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calcite</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: calcite"> <meta name="keywords" content="calcite"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="calcite"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 94</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: calcite</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> Applicability of Soybean as Bio-Catalyst in Calcite Precipitated Method for Soil Improvement </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heriansyah%20Putra">Heriansyah Putra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erizal%20Erizal"> Erizal Erizal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sutoyo%20Sutoyo"> Sutoyo Sutoyo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hideaki%20Yasuhara"> Hideaki Yasuhara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses the possibility of organic waste material, i.e., soybean, as the bio-catalyst agent on the calcite precipitation method. Several combinations of soybean powder and jack bean extract are used as the bio-catalyst and mixed with the reagent composed of calcium chloride and urea. Its productivity in promoting calcite crystal is evaluated through a transparent test-tube experiment. The morphological and mineralogical aspects of precipitated calcite are also investigated using scanning electromagnetic (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The applicability of this material to improve the engineering properties of soil are examined using the direct shear and unconfined compressive test. The result of this study shows that the utilization of soybean powder brings about a significant effect on soil strength. In addition, the use of soybean powder as a substitution material of urease enzyme also increases the efficacy of calcite crystal as the binder materials. The low calcite content promotes the high strength of the soil. The strength of 300 kPa is obtained in the presence of 2% of calcite content within the soil. The result of this study elucidated that substitution of soybean to jack bean extract is the potential and valuable alternative to improve the applicability of calcite precipitation method as soil improvement technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite%20precipitation" title="calcite precipitation">calcite precipitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jack%20bean" title=" jack bean"> jack bean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20improvement" title=" soil improvement"> soil improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soybean" title=" soybean"> soybean</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114440/applicability-of-soybean-as-bio-catalyst-in-calcite-precipitated-method-for-soil-improvement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Iron Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Fabricated Calcite Ooids</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-Sayed%20A.%20Bakr">Al-Sayed A. Bakr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20A.%20Makled"> W. A. Makled</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The precipitated low magnesium calcite ooids in assembled softening unit from natural Mediterranean seawater samples were used as adsorbent media in a comparative study with granular activated carbon media in a two separated single-media filtration vessels (operating in parallel) for removal of iron from aqueous solutions. In each vessel, the maximum bed capacity, which required to be filled, was 13.2 l and the bed filled in the vessels of ooids and GAC were 8.6, and 6.6 l, respectively. The operating conditions applied to the semi-pilot filtration unit were constant pH (7.5), different temperatures (293, 303 and 313 k), different flow rates (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 l/min), different initial Fe(II) concentrations (15–105 mg/ l) and the calculated adsorbent masses were 34.1 and 123 g/l for GAC and calcite ooids, respectively. At higher temperature (313 k) and higher flow rate (60 l/min), the maximum adsorption capacities for ferrous ions by GAC and calcite ooids filters were 3.87 and 1.29 mg/g and at lower flow rate (20 l/min), the maximum adsorption capacities were 2.21 and 3.95 mg/g, respectively. From the experimental data, Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used to verify the adsorption performance. Therefore, the calcite ooids could act as new highly effective materials in iron removal from aqueous solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20treatment" title="water treatment">water treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite%20ooids" title=" calcite ooids"> calcite ooids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title=" activated carbon"> activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%28II%29%20removal" title=" Fe(II) removal"> Fe(II) removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filtration" title=" filtration"> filtration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85594/iron-removal-from-aqueous-solutions-by-fabricated-calcite-ooids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> Improvement of the Calciferous Minerals Floatability through the Application of High-Power Electromagnetic Pulses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentine%20A.%20Chanturiya">Valentine A. Chanturiya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Igor%20Zh.%20Bunin"> Igor Zh. Bunin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20V.%20Ryazantseva"> Maria V. Ryazantseva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The modification of structural and chemical properties of fluorite, scheelite and calcite under the impact of high-power electromagnetic pulses (HPEMP-treatment) were studied with the help of adsorption of acid-base indicators and atomic – force microscopy (AFM). The HPEMP-treatment during the space of 30 seconds resulted in the intensification of fluorite surface the electron-donating ability and acceptor properties of calcite and scheelite surfaces. High-power electromagnetic treatment of the single minerals resulted in the improvement of the calciferous minerals floatability. The rising of the scheelite recovery is 10 – 12%, fluorite – 5 – 6%, calcite – 7 – 8%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite" title="calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluorite" title=" fluorite"> fluorite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scheelite" title=" scheelite"> scheelite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20power%20electromagnetic%20pulses" title=" high power electromagnetic pulses"> high power electromagnetic pulses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floatability" title=" floatability"> floatability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64752/improvement-of-the-calciferous-minerals-floatability-through-the-application-of-high-power-electromagnetic-pulses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> The Effect of CaO Addition on Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Tiles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucie%20Vodova">Lucie Vodova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radomir%20Sokolar"> Radomir Sokolar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jitka%20Hroudova"> Jitka Hroudova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Stoneware clay, fired clay (as a grog), calcite waste and class C fly ash in various mixing rations were the basic raw materials for the mixture for production of dry pressed ceramic tiles. Mechanical properties (water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, flexural strength) as well as mineralogical composition were studied on samples with different source of calcium oxide after firing at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200°C. It was found that samples with addition of calcite waste contain dmisteinbergit and anorthite. This minerals help to improve the strength of the body and reduce porosity fired at lower temperatures. Class C fly ash has not significantly influence on properties of the fired body as calcite waste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20tiles" title="ceramic tiles">ceramic tiles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=class%20C%20fly%20ash" title=" class C fly ash"> class C fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite%20waste" title=" calcite waste"> calcite waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20oxide" title=" calcium oxide"> calcium oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anorthite" title=" anorthite"> anorthite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10757/the-effect-of-cao-addition-on-mechanical-properties-of-ceramic-tiles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Application of Enzyme-Mediated Calcite Precipitation for Surface Control of Gold Mining Tailing Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogi%20Priyo%20Pradana">Yogi Priyo Pradana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heriansyah%20Putra"> Heriansyah Putra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Regina%20Aprilia%20Zulfikar"> Regina Aprilia Zulfikar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maulana%20Rafiq%20Ramadhan"> Maulana Rafiq Ramadhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devyan%20Meisnnehr"> Devyan Meisnnehr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zalfa%20Maulida%20Insani"> Zalfa Maulida Insani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper studied the effects and mechanisms of fine-grained tailing by Enzyme-Mediated Calcite Precipitation (EMCP). Grouting solution used consists of reagents (CaCl₂ and (CO(NH₂)₂) and urease enzymes which react to produce CaCO₃. In sample preparation, the test tube is used to investigate the precipitation rate of calcite. The grouting solution added is 75 mL for one mold sample. The solution was poured into a mold sample up to as high as 5 mm from the top surface of the tailing to ensure the entire surface is submerged. The sample