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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_to_medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_to_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient to medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_to_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_conflicts_and_the_Pacific_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_conflicts_and_the_Pacific_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early conflicts and the Pacific War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_conflicts_and_the_Pacific_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>U.S. occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_to_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_to_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Postwar to 1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_to_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Since 1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flag design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flag_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flag design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flag_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colour_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Colour chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use and customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_and_customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use and customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinomaru_Yosegaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinomaru_Yosegaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><span><i>Hinomaru Yosegaki</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinomaru_Yosegaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hachimaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hachimaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><span><i>Hachimaki</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hachimaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinomaru_bentō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinomaru_bentō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><span><i>Hinomaru bentō</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinomaru_bentō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture and perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Protocol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protocol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protocol subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mourning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mourning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mourning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mourning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Public schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related flags</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_flags-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related flags subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Military flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Imperial flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subnational_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subnational_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Subnational flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subnational_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Japan" title="Vlag van Japan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlag van Japan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%83%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%85_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9B" title="የጃፓን ሰንደቅ ዓላማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጃፓን ሰንደቅ ዓላማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="علم اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Bandera de Xapón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bandera de Xapón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yaponiya bayrağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiya bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="ژاپون بایراغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژاپون بایراغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C3%A9r_Jepang" title="Kobér Jepang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kobér Jepang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="জাপানের জাতীয় পতাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানের জাতীয় পতাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn_kok-k%C3%AE" title="Ji̍t-pún kok-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-pún kok-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Сцяг Японіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцяг Японіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Сьцяг Японіі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьцяг Японіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_kan_Hapon" title="Bandera kan Hapon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bandera kan Hapon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Национално знаме на Япония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национално знаме на Япония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Japana" title="Zastava Japana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zastava Japana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banniel_Japan" title="Banniel Japan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Banniel Japan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_Jap%C3%B3" title="Bandera del Japó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandera del Japó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%A1_vlajka" title="Japonská vlajka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonská vlajka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baner_Japan" title="Baner Japan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baner Japan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans_flag" title="Japans flag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Japans flag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_Japans" title="Flagge Japans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flagge Japans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_lipp" title="Jaapani lipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani lipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σημαία της Ιαπωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημαία της Ιαπωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Bandera de Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera de Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flago_de_Japanio" title="Flago de Japanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flago de Japanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniako_bandera" title="Japoniako bandera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniako bandera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="پرچم ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_du_Japon" title="Drapeau du Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drapeau du Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Bandeira do Xapón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandeira do Xapón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%9C" title="જાપાનનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાપાનનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B8%B0" title="일본의 국기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 국기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7" title="Ճապոնիայի դրոշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոնիայի դրոշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="जापान का ध्वज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापान का ध्वज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Japana" title="Zastava Japana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zastava Japana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardo_di_Japonia" title="Standardo di Japonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Standardo di Japonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জাপানর ফিরালহান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জাপানর ফিরালহান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Jepang" title="Bendera Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_del_Giappone" title="Bandiera del Giappone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera del Giappone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="דגל יפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל יפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gend%C3%A9ra_Jepang" title="Gendéra Jepang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gendéra Jepang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C" title="ಜಪಾನ್ ಧ್ವಜ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಪಾನ್ ಧ್ವಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="იაპონიის დროშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონიის დროშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Japon%C3%AA" title="Ala Japonê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ala Japonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ທຸງຊາດຍີ່ປຸ່ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທຸງຊາດຍີ່ປຸ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81nas_karogs" title="Japānas karogs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japānas karogs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4ndel_vu_Japan" title="Fändel vu Japan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fändel vu Japan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonijos_v%C4%97liava" title="Japonijos vėliava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japonijos vėliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_Giappon" title="Bandera del Giappon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bandera del Giappon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_z%C3%A1szlaja" title="Japán zászlaja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán zászlaja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Знаме на Јапонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Знаме на Јапонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95" title="ജപ്പാന്റെ ദേശീയപതാക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജപ്പാന്റെ ദേശീയപതാക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_tal-%C4%A0appun" title="Bandiera tal-Ġappun – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bandiera tal-Ġappun" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="जपानचा ध्वज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानचा ध्वज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="علم اليابان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم اليابان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Jepun" title="Bendera Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bendera Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Japan" title="Vlag van Japan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlag van Japan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानको झण्डा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जापानको झण्डा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="日本の国旗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の国旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans_flagg" title="Japans flagg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japans flagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_japanske_flagget" title="Det japanske flagget – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det japanske flagget" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiya_bayrog%CA%BBi" title="Yaponiya bayrogʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yaponiya bayrogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ទង់ជាតិជប៉ុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទង់ជាតិជប៉ុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak_bilong_Siapan" title="Plak bilong Siapan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Plak bilong Siapan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagg_vun_Japan" title="Flagg vun Japan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Flagg vun Japan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_Japonii" title="Flaga Japonii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga Japonii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Bandeira do Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira do Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapelul_Japoniei" title="Drapelul Japoniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drapelul Japoniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Флаг Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флаг Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="जापानस्य ध्वज – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जापानस्य ध्वज" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_o_Japan" title="Banner o Japan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Banner o Japan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamuri_i_Japonis%C3%AB" title="Flamuri i Japonisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flamuri i Japonisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජපානයේ කොඩිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජපානයේ කොඩිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flag of Japan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka_Japonska" title="Vlajka Japonska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlajka Japonska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Japonske" title="Zastava Japonske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zastava Japonske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئاڵای ژاپۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڵای ژاپۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Застава Јапана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Застава Јапана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Japana" title="Zastava Japana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zastava Japana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanin_lippu" title="Japanin lippu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanin lippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans_flagga" title="Japans flagga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Japans flagga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watawat_ng_Hapon" title="Watawat ng Hapon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Watawat ng Hapon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ธงชาติญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธงชาติญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Парчами Ҷопон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Парчами Ҷопон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonya_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Japonya bayrağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japonya bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Прапор Японії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прапор Японії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرچم جاپان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرچم جاپان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_k%E1%BB%B3_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Quốc kỳ Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc kỳ Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="日本国旗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日本国旗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80s%C3%AC%C3%A1_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Japan" title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Japan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Japan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%97%97" title="日本旗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日本旗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japuon%C4%97j%C4%97s_vieleva" title="Japuonėjės vieleva – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Japuonėjės vieleva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="日本国旗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本国旗" data-language-autonym="中文" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hinomaru" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hanamaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanamaru">Hanamaru</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Japan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/255px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/383px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/510px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nisshōki</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Civil_flag" title="Civil flag">Civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">state flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="State ensign">state ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_110110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil and state flags and ensigns"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/23px-FIAV_110110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/35px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FIAV_110110.svg/46px-FIAV_110110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">2:3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>27 February 1868<span class="noprint">; 156 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1868-02-27</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (civil ensign)</li><li>13 August 1999<span class="noprint">; 25 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1999-08-13</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (national flag)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A crimson disc centered on a white field</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is a rectangular white banner with a crimson-red circle at its center. The flag is officially called the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nisshōki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%AB%A0%E6%97%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:日章旗">日章旗</a></span></span>, 'flag of the sun')</span> but is more commonly known in Japan as the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:日の丸">日の丸</a></span></span>, 'ball of the sun')</span>. It embodies the country's <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Rising_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of the Rising Sun">Land of the Rising Sun</a>. </p><p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nisshōki</i></span> flag is designated as the national flag in the <a href="/wiki/Act_on_National_Flag_and_Anthem" title="Act on National Flag and Anthem">Act on National Flag and Anthem</a>, which was promulgated and became effective on 13 August 1999. Although no earlier legislation had specified a national flag, the sun-disc flag had already become the <i>de facto</i> national flag of Japan. Two proclamations issued in 1870 by the <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a>, the governmental body of the early <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>, each had a provision for a design of the national flag. A sun-disc flag was adopted as the national flag for merchant ships under Proclamation No. 57 of Meiji 3 (issued on 27 January 1870),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the national <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">flag used by the Navy</a> under Proclamation No. 651 of Meiji 3 (issued on 3 October 1870).