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href="#Views_of_the_afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Views of the afterlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_the_afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmudic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmudic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Talmudic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmudic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_in_mathematics_and_astronomy/astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_in_mathematics_and_astronomy/astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works in mathematics and astronomy/astrology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_in_mathematics_and_astronomy/astrology-sublist" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="جرسونيدس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرسونيدس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guers%C3%B2nides" title="Guersònides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guersònides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Ger%C5%A1om" title="Levi ben Geršom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Levi ben Geršom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Gershon" title="Levi ben Gershon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Levi ben Gershon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gers%C3%B3nides" title="Gersónides – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gersónides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85" title="ابن گرشوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن گرشوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersonide" title="Gersonide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gersonide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewi_ben_Gerson" title="Lewi ben Gerson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lewi ben Gerson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Gershon" title="Levi ben Gershon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Levi ben Gershon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%91%22%D7%92" title="רלב"ג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רלב"ג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levis_ben_Ger%C5%A1omas" title="Levis ben Geršomas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Levis ben Geršomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersonid%C3%A9sz" title="Gersonidész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gersonidész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="جرسونيدس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرسونيدس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9" title="ゲルソニデス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルソニデス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Gerson" title="Levi ben Gerson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Levi ben Gerson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gers%C3%B3nides" title="Gersónides – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gersónides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersonide" title="Gersonide – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gersonide" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Леви бен Гершом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Леви бен Гершом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Ger%C5%A1om" title="Levi ben Geršom – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Levi ben Geršom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Gershon" title="Levi ben Gershon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Levi ben Gershon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gersonides" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_ben_Gershon" title="Levi ben Gershon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Levi ben Gershon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="吉尔松尼德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉尔松尼德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q353633#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval Jewish philosopher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the printers of Hebrew books, see <a href="/wiki/Gersonides_(printers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gersonides (printers)">Gersonides (printers)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gersonides</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Levi ben Gershon (לוי בן גרשון)</div><br />1288<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bagnols-sur-C%C3%A8ze" title="Bagnols-sur-Cèze">Bagnols-sur-Cèze</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1344 (aged 55–56)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Levi ben Gershon</b> (1288 – 20 April 1344), better known by his <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Graecized</a> name as <b>Gersonides</b>, or by his Latinized name <b>Magister Leo Hebraeus</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> by the abbreviation of first letters as <i><b>R</b>a<b>LB</b>a<b>G</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a medieval French Jewish <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, Talmudist, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a>. He was born at <a href="/wiki/Bagnols-sur-C%C3%A8ze" title="Bagnols-sur-Cèze">Bagnols</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a> and others, he was the son of <a href="/wiki/Gerson_ben_Solomon_Catalan" title="Gerson ben Solomon Catalan">Gerson ben Solomon Catalan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in the case of the other <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophers</a>, little is known of his life. His family had been distinguished for piety and exegetical skill in Talmud, but though he was known in the Jewish community by commentaries on certain books of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, he never seems to have accepted any rabbinical post. It has been suggested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2016)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the uniqueness of his opinions may have put obstacles in the way of his advancement to a higher position or office. He is known to have been at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> and Orange during his life, and is believed to have died in 1344, though <a href="/wiki/Zacuto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacuto">Zacuto</a> asserts that he died at <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a> in 1370. </p><p>Gersonides is known for his unorthodox views and rigid <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>, which eventually led him to rationalize many of the miracles in the Bible. His commentary on the Bible was sharply criticized by the most prominent scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Abarbanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chisdai_Crescas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chisdai Crescas">Chisdai Crescas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Rivash</a>, the latter accusing him of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and almost banning his works.