is left open in a cylinder for up to 3 days for curing. The direct mixing method is conducted so that the cementation process occurs by evenly distributed. The relationship between the results of the UCS test and the calcite precipitation rate likely indicates that the amount of calcite deposited in treated tailing could control the strength of the tailing. The sample results are analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to evaluate metal and metalloid content. Calcium carbonate deposited in the tailing is expected to strengthen the bond between tailing granules, which are easily slipped on the banks of the tailing dam. The EMCP method is expected to strengthen tailing in erosion-control surfaces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tailing" title="tailing">tailing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EMCP" title=" EMCP"> EMCP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UCS" title=" UCS"> UCS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AAS" title=" AAS"> AAS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114543/application-of-enzyme-mediated-calcite-precipitation-for-surface-control-of-gold-mining-tailing-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Late Pleistocene Raised Coral Reefs in Rabigh Area, Red Sea: Microfacies and Environmental Interpretation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ammar%20Manaa">Ammar Manaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The late Pleistocene raised coral reef terraces, 1 to 5 m above present sea level, are distinguished in Rabigh area into two marine terraces at elevations 0.5 m and 3.20 m, in addition to back-reef facies. The lower and upper terraces consist mainly of corals that increased in abundance and distribution in the upper terrace, with a minor occurrence of detrital quartz and feldspar. The back-reef facies consist mainly of coralline algae with a minor occurrence of corals. The upper terrace was interpreted as a reef crest or algal ridge due to the dominance of bindstone facies. The lower terrace indicates an outer reef flat with the occurrence of grainstone and rudstone facies. The coral framework in the upper terrace indicates a low energy environment. Within the back-reef terrace, calcareous mud was dominant, which indicates low energy, lagoon environment. The XRD results for the studied terraces revealed a variable abundance of aragonite, high-Mg calcite, and low-Mg calcite, with a slight increase in calcite and high-Mg calcite in the upper terrace. The dominant diagenetic processes in the terraces are cementation by fibrous and blocky calcite and dissolution that varied slightly between the lower and upper terraces. This study provides a coral reef model relevant to a low energy system in a dry and hot environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=late%20Pleistocene" title="late Pleistocene">late Pleistocene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rabigh" title=" Rabigh"> Rabigh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reef%20terraces" title=" reef terraces"> reef terraces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Red%20Sea" title=" Red Sea"> Red Sea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia." title=" Saudi Arabia."> Saudi Arabia.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120245/late-pleistocene-raised-coral-reefs-in-rabigh-area-red-sea-microfacies-and-environmental-interpretation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120245.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> Cobalt Ions Adsorption by Quartz and Illite and Calcite from Waste Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20A.%20Aljlil">Saad A. Aljlil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Adsorption of cobalt ions on quartz and illite and calcite from waste water was investigated. The effect of pH on the adsorption of cobalt ions was studied. The maximum capacities of cobalt ions of the three adsorbents increase with increasing cobalt solution temperature. The maximum capacities were (4.66) mg/g for quartz, (3.94) mg/g for illite, and (3.44) mg/g for calcite. The enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and entropy for adsorption of cobalt ions on the three adsorbents were calculated. It was found that the adsorption process of the cobalt ions of the adsorbent was an endothermic process. consequently increasing the temperature causes the increase of the cobalt ions adsorption of the adsorbents. Therefore, the adsorption process is preferred at high temperature levels. The equilibrium adsorption data were correlated using Langmuir model, Freundlich model. The experimental data of cobalt ions of the adsorbents correlated well with Freundlich model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Langmuir" title=" Langmuir"> Langmuir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Freundlich" title=" Freundlich"> Freundlich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quartz" title=" quartz"> quartz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=illite" title=" illite"> illite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite" title=" calcite"> calcite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20water" title=" waste water"> waste water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25552/cobalt-ions-adsorption-by-quartz-and-illite-and-calcite-from-waste-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Geochemical Controls of Salinity in a Typical Acid Mine Drainage Neutralized Groundwater System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modreck%20Gomo">Modreck Gomo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although the dolomite and calcite carbonates can neutralize Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and prevent leaching of metals, salinity still remains a huge problem. The study presents a conceptual discussion of geochemical controls of salinity in a typical calcite and dolomite AMD neutralised groundwater systems. Thereafter field evidence is presented to support the conceptual discussions. 1020 field data sets of from a groundwater system reported to be under circumneutral conditions from the neutralization effect of calcite and dolomite is analysed using correlation analysis and bivariate plots. Field evidence indicates that sulphate, calcium and magnesium are strongly and positively correlated to Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) which is used as measure of salinity. In this, a hydrogeochemical system, the dissolution of sulphate, calcium and magnesium form AMD neutralization process contributed 50%, 10% and 5% of the salinity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20mine%20drainage" title="acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonates" title=" carbonates"> carbonates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutralization" title=" neutralization"> neutralization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salinity" title=" salinity"> salinity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95133/geochemical-controls-of-salinity-in-a-typical-acid-mine-drainage-neutralized-groundwater-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> The Effect of Addition of Dioctyl Terephthalate and Calcite on the Tensile Properties of Organoclay/Linear Low Density Polyethylene Nanocomposites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20G%C3%BCrses">A. Gürses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Ero%C4%9Flu"> Z. Eroğlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20%C5%9Eahin"> E. Şahin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20G%C3%BCne%C5%9F"> K. Güneş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%87.%20Do%C4%9Far"> Ç. Doğar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, polymer/clay nanocomposites have generated great interest in the polymer industry as a new type of composite material because of their superior properties, which includes high heat deflection temperature, gas barrier performance, dimensional stability, enhanced mechanical properties, optical clarity and flame retardancy when compared with the pure polymer or conventional composites. The investigation of change of the tensile properties of organoclay/linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) nanocomposites with the use of Dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP) (as plasticizer) and calcite (as filler) has been aimed. The composites and organoclay synthesized were characterized using the techniques such as XRD, HRTEM and FTIR techniques. The spectroscopic results indicate that platelets of organoclay were well dispersed within the polymeric matrix. The tensile properties of the composites were compared considering the stress-strain curve drawn for each composite and pure polymer. It was observed that the composites prepared by adding the plasticizer at different ratios and a certain amount of calcite exhibited different tensile behaviors compared to pure polymer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20low%20density%20polyethylene" title="linear low density polyethylene">linear low density polyethylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposite" title=" nanocomposite"> nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organoclay" title=" organoclay"> organoclay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasticizer" title=" plasticizer"> plasticizer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53070/the-effect-of-addition-of-dioctyl-terephthalate-and-calcite-on-the-tensile-properties-of-organoclaylinear-low-density-polyethylene-nanocomposites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Geochemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Soils in Areas Affected by the Fires of August 2021 at the Ilia Prefecture Greece</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dionisios%20Panagiotaras">Dionisios Panagiotaras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavlos%20Avramidis"> Pavlos Avramidis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitrios%20Papoulis"> Dimitrios Papoulis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dionysios%20Koulougliotis"> Dionysios Koulougliotis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dionisis%20C.