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was severely restricted during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Allied occupation of Japan</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; these restrictions were later relaxed. </p><p>The sun plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a> and religion, as the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> is said to be the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperial_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese imperial family tree">direct descendant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>, and the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">ruling house</a> rested on this divine appointment. The <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan" title="Names of Japan">name of the country</a> as well as the design of the flag reflect this central importance of the sun. The ancient history <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a></i></span> says that <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Monmu" title="Emperor Monmu">Emperor Monmu</a> used a flag representing the sun in his court in 701, the first recorded use of a sun-motif flag in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-toyokeizai_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toyokeizai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UdC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UdC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest existing flag is preserved in Unpō-ji temple, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB,_Yamanashi" title="Kōshū, Yamanashi">Kōshū, Yamanashi</a>, which is older than the 16th century, and an ancient legend says that the flag was given to the temple by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Reizei" title="Emperor Go-Reizei">Emperor Go-Reizei</a> in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the sun disc and the <a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Ensign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Army</a> became major symbols in the emerging <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a>. Propaganda posters, textbooks, and films depicted the flag as a source of pride and patriotism. In Japanese homes, citizens were required to display the flag during national holidays, celebrations and other occasions as decreed by the government. Different tokens of devotion to Japan and its Emperor featuring the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> motif became popular among the public during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and other conflicts. These tokens ranged from slogans written on the flag to clothing items and dishes that resembled the flag. </p><p>Public perception of the national flag varies. Historically, both Western and Japanese sources have described the flag as a powerful and enduring symbol to the Japanese. Since the end of World War II (the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>), the use of the flag and the national anthem <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></i></span> has been a contentious issue for Japan's public schools, and disputes about their use have led to protests and lawsuits. Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_flags#Military_flags" title="List of Japanese flags">military banners of Japan</a> are based on the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span>, including the sunrayed naval ensign. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> also serves as a template for other Japanese flags in public and private use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_to_medieval">Ancient to medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient to medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atakebune3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atakebune3.jpg/220px-Atakebune3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atakebune3.jpg/330px-Atakebune3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atakebune3.jpg/440px-Atakebune3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1573" /></a><figcaption>The fleet of <a href="/wiki/Kuki_Yoshitaka" title="Kuki Yoshitaka">Kuki Yoshitaka</a> in 1593</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shogunate_Fleet_View_of_Edo_c1634.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shogunate_Fleet_View_of_Edo_c1634.png/220px-Shogunate_Fleet_View_of_Edo_c1634.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shogunate_Fleet_View_of_Edo_c1634.png/330px-Shogunate_Fleet_View_of_Edo_c1634.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shogunate_Fleet_View_of_Edo_c1634.png/440px-Shogunate_Fleet_View_of_Edo_c1634.png 2x" data-file-width="9097" data-file-height="4918" /></a><figcaption>Shogunate fleet with hinomaru, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1634</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asahi_Maru_warship_1856.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Asahi_Maru_warship_1856.png/220px-Asahi_Maru_warship_1856.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Asahi_Maru_warship_1856.png/330px-Asahi_Maru_warship_1856.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Asahi_Maru_warship_1856.png/440px-Asahi_Maru_warship_1856.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> warship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_warship_Asahi_Maru" title="Japanese warship Asahi Maru"><i>Asahi Maru</i></a> in 1856</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utagawa-Hiroshige-III-Progression-During-the-Imperial-Inspection-at-Ou-Matsushima-1876.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Utagawa-Hiroshige-III-Progression-During-the-Imperial-Inspection-at-Ou-Matsushima-1876.png/220px-Utagawa-Hiroshige-III-Progression-During-the-Imperial-Inspection-at-Ou-Matsushima-1876.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Utagawa-Hiroshige-III-Progression-During-the-Imperial-Inspection-at-Ou-Matsushima-1876.png/330px-Utagawa-Hiroshige-III-Progression-During-the-Imperial-Inspection-at-Ou-Matsushima-1876.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Utagawa-Hiroshige-III-Progression-During-the-Imperial-Inspection-at-Ou-Matsushima-1876.png/440px-Utagawa-Hiroshige-III-Progression-During-the-Imperial-Inspection-at-Ou-Matsushima-1876.png 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Progression During the Imperial Inspection at Ou, Matsushima. Ukiyo-e by <a href="/wiki/Hiroshige_III" title="Hiroshige III">Hiroshige III</a> (1876)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan_(1870%E2%80%931999).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>Flag of Japan (1868–1999)</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact origin of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> is unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-webjapanen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webjapanen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the rising sun has carried symbolic meaning since the early 7th century. Japan is often referred to as "the land of the rising sun".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese archipelago is east of the Asian mainland, and is thus where the sun "rises". In 607, an official correspondence that began with "from the Emperor of the rising sun" was sent to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sun is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial family</a>, as legend states the imperial throne was descended from the sun goddess <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The religion, which is categorized as the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ko-Shint%C5%8D" title="Ko-Shintō">Ko-Shintō</a> religion of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>, includes <a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">nature worship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> has been worshiping the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>. The Imperial God, <a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu-ōmikami</a>, is the sun goddess. From the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> (300 BCE) to the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> (250 CE) (<a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato period</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Naik%C5%8D_Kamonky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Naikō Kamonkyō">Naikō Kamonkyō</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%A1%8C%E8%8A%B1%E6%96%87%E9%8F%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:内行花文鏡">ja</a>]</span>, a large bronze mirror with patterns like a flower-petal, was used as a celebration of the shape of the shining sun and there is a theory that one of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Japan" title="Imperial Regalia of Japan">Three Sacred Treasures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yata_no_Kagami" title="Yata no Kagami">Yata no Kagami</a>, is used like this mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Jimmu%27s_Eastern_Expedition" title="Jimmu's Eastern Expedition">Eastern expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a>'s brother Itsuse no Mikoto was killed in a battle against the local chieftain Nagasunehiko ("the long-legged man") in Naniwa (modern-day Osaka). <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a> realized, as a descendant of the sun, that he did not want to fight towards the sun (to the east), but to fight from the sun (to the west). The Emperor's clan therefore went to the east side of <a href="/wiki/Kii_Peninsula" title="Kii Peninsula">Kii Peninsula</a> to battle westward. They reached <a href="/wiki/Kumano,_Mie" title="Kumano, Mie">Kumano</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ise,_Mie" title="Ise, Mie">Ise</a>) and went towards Yamato. They were victorious at the second battle with Nagasunehiko and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Kinki_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinki region">Kinki region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of the sun-shaped flag was thought to have taken place since the emperor's direct imperial rule (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">親政</span></span>) was established after the <a href="/wiki/Isshi_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Isshi Incident">Isshi Incident</a> in 645 (first year of the <a href="/wiki/Taika_(era)" title="Taika (era)">Taika</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese history text <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a></i></span>, completed in 797, has the first recorded use of the sun-motif flag by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Monmu" title="Emperor Monmu">Emperor Monmu</a>'s <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chōga</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">朝賀</span></span>, 'new year's greetings ceremony')</span> in 701 (the first year of the <a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_(era)" title="Taihō (era)">Taihō era</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-toyokeizai_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toyokeizai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UdC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UdC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the decoration of the ceremony hall on New Year's Day the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nissho</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日像</span></span>, 'the flag with the golden sun')</span> was raised.<sup id="cite_ref-toyokeizai_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toyokeizai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UdC_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UdC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One prominent theory is influenced by the results of the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a> (1180–1185).<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, the Nishiki flag<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">錦の御旗</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nishiki no mihata</i></span>)</span>, a symbol of the Imperial Court, had a golden sun circle and a silver moon circle on a red background.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the Heian era, the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira clan</a> called themselves a government army and used the red flag with a gold circle<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">赤地金丸</span></span>)</span> as per the Imperial Court.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Genji (<a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto clan</a>) were in opposition so they used a white flag with a red circle<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">白地赤丸</span></span>)</span> when they fought the Genpei War (1180–1185).<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Taira clan was defeated, the samurai government<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">幕府</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a></i></span>)</span> was formed by the Genji.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warlords who came after such as <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a> realized they were successors of Genji, and so raised the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> flag in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 12th-century work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike" title="The Tale of the Heike">The Tale of the Heike</a></i>, it was written that different <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> carried drawings of the sun on their fans.<sup id="cite_ref-Itoh_205_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itoh_205-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One legend related to the national flag is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>. Supposedly, during a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a> invasion of Japan, Nichiren gave a sun banner to the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i></span> to carry into battle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino" title="Battle of Nagashino">Battle of Nagashino</a> (28 June 1575), Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu's allied forces fought <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori" title="Takeda Katsuyori">Takeda Katsuyori</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Nobunaga and Ieyasu had their own flags with family crests, but they also held the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Takeda clan side also raised the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was used as a national symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Japan's oldest flags is housed at the Unpo-ji temple in <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB,_Yamanashi" title="Kōshū, Yamanashi">Kōshū</a> city, <a href="/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture" title="Yamanashi Prefecture">Yamanashi Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legend states it was given by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Reizei" title="Emperor Go-Reizei">Emperor Go-Reizei</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshimitsu" title="Minamoto no Yoshimitsu">Minamoto no Yoshimitsu</a> and has been treated as a family treasure by the <a href="/wiki/Takeda_clan" title="Takeda clan">Takeda clan</a> for the past 1,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-nishi_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is at least older than 16th century. </p><p>In the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">unification period</a>, each <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i></span> had flags that were used primarily in battle. Most of the flags were long banners usually charged with the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mon_(badge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon (badge)">mon</a></i></span> (family crest) of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">daimyō</i></span> lord. Members of the same family would have had different flags to carry into battle. The flags served as identification and were displayed by soldiers on their backs and horses. Generals also had their own flags, most of which differed from soldiers' flags due to their square shape.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1854, during the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, Japanese ships were ordered to hoist the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> to distinguish themselves from foreign ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Itoh_205_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itoh_205-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before then, different types of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> flags were used on vessels that were trading with the U.S. and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-webjapanen_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webjapanen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was decreed the merchant flag of Japan in 1870 and was the legal national flag from 1870 to 1885, making it the first national flag Japan adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the idea of national symbols was strange to the Japanese, the Meiji Government needed them to communicate with the outside world. This became especially important after the landing of U.S. Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew Perry</a> in Yokohama Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further Meiji Government implementations gave more identifications to Japan, including the anthem <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span> and the imperial seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohnuki-Tierney_68–69_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohnuki-Tierney_68–69-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1885, all previous laws not published in the Official Gazette of Japan were abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this ruling by the new cabinet of Japan, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was the <i>de facto</i> national flag since no law was in place after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-defacto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defacto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_conflicts_and_the_Pacific_War">Early conflicts and the Pacific War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early conflicts and the Pacific War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1939_Family_photo_from_Nagano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A family gathers around a young boy in a military uniform, surrounded by banners and flags. Some of the children also hold flags." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1939_Family_photo_from_Nagano.jpg/220px-1939_Family_photo_from_Nagano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1939_Family_photo_from_Nagano.jpg/330px-1939_Family_photo_from_Nagano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1939_Family_photo_from_Nagano.jpg/440px-1939_Family_photo_from_Nagano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3414" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption>1930s photo of a military enrollment. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> displayed on a house and held by several children.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchuguo_Poster.harmony_of_J,C_and_Mpeople.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three children holding flags in front of a building and a rising sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Manchuguo_Poster.harmony_of_J%2CC_and_Mpeople.jpg/170px-Manchuguo_Poster.harmony_of_J%2CC_and_Mpeople.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Manchuguo_Poster.harmony_of_J%2CC_and_Mpeople.jpg/255px-Manchuguo_Poster.harmony_of_J%2CC_and_Mpeople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Manchuguo_Poster.harmony_of_J%2CC_and_Mpeople.jpg/340px-Manchuguo_Poster.harmony_of_J%2CC_and_Mpeople.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> poster promoting harmony among <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a>. The caption in Chinese (read right to left) reads "With the cooperation of Japan, China, and Manchukuo, the world can be in peace".</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the national flag grew as Japan sought to develop an empire, and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was present at celebrations after victories in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese Wars</a>. The flag was also used in war efforts throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Befu_92–95_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Befu_92–95-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Japanese propaganda film in 1934 portrayed foreign national flags as incomplete or defective with their designs, whilst portraying the Japanese flag as perfect in all forms.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, a group of girls from <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima Prefecture</a> showed solidarity with Japanese soldiers fighting in China during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, by eating "flag meals" that consisted of an <a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">umeboshi</a> in the middle of a bed of rice. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru <a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">bento</a></i></span> became the main symbol of Japan's war mobilization and solidarity with its soldiers until the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan's early victories in the Sino-Japanese War resulted in the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> again being used for celebrations. It was seen in the hands of every Japanese during parades.<sup id="cite_ref-Befu_92–95_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Befu_92–95-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Textbooks during this period also had the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> printed with various slogans expressing devotion to the Emperor and the country. Patriotism was taught as a virtue to Japanese children. Expressions of patriotism, such as displaying the flag or worshiping the Emperor daily, were all part of being a "good Japanese".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flag was a tool of Japanese imperialism in the occupied Southeast Asian areas during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>: people had to use the flag,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and schoolchildren sang <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span> in morning flag raising ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local flags were allowed for some areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a> which was part of the Empire of Japan, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and other symbols were used to declare that the Koreans were subjects of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Pacific War, Americans coined the derogatory term "meatballs" for the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and Japanese <a href="/wiki/Military_aircraft_insignia" title="Military aircraft insignia">military aircraft insignia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the Japanese, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was the "Rising Sun flag that would light the darkness of the entire world".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Westerners, it was one of the Japanese military's most powerful symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._occupation">U.S. occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_Southern_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men in military dress watch a flag being lowered." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_Southern_Korea.jpg/136px-Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_Southern_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_Southern_Korea.jpg/204px-Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_Southern_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_Southern_Korea.jpg/272px-Surrender_of_Japanese_Forces_in_Southern_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Japanese civil and naval ensign during Allied occupation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/136px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/204px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg/272px-Flag_of_Allied_Occupied_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i><b>Left:</b></i> The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> is lowered in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul, Korea</a>, on 9 September 1945, the day of the surrender. <br /><br /><i><b>Right:</b></i> The civil and naval ensign of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupied Japan</a>. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> simultaneously remained in <i>de facto</i> use.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> flag of Japan throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the occupation period.<sup id="cite_ref-defacto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defacto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a> after World War II, permission from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers</a> (SCAPJ) was needed to fly the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-flag45_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag45-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources differ on the degree to which the use of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> flag was restricted; some use the term "banned;"<sup id="cite_ref-Wesiman_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesiman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-banned_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banned-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, while the original restrictions were severe, they did not amount to an outright ban.<sup id="cite_ref-defacto_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defacto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a> was used by Japanese civil ships of the United States Naval Shipping Control Authority for Japanese Merchant Marines.<sup id="cite_ref-scajape_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scajape-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modified from the "E" <a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">signal code</a>, the ensign was used from September 1945 until the U.S. occupation of Japan ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. ships operating in Japanese waters used a modified "O" signal flag as their ensign.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 May 1947, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> lifted the restrictions on displaying the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Building" title="National Diet Building">National Diet Building</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_Palace" title="Tokyo Imperial Palace">Imperial Palace</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Kantei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantei">Prime Minister's residence</a>, and on the Supreme Court building with the ratification of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47letter_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47letter-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those restrictions were further relaxed in 1948, when people were allowed to fly the flag on national holidays. In January 1949, the restrictions were abolished and anyone could fly the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> at any time without permission. As a result, schools and homes were encouraged to fly the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> until the early 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-flag45_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag45-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_to_1999">Postwar to 1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar to 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_joins_the_United_Nations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of men and women watching a flag being raised." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Japan_joins_the_United_Nations.jpg/170px-Japan_joins_the_United_Nations.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Japan_joins_the_United_Nations.jpg/255px-Japan_joins_the_United_Nations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Japan_joins_the_United_Nations.jpg/340px-Japan_joins_the_United_Nations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> being raised at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>Since World War II, Japan's flag has been criticized for its association with the country's <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militaristic</a> past. Similar objections have also been raised to the current national anthem of Japan, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feelings about the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span> represented a general shift from a patriotic feeling about <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dai Nippon</i></span> (Great Japan) to the pacifist and anti-militarist <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nihon</i></span>. Because of this ideological shift, the flag was used less often in Japan directly after the war even though restrictions were lifted by the SCAPJ in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Japan began to re-establish itself diplomatically, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was used as a political weapon overseas. In a visit by <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Djun" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Kōjun">Empress Kōjun</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was burned by Dutch citizens who demanded that he either be sent home to Japan or tried for the deaths of Dutch <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> during the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestically, the flag was not even used in protests against a new <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a> being negotiated between the U.S. and Japan. The most common flag used by the trade unions and other protesters was the <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a> of revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An issue with the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and national anthem was raised once again when Tokyo hosted the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympic Games</a>. Before the Olympic Games, the size of the sun disc of the national flag was changed partly because the sun disc was not considered striking when it was being flown with other national flags.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tadamasa Fukiura, a color specialist, chose to set the sun disc at two-thirds of the flag's length. Fukiura also chose the flag colors for the 1964 games as well as for the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a> in Nagano.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the death of Emperor Hirohito once again raised moral issues about the national flag. Conservatives felt that if the flag could be used during the ceremonies without reopening old wounds, they might have a chance to propose that the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> become the national flag without being challenged about its meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Borneman_112_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borneman_112-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an official six-day mourning period, flags were flown at half staff or draped in black bunting all across Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite reports of protesters vandalizing the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> on the day of the Emperor's funeral,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> schools' right to fly the Japanese flag at <a href="/wiki/Half-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-staff">half-staff</a> without reservations brought success to the conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Borneman_112_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borneman_112-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1999">Since 1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page with Asian characters and a black-and-white version of the Japanese flag left above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B.jpg/170px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B.jpg/255px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B.jpg/340px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%8C%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem</i> as it appears in the Official Gazette on 13 August 1999</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Act_on_National_Flag_and_Anthem_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act on National Flag and Anthem (Japan)">Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem</a></i> was passed in 1999, choosing both the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span> as Japan's national symbols. The passage of the law stemmed from the suicide of the principal of <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E7%9C%8C%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%BE%85%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:広島県立世羅高等学校">Sera High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sera,_Hiroshima" title="Sera, Hiroshima">Sera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_Prefecture" title="Hiroshima Prefecture">Hiroshima</a>, Toshihiro Ishikawa, who could not resolve a dispute between his school board and his teachers over the use of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act is one of the most controversial laws passed by the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a> since the 1992 "Law Concerning Cooperation for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and Other Operations", also known as the "International Peace Cooperation Law".<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi" title="Keizō Obuchi">Keizō Obuchi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> (LDP) decided to draft legislation to make the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span> official symbols of Japan in 2000. His <a href="/wiki/Chief_Cabinet_Secretary" title="Chief Cabinet Secretary">Chief Cabinet Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiromu_Nonaka" title="Hiromu Nonaka">Hiromu Nonaka</a>, wanted the legislation to be completed by the 10th anniversary of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthronement of the Japanese Emperor">enthronement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Itoh_2003_209–210_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itoh_2003_209–210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not the first time legislation was considered for establishing both symbols as official. In 1974, with the backdrop of the 1972 return of Okinawa to Japan and the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kakuei_Tanaka" title="Kakuei Tanaka">Kakuei Tanaka</a> hinted at a law being passed enshrining both symbols in the law of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman82-83_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman82-83-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to instructing the schools to teach and play <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span>, Tanaka wanted students to raise the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> flag in a ceremony every morning, and to adopt a moral curriculum based on certain elements of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a> pronounced by the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Emperor">Meiji Emperor</a> in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanaka was unsuccessful in passing the law through the Diet that year.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main supporters of the bill were the LDP and the <a href="/wiki/Komeito" title="Komeito">Komeito</a> (CGP), while the opposition included the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party</a> (SDPJ) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> (JCP), who cited the connotations both symbols had with the war era. The CPJ was further opposed for not allowing the issue to be decided by the public. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Japan" title="Democratic Party of Japan">Democratic Party of Japan</a> (DPJ) could not develop party consensus on it. DPJ President and future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Naoto_Kan" title="Naoto Kan">Naoto Kan</a> stated that the DPJ must support the bill because the party already recognized both symbols as the symbols of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deputy Secretary General and future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Hatoyama" title="Yukio Hatoyama">Yukio Hatoyama</a> thought that this bill would cause further divisions among society and the public schools. Hatoyama voted for the bill while Kan voted against it.<sup id="cite_ref-Itoh_2003_209–210_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itoh_2003_209–210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the vote, there were calls for the bills to be separated at the Diet. <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a> professor Norihiro Kato stated that <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span> is a separate issue more complex than the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> flag.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to designate only the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> as the national flag by the DPJ and other parties during the vote of the bill were rejected by the Diet.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Representatives passed the bill on 22 July 1999, by a 403 to 86 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation was sent to the House of Councilors on 28 July and was passed on 9 August. It was enacted into law on 13 August.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 August 2009, a photograph was taken at a DPJ rally for the <a href="/wiki/2009_Japanese_general_election" title="2009 Japanese general election">House of Representatives election</a> showing a banner that was hanging from a ceiling. The banner was made of two <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> flags cut and sewn together to form the shape of the DPJ logo. This infuriated the LDP and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Tarō Asō</a>, saying this act was unforgivable. In response, DPJ President Yukio Hatoyama (who voted for the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem)<sup id="cite_ref-Itoh_2003_209–210_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itoh_2003_209–210-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that the banner was not the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and should not be regarded as such.<sup id="cite_ref-dpjrally_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpjrally-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flag_design">Flag design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flag design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Japan.jpg/170px-Flag_of_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Japan.jpg/255px-Flag_of_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Japan.jpg/340px-Flag_of_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Japan flying</figcaption></figure> <p>Passed in 1870, the Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 57 had two provisions related to the national flag. The first provision specified who flew the flag and how it was flown; the second specified how the flag was made.<sup id="cite_ref-webjapanen_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webjapanen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio was seven units width and ten units length (7:10). The red disc, which represents the sun, was calculated to be three-fifths of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag terminology">hoist width</a>. The law decreed the disc to be in the center, but it was usually placed one-hundredth (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100</span></span>) towards the hoist.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This makes the disc appear centered when the flag is flying; this technique is used in other flags, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palau" title="Flag of Palau">Palau</a>.) On 3 October of the same year, regulations about the design of the merchant ensign and other naval flags were passed.<sup id="cite_ref-reg651_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg651-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the merchant flag, the ratio was two units width and three units length (2:3). The size of the disc remained the same, but the sun disc was placed one-twentieth (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">20</span></span>) towards the hoist.