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_and_religious_works">Philosophical and religious works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical and religious works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guide for the Perplexed"><img alt="Guide for the Perplexed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/175px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/263px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/350px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethusian</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Alexandria" title="Aristobulus of Alexandria">Aristobulus of Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Influenced by:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kalam" title="Jewish Kalam">Jewish Kalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Spanish and European:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Ibn Gabirol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya" title="Abraham bar Hiyya">Abraham bar Hiyya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Tzaddik" title="Joseph ibn Tzaddik">Joseph ibn Tzaddik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shem-Tov_ibn_Falaquera" title="Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera">Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gersonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joshua" title="Moses ben Joshua">Moses of Narbonne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Abravanel" title="Judah Leon Abravanel">Judah Leon Abravanel</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Yemenite:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoter_ben_Shlomo" title="Hoter ben Shlomo">Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Other:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_ibn_Merwan_al-Mukkamas" title="David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas">al-Mukkamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Influence" title="Maimonides">Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalists">Kabbalist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaism">Karaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Talmudists" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudists">Talmudic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafist</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Modern</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_philosophy" title="Orthodox Jewish philosophy">Orthodox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Chassidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Existentialist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Rambamist</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm">Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Elijah_Ashkenazi" title="Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi">Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Tzvi Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hirsch" title="Samuel Hirsch">Samuel Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim of Peshischa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abendana" title="Jacob Abendana">Jacob Abendana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nieto" title="David Nieto">David Nieto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro" title="Isaac Orobio de Castro">Isaac Orobio de Castro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Dessler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">Topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anger_in_Judaism" title="Anger in Judaism">Anger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_in_Judaism" title="Happiness in Judaism">Happiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy_in_Jewish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy in Jewish philosophy">Microcosm–macrocosm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Righteousness</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template talk:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Part of his writings consist of commentaries on the portions of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> then known, or rather of commentaries on the commentaries of <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>. Some of these are printed in the early <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> editions of Aristotle's works. His most important treatise, that by which he has a place in the history of philosophy, is entitled <i>Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem</i>, ("The Wars of the Lord"), and occupied twelve years in composition (1317–1329). A portion of it, containing an elaborate survey of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> as known to the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, was translated into Latin in 1342 at the request of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a>. </p><p><i>The Wars of the Lord</i> is modeled after the plan of the great work of Jewish philosophy, the <i>Guide for the Perplexed</i> of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. It may be regarded as a criticism of some elements of Maimonides' <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of Aristotelianism and rabbinic Jewish thought. Ralbag's treatise strictly adhered to Aristotelian thought.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Wars of the Lord</i> review: </p> <dl><dd>1. the doctrine of the soul, in which Gersonides defends the theory of impersonal reason as mediating between <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and man, and explains the formation of the higher reason (or acquired intellect, as it was called) in humanity—his view being thoroughly realist and resembling that of <a href="/wiki/Avicebron" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicebron">Avicebron</a>;</dd> <dd>2. prophecy;</dd> <dd>3. and 4. God's knowledge of facts and providence, in which is advanced the theory that God does not decide individual facts. While there is general providence for all, special providence only extends to those whose reason has been enlightened;</dd> <dd>5. celestial substances, treating of the strange spiritual hierarchy which the Jewish philosophers of the middle ages accepted from the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">Neoplatonists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">pseudo-Dionysius</a>, and also giving, along with astronomical details, much of astrological theory; and</dd> <dd>6. creation and miracles, in respect to which Gersonides deviates widely from the position of Maimonides.</dd></dl> <p>Gersonides was also the author of commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">I & II Samuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">I & II Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra-Nehemiah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>. He makes reference to a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, but it is not extant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_God_and_omniscience">Views on God and omniscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Views on God and omniscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> held by other Jewish thinkers, Jewish theologian <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Louis Jacobs</a> argues, Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts. "Gersonides, bothered by the old question of how God's <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">foreknowledge</a> is compatible with human freedom, holds that what God knows beforehand is all the choices open to each individual. God does not know, however, which choice the individual, in his freedom, will make."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another neoclassical Jewish proponent of self-limited omniscience was <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a>. "Whereas the earlier Jewish philosophers extended the <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a> of God to include the free acts of man, and had argued that human freedom of decision was not affected by God's foreknowledge of its results, Ibn Daud, evidently following <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>, excludes human action from divine foreknowledge. God, he holds, limited his omniscience even as He limited His omnipotence in regard to human acts".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The view that God does not have foreknowledge of moral decisions which was advanced by ibn Daud and Gersonides (Levi ben Gershom) is not quite as isolated as <a href="/wiki/J._David_Bleich" title="J. David Bleich">Rabbi Bleich</a> indicates, and it enjoys the support of two highly respected <a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Yeshayahu Horowitz</a> (<i>Shelah haKadosh</i>) and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chaim_ibn_Attar" title="Chaim ibn Attar">Chaim ibn Attar</a> (<i>Or haHayim haKadosh</i>). The former takes the views that God cannot know which moral choices people will make, but this does not impair His perfection. The latter considers that God could know the future if He wished, but deliberately refrains from using this ability in order to avoid the conflict with free will.