+Decision&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft.aulast=Surma&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideclimatenews.org%2Fnews%2F03122021%2Fecuador-rights-of-nature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> In a case involving mining in a protected region of the Ecuadorian rainforest, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Ecuador" title="Constitutional Court of Ecuador">Constitutional Court of Ecuador</a> issued a landmark decision interpreting the country's constitutional provisions to grant rights and confer protections to ecosystems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaney2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Caney, Simon (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/justice-climate/">"Climate Justice"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2021 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318160531/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/justice-climate/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Climate+Justice&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2021&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Caney&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2021%2Fentries%2Fjustice-climate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OneEarth_20230519-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OneEarth_20230519_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrassoHeede2023" class="citation journal cs1">Grasso, Marco; Heede, Richard (19 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2023.04.012">"Time to pay the piper: Fossil fuel companies' reparations for climate damages"</a>. <i>One Earth</i>. <b>6</b> (5): 459–463. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023OEart...6..459G">2023OEart...6..459G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2023.04.012">10.1016/j.oneear.2023.04.012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10281%2F416137">10281/416137</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258809532">258809532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+Earth&rft.atitle=Time+to+pay+the+piper%3A+Fossil+fuel+companies%27+reparations+for+climate+damages&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=459-463&rft.date=2023-05-19&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10281%2F416137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258809532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2023.04.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023OEart...6..459G&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Heede%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.oneear.2023.04.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaney2014" class="citation journal cs1">Caney, Simon (2014). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dutch+supreme+court+upholds+landmark+ruling+demanding+climate+action&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.au=Isabella+Kaminski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fdec%2F20%2Fdutch-supreme-court-upholds-landmark-ruling-demanding-climate-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNEP_2023-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNEP_2023_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme_(UNEP)_and_the_Sabin_Center_for_Climate_Change_Law2023" class="citation web cs1">United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/43008/global_climate_litigation_report_2023.pdf">"Global Climate Litigation Report / 2023 Status Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. XIV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729044423/https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/43008/global_climate_litigation_report_2023.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Climate+Litigation+Report+%2F+2023+Status+Review&rft.pages=XIV&rft.date=2023&rft.au=United+Nations+Environment+Programme+%28UNEP%29+and+the+Sabin+Center+for+Climate+Change+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F43008%2Fglobal_climate_litigation_report_2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_litigation_:0-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_litigation_:0_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingMallettNagra2020" class="citation web cs1">King; Mallett, Wood Mallesons-Daisy; Nagra, Sati (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=03ba4171-3769-4b77-b355-c9cf63cccc24">"Climate change litigation - what is it and what to expect? | Lexology"</a>. <i>www.lexology.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414060424/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=03ba4171-3769-4b77-b355-c9cf63cccc24">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Climate+talks%3A+Should+rich+countries+pay+for+damage+caused+by+global+warming%3F&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.aulast=Mathiesen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2013%2Fnov%2F20%2Fclimate-talks-rich-countries-pay-damage-global-warming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopra2019" class="citation web cs1">Kopra, Sanna (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/314725/Kopra_2019_responsibility_for_climate_justice.pdf">"Responsibility for climate justice: the role of great powers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F314725">10138/314725</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109175401/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/314725/Kopra_2019_responsibility_for_climate_justice.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Fairness in the climate negotiations: what explains variation in parties' expressed conceptions?". <i>Climate Policy</i>. <b>18</b> (5): 642–654. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CliPo..18..642T">2018CliPo..18..642T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14693062.2017.1341372">10.1080/14693062.2017.1341372</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F48265">1814/48265</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-3062">1469-3062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158916051">158916051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Policy&rft.atitle=Fairness+in+the+climate+negotiations%3A+what+explains+variation+in+parties%27+expressed+conceptions%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=642-654&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F48265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158916051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CliPo..18..642T&rft.issn=1469-3062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14693062.2017.1341372&rft.aulast=T%C3%B8rstad&rft.aufirst=Vegard&rft.au=S%C3%A6len%2C+H%C3%A5kon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_20230208-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_20230208_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_20230208_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousso2023" class="citation news cs1">Bousso, Ron (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/big-oil-doubles-profits-blockbuster-2022-2023-02-08/">"Big Oil doubles profits in blockbuster 2022"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331215451/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/big-oil-doubles-profits-blockbuster-2022-2023-02-08/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Big+Oil+doubles+profits+in+blockbuster+2022&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft.aulast=Bousso&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fbig-oil-doubles-profits-blockbuster-2022-2023-02-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> ● Details for 2020 from the more detailed diagram in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2023" class="citation news cs1">King, Ben (12 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64583982">"Why are BP, Shell, and other oil giants making so much money right now?"