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_sheet_of_the_Japanese_flag_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The flag has a ratio of two by three. The diameter of the sun is three-fifths of the height of the flag. The sun is placed directly in the center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Construction_sheet_of_the_Japanese_flag_EN.svg/220px-Construction_sheet_of_the_Japanese_flag_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Construction_sheet_of_the_Japanese_flag_EN.svg/330px-Construction_sheet_of_the_Japanese_flag_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Construction_sheet_of_the_Japanese_flag_EN.svg/440px-Construction_sheet_of_the_Japanese_flag_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Construction sheet</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <i><a href="/wiki/Act_on_National_Flag_and_Anthem_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act on National Flag and Anthem (Japan)">Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem</a></i> passed, the dimensions of the flag were slightly altered.<sup id="cite_ref-law_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall ratio of the flag was changed to two units width by three units length (2:3). The red disc was shifted towards the center, but the overall size of the disc stayed the same.<sup id="cite_ref-sfcon_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfcon-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The background of the flag is white and the center is a red circle<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紅色</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">beni iro</i></span>)</span>, but the exact color shades were not defined in the 1999 law.<sup id="cite_ref-law_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only hint given about the red colour is that it is a "deep" shade.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Issued by the Japan Defense Agency (now the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Defense (Japan)">Ministry of Defense</a>) in 1973 (<a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa</a> 48), specifications list the red color of the flag as 5R 4/12 and the white as N9 in the <a href="/wiki/Munsell_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Munsell color">Munsell color</a> chart.<sup id="cite_ref-z8701_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z8701-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document was changed on 21 March 2008 (<a href="/wiki/Heisei" class="mw-redirect" title="Heisei">Heisei</a> 20) to match the flag's construction with current legislation and updated the Munsell colours. The document lists <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> as fibers that could be used in construction of flags used by the military. For acrylic, the red color is 5.7R 3.7/15.5 and white is N9.4; nylon has 6.2R 4/15.2 for red and N9.2 for white.<sup id="cite_ref-z8701_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z8701-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a document issued by the <a href="/wiki/Official_Development_Assistance_(Japan)" title="Official Development Assistance (Japan)">Official Development Assistance</a> (ODA), the red color for the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and the ODA logo is listed as <a href="/wiki/Dainippon_Ink_%26_Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dainippon Ink & Chemicals">DIC</a> 156 and <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a> 0-100-90-0.<sup id="cite_ref-odamark_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odamark-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During deliberations about the <i>Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem</i>, there was a suggestion to either use a bright red<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">赤色</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">aka iro</i></span>)</span> shade or use one from the color pool of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Industrial_Standards" title="Japanese Industrial Standards">Japanese Industrial Standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour_chart">Colour chart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colour chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Official colour (white) </th> <th>Official colour (red) </th> <th>Colour system </th> <th>Source </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:black;"> </span> N9<sup id="cite_ref-feel_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feel-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b0000f; color:white;"> </span> 5R 4/12<sup id="cite_ref-feel_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feel-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Munsell </td> <td>DSP Z 8701C<sup id="cite_ref-z8701_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z8701-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>N/A </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EE0000; color:black;"> </span> 156<sup id="cite_ref-DIC_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIC-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>DIC </td> <td>ODA Symbol Mark Guidelines<sup id="cite_ref-odamark_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odamark-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1995 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_customs">Use and customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use and customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Metro_national_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Osaka_Metro_national_flag.jpg/220px-Osaka_Metro_national_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Osaka_Metro_national_flag.jpg/330px-Osaka_Metro_national_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Osaka_Metro_national_flag.jpg/440px-Osaka_Metro_national_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>An example of the flag being displayed on national holidays on the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metro" title="Osaka Metro">Osaka Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was first introduced, the government required citizens to greet the Emperor with the flag. There was some resentment among the Japanese over the flag,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (August 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> resulting in some protests. It took some time for the flag to gain acceptance among the people.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohnuki-Tierney_68–69_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohnuki-Tierney_68–69-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before World War II, all homes were required to display <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> on national holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-defacto_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defacto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the war, the display of the flag of Japan is mostly limited to buildings attached to national and local governments such as city halls; it is rarely seen at private homes or commercial buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-defacto_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defacto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some people and companies have advocated displaying the flag on holidays. Although the government of Japan encourages citizens and residents to fly the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> during national holidays, they are not legally required to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Birthday" title="The Emperor's Birthday">the Emperor's 80th birthday</a> on 23 December 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Railway_Company" title="Kyushu Railway Company">Kyushu Railway Company</a> has displayed the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> at 330 stations.<sup id="cite_ref-47news_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47news-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1995, the ODA has used the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> motif in their official logo. The design itself was not created by the government (the logo was chosen from 5,000 designs submitted by the public) but the government was trying to increase the visualization of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> through their aid packages and development programs. According to the ODA, the use of the flag is the most effective way to symbolise aid provided by the Japanese people.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinomaru_Yosegaki"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru Yosegaki</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hinomaru Yosegaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Good_Luck_Flag" title="Good Luck Flag">Good Luck Flag</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signed_Hinomaru_flag_of_Eihachi_Yamaguchi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Signed_Hinomaru_flag_of_Eihachi_Yamaguchi.JPG/220px-Signed_Hinomaru_flag_of_Eihachi_Yamaguchi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Signed_Hinomaru_flag_of_Eihachi_Yamaguchi.JPG/330px-Signed_Hinomaru_flag_of_Eihachi_Yamaguchi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Signed_Hinomaru_flag_of_Eihachi_Yamaguchi.JPG/440px-Signed_Hinomaru_flag_of_Eihachi_Yamaguchi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Good_Luck_Flag" title="Good Luck Flag">Hinomaru Yosegaki</a></i></span> from World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, it was a popular custom for friends, classmates, and relatives of a deploying soldier to sign a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and present it to him. The flag was also used as a good luck charm and a prayer to wish the soldier back safely from battle. One term for this kind of charm is <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Good_Luck_Flag" title="Good Luck Flag">Hinomaru Yosegaki</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日の丸寄せ書き</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-yosegaki_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yosegaki-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tradition is that no writing should touch the sun disc.<sup id="cite_ref-smith75_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith75-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After battles, these flags were often captured or later found on deceased Japanese soldiers. Some of these flags have become souvenirs,<sup id="cite_ref-smith75_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith75-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some have been returned to Japan and the descendants of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru Yosegaki</i></span> is still being used. The tradition of signing the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> as a good luck charm still continues, though in a limited fashion. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru Yosegaki</i></span> is shown at sporting events to give support to the Japanese national team.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yosegaki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寄せ書き</span></span>, group effort flag)</span> is used for campaigning soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-siryoukan_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siryoukan-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> athletes, retirees, transfer students in a community and for friends. The colored paper and flag has writing with a message. In modern Japan, it is given as a present to a person at a send-off party, for athletes, a farewell party for colleagues or transfer students, for graduation and retirement. After natural disasters such as the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and tsunami</a> people write notes on a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru Yosegaki</i></span> to show support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hachimaki"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hachimaki</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hachimaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobayashi_Takeru_competitive_eater_with_hachimaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kobayashi_Takeru_competitive_eater_with_hachimaki.jpg/220px-Kobayashi_Takeru_competitive_eater_with_hachimaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kobayashi_Takeru_competitive_eater_with_hachimaki.jpg/330px-Kobayashi_Takeru_competitive_eater_with_hachimaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kobayashi_Takeru_competitive_eater_with_hachimaki.jpg/440px-Kobayashi_Takeru_competitive_eater_with_hachimaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Takeru_Kobayashi" title="Takeru Kobayashi">Takeru Kobayashi</a> wears a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">hachimaki</a></i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">hachimaki</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鉢巻</span></span>, 'helmet-scarf')</span> is a white <a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">headband</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bandana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandana">bandana</a>) with the red sun in the middle. Phrases are usually written on it. It is worn as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">perseverance</a>, effort, and/or <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a> by the wearer. These are worn on many occasions by for example sports spectators, women giving birth, students in <a href="/wiki/Juku" title="Juku">cram school</a>, office workers,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tradesmen taking pride in their work etc. During World War II, the phrases "Certain Victory"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">必勝</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hisshō</i></span>)</span> or "Seven Lives" was written on the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hachimaki</i></span> and worn by <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> pilots. This denoted that the pilot was willing to die for his country.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinomaru_bentō"><span id="Hinomaru_bent.C5.8D"></span><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru bentō</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinomaru bentō"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinomaru_bento_20141027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hinomaru_bento_20141027.jpg/180px-Hinomaru_bento_20141027.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hinomaru_bento_20141027.jpg/270px-Hinomaru_bento_20141027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hinomaru_bento_20141027.jpg/360px-Hinomaru_bento_20141027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru bentō</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bent%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentō">Bentō</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Makunouchi" title="Makunouchi">makunouchi</a></i></span> are types of Japanese lunch boxes, which can feature <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> rice<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日の丸ご飯</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru gohan</i></span>)</span>. The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru bentō</i></span> consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes#Rice_dishes_(ご飯物)" title="List of Japanese dishes"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gohan</i></span></a> (steamed white rice) with a red <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">umeboshi</a></i></span> (dried <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>) in the center which represents the sun and the flag of Japan. A <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> lunch box<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日の丸弁当</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru bentō</i></span>)</span> only has white rice and a red <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">umeboshi</i></span> in the center. The salty, vinegar-soaked <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">umeboshi</i></span> acts as a preservative for the rice. There are also <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> rice bowls, which are less common.<sup id="cite_ref-hinomaru-bento_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinomaru-bento-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_perception">Culture and perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture and perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visit_of_the_General_Public_to_the_Imperial_Palace_after_the_Accession_to_the_Throne_(49618033816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of people wave Japanese flags at the Imperial Palace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Visit_of_the_General_Public_to_the_Imperial_Palace_after_the_Accession_to_the_Throne_%2849618033816%29.jpg/220px-Visit_of_the_General_Public_to_the_Imperial_Palace_after_the_Accession_to_the_Throne_%2849618033816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Visit_of_the_General_Public_to_the_Imperial_Palace_after_the_Accession_to_the_Throne_%2849618033816%29.jpg/330px-Visit_of_the_General_Public_to_the_Imperial_Palace_after_the_Accession_to_the_Throne_%2849618033816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Visit_of_the_General_Public_to_the_Imperial_Palace_after_the_Accession_to_the_Throne_%2849618033816%29.jpg/440px-Visit_of_the_General_Public_to_the_Imperial_Palace_after_the_Accession_to_the_Throne_%2849618033816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A flag-waving crowd greet the Imperial Family after <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Naruhito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Naruhito">Emperor Naruhito</a>'s ascension to the throne at the Imperial Palace, 4 May 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to polls conducted by mainstream media, most Japanese people had perceived the flag of Japan as the national flag even before the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Act_on_National_Flag_and_Anthem_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act on National Flag and Anthem (Japan)">Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem</a></i> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-asahi990718_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asahi990718-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, controversies surrounding the use of the flag in school events or media still remain. For example, liberal newspapers such as the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a></i></span> often feature articles critical of the flag of Japan, reflecting their readerships' political spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-hbf-ishikawa_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbf-ishikawa-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To other Japanese, the flag represents the time where democracy was suppressed when <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan was an empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The display of the national flag at homes and businesses is also debated in Japanese society. Because of its association with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">uyoku dantai</a></i></span> (right wing) activists, <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary politics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a>, most homes and businesses do not fly the flag.<sup id="cite_ref-defacto_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defacto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no requirement to fly the flag on any national holiday or special events. The town of <a href="/wiki/Kanazawa,_Ishikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanazawa, Ishikawa">Kanazawa, Ishikawa</a> proposed plans in September 2012 to use government funds to buy flags with the purpose of encouraging citizens to fly the flag on national holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negative perceptions of the national flag exist in former colonies of Japan as well as within Japan itself, such as in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>. In one notable example of this, on 26 October 1987, an Okinawan supermarket owner <a href="/wiki/Flag_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag burning">burned</a> the flag before the start of the <a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Festival_of_Japan" title="National Sports Festival of Japan">National Sports Festival of Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wundunn1995_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wundunn1995-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag burner, Shōichi Chibana, burned the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> not only to show opposition to atrocities committed by the Japanese army and the continued presence of U.S. forces but also to prevent it from being displayed in public.