%20Christodoulopoulos"> Dionisis C. Christodoulopoulos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitra%20Lekka"> Dimitra Lekka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Despoina%20Nifora"> Despoina Nifora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Denisa%20Drouvari"> Denisa Drouvari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Skalioti"> Alexandra Skalioti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study delineates the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of soils collected from woodland and forest areas affected by the fires of August 2021 at the Ilia prefecture, Greece. The mineralogical composition of the samples consists of quartz, calcite, albite, oligoclase, anorthite (feldspars), smectite, kaolinite and illite (clays). Quartz ranges from 38.21% to 57.49% with an average of 48.43%, calcite ranges from 2.55% to 25.09% with an average of 13.92%, feldspars ranges from 7.76% to 25.87% with an average of 17.02% and clays ranges from 4.39% to 43.43% with an average of 20.63%. Geochemical analyses of the soil samples applied for total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. Statistical analysis of the data shows a positive correlation between clays and Zn, Mn, Fe. TOC and TN show a strong positive correlation, while Fe shows a strong negative correlation with calcite. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soils" title="soils">soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogy" title=" mineralogy"> mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=woodland" title=" woodland"> woodland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest" title=" forest"> forest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173706/geochemical-and-mineralogical-characteristics-of-soils-in-areas-affected-by-the-fires-of-august-2021-at-the-ilia-prefecture-greece" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Reactive Transport Modeling in Carbonate Rocks: A Single Pore Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priyanka%20Agrawal">Priyanka Agrawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Janou%20Koskamp"> Janou Koskamp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Raoof"> Amir Raoof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariette%20Wolthers"> Mariette Wolthers</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Calcite is the main mineral found in carbonate rocks, which form significant hydrocarbon reservoirs and subsurface repositories for CO2 sequestration. The injected CO2 mixes with the reservoir fluid and disturbs the geochemical equilibrium, triggering calcite dissolution. Different combinations of fluid chemistry and injection rate may therefore result in different evolution of porosity, permeability and dissolution patterns. To model the changes in porosity and permeability Kozeny-Carman equation K∝〖(∅)〗^n is used, where K is permeability and ∅ is porosity. The value of n is mostly based on experimental data or pore network models. In pore network models, this derivation is based on accuracy of relation used for conductivity and pore volume change. In fact, at a single pore scale, this relationship is the result of the pore shape development due to dissolution. We have prepared a new reactive transport model for a single pore which simulates the complex chemical reaction of carbonic-acid induced calcite dissolution and subsequent pore-geometry evolution at a single pore scale. We use COMSOL Multiphysics package 5.3 for the simulation. COMSOL utilizes the arbitary-Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method for the free-moving domain boundary. We examined the effect of flow rate on the evolution of single pore shape profiles due to calcite dissolution. We used three flow rates to cover diffusion dominated and advection-dominated transport regimes. The fluid in diffusion dominated flow (Pe number 0.037 and 0.37) becomes less reactive along the pore length and thus produced non-uniform pore shapes. However, for the advection-dominated flow (Pe number 3.75), the fast velocity of the fluid keeps the fluid relatively more reactive towards the end of the pore length, thus yielding uniform pore shape. Different pore shapes in terms of inlet opening vs overall pore opening will have an impact on the relation between changing volumes and conductivity. We have related the shape of pore with the Pe number which controls the transport regimes. For every Pe number, we have derived the relation between conductivity and porosity. These relations will be used in the pore network model to get the porosity and permeability variation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20pore" title="single pore">single pore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactive%20transport" title=" reactive transport"> reactive transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite%20system" title=" calcite system"> calcite system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20boundary" title=" moving boundary"> moving boundary</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80785/reactive-transport-modeling-in-carbonate-rocks-a-single-pore-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80785.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Bio-Grouting Applications in Caprock Sealing for Geological CO2 Storage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guijie%20Sang">Guijie Sang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geo%20%20Davis"> Geo Davis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Momchil%20%20Terziev"> Momchil Terziev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geological CO2 storage has been regarded as a promising strategy to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gas generated from traditional power stations and energy-intensive industry. Caprocks with very low permeability and ultra-fine pores create viscous and capillary barriers to guarantee CO2 sealing efficiency. However, caprock fractures, either naturally existing or artificially induced due to injection, could provide preferential paths for CO₂ escaping. Seeking an efficient technique to seal and strengthen caprock fractures is crucial. We apply microbial-induced-calcite-precipitation (MICP) technique for sealing and strengthening caprock fractures in the laboratory scale. The MICP bio-grouting technique has several advantages over conventional cement grouting methods, including its low viscosity, micron-size microbes (accessible to fine apertures), and low carbon footprint, among others. Different injection strategies are tested to achieve relatively homogenous calcite precipitation along the fractures, which is monitored dynamically based on laser ultrasonic technique. The MICP process in caprock fractures, which integrates the coupled flow and bio-chemical precipitation, is also modeled and validated through the experiment. The study could provide an effective bio-mediated grouting strategy for caprock sealing and thus ensuring a long-term safe geological CO2 storage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caprock%20sealing" title="caprock sealing">caprock sealing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geological%20CO2%20storage" title=" geological CO2 storage"> geological CO2 storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grouting%20strategy" title=" grouting strategy"> grouting strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20induced%20calcite%20precipitation" title=" microbial induced calcite precipitation"> microbial induced calcite precipitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139505/bio-grouting-applications-in-caprock-sealing-for-geological-co2-storage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139505.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">189</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Impact of External Temperature on the Speleothem Growth in the Moravian Karst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frantisek%20Odvarka">Frantisek Odvarka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the data from the Moravian Karst, the influence of the calcite speleothem growth by selected meteorological factors was evaluated. External temperature was determined as one of the main factors influencing speleothem growth in Moravian Karst. This factor significantly influences the CO₂ concentration in soil/epikarst, and cave atmosphere in the Moravian Karst and significantly contributes to the changes in the CO₂ partial pressure differences between soil/epikarst and cave atmosphere in Moravian Karst, which determines the drip water supersaturation with respect to the calcite and quantity of precipitated calcite in the Moravian Karst cave environment. External air temperatures and cave air temperatures were measured using a COMET S3120 data logger, which can measure temperatures in the range from -30 to +80 °C with an accuracy of ± 0.4 °C. CO₂ concentrations in the cave and soils were measured with a FT A600 CO₂H Ahlborn probe (value range 0 ppmv to 10,000 ppmv, accuracy 1 ppmv), which was connected to the data logger ALMEMO 2290-4, V5 Ahlborn. The soil temperature was measured with a FHA646E1 Ahlborn probe (temperature range -20 to 70 °C, accuracy ± 0.4 °C) connected to an ALMEMO 2290-4 V5 Ahlborn data logger. The airflow velocities into and out of the cave were monitored by a FVA395 TH4 Thermo anemometer (speed range from 0.05 to 2 m s⁻¹, accuracy ± 0.04 m s⁻¹), which was connected to the ALMEMO 2590-4 V5 Ahlborn data logger for recording. The flow was measured in the lower and upper entrance of the Imperial Cave. The data were analyzed in MS Office Excel 2019 and PHREEQC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speleothem%20growth" title="speleothem growth">speleothem growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20partial%20pressure" title=" carbon dioxide partial pressure"> carbon dioxide partial pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moravian%20Karst" title=" Moravian Karst"> Moravian Karst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20temperature" title=" external temperature"> external temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129926/impact-of-external-temperature-on-the-speleothem-growth-in-the-moravian-karst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Hard Water Softening by Chronoamperometry and Impedancemetry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samira%20Ghizellaoui">Samira Ghizellaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manel%20Boumagoura"> Manel Boumagoura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rayane%20Menzri"> Rayane Menzri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ground water Hamma rich in calcium and bicarbonate likely to deposit the tartar and subsequently lead to the obstruction of the pipes and the seizing of the stopping devices in addition to the financial losses resulting there from. It is therefore necessary to optimise an antiscaling treatment in order to avoid the risk of formation of tartar deposits in the various installations and to protect the equipment in contact with this water. MgCl2 is the chemical inhibitor which was tested. To optimise the effective concentration of this product, we used two electrochemical methods (chronoamperometry and impedancemetry) to identify the best method for optimizing antiscaling treatment. IR, RX, Raman spectroscopy and SEM indicate that the raw waters of Hamma give precipitates in the form of calcite (the most stable form), with the presence of a small amount of magnesian calcite and aragonite. In the presence of the inhibitor (MgCl2), calcium carbonate changes morphology to other forms that do not exist in the deposit obtained from the raw water (vaterite and calcium carbonate monohydrate). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20carbonate" title="calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MgCl2" title=" MgCl2"> MgCl2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronoamperometry" title=" chronoamperometry"> chronoamperometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Impedancemetry" title=" Impedancemetry"> Impedancemetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167707/hard-water-softening-by-chronoamperometry-and-impedancemetry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167707.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> The Engineering Properties of Jordanian Marble</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mousa%20Bani%20Baker">Mousa Bani Baker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raed%20Abendeh"> Raed Abendeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaidoon%20Abu%20Salem"> Zaidoon Abu Salem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hesham%20Ahmad"> Hesham Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research paper was commissioned to discuss the Jordanian marble, which is a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Geologists use the term "marble" to refer to metamorphosed limestone; however, stonemasons use the term more broadly to encompass unmetamorphised limestone. Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material. The marble has many uses; one of them is using the white marble that has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to shattering. Another use of it is the construction marble which is “a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish” Marble Institute of America. This report focuses most about the marble in Jordan and its properties: rock definition, physical properties, the marble occurrences in Jordan, types of Jordanian marble and their prices and test done on this marble. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marble" title="marble">marble</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metamorphic" title=" metamorphic"> metamorphic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-foliated" title=" non-foliated"> non-foliated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recrystallized" title=" recrystallized"> recrystallized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moh%E2%80%99s%20hardness" title=" Moh’s hardness"> Moh’s hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abrasion" title=" abrasion"> abrasion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absorption" title=" absorption"> absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modulus%20of%20rupture" title=" modulus of rupture"> modulus of rupture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porosity" title=" porosity"> porosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30419/the-engineering-properties-of-jordanian-marble" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30419.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> Effect of Concentration of Alkaline and Curing Temperature on Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concert</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nursah%20Kutuk">Nursah Kutuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevil%20Cetinkaya"> Sevil Cetinkaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geopolymers are becoming new concrete materials to use alongside cement, which are formed due to reaction between alumino-silicates and oxides with alkaline media. Silicates obtained from natural minerals or industrial wastes are used for geopolymer synthesis. Geopolymers have recently received wide attention because of their advantages over other cementitious material like Portland cement. Some of the advantages are high compressive strength, low environmental impact, chemical and fire resistance and thermal stability. In this study, geopolymers were prepared by using inorganic materials such as kaolinite and calcite. The experiments were carried out by varying the concentration of NaOH as 5, 10, 15 and 20 M, and at cure temperature of 22, 45 and 65 °C. Compressive strengths for each mixes at each cure temperature were measured. Results of the analyses indicated that the compressive strength of geopolymers did not increase steadily with increasing concentration of NaOH, but did increase steadily with increasing cure temperature. We examined the effect Na2SiO3/NaOH weight ratio on the properties of the geopolymers, too. It was seen that Na2SiO3/NaOH weight ratio was also important to prepare geopolymers that can be applied to construction industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geopolymers" title="geopolymers">geopolymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressive%20strength" title=" compressive strength"> compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaolinite" title=" kaolinite"> kaolinite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite" title=" calcite"> calcite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37489/effect-of-concentration-of-alkaline-and-curing-temperature-on-compressive-strength-of-geopolymer-concert" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> Mechanism of Formation, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Iron Mineralization in M'Taguinarou North Tebessa, Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fakher%20Eddine%20Messaoudi">Fakher Eddine Messaoudi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The M'Taguinarou North iron occurrence contains Iron and polymetallic mineralization (Fe-Zn-Cu), hosted in Turonian limestone. It manifests in metric clusters of goethite and hematite and in centimetre veins of smithsonite, malachite, and azurite. The genesis of this mineralization is clearly polyphased and results from the supergene processes superposed on hydrothermal phases where the Triassic diapirs probably generated the circulation of hydrothermal fluids through the sedimentary series, and the alteration of the Turonian limestone gave the formation of the hydrothermal primary ore composed of iron carbonates (siderite). Several uplift episodes affected the mineralization and the host rocks, generating the genesis of a polymetallic supergene assembly (goethite, malachite, azurite, quartz, and calcite). In M’taguinarou North, iron oxy-hydroxides are mainly observed in the form of fibrous stalactites, stalagmites, and Botroydale structures, where hematite precipitated first, followed immediately by goethite, limonite, and smithsonite. Siderite is completely absent. Subsequently, malachite, azurite, and calcite formed in the form of small veins intersecting the surrounding limestone. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralization" title="mineralization">mineralization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20model" title=" genetic model"> genetic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20iron" title=" hydrothermal iron"> hydrothermal iron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supergene" title=" supergene"> supergene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tebessa" title=" Tebessa"> Tebessa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algeria" title=" Algeria"> Algeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140239/mechanism-of-formation-mineralogy-and-geochemistry-of-iron-mineralization-in-mtaguinarou-north-tebessa-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation Technology in Construction Materials: A Comprehensive Review of Waste Stream Contributions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Sina%20Fouladi">Amir Sina Fouladi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arul%20Arulrajah"> Arul Arulrajah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jian%20Chu"> Jian Chu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suksun%20Horpibulsuk"> Suksun Horpibulsuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Waste generation is a growing concern in many countries across the world, particularly in urban areas with high rates of population growth and industrialization. The increasing amount of waste generated from human activities has led to environmental, economic, and health issues. Improper disposal of waste can result in air and water pollution, land degradation, and