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Horowitz" title="Isaiah Horowitz">Yeshayahu Horowitz</a> explained the apparent paradox of his position by citing the old question, "Can God create a rock so heavy that He cannot pick it up?" He said that we cannot accept free choice as a creation of God's, and simultaneously question its logical compatibility with omnipotence. </p><p>See further discussion in <i><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#In_Jewish_thought" title="Free will in theology">Free will in Jewish thought</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_of_the_afterlife">Views of the afterlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Views of the afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Gersonides posits that people's souls are composed of two parts: a material, or human, intellect; and an acquired, or agent, intellect. The material intellect is inherent in every person, and gives people the capacity to understand and learn. This material intellect is mortal, and dies with the body. However, he also posits that the soul also has an acquired intellect. This survives death, and can contain the accumulated knowledge that the person acquired during his lifetime. For Gersonides, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Feldman" title="Seymour Feldman">Seymour Feldman</a> points out, </p><blockquote><p>Man is immortal insofar as he attains the intellectual perfection that is open to him. This means that man becomes immortal only if and to the extent that he acquires knowledge of what he can in principle know, e.g. mathematics and the natural sciences. This knowledge survives his bodily death and constitutes his immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmudic_works">Talmudic works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Talmudic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gersonides was the author of the following Talmudic and halakhic works: </p> <ul><li><i>Shaarei Tsedek</i> (published at Leghorn, 1800): a commentary on the thirteen halachic rules of <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Yishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Yishmael">Rabbi Yishmael</a>;</li> <li><i>Mechokek Safun</i>, an interpretation of the aggadic material in the fifth chapter of Tractate <i>Bava Basra</i>;</li> <li>A commentary to tractate <i>Berachos</i>;</li> <li>two responsa.</li></ul> <p>Only the first work is extant.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_in_mathematics_and_astronomy/astrology"><span id="Works_in_mathematics_and_astronomy.2Fastrology"></span>Works in mathematics and astronomy/astrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works in mathematics and astronomy/astrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gersonides was the first to make a number of major mathematical and scientific advances, though since he wrote only in Hebrew and few of his writings were translated to other languages, his influence on non-Jewish thought was limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Simonson.2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonson.2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gersonides wrote <i>Maaseh Hoshev</i> in 1321 dealing with arithmetical operations including extraction of <a href="/wiki/Square_root" title="Square root">square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cube_root" title="Cube root">cube roots</a>, various algebraic identities, certain sums including sums of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes, binomial coefficients, and simple combinatorial identities. The work is notable for its early use of proof by <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_induction" title="Mathematical induction">mathematical induction</a>, and pioneering work in combinatorics.<sup id="cite_ref-induction_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-induction-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title Maaseh Hoshev literally means the Work of the thinker, but it is also a pun on a biblical phrase meaning "clever work". Maaseh Hoshev is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Sefer Hamispar (The Book of Number), which is an earlier and less sophisticated work by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Rabbi Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra</a> (1090–1167). In 1342, Gersonides wrote <i>On Sines, Chords and Arcs</i>, which examined <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>, in particular proving the <a href="/wiki/Sine_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine law">sine law</a> for plane triangles and giving five-figure <a href="/wiki/Sine_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine table">sine tables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simonson.2000_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonson.2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One year later, at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Meaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Meaux">bishop of Meaux</a>, he wrote <i>The Harmony of Numbers</i> in which he considers a problem of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a> involving so-called <i>harmonic numbers</i>, which have the form 2<sup><i>m</i></sup>·3<sup><i>n</i></sup>. The problem was to characterize all pairs of harmonic numbers differing by 1. Gersonides proved that there are only four such pairs: (1,2), (2,3), (3,4) and (8,9).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> He is also credited to have invented the <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff" title="Jacob's staff">Jacob's staff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an instrument to measure the angular distance between celestial objects. It is described as consisting <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>…of a staff of 4.5 feet (1.4 m) long and about one inch (2.5 cm) wide, with six or seven perforated tablets which could slide along the staff, each tablet being an integral fraction of the staff length to facilitate calculation, used to measure the distance between stars or planets, and the altitudes and diameters of the Sun, Moon and stars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gersonides observed a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> on March 3, 1337. After he had observed this event he proposed a new theory of the sun which he proceeded to test by further observations. Another eclipse observed by Gersonides was the eclipse of the Moon on 3 October 1335. He described a geometrical model for the motion of the Moon and made other astronomical observations of the Moon, Sun and planets using a <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a>. Some of his beliefs were well wide of the truth, such as his belief that the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> was on the sphere of the fixed stars and shines by the reflected light of the Sun. </p><p>Gersonides was also the earliest known mathematician to have used the technique of mathematical induction in a systematic and self-conscious fashion and anticipated Galileo's error theory.<sup id="cite_ref-induction_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-induction-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lunar crater <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Levi_(crater)" title="Rabbi Levi (crater)">Rabbi Levi</a> is named after him. </p><p> Gersonides believed that <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> was real, and developed a naturalistic, non-supernatural explanation of how it works. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Guttman" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Guttman">Julius Guttman</a> explained that for Gersonides, astrology was:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>founded on the metaphysical doctrine of the dependence of all earthly occurrences upon the heavenly world. The general connection imparted to the prophet by the active intellect is the general order of the astrological constellation. The constellation under which a man is born determines his nature and fate, and constellations as well determine the life span of nations. …The active intellect knows the astrological order, from the most general form of the constellations to their last specification, which in turn contains all of the conditions of occurrence of a particular event. Thus, when a prophet deals with the destiny of a particular person or human group, he receives from the active intellect a knowledge of the order of the constellations, and with sufficient precision to enable him to predict its fate in full detail. …This astrological determinism has only one limitation. The free will of man could shatter the course of action ordained for him by the stars; prophecy could therefore predict the future on the basis of astrological determination only insofar as the free will of man does not break through the determined course of things.