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other incidents in Okinawa included the flag being torn down during school ceremonies and students refusing to honor the flag as it was being raised to the sounds of <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Befu_92–95_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Befu_92–95-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Naha,_Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha, Okinawa">Naha, Okinawa</a>, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was raised for the first time since the return of Okinawa to Japan to celebrate the city's 80th anniversary in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a>, both of which had been occupied by the Empire of Japan, the 1999 formal adoption of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> was met with reactions of Japan moving towards the right and also a step towards re-militarization. The passage of the 1999 law also coincided with the debates about the status of the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a>, U.S.-Japan military cooperation, and the creation of a missile defense program. In other nations that Japan occupied, the 1999 law was met with mixed reactions or glossed over. In Singapore, the older generation still harbors ill feelings toward the flag while the younger generation does not hold similar views. The Philippine government not only believed that Japan was not going to revert to militarism, but the goal of the 1999 law was to formally establish two symbols (the flag and anthem) in law and every state has a right to create national symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan has no law criminalizing the burning of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span>, whereas foreign flags cannot be burned in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_mourning_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of a white flag with a black ring. A black ribbon and ball appear above the flag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Japan_mourning_flag.svg/220px-Japan_mourning_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Japan_mourning_flag.svg/330px-Japan_mourning_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Japan_mourning_flag.svg/440px-Japan_mourning_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Diagram published with <i>Regulation 1 from 1912 (Raising Mourning Flag for the Emperor)</i></figcaption></figure> <p>According to protocol, the flag may fly from sunrise until sunset; businesses and schools are permitted to fly the flag from opening to closing. When flying the flags of Japan and another country at the same time in Japan, the Japanese flag takes the position of honor and the flag of the guest country flies to its right. Both flags must be at the same height and of equal size. When more than one foreign flag is displayed, Japan's flag is arranged in the alphabetical order prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the flag becomes unsuitable to use, it is customarily burned in private. The <i>Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem</i> does not specify on how the flag should be used, but different prefectures came up with their own regulations to use the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and other prefectural flags.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mourning">Mourning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mourning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> flag has at least two mourning styles. One is to display the flag at <a href="/wiki/Half-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-staff">half-staff</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">半旗</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">han-ki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, as is common in many countries. The offices of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> also hoist the flag at half-staff when a funeral is performed for a foreign nation's head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-mofa-half_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofa-half-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative mourning style is to wrap the spherical <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> with black cloth and place a black ribbon, known as a mourning flag<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%94%E6%97%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弔旗 (page does not exist)">弔旗</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%94%E6%97%97" class="extiw" title="ja:弔旗">ja</a>]</sup></span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">chō-ki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, above the flag. This style dates back to the death of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> on 30 July 1912, and the Cabinet issued an ordinance stipulating that the national flag should be raised in mourning when the Emperor dies.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cabinet has the authority to announce the half-staffing of the national flag.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_schools">Public schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graduation_day_stage_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of people facing a man and woman on a stage. Two flags are above the stage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Graduation_day_stage_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Graduation_day_stage_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Graduation_day_stage_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Graduation_day_stage_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Graduation_day_stage_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Graduation_day_stage_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>A graduation ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaido Prefecture">Hokkaido Prefecture</a> with both the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and the flag of Hokkaido Prefecture. The school's own flag is on a staff to the speakers' right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the end of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)">Ministry of Education</a> has issued statements and regulations to promote the usage of both the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></i></span> (national anthem) at schools under their jurisdiction. The first of these statements was released in 1950, stating that it was desirable, but not required, to use both symbols. This desire was later expanded to include both symbols on national holidays and during ceremonial events to encourage students on what national holidays are and to promote defense education.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1989 reform of the education guidelines, the LDP-controlled government first demanded that the flag must be used in school ceremonies and that proper respect must be given to it and to <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punishments for school officials who did not follow this order were also enacted with the 1989 reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1999 <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_guideline" class="mw-redirect" title="Curriculum guideline">curriculum guideline</a> issued by the Ministry of Education after the passage of the <i>Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem</i> decrees that "on entrance and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Japan and instruct students to sing the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span>, given the significance of the flag and the song."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the ministry's commentary on the 1999 curriculum guideline for elementary schools note that "given the advance of internationalization, along with fostering patriotism and awareness of being Japanese, it is important to nurture school children's respectful attitude toward the flag of Japan and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span> as they grow up to be respected Japanese citizens in an internationalized society."<sup id="cite_ref-mext2_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mext2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ministry also stated that if Japanese students cannot respect their own symbols, then they will not be able to respect the symbols of other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Schools</a> have been the center of controversy over both the anthem and the national flag.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesiman_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesiman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tokyo Board of Education requires the use of both the anthem and flag at events under their jurisdiction. The order requires school teachers to respect both symbols or risk losing their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian060605_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian060605-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have protested that such rules violate the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>, but the Board has argued that since schools are government agencies, their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to be good Japanese citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sign of protest, schools refused to display the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> at school graduations and some parents ripped down the flag.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesiman_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesiman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachers have unsuccessfully brought criminal complaints against Tokyo Governor <a href="/wiki/Shintar%C5%8D_Ishihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintarō Ishihara">Shintarō Ishihara</a> and senior officials for ordering teachers to honor the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kimigayo</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ishihara_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ishihara-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After earlier opposition, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Teachers_Union" title="Japan Teachers Union">Japan Teachers Union</a> accepts the use of both the flag and anthem; the smaller All Japan Teachers and Staffs Union still opposes both symbols and their use inside the school system.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_flags">Related flags</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_flags" title="List of Japanese flags">List of Japanese flags</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_flags">Military flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Illustration_of_the_Siberian_War,_No._9,_The_Japanese_army_occupied_Habalofsk_(LOC_ppmsca.08212).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Illustration_of_the_Siberian_War%2C_No._9%2C_The_Japanese_army_occupied_Habalofsk_%28LOC_ppmsca.08212%29.jpg/220px-The_Illustration_of_the_Siberian_War%2C_No._9%2C_The_Japanese_army_occupied_Habalofsk_%28LOC_ppmsca.08212%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Illustration_of_the_Siberian_War%2C_No._9%2C_The_Japanese_army_occupied_Habalofsk_%28LOC_ppmsca.08212%29.jpg/330px-The_Illustration_of_the_Siberian_War%2C_No._9%2C_The_Japanese_army_occupied_Habalofsk_%28LOC_ppmsca.08212%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Illustration_of_the_Siberian_War%2C_No._9%2C_The_Japanese_army_occupied_Habalofsk_%28LOC_ppmsca.08212%29.jpg/440px-The_Illustration_of_the_Siberian_War%2C_No._9%2C_The_Japanese_army_occupied_Habalofsk_%28LOC_ppmsca.08212%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6624" data-file-height="4814" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the Japanese army occupying <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>, 1920. Both <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and the Rising Sun Flag (in background) are depicted.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> (JSDF) and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Japan Ground Self-Defense Force</a> use the Rising Sun Flag with eight red rays extending outward, called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hachijō-Kyokujitsuki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">八条旭日旗</span></span>)</span>. A gold border is situated partially around the edge.<sup id="cite_ref-law.e-gov_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.e-gov-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known variant of the sun disc design is the sun disc with 16 red rays in a <a href="/wiki/Siemens_star" title="Siemens star">Siemens star</a> formation, which was also historically used by Japan's military, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>. The ensign, known in Japanese as the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jyūrokujō-Kyokujitsuki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十六条旭日旗</span></span>)</span>, was first adopted as the <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a> on 15 May 1870, and was used until the end of World War II in 1945. It was re-adopted on 30 June 1954, and is now used as the war flag and naval ensign of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> (JMSDF).<sup id="cite_ref-law.e-gov_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law.e-gov-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">JSDF</a> Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Katsutoshi_Kawano" title="Katsutoshi Kawano">Katsutoshi Kawano</a> said the Rising Sun Flag is the Maritime Self-Defense Force sailors' "pride".<sup id="cite_ref-msdf-flag-pride_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdf-flag-pride-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its continued use by the Imperial Japanese Army, this flag carries the negative connotation similar to the Nazi flag in China and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua060811_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua060811-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These formerly colonised countries state that this flag is a symbol of Japanese imperialism during World War II, and was an ongoing conflict event for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The JMSDF also employs the use of a <a href="/wiki/Masthead_pennant" class="mw-redirect" title="Masthead pennant">masthead pennant</a>. First adopted in 1914 and readopted in 1965, the masthead pennant contains a simplified version of the naval ensign at the hoist end, with the rest of the pennant colored white. The ratio of the pennant is between 1:40 and 1:90.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japan Air Self-Defense Force</a> (JASDF), established independently in 1952, has only the plain sun disc as its emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the only branch of service with an emblem that does not invoke the rayed Imperial Standard. However, the branch does have an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a> to fly on bases and during parades. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force flag was first adopted in 1955 after the JASDF was created in 1954. The flag is cobalt blue with a gold winged eagle on top of a combined star, the moon, the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> sun disc and clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest version of the JASDF flag was re-adopted on 19 March 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2025)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although not an official national flag, the <a href="/wiki/Z_flag" title="Z flag">Z signal flag</a> played a major role in Japanese naval history. On 27 May 1905, Admiral <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Tōgō Heihachirō">Heihachirō Tōgō</a> of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa" title="Japanese battleship Mikasa">Mikasa</a></i></span> was preparing to engage the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Russian Baltic Fleet</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a> began, Togo raised the Z flag on the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Mikasa</i></span> and engaged the Russian fleet, winning the battle for Japan. The raising of the flag said to the crew the following: "The fate of Imperial Japan hangs on this one battle; all hands will exert themselves and do their best." The Z flag was also raised on the aircraft carrier <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></i></span> on the eve of Japan's attack on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, in December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional 8"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_(1868%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-WWII war flag of the Imperial Japanese Army (1868–1945) (十六条旭日旗)"><img alt="Pre-WWII war flag of the Imperial Japanese Army (1868–1945) (十六条旭日旗)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/180px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/270px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/360px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_001000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War flag"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/23px-FIAV_001000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/35px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/46px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Pre-WWII <a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">war flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (1868–1945) <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十六条旭日旗</span></span>)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-WWII flag of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1889–1945)"><img alt="Pre-WWII flag of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1889–1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/180px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/270px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/360px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000001.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/23px-FIAV_000001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/35px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/46px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Pre-WWII flag of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (1889–1945)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japan_Self-Defense_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post WWII flag of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (八条旭日旗)"><img alt="Post WWII flag of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (八条旭日旗)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Japan_Self-Defense_Forces.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Japan_Self-Defense_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Japan_Self-Defense_Forces.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Japan_Self-Defense_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_Japan_Self-Defense_Forces.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Japan_Self-Defense_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="914" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_001000.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War flag"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/23px-FIAV_001000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/35px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/46px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Post WWII flag of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Japan Ground Self-Defense Force</a> <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">八条旭日旗</span></span>)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post WWII flag of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (1954–present) (十六条旭日旗)"><img alt="Post WWII flag of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (1954–present) (十六条旭日旗)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/270px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/360px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000001.