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422164652/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64583982">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+are+BP%2C+Shell%2C+and+other+oil+giants+making+so+much+money+right+now%3F&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-64583982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger" class="citation web cs1">Singer, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2024/7/24/2257789/-Petition-Establish-Justice-Peace-and-Inclusivity-to-Stop-Climate-Change">"Petition: Establish Justice, Peace, and Inclusivity to Stop Climate Change"</a>. <i>Daily Kos</i>. 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World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth. 22 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219034602/https://pwccc.wordpress.com/support/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=World+People%27s+Conference+on+Climate+Change+and+the+Rights+of+Mother+Earth+April+22nd%2C+Cochabamba%2C+Bolivia+-+People%27s+Agreement&rft.pub=World+People%27s+Conference+on+Climate+Change+and+the+Rights+of+Mother+Earth&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpwccc.wordpress.com%2Fsupport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_GHGemissions_1990_-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_GHGemissions_1990_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions">"Climate Change Indicators: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions / Figure 3. U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Capita and per Dollar of GDP, 1990–2020"</a>. <i>EPA.gov</i>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 27 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405092424/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA.gov&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Indicators%3A+U.S.+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+%2F+Figure+3.+U.S.+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+per+Capita+and+per+Dollar+of+GDP%2C+1990%E2%80%932020&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fclimate-indicators%2Fclimate-change-indicators-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolin2007" class="citation book cs1">Bolin, Bert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1058098098"><i>A history of the science and politics of climate change : the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</i></a>. Bert Bolin. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08873-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08873-2"><bdi>978-0-521-08873-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1058098098">1058098098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+science+and+politics+of+climate+change+%3A+the+role+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1058098098&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08873-2&rft.aulast=Bolin&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1058098098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgarwalNarain2019" class="citation book cs1">Agarwal, Anil; Narain, Sunita (21 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199498734.001.0001/oso-9780199498734-chapter-5"><i>Global Warming in an Unequal World: A Case of Environmental Colonialism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 81–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199498734.003.0005">10.1093/oso/9780199498734.003.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-949873-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-949873-4"><bdi>978-0-19-949873-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309172746/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199498734.001.0001/oso-9780199498734-chapter-5">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Warming+in+an+Unequal+World%3A+A+Case+of+Environmental+Colonialism&rft.pages=81-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-11-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199498734.003.0005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-949873-4&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=Anil&rft.au=Narain%2C+Sunita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780199498734.001.0001%2Foso-9780199498734-chapter-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf">"UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507184538/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNITED+NATIONS+FRAMEWORK+CONVENTION+ON+CLIMATE+CHANGE&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funfccc.int%2Fresource%2Fdocs%2Fconvkp%2Fconveng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCripps2022" class="citation book cs1">Cripps, Elizabeth (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1295438411"><i>What climate justice means and why we should care</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-9183-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-9183-6"><bdi>978-1-4729-9183-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1295438411">1295438411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+climate+justice+means+and+why+we+should+care&rft.place=London&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1295438411&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-9183-6&rft.aulast=Cripps&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1295438411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoellendorf2022" class="citation book cs1">Moellendorf, Darrel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1285485609"><i>Mobilizing hope : climate change and global poverty</i></a>. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087561-9"><bdi>978-0-19-087561-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1285485609">1285485609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+hope+%3A+climate+change+and+global+poverty&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1285485609&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087561-9&rft.aulast=Moellendorf&rft.aufirst=Darrel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1285485609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419205823/http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=333">"Alternative Summit Opens with Call for Climate Justice"</a>. <i>CorpWatch</i>. 19 November 2000. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.un.org&rft.atitle=Pakistan+floods+a+%27litmus+test%27+for+climate+justice+says+Guterres+%7C+UN+News&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2023%2F09%2F1141587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+justice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_justice&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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justice">Interactional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_justice" title="Global justice">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_justice" title="Organizational justice">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_justice" title="Procedural justice">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor%27s_justice" title="Victor's justice">Victor's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_justice" title="Recognition justice">Recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Fairness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial justice">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">Retributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_justice" title="Resource justice">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_justice" title="Spatial justice">Spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformative_justice" title="Transformative justice">Transformative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_justice" title="Frontier justice">Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change" title="Category:Climate change">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climate_change_articles" title="Index of climate change articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmentalism" title="Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmentalism" title="Template talk:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Environmentalism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Outline of environmentalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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