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimation_of_stellar_distances_and_refutation_of_Ptolemy's_model"><span id="Estimation_of_stellar_distances_and_refutation_of_Ptolemy.27s_model"></span>Estimation of stellar distances and refutation of Ptolemy's model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Estimation of stellar distances and refutation of Ptolemy's model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gersonides appears to be the only astronomer before modern times to have surmised that the fixed stars are much further away than the planets. Whereas all other astronomers put the fixed stars on a rotating sphere just beyond the outer planets, Gersonides estimated the distance to the fixed stars to be no less than 159,651,513,380,944 earth radii,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 100,000 lightyears in modern units. </p><p>Using data he collected from his own observations, Gersonides refuted Ptolemy's model in what the notable physicist <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman" title="Yuval Ne'eman">Yuval Ne'eman</a> has considered as "one of the most important insights in the history of science, generally missed in telling the story of the transition from epicyclic corrections to the geocentric model to <a href="/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">Copernicus' heliocentric model</a>". Ne'eman argued that after Gersonides reviewed Ptolemy's model with its epicycles he realized that it could be checked, by measuring the changes in the apparent brightnesses of Mars and looking for cyclical changes along the conjectured epicycles. These thus ceased being dogma, they were a theory that had to be experimentally verified, "à la Popper". Gersonides developed tools for these measurements, essentially pinholes and the <a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a>. </p><p>The results of his observations did not fit Ptolemy's model at all. Concluding that the model was inadequate, Gersonides tried (unsuccessfully) to improve on it. That challenge was finally answered, of course, by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a> three centuries later, but Gersonides was the first to falsify the Alexandrian dogma - the first known instance of modern falsification philosophy. Gersonides also showed that Ptolemy's model for the lunar orbit, though reproducing correctly the evolution of the Moon's position, fails completely in predicting the apparent sizes of the Moon in its motion. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that the findings influenced later generations of astronomers, even though Gersonides' writings were translated and available.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_fiction">In modern fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In modern fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gersonides is an important character in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Scipio_(novel)" title="The Dream of Scipio (novel)">The Dream of Scipio</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Iain_Pears" title="Iain Pears">Iain Pears</a>, where he is depicted as the mentor of the protagonist Olivier de Noyen, a non-Jewish poet and intellectual. A (fictional) encounter between Gersonides and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> is a major element in the book's plot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1985: <a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="National Jewish Book Award">National Jewish Book Award</a> Scholarship for <i>The Wars of the Lord</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHymanWalshWilliams2010" class="citation book cs1">Hyman, Arthur; Walsh, James J.; Williams, Thomas (24 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFztBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA387"><i>Philosophy in the Middle Ages: The Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Traditions</i></a>. Hackett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603844512" title="Special:BookSources/9781603844512"><bdi>9781603844512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+The+Christian%2C+Islamic%2C+and+Jewish+Traditions&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft.isbn=9781603844512&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Walsh%2C+James+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFztBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ralbag" is the acronym of "Rabbi Levi Ben Gershon", with vowels added to make it easily pronouncable, the normal traditional Jewish practice with the names of prominent Rabbis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Rishonim, The Artscroll history series, Pg. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaikhHersh_Goldwurm2001" class="citation book cs1">Taikh, Samuel; Hersh Goldwurm (2001). <i>The Rishonim: biographical sketches of the prominent early rabbinic sages and leaders from the tenth-fifteenth centuries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mesorah_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications">Mesorah Publications</a>. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60850988">60850988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rishonim%3A+biographical+sketches+of+the+prominent+early+rabbinic+sages+and+leaders+from+the+tenth-fifteenth+centuries&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60850988&rft.aulast=Taikh&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Hersh+Goldwurm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Jacobs, Louis</a> (1990). <i>God, Torah, Israel: traditionalism without fundamentalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>: Hebrew Union College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87820-052-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87820-052-8"><bdi>978-0-87820-052-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21039224">21039224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Torah%2C+Israel%3A+traditionalism+without+fundamentalism&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=Hebrew+Union+College+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21039224&rft.isbn=978-0-87820-052-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttmann1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Guttmann" title="Julius Guttmann">Guttmann, Julius</a> (1964). <i>Philosophies of Judaism: The History of Jewish Philosophy from Biblical Times to Franz Rosenzweig</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Holt, Rinehart and Winston</a>. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1497829">1497829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+Judaism%3A+The+History+of+Jewish+Philosophy+from+Biblical+Times+to+Franz+Rosenzweig&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=150-151&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1497829&rft.aulast=Guttmann&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>, Vol. 31, No.2, Winter 1997, From <i>Divine Omniscience and Free Will</i>, Cyril Domb, pp. 90–91<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (April 2009)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFben_Gershom1984" class="citation book cs1">ben Gershom, Levi (1984). <i>The Wars of the Lord: Book one, Immortality of the soul</i>. trans. Seymour Feldman. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Publication Society of America">Jewish Publication Society of America</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=job_de-tUvcC&pg=PA81">81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0220-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0220-5"><bdi>978-0-8276-0220-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220214037">220214037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Lord%3A+Book+one%2C+Immortality+of+the+soul&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220214037&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0220-5&rft.aulast=ben+Gershom&rft.aufirst=Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaikhHersh_Goldwurm2001" class="citation book cs1">Taikh, Samuel; Hersh Goldwurm (2001). <i>The Rishonim: biographical sketches of the prominent early rabbinic sages and leaders from the tenth-fifteenth centuries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mesorah_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications">Mesorah Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60850988">60850988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rishonim%3A+biographical+sketches+of+the+prominent+early+rabbinic+sages+and+leaders+from+the+tenth-fifteenth+centuries&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60850988&rft.aulast=Taikh&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Hersh+Goldwurm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simonson.2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simonson.2000_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simonson.2000_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_G._Simonson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Charles G. Simonson (Winter 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.stonehill.edu/compsci/Shai_papers/MathofLevi.pdf">"The Mathematics of Levi ben Gershon, the Ralbag"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bekhol Derakhekha Daehu</i>. <b>10</b>. Bar-Ilan University Press: 5–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bekhol+Derakhekha+Daehu&rft.atitle=The+Mathematics+of+Levi+ben+Gershon%2C+the+Ralbag&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=5-21&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Charles+G.+Simonson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.stonehill.edu%2Fcompsci%2FShai_papers%2FMathofLevi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-induction-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-induction_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-induction_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinovitch1970" class="citation journal cs1">Rabinovitch, Nachum L. (1970). "Rabbi Levi Ben Gershon and the Origins of Mathematical Induction". <i><a href="/wiki/Archive_for_History_of_Exact_Sciences" title="Archive for History of Exact Sciences">Archive for History of Exact Sciences</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3): 237–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00327237">10.1007/BF00327237</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133303">41133303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119948133">119948133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archive+for+History+of+Exact+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Levi+Ben+Gershon+and+the+Origins+of+Mathematical+Induction&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-248&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119948133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41133303%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00327237&rft.aulast=Rabinovitch&rft.aufirst=Nachum+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Ivar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804182624/http://www.maa.org/mathland/mathtrek_1_25_99.html">"Medieval Harmony"</a>. <i>Ivar Peterson's MathTrek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/mathland/mathtrek_1_25_99.html">the original</a> on 2012-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ivar+Peterson%27s+MathTrek&rft.atitle=Medieval+Harmony&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Ivar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maa.org%2Fmathland%2Fmathtrek_1_25_99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrehbiel1990" class="citation journal cs1">Krehbiel, David G. (Spring 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surveyhistory.org/jacob's_staff1.htm">"Jacob's Staff"</a>. <i>The Ontario Land Surveyor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ontario+Land+Surveyor&rft.atitle=Jacob%27s+Staff&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Krehbiel&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surveyhistory.org%2Fjacob%27s_staff1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Levi.html">Levi ben Gerson</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuttmann1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Guttmann" title="Julius Guttmann">Guttmann, Julius</a> (1964). <i>Philosophies of Judaism: The History of Jewish Philosophy from Biblical Times to Franz Rosenzweig</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Holt, Rinehart and Winston</a>. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1497829">1497829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+Judaism%3A+The+History+of+Jewish+Philosophy+from+Biblical+Times+to+Franz+Rosenzweig&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1497829&rft.aulast=Guttmann&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Van Helden, <i>Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley</i> (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman" title="Yuval Ne'eman">Yuval Ne'eman</a>: Astronomy in Sefarad <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wise-obs.tau.ac.il/judaism/sefarad.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national-jewish-book-awards/past-winners?category=30775">"Past Winners"</a>. <i>Jewish Book Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Book+Council&rft.atitle=Past+Winners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishbookcouncil.org%2Fawards%2Fnational-jewish-book-awards%2Fpast-winners%3Fcategory%3D30775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Gersonides". <i>The Encyclopaedia Judaica</i>. Keter Publishing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Feldman" title="Seymour Feldman">Feldman, Seymour</a>. <i>The Wars of the Lord</i> (3 volumes). Jewish Publication Society.</li> <li>Gerson Lange (ed. & transl.), <i>Sefer Maassei Choscheb: Die Praxis des Rechners – Ein hebräisch-arithmetisches Werk des Levi ben Gerschom aus dem Jahre 1321 </i> (Frankfurt am Main: Buchdruckerei Louis Golde, 1909) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sefermaasehoshev00levi">online link</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligsohnKaufmann_KohlerIsaac_Broydé2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Seligsohn" title="Max Seligsohn">Seligsohn, M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kaufmann Kohler</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Isaac Broydé</a> (2002) [c. 1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=247&letter=L">"Levi ben Gershon"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Isidore Singer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16014703">16014703</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4743907">4743907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Levi+ben+Gershon&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4743907&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16014703&rft.aulast=Seligsohn&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft.au=Isaac+Broyd%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D247%26letter%3DL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Guttman, Julius (1964). <i>Philosophies of Judaism</i>, pp. 214–215. JPS.</li> <li><i>Lévi ben Gershom ( Gersonide ), Les Guerres du Seigneur, livres III et IV</i>, introduction, traduction [française] et notes par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Touati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Touati (page does not exist)">Charles Touati</a>. Paris-La Haye, Mouton & Co., 1968.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Touati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Touati (page does not exist)">Charles Touati</a>, <i>La pensée philosophique et théologique de Gersonide</i>, Paris, 1973.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norbert_M._Samuelson" title="Norbert M. Samuelson">Samuelson, Norbert M.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfQdAAAAMAAJ&q=Norbert+Max+Samuelson"><i>Gersonides' The Wars of the Lord, Treatise III: On God's knowledge</i></a>. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-268-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-268-0"><bdi>978-0-88844-268-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gersonides%27+The+Wars+of+the+Lord%2C+Treatise+III%3A+On+God%27s+knowledge&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-88844-268-0&rft.aulast=Samuelson&rft.aufirst=Norbert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfQdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNorbert%2BMax%2BSamuelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bernard R. Goldstein (ed. & transl.), <i>The Astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344) - A Critical Edition of Chapters 1-20 with Translation and Commentary</i> (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985 [= <i>Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences</i>, nr. 11]).</li> <li>Eisen, Robert (1995). <i>Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People: A Study in Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Biblical Commentary</i>. State University of New York.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaikhHersh_Goldwurm2001" class="citation book cs1">Taikh, Samuel; Hersh Goldwurm (2001). <i>The Rishonim: biographical sketches of the prominent early rabbinic sages and leaders from the tenth–fifteenth centuries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mesorah_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications">Mesorah Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60850988">60850988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rishonim%3A+biographical+sketches+of+the+prominent+early+rabbinic+sages+and+leaders+from+the+tenth%E2%80%93fifteenth+centuries&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60850988&rft.aulast=Taikh&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Hersh+Goldwurm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>C. Sirat, S. Klein-Braslavy, Olga Weijers, Ph. Bobichon, G. Dahan, M. Darmon, G. Freudenthal R. Glasner, M. Kellner, J.-L. Mancha,<i>Les méthodes de travail de Gersonide et le maniement du savoir chez les scolastiques</i>, Librairie philosophique Vrin, Paris, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gersonides&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gersonides" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gersonides">Gersonides</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gersonides/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudavsky2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rudavsky, Tamar M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Gersonides_BEA.htm">"Gersonides: Levi ben Gerson"</a>. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gersonides%3A+Levi+ben+Gerson&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.aulast=Rudavsky&rft.aufirst=Tamar+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FGersonides_BEA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Gersonides_BEA.pdf">PDF version</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachittome.com/seforim2/seforim/milchamos_hashem.pdf">Milhamot HaShem First Edition</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>) This is the text excluding the astronomical text (Book V, Part I). The quality varies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Levi.html">"Gersonides"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gersonides&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FLevi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.haifa.ac.il/~kellner/bibgers.html">Detailed bibliography of works on and by Gersonides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171552/http://research.haifa.ac.il/~kellner/bibgers.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKU8AAAAYAAJ&q=%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9D">Milchamot Hashem</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Abrahams" title="Israel Abrahams">Abrahams, Israel</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gersonides, Levi"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gersonides,_Levi">"Gersonides, Levi" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gersonides%2C+Levi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGersonides" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_philosophers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rishonim" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rishonim" title="Template:Rishonim"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rishonim" title="Template talk:Rishonim"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rishonim" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rishonim"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rishonim" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> (Rif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chananel_ben_Chushiel" title="Chananel ben Chushiel">Chananel ben Chushiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunash_ben_Labrat" title="Dunash ben Labrat">Dunash ben Labrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_Aghmati" title="Zechariah Aghmati">Zechariah Aghmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_ben_Jacob" title="Nissim ben Jacob">Nissim ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Jacob_ibn_Jam" title="Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam">Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemariah_ben_Elhanan" title="Shemariah ben Elhanan">Shemariah ben Elhanan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (except Catalonia)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Seville" title="Yom Tov of Seville">Yom Tov Asevilli</a> (Ritva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Migash" title="Joseph ibn Migash">Joseph ibn Migash</a> (Ri Migash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Abulafia" title="Meir Abulafia">Meir Abulafia</a> (Ramah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Abudarham" title="David Abudarham">David Abudirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_Arama" title="Isaac ben Moses Arama">Isaac ben Moses Arama</a> (Akeidat Yitzchak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbenu_Yerucham" title="Rabbenu Yerucham">Rabbenu Yerucham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tov_ben_Abraham_ibn_Gaon" title="Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon">Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon</a> (Migdal Oz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Solomon_Abi-Sahula" title="Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula">Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ibn_Ghiyyat" title="Isaac ibn Ghiyyat">Isaac ibn Ghiyyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimon_ben_Joseph" title="Maimon ben Joseph">Maimon ben Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_I" title="Isaac Aboab I">Isaac Aboab I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Ezra" title="Moses ibn Ezra">Moses ibn Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Saba" title="Abraham Saba">Abraham Saba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Meiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachem Meiri">Menachem Meiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Nissim of Gerona</a> (Ran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_ibn_Aderet" title="Shlomo ibn Aderet">Shlomo ibn Aderet</a> (Rashba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_Gerondi" title="Yonah Gerondi">Yonah Gerondi</a> (Rabbeinu Yonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiah_ha-Levi_of_Girona" title="Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona">Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona</a> (Baal HaMaor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_HaLevi" title="Aharon HaLevi">Aharon HaLevi</a> (Ra'ah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a> (Rivash)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Zemah_Duran" title="Simeon ben Zemah Duran">Simeon ben Zemah Duran</a> (Tashbatz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_of_Tolosa" title="Vidal of Tolosa">Vidal of Tolosa</a> (Maggid Mishneh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Habib" title="Joseph ibn Habib">Joseph ibn Habib</a> (Nimmukei Yosef)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azriel_of_Gerona" title="Azriel of Gerona">Azriel of Gerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chalava" title="Moshe Chalava">Moshe Chalava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yakar" title="Judah ben Yakar">Judah ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Barzillai" title="Judah