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="War ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/23px-FIAV_000001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/35px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/46px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Post WWII flag of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> (1954–present) <span style="font-weight: normal">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十六条旭日旗</span></span>)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post WWII flag of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF)"><img alt="Post WWII flag of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Post WWII flag of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Japan Air Self-Defense Force</a> (JASDF)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Japan_(1943).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-WWII roundel (military aircraft insignia) of Navy and Army military aircraft"><img alt="Pre-WWII roundel (military aircraft insignia) of Navy and Army military aircraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg/180px-Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg/270px-Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg/360px-Roundel_of_Japan_%281943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pre-WWII <a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">roundel</a> (military aircraft insignia) of Navy and Army military aircraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post WWII roundel of the JASDF"><img alt="Post WWII roundel of the JASDF" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Roundel_of_Japan.svg/180px-Roundel_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Roundel_of_Japan.svg/270px-Roundel_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Roundel_of_Japan.svg/360px-Roundel_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post WWII roundel of the JASDF</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_flags">Imperial flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Imperial flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A golden flower centered on a red background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Japanese_Emperor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> The standard of the Japanese Emperor</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1870, flags were created for the Japanese Emperor (then <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>), the Empress, and other members of the imperial family.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujitani_1996_48-49_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujitani_1996_48-49-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the Emperor's flag was ornate, with a sun resting in the center of an artistic pattern. He had flags that were used on land, at sea, and when he was in a carriage. The imperial family was also granted flags to be used at sea and while on land (one for use on foot and one carriage flag). The carriage flags were a monocolored <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a>, with 16 petals, placed in the center of a monocolored background.<sup id="cite_ref-reg651_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg651-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These flags were discarded in 1889 when the Emperor decided to use the chrysanthemum on a red background as his flag. With minor changes in the color shades and proportions, the flags adopted in 1889 are still in use by the imperial family.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current Emperor's flag is a 16-petal chrysanthemum<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">菊花紋</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kikkamon</i></span>)</span>, colored in gold, centered on a red background with a 2:3 ratio. The Empress uses the same flag, except the shape is that of a swallow tail. The crown prince and the crown princess use the same flags, except with a smaller chrysanthemum and a white border in the middle of the flags.<sup id="cite_ref-impja_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impja-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chrysanthemum has been associated with the Imperial throne since the rule of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> in the 12th century, but it did not become the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">symbol of the Imperial throne</a> until 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujitani_1996_48-49_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujitani_1996_48-49-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subnational_flags">Subnational flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subnational flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_flags_in_Okinawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three flags fly in the sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japanese_flags_in_Okinawa.jpg/220px-Japanese_flags_in_Okinawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japanese_flags_in_Okinawa.jpg/330px-Japanese_flags_in_Okinawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Japanese_flags_in_Okinawa.jpg/440px-Japanese_flags_in_Okinawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The national flag flying with the flags of <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urasoe,_Okinawa" title="Urasoe, Okinawa">Urasoe City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Each of the <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">47 prefectures</a> of Japan has its <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Japanese_prefectures" title="Flags of Japanese prefectures">own flag</a> which, like the national flag, consists of a symbol – called a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mon_(badge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon (badge)">mon</a></i></span> – charged upon a monocolored field (except for <a href="/wiki/Ehime_Prefecture" title="Ehime Prefecture">Ehime Prefecture</a>, where the background is bicolored).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several prefecture flags, such as <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>'s, that match their specifications to the national flag (2:3 ratio, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mon</i></span> placed in the center and is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">5</span></span> the length of the flag).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mon</i></span> display the name of the prefecture in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese characters</a>; others are stylized depictions of the location or another special feature of the prefecture. An example of a prefectural flag is that of <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano</a>, where the orange <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i></span> character <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">na</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ナ</span></span>)</span> appears in the center of a white disc. One interpretation of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mon</i></span> is that the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">na</i></span> symbol represents a mountain and the white disc, a lake. The orange color represents the sun while the white color represents the snow of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-naganogov_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naganogov-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">Municipalities</a> can also adopt flags of their own. The designs of the city flags are similar to the prefectural flags: a <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">mon</i></span> on a monocolored background. An example is the flag of <a href="/wiki/Amakusa,_Kumamoto" title="Amakusa, Kumamoto">Amakusa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture" title="Kumamoto Prefecture">Kumamoto Prefecture</a>: the city symbol is composed of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">katakana</i></span> character <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">a</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ア</span></span>)</span>✓and surrounded by waves.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This symbol is centered on a white flag, with a ratio of 2:3.<sup id="cite_ref-amakusaflag_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amakusaflag-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the city emblem and the flag were adopted in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-amakusaflag_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amakusaflag-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_postal_flag,_1872-1887.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_postal_flag%2C_1872-1887.svg/220px-Japanese_postal_flag%2C_1872-1887.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_postal_flag%2C_1872-1887.svg/330px-Japanese_postal_flag%2C_1872-1887.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Japanese_postal_flag%2C_1872-1887.svg/440px-Japanese_postal_flag%2C_1872-1887.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_historical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Design used in the past, but now abandoned"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/23px-FIAV_historical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/36px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/FIAV_historical.svg/46px-FIAV_historical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Former Japan Post flag (1872–1887)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Evenks.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Evenks.svg/220px-Flag_of_Evenks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Evenks.svg/330px-Flag_of_Evenks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Evenks.svg/440px-Flag_of_Evenks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the Association of <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a> composites the Flag of Japan and other elements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the flags used by the military, several other flag designs were inspired by the national flag. The former <a href="/wiki/Japan_Post" title="Japan Post">Japan Post</a> flag consisted of the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> with a red horizontal bar placed in the center of the flag. There was also a thin white ring around the red sun. It was later replaced by a flag that consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_postal_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan postal mark">〒 postal mark</a> in red on a white background.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two recently-designed national flags resemble the Japanese flag. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> gained independence from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">it adopted a national flag</a> that had a green background, charged with an off-centered red disc that contained a golden map of Bangladesh. The current flag, adopted in 1972, dropped the golden map and kept everything else. The Government of Bangladesh officially calls the red disc a circle;<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the red color symbolizes the blood that was shed to create their country.<sup id="cite_ref-bdembassy_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdembassy-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island nation of <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> uses a flag of similar design, but the color scheme is completely different. While the Government of Palau does not cite the Japanese flag as an influence on their national flag, Japan did administer Palau from 1914 until 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palau" title="Flag of Palau">flag of Palau</a> is an off-centered golden-yellow <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> on a sky blue background.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moon stands for peace and a young nation while the blue background represents Palau's transition to self-government from 1981 to 1994, when it achieved full independence.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese naval ensign also influenced other flag designs. One such flag design is used by the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i></span>. At the bottom hoist of the flag, one quarter of the sun is displayed. The <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> character <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:朝">朝</a></span></span> is displayed on the flag, colored white, covering most of the sun. The rays extend from the sun, occurring in a red and white alternating order, culminating in 13 total stripes.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag is commonly seen at the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_High_School_Baseball_Championship" title="Japanese High School Baseball Championship">National High School Baseball Championship</a>, as the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Asahi Shimbun</i></span> is a main sponsor of the tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rank flags and ensigns of the Imperial Japanese Navy also based their designs on the naval ensign.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional 8"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_flag_of_Japan_at_Meiji_Memorial_Picture_Gallery_20141030.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese flag at the Meiji Memorial"><img alt="Japanese flag at the Meiji Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_flag_of_Japan_at_Meiji_Memorial_Picture_Gallery_20141030.jpg/119px-National_flag_of_Japan_at_Meiji_Memorial_Picture_Gallery_20141030.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_flag_of_Japan_at_Meiji_Memorial_Picture_Gallery_20141030.jpg/179px-National_flag_of_Japan_at_Meiji_Memorial_Picture_Gallery_20141030.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/National_flag_of_Japan_at_Meiji_Memorial_Picture_Gallery_20141030.jpg/239px-National_flag_of_Japan_at_Meiji_Memorial_Picture_Gallery_20141030.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3015" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese flag at the Meiji Memorial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_President_Pence%27s_Trip_to_Asia_(39425260534).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces honor guards holding the national flag during Mike Pence's visit"><img alt="Japan Self-Defense Forces honor guards holding the national flag during Mike Pence's visit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vice_President_Pence%27s_Trip_to_Asia_%2839425260534%29.jpg/180px-Vice_President_Pence%27s_Trip_to_Asia_%2839425260534%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vice_President_Pence%27s_Trip_to_Asia_%2839425260534%29.jpg/270px-Vice_President_Pence%27s_Trip_to_Asia_%2839425260534%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vice_President_Pence%27s_Trip_to_Asia_%2839425260534%29.jpg/360px-Vice_President_Pence%27s_Trip_to_Asia_%2839425260534%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> honor guards holding the national flag during <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>'s visit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G7_flags,_Toronto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flags of Japan and other G7 states flying in Toronto"><img alt="Flags of Japan and other G7 states flying in Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/G7_flags%2C_Toronto.jpg/180px-G7_flags%2C_Toronto.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/G7_flags%2C_Toronto.jpg/270px-G7_flags%2C_Toronto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/G7_flags%2C_Toronto.jpg/360px-G7_flags%2C_Toronto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="2005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flags of Japan and other G7 states flying in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Undokai-schoolgates-may2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A series of Japanese flags in a school entrance"><img alt="A series of Japanese flags in a school entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Undokai-schoolgates-may2012.jpg/180px-Undokai-schoolgates-may2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Undokai-schoolgates-may2012.jpg/270px-Undokai-schoolgates-may2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Undokai-schoolgates-may2012.jpg/360px-Undokai-schoolgates-may2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A series of Japanese flags in a school entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokohama_harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yokohama City (left) and the Hinomaru (center) flying on Yokohama Harbor"><img alt="Yokohama City (left) and the Hinomaru (center) flying on Yokohama Harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yokohama_harbor.jpg/180px-Yokohama_harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yokohama_harbor.jpg/270px-Yokohama_harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yokohama_harbor.jpg/360px-Yokohama_harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yokohama City (left) and the <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> (center) flying on Yokohama Harbor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Tokyo_Fire_Department_Dezome_Ceremony_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Firefighters in Tokyo holding the Japanese national flag during a ceremony"><img alt="Firefighters in Tokyo holding the Japanese national flag during a ceremony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2013_Tokyo_Fire_Department_Dezome_Ceremony_01.JPG/180px-2013_Tokyo_Fire_Department_Dezome_Ceremony_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2013_Tokyo_Fire_Department_Dezome_Ceremony_01.JPG/270px-2013_Tokyo_Fire_Department_Dezome_Ceremony_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/2013_Tokyo_Fire_Department_Dezome_Ceremony_01.JPG/360px-2013_Tokyo_Fire_Department_Dezome_Ceremony_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firefighters in Tokyo holding the Japanese national flag during a ceremony</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hinomaru_estadio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large flags of Japan at the Tokyo Olympic Stadium during the final match of the East Asian Football Championship (14 February 2010)"><img alt="Large flags of Japan at the Tokyo Olympic Stadium during the final match of the East Asian Football Championship (14 February 2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hinomaru_estadio.jpg/180px-Hinomaru_estadio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hinomaru_estadio.jpg/270px-Hinomaru_estadio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hinomaru_estadio.jpg/360px-Hinomaru_estadio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large flags of Japan at the <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Tokyo)" title="National Stadium (Tokyo)">Tokyo Olympic Stadium</a> during the final match of the East Asian Football Championship (14 February 2010)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Totenko-Rooster_Crows_with_hinomaru_and_lady_by_Takeuchi_Keishu_1909_MET_DP143126.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Totenko-Rooster Crows with Hinomaru and lady, 1909"><img alt="Totenko-Rooster Crows with Hinomaru and lady, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Totenko-Rooster_Crows_with_hinomaru_and_lady_by_Takeuchi_Keishu_1909_MET_DP143126.jpg/131px-Totenko-Rooster_Crows_with_hinomaru_and_lady_by_Takeuchi_Keishu_1909_MET_DP143126.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Totenko-Rooster_Crows_with_hinomaru_and_lady_by_Takeuchi_Keishu_1909_MET_DP143126.jpg/196px-Totenko-Rooster_Crows_with_hinomaru_and_lady_by_Takeuchi_Keishu_1909_MET_DP143126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Totenko-Rooster_Crows_with_hinomaru_and_lady_by_Takeuchi_Keishu_1909_MET_DP143126.jpg/262px-Totenko-Rooster_Crows_with_hinomaru_and_lady_by_Takeuchi_Keishu_1909_MET_DP143126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="3807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Totenko-Rooster Crows with <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hinomaru</i></span> and lady, 1909</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_flags" title="List of Japanese flags">List of Japanese flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobori" title="Nobori">Nobori</a> –  Tall Japanese banner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimono" title="Sashimono">Sashimono</a> –  Small banners worn by soldiers in feudal Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma-jirushi" title="Uma-jirushi">Uma-jirushi</a> –  Massive flags used on battlefields in feudal Japan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the civil ensign by Proclamation No. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the national flag, with slight modifications to the design.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:ja:郵船商船規則"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ja:%E9%83%B5%E8%88%B9%E5%95%86%E8%88%B9%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87"><i>郵船商船規則</i> </a></span> (in Japanese). Government of Japan – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%83%B5%E8%88%B9%E5%95%86%E8%88%B9%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87&rft.pub=Government+of+Japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/787950/220"><bdi lang="ja">法令全書</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a>. 27 October 1870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11501%2F787950">10.11501/787950</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328042724/http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/787950/220">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&rft.pub=National+Diet&rft.date=1870-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11501%2F787950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F787950%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toyokeizai-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toyokeizai_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toyokeizai_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toyokeizai_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204191818/https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/97892?page=2">"｢国旗｣の真実をどれだけ知っていますか"</a>. 23 December 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/97892?page=2">the original</a> on 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EF%BD%A2%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%EF%BD%A3%E3%81%AE%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9F%E3%82%92%E3%81%A9%E3%82%8C%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91%E7%9F%A5%E3%81%A3%E3%81%A6%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%81%99%E3%81%8B&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoyokeizai.net%2Farticles%2F-%2F97892%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UdC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UdC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UdC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UdC_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204020804/https://jhti.berkeley.edu/Shoku%20Nihongi.html">"Shoku Nihongi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (see original Japanese text)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jhti.berkeley.edu/Shoku%20Nihongi.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+%28see+original+Japanese+text%29&rft.atitle=Shoku+Nihongi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjhti.berkeley.edu%2FShoku%2520Nihongi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation web csvan"> Yamanashi Tourism Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/kankou/spot/p1_4496.html">日の丸の御旗</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001060501/http://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/kankou/spot/p1_4496.html">archived</a> 1 October 2011].</cite><span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> Unpoji. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpoji.ko-shu.jp/treasure.html">宝物殿の案内</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104185140/http://unpoji.ko-shu.jp/treasure.html">archived</a> 4 November 2011].</cite><span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8x322-89x3MC&pg=PA54">Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact: The Turning Points in Our History We Should Know More About</a></i>. Fair Winds; 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59233-375-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59233-375-3">1-59233-375-3</a>. p. 54.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023034/https://books.google.com/books?id=8x322-89x3MC&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webjapanen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-webjapanen_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webjapanen_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-webjapanen_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> <i>Web Japan</i>. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/11NFlagAnthem.pdf">National Flag and Anthem</a> [PDF]; 2000 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615104013/http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/11NFlagAnthem.pdf">archived</a> 15 June 2010].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdgington2003">Edgington 2003</a>, pp. 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyer1909">Dyer 1909</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshkenazi2003">Ashkenazi 2003</a>, pp. 112–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1996">Hall 1996</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">森浩一著「日本神話の考古学」（朝日新聞出版 1993年7月）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「日本古典文学大系 2 風土記」（岩波書店 1958年4月）の伊勢国風土記逸文に、神武天皇が<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊勢国造 (page does not exist)">伊勢国造</a>の祖の天日別命に命じて<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊勢国 (page does not exist)">伊勢国</a>に攻め込ませ、国津神の<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%8B%A2%E6%B4%A5%E5%BD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊勢津彦 (page does not exist)">伊勢津彦</a>を追い出して伊勢を平定したとある。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">熊野からでは北に向かって戦う事になる。このため<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E7%9C%9E%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈴木眞年 (page does not exist)">鈴木眞年</a>のように、伊勢まで行って西から<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈良盆地 (page does not exist)">大和盆地</a>に侵攻したとする説もある。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">泉欣七郎、千田健共編『日本なんでもはじめ』ナンバーワン、1985年、149頁、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-931016-06-5" title="Special:BookSources/4-931016-06-5">4-931016-06-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nishi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nishi_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728081345/http://www.city.nishinoomote.lg.jp/material/files/group/44/hinomaruha.PDF"><bdi lang="ja">国旗「日の丸」のルーツは「種子島家の船贈」</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nishinomote City</i>. 28 January 2021. 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Japanese.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAspinall2001">Aspinall 2001</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian060605-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian060605_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation news csvan">McCurry, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/worlddispatch.japan">A touchy subject</a>. <i>Guardian Unlimited</i>. 5 June 2006 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830051604/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/05/worlddispatch.japan">archived</a> 30 August 2013]. The Guardian.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ishihara-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ishihara_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20060105b2.html">Ishihara's Hinomaru order called legit</a>; 5 January 2006 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121227215302/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20060105b2.html">archived</a> 27 December 2012].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeenan1998">Heenan 1998</a>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law.e-gov-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law.e-gov_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law.e-gov_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF自衛隊法施行令">自衛隊法施行令</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msdf-flag-pride-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msdf-flag-pride_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201810060024.html">"Japan to skip S. Korea fleet event over 'rising sun' flag"</a>. <i>The Asahi Shimbun</i>. 6 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006141833/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201810060024.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Japan+to+skip+S.+Korea+fleet+event+over+%27rising+sun%27+flag&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2FAJ201810060024.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xinhua060811-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xinhua060811_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation news csvan">国际, 在线. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2006-08/11/content_4949629.htm">赵薇欲代言抗日网游洗刷"军旗装事件"之辱(图) [Zhao Wei wishes to endorse the anti-Japanese gaming scrubbing]</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a></i>. 11 August 2006 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080707051134/http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2006-08/11/content_4949629.htm">archived</a> 7 July 2008]. Chinese.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF海上自衛隊旗章規則">海上自衛隊旗章規則</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF〇海上自衛隊の使用する航空機の分類等及び塗粧標準等に_関する達">〇海上自衛隊の使用する航空機の分類等及び塗粧標準等に関する達</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF自衛隊の旗に関する訓令">自衛隊の旗に関する訓令</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">桜星の数はかつての陸上自衛隊と同様、階級ではなく部隊規模を示していた。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/jp^asdf.html">"Air Self Defense Force (Japan)"</a>. <i>CRW Flags</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315210107/https://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/flags/jp%5Easdf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRW+Flags&rft.atitle=Air+Self+Defense+Force+%28Japan%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2FFOTW%2Fflags%2Fjp%5Easdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2004">Carpenter 2004</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fujitani_1996_48-49-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fujitani_1996_48-49_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fujitani_1996_48-49_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFujitani1996">Fujitani 1996</a>, pp. 48–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatoba1901">Matoba 1901</a>, pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakahashi1903">Takahashi 1903</a>, pp. 180–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-impja-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-impja_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/kenpou/koushitsu/koushitsugiseirei.htm">皇室儀制令 [Imperial System]</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208161723/http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/kenpou/koushitsu/koushitsugiseirei.htm">archived</a> 8 December 2008]. Japanese.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> Government of Ehime Prefecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.ehime.jp/shokai/sinboru.html">愛媛県のシンボル [Symbols of Ehime Prefecture]</a>; 2009 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109163141/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/shokai/sinboru.html">archived</a> 9 January 2008]. Japanese.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF広島県県章および県旗の制定">広島県県章および県旗の制定</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naganogov-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naganogov_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> Government of Nagano Prefecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.nagano.jp/soumu/koho/kensho/top.htm">長野県の県章 – 県旗 [Flag and Emblem of Nagano Prefecture]</a>; 2006 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918075217/http://www.pref.nagano.jp/soumu/koho/kensho/top.htm">archived</a> 18 September 2007]. Japanese.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF天草市章">天草市章</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amakusaflag-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amakusaflag_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amakusaflag_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF天草市旗">天草市旗</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> Communications Museum "Tei Park". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teipark.jp/display/museum_shozou/museum_shozou_20.html">郵便のマーク</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102195822/http://www.teipark.jp/display/museum_shozou/museum_shozou_20.html">archived</a> 2 January 2013]. Japanese.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> Prime Minister's Office, People's Republic of Bangladesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmo.gov.bd/pmolib/legalms/pdf/national-flag-rules.pdf">People's Republic of Bangladesh Flag Rules (1972)</a> [PDF]; 2005–2007 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714115242/http://www.pmo.gov.bd/pmolib/legalms/pdf/national-flag-rules.pdf">archived</a> 14 July 2010].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bdembassy-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bdembassy_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> Embassy of Bangladesh in the Netherlands. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangladeshembassy.nl/page.php?page_id=3">Facts and Figures</a> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724145237/http://www.bangladeshembassy.nl/page.php?page_id=3">archived</a> 24 July 2011].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation journal csvan">Van Fossen, Anthony B.; Centre for the Study of Australia-Asia Relations, Faculty of Asian and International Studies, Griffith University.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWYTAAAAYAAJ&q=Palau+flag">The International Political Economy of Pacific Islands Flags of Convenience</a>. <i>Australia-Asia</i>. [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214183030/http://books.google.com/books?id=jWYTAAAAYAAJ&q=Palau+flag&dq=Palau+flag&client=firefox-a&cd=3">archived</a> 14 December 2011];66(69):53.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan"> Republic of Palau National Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaugov.net/PalauGov/AboutPalau/Flag.htm">Palau Flag</a>; 18 July 2008 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113161634/http://www.palaugov.net/PalauGov/AboutPalau/Flag.htm">archived</a> 13 November 2009].</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2001">Smith 2001</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaito1987">Saito 1987</a>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTazagi2004">Tazagi 2004</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMangan2000">Mangan 2000</a>, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1915">Gordon 1915</a>, pp. 217–218</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFAshkenazi2003">Ashkenazi, Michael. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqs-y9R2AekC&dq=sun+japan+amaterasu&pg=PA112">Handbook of Japanese Mythology</a></i>. ABC-CLIO; 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-467-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-467-6">1-57607-467-6</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023529/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqs-y9R2AekC&dq=sun+japan+amaterasu&pg=PA112">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFAspinall2001">Aspinall, Robert W. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsdFCz-Il3EC&dq=Japanese+flag+respect+foreign&pg=PA125">Teachers' Unions and the Politics of Education in Japan</a></i>. State University of New York Press; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-5050-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-5050-3">0-7914-5050-3</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023532/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=zsdFCz-Il3EC&dq=Japanese+flag+respect+foreign&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFBefu1992">Befu, Harumi. Symbols of nationalism and <i>Nihonjinron</i>. In: Goodman, Roger and Kirsten Refsing. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26g06eUKXCAC&dq=japan+flag&pg=PT46">Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan</a></i>. Routledge; 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06102-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06102-4">0-415-06102-4</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023530/https://books.google.com/books?id=26g06eUKXCAC&dq=japan+flag&pg=PT46">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFBefu2001">Befu, Harumi. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91s4n07d4p4C&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA92">Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of Nihonjinron</a></i>. Trans Pacific Press; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876843-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876843-05-2">978-1-876843-05-2</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023532/https://books.google.com/books?id=91s4n07d4p4C&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA92">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFBorneman2003">Borneman, John. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tRkseowkKkC&dq=japan+flag+hirohito&pg=PA112">Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the End in Political Authority</a></i>. Berghahn Books; 2003–2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-111-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-111-7">1-57181-111-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023536/https://books.google.com/books?id=5tRkseowkKkC&dq=japan+flag+hirohito&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q=japan%20flag%20hirohito&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFCarpenter2004">Carpenter, Ronald H. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9P6OfUw822oC&dq=Akagi+flag&pg=PA124">Rhetoric In Martial Deliberations And Decision Making: Cases And Consequences</a></i>. University of South Carolina Press; 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-555-5">978-1-57003-555-5</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023535/https://books.google.com/books?id=9P6OfUw822oC&dq=Akagi+flag&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q=Akagi%20flag&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFCarr,_Hulme1956">Carr, Harold Gresham; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Edward_Hulme" title="Frederick Edward Hulme">Frederick Edward Hulme</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P58KAQAAIAAJ&q=1945+flag+SCAJAP">Flags of the world</a></i>. London; New York: Warne; 1956.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813023531/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=P58KAQAAIAAJ&q=1945+flag+SCAJAP&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFCutler2001">Cutler, Thomas. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AF6KtkIAy5cC&dq=hachimaki+kamikaze&pg=PA271">The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23–26 October 1944</a></i>. Naval Institute Press; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-243-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-243-9">1-55750-243-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFCwiertka2007">Cwiertka, Katarzyna Joanna. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oK-7LOlWNpEC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA117">Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power and National Identity</a></i>. Reaktion Books; 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-298-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-298-5">1-86189-298-5</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024102/https://books.google.com/books?id=oK-7LOlWNpEC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q=Japanese%20flag%20homes&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFDyer1909">Dyer, Henry. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxCAAAAIAAJ&dq=japan+rising+sun+607&pg=PA24">Japan in World Politics: A Study in International Dynamics</a></i>. Blackie & Son Limited; 1909.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024112/https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxCAAAAIAAJ&dq=japan+rising+sun+607&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q=japan%20rising%20sun%20607&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFEdgington2003">Edgington, David William. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&dq=rising+sun+Japan+flag&pg=PA124">Japan at the Millennium: Joining Past and Future</a></i>. UCB Press; 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0899-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0899-3">0-7748-0899-3</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024111/https://books.google.com/books?