the spread of diseases. Waste generation also consumes large amounts of natural resources and energy, leading to the depletion of valuable resources and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. To address these concerns, there is a need for sustainable waste management practices that reduce waste generation and promote resource recovery and recycling. Amongst these, developing innovative technologies such as Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) in construction materials is an effective approach to transforming waste into valuable and sustainable applications. MICP is an environmentally friendly microbial-chemical technology that applies microorganisms and chemical reagents to biological processes to produce carbonate mineral. This substance can be an energy-efficient, cost-effective, sustainable solution to environmental and engineering challenges. Recent research has shown that waste streams can replace several MICP-chemical components in the cultivation media of microorganisms and cementation reagents (calcium sources and urea). In addition to its effectiveness in treating hazardous waste streams, MICP has been found to be cost-effective and sustainable solution applicable to various waste media. This comprehensive review paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of the environmental advantages and engineering applications of MICP technology, with a focus on the contribution of waste streams. It also provides researchers with guidance on how to identify and overcome the challenges that may arise applying the MICP technology using waste streams. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20stream" title="waste stream">waste stream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbially%20induced%20calcite%20precipitation" title=" microbially induced calcite precipitation"> microbially induced calcite precipitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20materials" title=" construction materials"> construction materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168089/application-of-microbially-induced-calcite-precipitation-technology-in-construction-materials-a-comprehensive-review-of-waste-stream-contributions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Mineralogy and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Kebbouch South Pb-Zn Deposit, Northwest Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imen%20Salhi">Imen Salhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salah%20Bouhlel"> Salah Bouhlel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bernrd%20Lehmann"> Bernrd Lehmann</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Kebbouch South Pb-Zn deposit is located 20 km to the east of El Kef (NW) in the southeastern part of the Triassic diapir belt in the Tunisian Atlas. The deposit is composed of sulfide and non-sulfide zinc-lead ore bodies. The aim of this study is to provide petrographic results, mineralogy, as well as fluid inclusion data of the carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn Kebbouch South deposit. Mineralization forms two major ore types: (1) lenticular dolostones and clay breccias in the contact zone between Triassic and Upper Cretaceous strata;, it consists of small-scale lenticular, strata-or fault-controlled mineralization mainly composed of marcasite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and (2) stratiform mineralization in the Bahloul Formation (Upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian) consisting of framboidal and cubic pyrite, disseminated sphalerite and galena. Non-metalliferous and/or gangue minerals are represented by dolomite, calcite, celestite and quartz. Fluid inclusion petrography study has been carried out on calcite and celestite. Fluid inclusions hosted in celestite are less than 20 µm large and show two types of aqueous inclusions: monophase liquid aqueous inclusions (L), abundant and very small, generally less than 15 µm and liquid-rich two phase inclusions (L+V). The gas phase forms a mobile vapor bubble. Microthermometric analyses of (L+V) fluid inclusions for celestite indicate that the homogenization temperature ranges from 121 to 156°C, and final ice melting temperatures are in the range of – 19 to -9°C corresponding to salinities of 12 to 21 wt% NaCl eq. (L+V) fluid inclusions from calcite are frequently localized along the growth zones; their homogenization temperature ranges from 96 to 164°C with final ice melting temperatures between -16 and -7°C corresponding to salinities of 9 to 19 wt% NaCl eq. According to mineralogical and fluid inclusion studies, mineralization in the Pb – Zn Kebbouch South deposit formed between 96 to 164°C with salinities ranging from 9 to 21 wt% NaCl eq. A contribution of basinal brines in the ore formation of the kebbouch South Pb–Zn deposit is likely. The deposit is part of the family of MVT deposits associated with the salt diapir environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluid%20inclusion" title="fluid inclusion">fluid inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kebbouch%20South" title=" Kebbouch South"> Kebbouch South</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogy" title=" mineralogy"> mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MVT%20deposits" title=" MVT deposits"> MVT deposits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pb-Zn" title=" Pb-Zn"> Pb-Zn</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68088/mineralogy-and-fluid-inclusion-study-of-the-kebbouch-south-pb-zn-deposit-northwest-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Characterization of the Physicochemical Properties of Raw and Calcined Kaolinitic Clays Using Analytical Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Khaloo">Alireza Khaloo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asghar%20Gholizadeh-Vayghan"> Asghar Gholizadeh-Vayghan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work focuses on the characterization of the physicochemical properties of kaolinitic clays in both raw and calcined (i.e., dehydroxylated) states. The properties investigated included the dehydroxylation temperature, chemical composition and crystalline phases, band types, kaolinite content, vitreous phase, and reactive and unreactive silica and alumina. The thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffractometry and infrared spectroscopy results suggest that full dehydroxylation takes place at 639°C, converting kaolinite to reactive metakaolinite (Si₂Al₂O₇). Application of higher temperatures up to 800 °C leads to complete decarbonation of the calcite phase, and the kaolinite converts to mullite at temperatures exceeding 957 °C. Calcination at 639°C was found to cause a 50% increase in the vitreous content of kaolin. Statistically meaningful increases in the reactivity of silica, alumina, calcite and sodium carbonate in kaolin were detected as a result of such thermal treatment. Such increases were found to be 11%, 47%, 240% and 10%, respectively. The ferrite phase, however, showed a 36% decline in reactivity. The proposed approach can be used as an analytical method to determine the viability of the source of kaolinite and proper physical and chemical modifications needed to enhance its suitability for geopolymer production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical%20properties" title="physicochemical properties">physicochemical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dehydroxylation" title=" dehydroxylation"> dehydroxylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaolinitic%20clays" title=" kaolinitic clays"> kaolinitic clays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kaolinite%20content" title=" kaolinite content"> kaolinite content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitreous%20phase" title=" vitreous phase"> vitreous phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactivity" title=" reactivity"> reactivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92591/characterization-of-the-physicochemical-properties-of-raw-and-calcined-kaolinitic-clays-using-analytical-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of Serpentinite-Derived Ni-Bearing Laterites from Fars Province, Iran: Implications for the Lateritization Process and Classification of Ni-Laterites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Rasti">S. Rasti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Rajabzadeh"> M. A. Rajabzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nickel-bearing laterites occur as two parallel belts along Sedimentary Zagros Orogenic (SZO) and Metamorphic Sanandaj-Sirjan (MSS) petrostructural zones, Fars Province, south Iran. An undisturbed vertical profile of these laterites includes protolith, saprolite, clay, and oxide horizons from base to top. Highly serpentinized harzburgite with relicts of olivine and orthopyroxene is regarded as the source rock. The laterites are unusual in lacking a significant saprolite zone with little development of Ni-silicates. Hematite, saponite, dolomite, smectite and clinochlore increase, while calcite, olivine, lizardite and chrysotile decrease from saprolite to oxide zones. Smectite and clinochlore with minor calcite are the major minerals in clay zone. Contacts of different horizons in laterite profiles are gradual and characterized by a decrease in Mg concentration ranging from 18.1 to 9.3 wt.% in oxide and saprolite, respectively. The maximum Ni concentration is 0.34 wt.% (NiO) in the base of the oxide zone, and goethite is the major Ni-bearing phase. From saprolite to oxide horizons, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, K<sub>2</sub>O, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and CaO decrease, while SiO<sub>2</sub>, MnO, NiO, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>increase. Silica content reaches up to 45 wt.% in the upper part of the soil profile. There is a decrease in pH (8.44-8.17) and an increase in organic matter (0.28-0.59 wt.