ben Barzillai">Judah ben Barzillai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Hachmei Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_David" title="Abraham ben David">Abraham ben David</a> (Raavad)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gersonides</a> (Ralbag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> (Radak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Mari" title="Abba Mari">Abba Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abba_Mari" title="Isaac ben Abba Mari">Isaac ben Abba Mari</a> (HaIttur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Nathan" title="Abraham ben Nathan">Abraham ben Nathan</a> (HaManhig)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Levi_of_Narbonne" title="David ben Levi of Narbonne">David ben Levi of Narbonne</a> (HaMichtam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joseph_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Moses ben Joseph ben Merwan ha-Levi">Moses ben Joseph</a> (Rambi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Isaac_of_Narbonne" title="Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne">Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne</a> (Raavad II, HaEshkol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_ben_Abraham_ben_Hayyim" title="Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim">Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_ha-Darshan" title="Moshe ha-Darshan">Moshe ha-Darshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Jacob" title="Meshullam ben Jacob">Meshullam ben Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Meshullam" title="Asher ben Meshullam">Asher ben Meshullam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Montpellier" title="Abraham of Montpellier">Abraham of Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caspi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Caspi">Joseph Caspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Merwan_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Merwan ha-Levi">Isaac of Narbonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Jacob_ha-Kohen" title="Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen">Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_David_ha-Cohen" title="Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen">Jonathan of Lunel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (except Provence)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Abin_ha-Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol">Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tosafists" title="List of Tosafists">List of Tosafists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam" title="Rabbeinu Tam">Rabbeinu Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Meir" title="Solomon ben Meir">Solomon ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Joseph_of_Falaise" title="Samson ben Joseph of Falaise">Samson ben Joseph of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Falaise" title="Yom Tov of Falaise">Yom Tov of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel" title="Eliezer ben Samuel">Eliezer ben Samuel</a> (Yereim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel" title="Isaac ben Samuel">Isaac ben Samuel</a> (Ri HaZaken)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_of_Coucy" title="Moses ben Jacob of Coucy">Moses ben Jacob of Coucy</a> (Semag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Nathan" title="Judah ben Nathan">Judah ben Nathan</a> (Rivan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Isaac_Bekhor_Shor" title="Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor">Bechor Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Joseph_of_Orleans" title="Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans">Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_of_Paris" title="Elijah of Paris">Elijah of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Yom_Tov" title="Judah ben Yom Tov">Judah ben Yom Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_ben_Hananel_HaCohen_(Tosafist)" title="Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (Tosafist)">Haim ben Hananel HaCohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yechiel_of_Paris" title="Yechiel of Paris">Yechiel of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivam" title="Rivam">Rivam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_ben_Elijah" title="Peretz ben Elijah">Peretz ben Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Toul" title="Eliezer of Toul">Eliezer of Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Paltiel" title="Chaim Paltiel">Chaim Paltiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Jacob of Orléans">Jacob of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Chinon" title="Samson of Chinon">Samson of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Chinon" title="Jacob of Chinon">Jacob of Chinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_of_Touques" title="Eliezer of Touques">Eliezer of Touques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Abraham_of_Dampierre" title="Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre">Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhanan_ben_Isaac_of_Dampierre" title="Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre">Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Isaac" title="Baruch ben Isaac">Baruch ben Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Abraham_of_Sens" title="Samson ben Abraham of Sens">Samson ben Abraham of Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi">Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Samuel" title="Meir ben Samuel">Meir ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Moses of Évreux">Moses of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_%C3%89vreux" title="Samuel of Évreux">Samuel of Évreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Solomon_of_Falaise" title="Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise">Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Isaac_Messer_Leon" title="Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon">Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Samuel_Bonfils" title="Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils">Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Helbo" title="Menahem ben Helbo">Menahem ben Helbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Kara" title="Simeon Kara">Simeon Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemaiah_of_Soissons" title="Shemaiah of Soissons">Shemaiah of Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_ben_Menahem_HaZaken" title="Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken">Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Samson" title="Ephraim ben Samson">Ephraim ben Samson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshullam_ben_Kalonymus" title="Meshullam ben Kalonymus">Meshullam ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a> (Rabbeinu Gershom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_bar_Isaac" title="Simeon bar Isaac">Simeon bar Isaac</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a> (Rosh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Asher" title="Jacob ben Asher">Jacob ben Asher</a> (Baal HaTurim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_ben_Hillel" title="Mordechai ben Hillel">Mordechai ben Hillel</a> (Mordechai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg" title="Meir of Rothenburg">Meir of Rothenburg</a> (Maharam MeRotenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Moshe_Levi_Moelin" title="Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin">Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin</a> (Maharil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Nathan" title="Eliezer ben Nathan">Eliezer ben Nathan</a> (Ra'aven)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Joel_HaLevi" title="Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi">Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi</a> (Raavyah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Worms" title="Eleazar of Worms">Eleazar of Worms</a> (Rokeach)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_HaKohen" title="Meir HaKohen">Meir HaKohen</a> (Hagahot Maimuniot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Samuel_of_Regensburg" title="Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg">Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg</a> (Yehudah haHasid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_ben_Yakar" title="Yaakov ben Yakar">Yaakov ben Yakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Mordecai_of_Regensburg" title="Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg">Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_ben_Isaac_of_Regensburg" title="Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg">Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_ben_Eliezer" title="Samson ben Eliezer">Samson ben Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Isaac_ha-Gadol" title="Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol">Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Kalonymus" title="Judah ben Kalonymus">Judah ben Kalonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_HaKohen_ben_Meir" title="Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir">Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Baruch_Halevi" title="Meir ben Baruch Halevi">Meir ben Baruch Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Bruna" title="Israel Bruna">Israel Bruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_of_Bamberg" title="Israel of Bamberg">Israel of Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_of_Bonn" title="Ephraim of Bonn">Ephraim of Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Asher" title="Judah ben Asher">Judah ben Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_ben_Isaac_ha-Levi" title="Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi">Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_Landau" title="Jacob ben Judah Landau">Jacob ben Judah Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Natronai" title="Samuel ben Natronai">Samuel ben Natronai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suslin" title="Alexander Suslin">Alexander Suslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Weil" title="Jacob Weil">Jacob Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Asher_ha-Levi" title="Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi">Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simha_of_Speyer" title="Simha of Speyer">Simha of Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asir_HaTikvah" title="Isaac Asir HaTikvah">Isaac Asir HaTikvah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_Canterbury" title="Aaron of Canterbury">Aaron of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_York" title="Aaron of York">Aaron of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_of_London" title="Elias of London">Elias of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Menachem_of_London" title="Eliyahu Menachem of London">Eliyahu Menachem of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagin_Deulacres" title="Hagin Deulacres">Hagin Deulacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Judah_of_London" title="Jacob ben Judah of London">Jacob ben Judah of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josce_of_London" title="Josce of London">Josce of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Isaac_ben_ha-Nessiah" title="Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah">Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_London" title="Moses of London">Moses of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Joigny" title="Yom Tov of Joigny">Yom Tov of Joigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berechiah_de_Nicole" title="Berechiah de Nicole">Berechiah de Nicole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Isserlein" title="Israel Isserlein">Israel Isserlein</a> (Terumat HaDeshen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Moses_of_Vienna" title="Isaac ben Moses of Vienna">Isaac of Vienna</a> (Or Zarua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Cohen_of_Vienna" title="Avigdor Cohen of Vienna">Avigdor Cohen of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tyrnau" title="Isaac Tyrnau">Isaac Tyrnau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Jehiel" title="Nathan ben Jehiel">Nathan ben Jehiel</a> (the Aruch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani" title="Isaiah di Trani">Isaiah di Trani</a> (Rid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_di_Trani_the_Younger" title="Isaiah di Trani the Younger">Isaiah di Trani the Younger</a> (Riaz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_of_Bertinoro" title="Obadiah of Bertinoro">Obadiah of Bertinoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Recanati" title="Menahem Recanati">Menahem Recanati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Zedekiah ben Abraham Anaw">Zedekiah Anaw</a> (Shibbolei HaLeket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_ben_Abraham_Anaw" title="Benjamin ben Abraham Anaw">Benjamin Anaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Benjamin_Anav" title="Judah ben Benjamin Anav">Judah Anav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Meir_of_Ferrara" title="Moses ben Meir of Ferrara">Moses ben Meir of Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Samuel_of_Verona" title="Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona">Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Samuel" title="Hillel ben Samuel">Hillel ben Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Colon_Trabotto" title="Joseph Colon Trabotto">Joseph Colon Trabotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Melchizedek" title="Isaac ben Melchizedek">Isaac ben Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Messer_Leon" title="Judah Messer Leon">Judah Messer Leon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mizrachi" title="Elijah Mizrachi">Elijah Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiah_ben_Eliezer" title="Tobiah ben Eliezer">Tobiah ben Eliezer</a> (Lekach Tov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerahiah_the_Greek" title="Zerahiah the Greek">Zerahiah the Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Dorbolo" title="Isaac ben Dorbolo">Isaac ben Dorbolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Samuel_of_Acre" title="Isaac ben Samuel of Acre">Isaac ben Samuel of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Taku" title="Moses Taku">Moses Taku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Jacob_ha-Lavan" title="Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan">Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I">Nathan ben Abraham I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Eliakim" title="Hillel ben Eliakim">Hillel ben Eliakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_ben_Moses_Mosconi" title="Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi">Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nethanel_ben_Isaiah" title="Nethanel ben Isaiah">Nethanel ben Isaiah‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353633#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353633#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118538802">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81078650">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12131941j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12131941j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gersonide"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UMCV012496">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35773730">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20061211035&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1723809">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/471355">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071682015">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90080365">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000244736&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz18p35t44d17">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810687886805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/31703">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/31707">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264525505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611994106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01464200?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:levi-ben-gershon.">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/680329">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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