%) from base to top of the soils. The studied laterites are classified in the oxide clans which were derived from ophiolite ultramafic rocks under Mediterranean climate conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laterite" title=" laterite"> laterite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogy" title=" mineralogy"> mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ophiolite" title=" ophiolite"> ophiolite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68637/mineralogical-and-geochemical-characteristics-of-serpentinite-derived-ni-bearing-laterites-from-fars-province-iran-implications-for-the-lateritization-process-and-classification-of-ni-laterites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68637.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Peculiar Mineralogical and Chemical Evolution of Contaminated Igneous Rocks at a Gabbro-Carbonate Contact, Wadai Bayhan, Yemen</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murad%20Ali">Murad Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoji%20Arai"> Shoji Arai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Khedr"> Mohamed Khedr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukhtar%20Nasher"> Mukhtar Nasher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shawki%20Nasr"> Shawki Nasr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Wadi Bayhan area of southeastern Yemen is about 60 km NW of Al-Bayda city in the Al-Bayda uplift terrane at the southeast margin of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Intrusion of alkali gabbro into carbonate rocks apparently produced an 8m to 10 m thick reaction zone at the contact. This had been identified as nepheline pyroxenite. We have observed this to be mineralogically zoned with calc-silicate assemblages (e.g. pyroxene, calcite, spinel, garnet and melilite). The presence of melilite implies a skarn. The sinuous embayed pyroxenite-skarn contact, the presence of skarn minerals in pyroxenite, and textural evidence for growth of calc-silicate skarn by replacement of both carbonate rocks and solid pyroxenite indicate that reaction involved assimilation of carbonate wall rock by magma and loss of Al and Si to the skarn. Textural relationships between minerals provide evidence for a metasomatic development of the skarn at the expense of the pyroxenite. This process, related to the circulation of fluids equilibrated with carbonates, is responsible for those pyroxenite-spinel (± calcite) skarns. The uneven modal distribution of euhedral pyroxenite and enveloping nepheline in pyroxenite, the restricted occurrence of alkali gabbro as dikes in pyroxenite and skarn and the leucocratic matrix of pyroxenite suggest that pyroxenite represents an accumulation of titanaugite cemented by an alkali-rich residual magma and that alkali gabbro represents a part of the residual contaminated magma that was squeezed out of the pyroxene crystal mush. Carbonate assimilation is modeled by reaction of calcite and magmatic plagioclase, which results in resorption of plagioclase, growth of pyroxene enriched in Ca, Fe, Ti, and Al, and solution of nepheline in residual contaminated magma. The composition of nepheline pyroxenite evolved by addition of Ca from dissolved carbonate rocks, loss of Al and Si to skarn, and local segregation of solid pyroxene and alkali gabbro magma. The predominance of pyroxenite among contaminated rocks and their restriction to a large zone along the intrusive contact provide little evidence for the genesis of a significant volume of alkaline magmatic surroundings by carbonate assimilation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wadi%20Bayhan" title=" Wadi Bayhan"> Wadi Bayhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skarn" title=" skarn"> skarn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyroxenite" title=" pyroxenite"> pyroxenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonatite" title=" carbonatite"> carbonatite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metasomatic" title=" metasomatic"> metasomatic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15617/peculiar-mineralogical-and-chemical-evolution-of-contaminated-igneous-rocks-at-a-gabbro-carbonate-contact-wadai-bayhan-yemen" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Petro-Mineralogical Studies of Phosphorite Deposit of Sallopat Block of Banswara District, Rajasthan, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20F.%20Khan">K. F. Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samsuddin%20Khan"> Samsuddin Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Paleoproterozoic phosphorite deposit of Sallopat block of Banswara district of Rajasthan belongs to kalinjara formation of lunavada group of Aravalli Super Group. The phosphorites are found to occur as massive, brecciated, laminated and stromatolitic associated with calcareous quartzite, interbedded dolomite and multi coloured chert. The phosphorites are showing alternate brown and grey coloured concentric rims which are composed of phosphate, calcite and quartz minerals. Petro-mineralogical studies of phosphorite samples using petrological microscope, XRD, FEG- SEM and EDX reveal that apatite-(CaF) and apatite-(CaOH) are phosphate minerals which are intermixed with minor amount of carbonate materials. Sporadic findings of the uniform tiny granules of partially anisotropic apatite-(CaF) along with dolomite, calcite, quartz, muscovite, zeolite and other gangue minerals have been observed with the replacement of phosphate material by quartz and carbonate. The presence of microbial filaments of organic matter and alternate concentric rims of stromatolitic structure may suggest that the deposition of the phosphate took place in shallow marine oxidizing environmental conditions leading to the formation of phosphorite layers as primary biogenic precipitates by bacterial or algal activities. Different forms and texture of phosphate minerals may be due to environmental vicissitudes at the time of deposition followed by some replacement processes and biogenic activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apatite" title="apatite">apatite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petro-mineralogy" title=" petro-mineralogy"> petro-mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphorites" title=" phosphorites"> phosphorites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sallopat" title=" sallopat"> sallopat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stromatolites" title=" stromatolites"> stromatolites</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42417/petro-mineralogical-studies-of-phosphorite-deposit-of-sallopat-block-of-banswara-district-rajasthan-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Comparison of Different Calcification Types in Dual Energy Breast Imaging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vaia%20N.%20Koukou">Vaia N. Koukou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Niki%20D.%20Martini"> Niki D. Martini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20P.%20Fountos"> George P. Fountos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christos%20M.%20Michail"> Christos M. Michail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Athanasios%20Bakas"> Athanasios Bakas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ioannis%20S.%20Kandarakis"> Ioannis S. Kandarakis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20C.%20Nikiforidis"> George C. Nikiforidis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various substitute materials of calcifications are used in phantom measurements and simulation studies in mammography. These include calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, hydroxyapatite and aluminum. The aim of this study is to compare the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values of the different calcification types using the dual energy method. The constructed calcification phantom consisted of three different calcification types and thicknesses: hydroxyapatite, calcite and calcium oxalate of 100, 200, 300 thicknesses. The breast tissue equivalent materials were polyethylene and polymethyl methacrylate slabs simulating adipose tissue and glandular tissue, respectively. The total thickness was 4.2 cm with 50% fixed glandularity. The low- (LE) and high-energy (HE) images were obtained from a tungsten anode using 40 kV filtered with 0.1 mm cadmium and 70 kV filtered with 1 mm copper, respectively. A high resolution complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) X-ray detector was used. The total mean glandular dose (MGD) and entrance surface dose (ESD) from the LE and HE images were constrained to typical levels (MGD=1.62 mGy and ESD=1.92 mGy). On average, the CNR of hydroxyapatite calcifications was 1.4 times that of calcite calcifications and 2.5 times that of calcium oxalate calcifications. The higher CNR values of hydroxyapatite are attributed to its attenuation properties compared to the other calcification materials, leading to higher contrast in the dual energy image. This work was supported by Grant Ε.040 from the Research Committee of the University of Patras (Programme K. Karatheodori). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcification%20materials" title="calcification materials">calcification materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNR" title=" CNR"> CNR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20energy" title=" dual energy"> dual energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-rays" title=" X-rays"> X-rays</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63600/contrast-to-noise-ratio-comparison-of-different-calcification-types-in-dual-energy-breast-imaging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Produced Water Treatment Using Novel Solid Scale Inhibitors Based on Silver Tungstate Loaded Kit-6: Static and Modeling Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Hosny">R. Hosny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20F.%20Mubarak"> Mahmoud F. Mubarak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20M.%20Salem"> Heba M. Salem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20A.%20Abdelrahman"> Asmaa A. Abdelrahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oilfield scaling is a major problem in the oil and gas industry. Scale issues cost the industry millions of dollars in damage and lost production every year. One of the main causes of global production decline is scale. In this study, solid scale inhibitors based on silver tungstate loaded KIT-6 were synthesized and evaluated in both static and scale inhibition modeling. The silver tungstate loaded KIT-6 catalysts were synthesized via a simple impregnated method using 3D mesoporous KIT-6 as support. The synthesized materials were characterized using wide and low XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, TGA analysis, and FTIR, SEM, and XPS analysis. The scale inhibition efficiency of the synthesized materials was evaluated using a static scale inhibition test. The results of this study demonstrate the potential application of silver tungstate-loaded KIT-6 solid scale inhibitors for the oil and gas industry. The results of this study will contribute to the development of new and innovative solid scale inhibitors based on silver tungstate-loaded KIT-6. The inhibition efficiency of the scale inhibitor increases, and calcite scale inhibitor decreases with increasing pH (2 to8), it proposes that the scale inhibitor was more effective under alkaline conditions. An inhibition efficiency of 99% on calcium carbonate can be achieved at the optimal dosage of 7.5 ppm at 55oC, indicating that the scale inhibitor exhibits a relatively good inhibition performance on calcium carbonate. The use of these materials can potentially lead to more efficient and cost-effective solutions for scaling inhibition in various industrial processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=produced%20water%20treatment" title="produced water treatment">produced water treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20scale%20inhibitors" title=" solid scale inhibitors"> solid scale inhibitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite" title=" calcite"> calcite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20tungestate" title=" silver tungestate"> silver tungestate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3%20D%20mesoporous%20KIT-6" title=" 3 D mesoporous KIT-6"> 3 D mesoporous KIT-6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oilfield%20scales" title=" oilfield scales"> oilfield scales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title=" adsorption"> adsorption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171177/produced-water-treatment-using-novel-solid-scale-inhibitors-based-on-silver-tungstate-loaded-kit-6-static-and-modeling-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Micro-Analytical Data of Au Mineralization at Atud Gold Deposit, Eastern Desert, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abdelnasser">A. Abdelnasser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Kumral"> M. Kumral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Zoheir"> B. Zoheir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Weihed"> P. Weihed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Budakoglu"> M. Budakoglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Gumus"> L. Gumus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Atud gold deposits located at the central part of the Egyptian Eastern Desert of Egypt. It represents the vein-type gold mineralization at the Arabian-Nubian Shield in North Africa. Furthermore, this Au mineralization was closely associated with intense hydrothermal alteration haloes along the NW-SE brittle-ductile shear zone at the mined area. This study reports new data about the mineral chemistry of the hydrothermal and metamorphic minerals as well as the geothermobarometry of the metamorphism and determines the paragenetic interrelationship between Au-bearing sulfides and gangue minerals in Atud gold mine by using the electron microprobe analyses (EMPA). These analyses revealed that the ore minerals associated with gold mineralization are arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, tetrahedrite and gersdorffite-cobaltite. Also, the gold is highly associated with arsenopyrite and As-bearing pyrite as well as sphalerite with an average ~70 wt.% Au (+26 wt.% Ag) whereas it occurred either as disseminated grains or along microfractures of arsenopyrite and pyrite in altered wallrocks and mineralized quartz veins. Arsenopyrite occurs as individual rhombic or prismatic zoned grains disseminated in the quartz veins and wallrock and is intergrown with euhedral arsenian pyrite (with ~2 atom % As). Pyrite is As-bearing pyrite that occurs as disseminated subhedral or anhedral zoned grains replacing by chalcopyrite in some samples. Inclusions of sphalerite and pyrrhotite are common in the large pyrite grains. Secondary minerals such as sericite, calcite, chlorite and albite are disseminated either in altered wallrocks or in quartz veins. Sericite is the main secondary and alteration mineral associated with Au-bearing sulfides and calcite. Electron microprobe data of the sericite show that its muscovite component is high in all analyzed flakes (XMs= an average 0.89) and the phengite content (Mg+Fe a.p.f.u.) varies from 0.10 to 0.55 and from 0.13 to 0.29 in wallrocks and mineralized veins respectively. Carbonate occurs either as thin veinlets or disseminated grains in the mineralized quartz vein and/or the wallrocks. It has higher amount of calcite (CaCO3) and low amount of MgCO3 as well as FeCO3 in the wallrocks relative to the quartz veins. Chlorite flakes are associated with arsenopyrite and their electron probe data revealed that they are generally Fe-rich composition (FeOt 20.64–20.10 wt.%) and their composition is clinochlore either pycnochlorite or ripidolite with Al (iv) = 2.30-2.36 pfu and 2.41-2.51 pfu and with narrow range of estimated formation temperatures are (289–295°C) and (301-312°C) for pycnochlorite and ripidolite respectively. Albite is accompanied with chlorite with an Ab content is high in all analyzed samples (Ab= 95.08-99.20). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-analytical%20data" title="micro-analytical data">micro-analytical data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral%20chemistry" title=" mineral chemistry"> mineral chemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EMPA" title=" EMPA"> EMPA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atud%20gold%20deposit" title=" Atud gold deposit"> Atud gold deposit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egypt" title=" Egypt"> Egypt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10697/micro-analytical-data-of-au-mineralization-at-atud-gold-deposit-eastern-desert-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> A Study for Effective CO2 Sequestration of Hydrated Cement by Direct Aqueous Carbonation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyomin%20Lee">Hyomin Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinhyun%20Lee"> Jinhyun Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jinyeon%20Hwang"> Jinyeon Hwang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Younghoon%20Choi"> Younghoon Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Byeongseo%20Son"> Byeongseo Son</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global warming is a world-wide issue. Various carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies for reducing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere have been increasingly studied. Mineral carbonation is one of promising method for CO2 sequestration. Waste cement generating from aggregate recycling processes of waste concrete is potentially a good raw material containing reactive components for mineral carbonation. The major goal of our long-term project is to developed effective methods for CO2 sequestration using waste cement. In the present study, the carbonation characteristics of hydrated cement were examined by conducting two different direct aqueous carbonation experiments. We also evaluate the influence of NaCl and MgCl2 as additives to increase mineral carbonation efficiency of hydrated cement. Cement paste was made with W:C= 6:4 and stored for 28 days in water bath. The prepared cement paste was pulverized to the size less than 0.15 mm. 15 g of pulverized cement paste and 200 ml of solutions containing additives were reacted in ambient temperature and pressure conditions. 1M NaCl and 0.25 M MgCl2 was selected for additives after leaching test. Two different sources of CO2 was applied for direct aqueous carbonation experiment: 0.64 M NaHCO3 was used for CO2 donor in method 1 and pure CO2 gas (99.9%) was bubbling into reacting solution at the flow rate of 20 ml/min in method 2. The pH and Ca ion concentration were continuously measured with pH/ISE Multiparameter to observe carbonation behaviors. Material characterization of reacted solids was performed by TGA, XRD, SEM/EDS analyses. The carbonation characteristics of hydrated cement were significantly different with additives. Calcite was a dominant calcium carbonate mineral after the two carbonation experiments with no additive and NaCl additive. The significant amount of aragonite and vaterite as well as very fine calcite of poorer crystallinity was formed with MgCl2 additive. CSH (calcium silicate hydrate) in hydrated cement were changed to MSH (magnesium silicate hydrate). This transformation contributed to the high carbonation efficiency. Carbonation experiment with method 1 revealed that that the carbonation of hydrated cement took relatively long time in MgCl2 solution compared to that in NaCl solution and the contents of aragonite and vaterite were increased as increasing reaction time. In order to maximize carbonation efficiency in direct aqueous carbonation with CO2 gas injection (method 2), the control of solution pH was important. The solution pH was decreased with injection of CO2 gas. Therefore, the carbonation efficiency in direct aqueous carbonation was closely related to the stability of calcium carbonate minerals with pH changes. With no additive and NaCl additive, the maximum carbonation was achieved when the solution pH was greater than 11. Calcium carbonate form by mineral carbonation seemed to be re-dissolved as pH decreased below 11 with continuous CO2 gas injection. The type of calcium carbonate mineral formed during carbonation in MgCl2 solution was closely related to the variation of solution pH caused by CO2 gas injection. The amount of aragonite significantly increased with decreasing solution pH, whereas the amount of calcite decreased. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20sequestration" title="CO2 sequestration">CO2 sequestration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mineral%20carbonation" title=" Mineral carbonation"> Mineral carbonation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cement%20and%20concrete" title=" Cement and concrete"> Cement and concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MgCl2%20and%20NaCl" title=" MgCl2 and NaCl"> MgCl2 and NaCl</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17240/a-study-for-effective-co2-sequestration-of-hydrated-cement-by-direct-aqueous-carbonation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization of Cisarua, Nanggung District, Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Asaga">A. Asaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20I.%20Basuki"> N. I. Basuki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The research area is located in Cisarua, Bogor Regency, West Java, with 12,8 km2 wide. This area belongs to mining region of PT Aneka Tambang Tbk. The purpose of this research is to study geological condition, alteration type and pattern, and type of mineralization. Geomorphology of the research area is at young to mature stage, which can be divided into Ciparigi’s Parasite Volcanic Cone Unit, Ciparigi Caldera Valley Unit, Ciparigi Caldera Rim Hill Unit, and Pongkor Volcanic Hill. Stratigraphy of the research area consist of five units, they are Laharic Breccia (Pliocene), Pyroclastic Breccia, Lapilli Tuff, Flow Tuff, Fall Tuff, and Andesite Lava (Pleistocene). Based on mineral composition, it is interpreted that there is magma composition changing from rhyolite to andesitic. Geological structures in the research area are caused by NE-SW and N-S stress direction; they are Ciparay Right Strike-Slip Fault (Pliocene), Cisarua Right Strike-Slip Fault, G. Singa Left Strike-Slip Fault, and Cinyuncung Right Strike-Slip Fault (Pleistocene). Weak to strong hydrothermal alteration can be found in the research area.They are Chlorite ± Smectite ± Halloysite Zone, Smectite - Illite - Quartz Zone, Smectite - Kaolinite - Illite - Chlorite Zone, and Smectite - Chlorite - Calcite - Quartz Zone. The distribution and assemblage of alteration minerals is controlled by lithology and geological structures in Pleistocene. Mineralization produce ore minerals, those are pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and chalcocite. There are calcite and quartz veins that show colloform, comb, and crystalline textures. Hydrothermal alteration assemblages, ore minerals, and cavity filling textures suggest that mineralization type in research area is epithermal low sulphidation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pongkor" title="Pongkor">Pongkor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20alteration" title=" hydrothermal alteration"> hydrothermal alteration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epithermal" title=" epithermal"> epithermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5049/hydrothermal-alteration-and-mineralization-of-cisarua-nanggung-district-bogor-regency-west-java-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5049.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> Investigation of Effective Parameters on Water Quality of Iranian Rivers Using Hydrochemical and Statistical Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Sayadi">Maryam Sayadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Sedighpour"> Rana Sedighpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Rezaie"> Hossein Rezaie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, in order to evaluate water quality of Gamasiab and Gharehsoo rivers located in Kermanshah province, the information of a 5-year statistical period during the years 2014-2018 was used. To evaluate the hydrochemistry of water, first the type and hydrogeochemical facies of river water were determined using Stiff and Piper diagrams. Then, based on Gibbs diagram and combination diagrams, the factors controlling the chemical parameters of the two rivers were identified. Saturation indices were used to predict the possibility of dissolution and deposition of some minerals. Then, in order to classify water in different sections, fourteen water quality indicators for different uses along with WHO standard were used. Finally, factor analysis was used to determine the processes affecting the hydrochemistry of the two rivers. The results of this study showed that in both rivers, the predominant type and facies are bicarbonate of calcite. Also, the main factor in changing the chemical quality of water in both Gamasiab and Gharehsoo rivers is the water-rock reaction. According to the results of factor analysis in both rivers, two factors have the greatest impact on water quality in the region. Among the parameters of Gamasiab river in the first factor, HCO3-, Na+ and Cl-, respectively, had the highest factor loads, and in the second factor, SO42- and Mg2+ were selected as the main parameters. The parameters Ca2+, Cl- and Na have the highest factor loads in the first factor and in the second factor Mg2+ and SO42- have the highest factor loads in Gharehsoo river. The dissolution of carbonate formations due to their abundance and expansion in the two basins has a more significant effect on changing water chemistry. It has saturated the water of rivers with aragonite, calcite and dolomite. Due to the low contribution of the second factor in changing the chemical parameters, the water of both rivers is saturated with respect to evaporative minerals such as gypsum, halite and anhydrite in all stations. Based on Schoeller diagrams, Wilcox and other quality indicators in these two sections, the amount of main physicochemical parameters are in the desired range for drinking and agriculture. The results of Langelier, Ryznar, Larson-Skold and Puckorius indices showed that water is corrosive in industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factor%20analysis" title="factor analysis">factor analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrochemical" title=" hydrochemical"> hydrochemical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saturation%20index" title=" saturation index"> saturation index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water%20quality" title=" surface water quality"> surface water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135723/investigation-of-effective-parameters-on-water-quality-of-iranian-rivers-using-hydrochemical-and-statistical-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Polygenetic Iron Mineralization in the Baba-Ali and Galali Deposits, Further Evidences from Stable (S, O, H) Isotope Data, NW Hamedan, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghodratollah%20Rostami%20Paydar">Ghodratollah Rostami Paydar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Baba-Ali and Galali iron deposits are located in northwest Hamedan and the Iranian Sanandaj-Sirjan geological structural zone. The host rocks of these deposits are metavolcanosedimentary successions of Songhor stratigraphic series with permo-trriassic age. Field investigation, ore geometry, textures and structures and paragenetic sequence of minerals, all indicate that the ore minerals are crystallized in four stages: primary volcanosedimentary stage, secondary regional metamorphism with formation of ductile shear zones, contact metamorphism and metasomatism stage and the finally late hydrothermal mineralization within uplift and exposure. Totally 29 samples of sulfide, oxide-silicate and carbonate minerals of iron orees and gangue has been purified for stable isotope analysis. The isotope ratio data assure that occurrence of dynamothermal metamorphism in these areas typically involves a lengthy period of time, which results in a tendency toward isotopic homogenization specifically in O and H stable isotopes and showing the role of metamorphic waters in mineralization process. Measurement of δ34S (CDT) in first generation of pyrite is higher than another ones, so it confirms the volcanogenic origin of primary iron mineralization. δ13C data measurements in Galali carbonate country rocks show a marine origin. δ18O in magnetite and skarn forming silicates, δ18O and δ13C in limestone and skarn calcite and δ34S in sulphides are all consistent with the interaction of a magmatic-equilibrated fluid with Galali limestone, and a dominantly magmatic source for S. All these data imply skarn formation and mineralisation in a magmatic-hydrothermal system that maintained high salinity to relatively late stages resulting in the formation of the regional Na metasomatic alteration halo. Late stage hydrothermal quartz-calcite veinlets are important for gold mineralization, but the economic evaluation is required to detailed geochemical studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron" title="iron">iron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polygenetic" title=" polygenetic"> polygenetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stable%20isotope" title=" stable isotope"> stable isotope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BabaAli" title=" BabaAli"> BabaAli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Galali" title=" Galali "> Galali </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42430/polygenetic-iron-mineralization-in-the-baba-ali-and-galali-deposits-further-evidences-from-stable-s-o-h-isotope-data-nw-hamedan-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42430.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcite&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" 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