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&dq=rising+sun+Japan+flag&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q=rising%20sun%20Japan%20flag&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFEbrey2004">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Anne Walthall; James Palais. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtmzFZS_SX0C&dq=japanese+flag+loyalty+Emperor&pg=PA443">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</a></i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing; 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-547-00534-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-547-00534-2">0-547-00534-2</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024132/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtmzFZS_SX0C&dq=japanese+flag+loyalty+Emperor&pg=PA443">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFFeiler2004">Feiler, Bruce. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu5WcLQfS7QC&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA214">Learning to Bow: Inside the Heart of Japan</a></i>. Harper Perennial; 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-057720-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-057720-7">0-06-057720-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024109/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nu5WcLQfS7QC&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFFeldman2004">Feldman, David. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUHw7HKfYPgC&dq=flag+burning+Japan&pg=PA151">Do Elephants Jump?</a></i>. HarperCollins; 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-053913-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-053913-5">0-06-053913-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFFujitani1996">Fujitani, Takashi. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rX8HlYCd7_gC&dq=chrysanthemum+flag&pg=PA48">Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan</a></i>. University of California Press; 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21371-5">978-0-520-21371-5</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024603/https://books.google.com/books?id=rX8HlYCd7_gC&dq=chrysanthemum+flag&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q=chrysanthemum%20flag&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFGoodman,_Neary1996">Goodman, Roger; Ian Neary. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73sE6NkXPbAC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA81">Case Studies on Human Rights in Japan</a></i>. Routledge; 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873410-35-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873410-35-6">978-1-873410-35-6</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024613/https://books.google.com/books?id=73sE6NkXPbAC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q=Japanese%20flag%20homes&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFGordon1915">Gordon, William. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voUBuwLj0l4C&dq=Witu+flag+Gordon&pg=PA110">Flags of the World, Past and Present</a></i>. Frederick Warne & Co.; 1915.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024612/https://books.google.com/books?id=voUBuwLj0l4C&dq=Witu+flag+Gordon&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q=Witu%20flag%20Gordon&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFHall1996">Hall, James. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO-cuysr83MC&dq=sun+symbol+japan&pg=PA110">Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols in Eastern and Western Art</a></i>. Westview Press; 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-430982-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-430982-7">0-06-430982-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFHeenan1998">Heenan, Patrick. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNawsKPltbwC&dq=Japan+flag+schools&pg=PA206">The Japan Handbook</a></i>. Routledge; 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-055-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-055-6">1-57958-055-6</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024608/https://books.google.com/books?id=qNawsKPltbwC&dq=Japan+flag+schools&pg=PA206#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFInoguchi,_Jain2000">Inoguchi, Takashi; Purnendra Jain. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciH7OSSZ95YC&dq=Japanese+flag+foreign&pg=PA228">Japanese Foreign Policy Today</a></i>. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd; 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22707-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22707-8">0-312-22707-8</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024608/https://books.google.com/books?id=ciH7OSSZ95YC&dq=Japanese+flag+foreign&pg=PA228">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFItoh2003">Itoh, Mayumi. <i>The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations</i>. Palgrave Macmillan; 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6331-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6331-2">1-4039-6331-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFKataoka1991">Kataoka, Tetsuya. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtBmAAAAMAAJ&q=hinomaru+funeral">Creating Single-Party Democracy: Japan's Postwar Political System</a></i>. Hoover Institution Press; 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9111-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9111-5">0-8179-9111-5</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813024621/https://books.google.com/books?id=FtBmAAAAMAAJ&q=hinomaru+funeral">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFKhan1998">Khan, Yoshimitsu. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmt85w7atsC&dq=Japan+flag+loyalty&pg=PA190">Japanese Moral Education: Past and Present</a></i>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3693-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3693-4">0-8386-3693-4</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025131/https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmt85w7atsC&dq=Japan+flag+loyalty&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q=Japan%20flag%20loyalty&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFLarge1992">Large, Stephen. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IkOAAAAQAAJ&dq=japan+flag+hirohito&pg=PA184">Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography</a></i>. Routledge; 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03203-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03203-2">0-415-03203-2</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025134/https://books.google.com/books?id=2IkOAAAAQAAJ&dq=japan+flag+hirohito&pg=PA184">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFLauterpacht2002">Lauterpacht, Elihu. In: C. J. Greenwood and A. G. Oppenheimer. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFeCQQ0siS8C&dq=flag+burning+Norway+Japan&pg=PA599">International Law Reports</a></i>. Cambridge University Press; 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80775-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80775-3">978-0-521-80775-3</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025129/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFeCQQ0siS8C&dq=flag+burning+Norway+Japan&pg=PA599#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFMangan2000">Mangan, J.A.; Finn, Gerry; Giulianotti, Richard and Majumdar, Boria. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg-WWyxRxn0C&dq=Asahi+Shinbun+baseball&pg=PA213">Football Culture Local Conflicts, Global Visions</a></i>. Routledge; 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5041-8">978-0-7146-5041-8</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025128/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vg-WWyxRxn0C&dq=Asahi+Shinbun+baseball&pg=PA213">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFMatoba1901">Matoba, Seinosuke. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTQuAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&pg=PT76">陸軍と海軍 [Army and Navy]</a></i>. 1901. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025148/https://books.google.com/books?id=WTQuAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&pg=PT76#v=onepage&q=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFMeyer2009">Meyer, Milton. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ccnWvoK2AIQC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA266">Japan: A Concise History</a></i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group; 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4117-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4117-7">0-7425-4117-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025140/https://books.google.com/books?id=ccnWvoK2AIQC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA266#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFNewell1982">Newell, William. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlaPq_C2l6EC&dq=Japan+flag+homes+Emperor&pg=PA28">Japan in Asia: 1942–1945</a></i>. Singapore University Press; 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-69-014-4" title="Special:BookSources/9971-69-014-4">9971-69-014-4</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025142/https://books.google.com/books?id=JlaPq_C2l6EC&dq=Japan+flag+homes+Emperor&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q=Japan%20flag%20homes%20Emperor&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFNornes2003">Nornes, Abe Mark. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11D14NIwKaYC&dq=European+flags+Japan&pg=PA81">Japanese Documentary Film The Meiji Era through Hiroshima</a></i>. University of Minnesota Press; 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-4046-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-4046-7">0-8166-4046-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025132/https://books.google.com/books?id=11D14NIwKaYC&dq=European+flags+Japan&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q=European%20flags%20Japan&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFOhnuki-Tierney2002">Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K62e5Mk3Kd8C&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA68">Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms</a></i>. University of Chicago Press; 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-62091-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-62091-6">978-0-226-62091-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkano1999" class="citation cs2">Okano, Kaori; Motonori Tsuchiya (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpZqnFHPBzMC&q=kimigayo+Kakuei&pg=PA237"><i>Education in Contemporary Japan</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62686-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62686-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025628/https://books.google.com/books?id=SpZqnFHPBzMC&q=kimigayo+Kakuei&pg=PA237#v=snippet&q=kimigayo%20Kakuei&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Contemporary+Japan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62686-6&rft.au=Okano%2C+Kaori&rft.au=Motonori+Tsuchiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSpZqnFHPBzMC%26q%3Dkimigayo%2BKakuei%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFPartner2004">Partner, Simon. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SciqAStNYLYC&dq=hinomaru+homes+war&pg=PA55">Toshié A Story of Village Life in Twentieth-Century Japan</a></i>. University of California Press; 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24097-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24097-1">978-0-520-24097-1</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025639/https://books.google.com/books?id=SciqAStNYLYC&dq=hinomaru+homes+war&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFRohl2005">Röhl, Wilhelm. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47yhjgB-XhgC&dq=1885+Japan+laws+cabinet&pg=PT28">History of law in Japan since 1868, Part 5, Volume 12</a></i>. Brill; 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13164-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13164-4">978-90-04-13164-4</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025635/https://books.google.com/books?id=47yhjgB-XhgC&dq=1885+Japan+laws+cabinet&pg=PT28#v=onepage&q=1885%20Japan%20laws%20cabinet&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFSaito1987">Saito, Shinya. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvIuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%80%80%E7%A4%BE%E6%97%97">記者四十年 [Fourteen Years As A Reporter]</a></i>. Asahi Shimbun Publishing; 1987. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-02-260421-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-02-260421-7">978-4-02-260421-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025630/https://books.google.com/books?id=vvIuAAAAMAAJ&q=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%80%80%E7%A4%BE%E6%97%97">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFSmith1975">Smith, Whitney. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3UYAAAAIAAJ&q=European+flags+Japan">Flags Through the Ages and Across the World</a></i>. McGraw-Hill; 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-059093-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-059093-1">0-07-059093-1</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025626/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3UYAAAAIAAJ&q=European+flags+Japan">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFSmith2001"><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Smith" title="Whitney Smith">Smith, Whitney</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFhAUbH6ra0C&dq=Palau+flag&pg=PA73">Flag Lore Of All Nations</a></i>. Millbrook Press; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7613-1753-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7613-1753-8">0-7613-1753-8</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813025638/https://books.google.com/books?id=EFhAUbH6ra0C&dq=Palau+flag&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q=Palau%20flag&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFTakahashi1903">Takahashi, Yuuichi. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unkuAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&pg=PT7">海軍問答 [Navy Dialogue]</a></i>. 1903. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813030214/https://books.google.com/books?id=unkuAAAAYAAJ&dq=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&pg=PT7#v=onepage&q=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E6%97%97&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFTakenaka2003">Takenaka, Yoshiharu. <i>知っておきたい国旗・旗の基礎知識 [Flag basics you should know]</i>. Gifu Shimbun; 2003. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87797-054-1" title="Special:BookSources/4-87797-054-1">4-87797-054-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFTaylor2004">Taylor, Jean Gelman. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMnt1iIEzdAC&dq=Indonesian+flag+Japan&pg=PA321">Indonesia: Peoples and Histories</a></i>. Yale University Press; 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5">0-300-10518-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFTazagi2004">Tazagi, Shirou. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mF66AAAAIAAJ&q=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%80%80%E7%A4%BE%E6%97%97">梶山静六: 死に顔に笑みをたたえて [Seiroku Kajiyama: Praising the smile in the dying face]</a></i>. Kodansha; 2004. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-06-212592-7" title="Special:BookSources/4-06-212592-7">4-06-212592-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813030213/https://books.google.com/books?id=mF66AAAAIAAJ&q=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%80%80%E7%A4%BE%E6%97%97">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFTipton2002">Tipton, Elise. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdGG3U3KhnEC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA137">Modern Japan A Social and Political History</a></i>. Routledge; 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18538-7">978-0-415-18538-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813030206/https://books.google.com/books?id=jdGG3U3KhnEC&dq=Japanese+flag+homes&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q=Japanese%20flag%20homes&f=false">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFTrevor2001">Trevor, Malcolm. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PrAoHzoP1QkC&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA78">Japan – Restless Competitor The Pursuit of Economic Nationalism</a></i>. Routledge; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903350-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903350-02-7">978-1-903350-02-7</a>.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813030200/https://books.google.com/books?id=PrAoHzoP1QkC&dq=flag+japan+Emperor&pg=PA78">Archived</a> 13 August 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFTurnbull2001">Turnbull, Stephen; Howard Gerrard. <i>Ashigaru 1467–1649</i>. Osprey Publishing; 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-149-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-149-4">1-84176-149-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation cs2">Williams, David; Rikki Kersten (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0inRvBykKqcC&q=kimigayo+definition&pg=PA91"><i>The Left in the Shaping of Japanese Democracy</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33435-8"><bdi>978-0-415-33435-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813030208/https://books.google.com/books?id=0inRvBykKqcC&q=kimigayo+definition&pg=PA91">archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Left+in+the+Shaping+of+Japanese+Democracy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33435-8&rft.au=Williams%2C+David&rft.au=Rikki+Kersten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0inRvBykKqcC%26q%3Dkimigayo%2Bdefinition%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation book csvan" id="CITEREFYamazumi1988">Yamazumi, Masami. <i>日の丸・君が代問題とは何か</i>. Otsuki Shoten; 1988. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-272-41032-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-272-41032-6">4-272-41032-6</a>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF明治3年太政官布告第57号"> Government of Japan. <a class="external text" href="https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E8%88%B9%E5%95%86%E8%88%B9%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87">明治3年太政官布告第57号 [Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 57]</a>; 27 February 1870 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523164319/http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E8%88%B9%E5%95%86%E8%88%B9%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87">archived</a> 23 May 2013]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF明治3年太政官布告第651号"> National Diet Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/BIImgFrame.php?JP_NUM=40022968&VOL_NUM=00005&KOMA=220&ITYPE=0">明治3年太政官布告第651号 [Prime Minister's Proclamation No. 651]</a> [PDF]; 3 October 1870 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020014113/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/787950/220">archived</a> 20 October 2021]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF大正元年閣令第一号"> Government of Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T01/T01F01801000001.html">大正元年閣令第一号（大喪中ノ国旗掲揚方） [Regulation 1 from 1912 (Raising Mourning Flag For the Emperor)]</a>; 30 July 1912 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818111937/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T01/T01F01801000001.html#">archived</a> 18 August 2010]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF自衛隊法施行令"> Government of Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S29/S29SE179.html">自衛隊法施行令 [Self-Defense Forces Law Enforcement Order]</a>; 30 June 1954 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407050124/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S29/S29SE179.html#">archived</a> 7 April 2008]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF〇海上自衛隊の使用する航空機の分類等及び塗粧標準等に_関する達"> Ministry of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/kunrei_data/e_fd/1962/ey19621224_00119_000.pdf">〇海上自衛隊の使用する航空機の分類等及び塗粧標準等に関する達 [Standard Sizes, Markings and Paint Used On Aircraft]</a> [PDF]; 24 December 1962 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105856/http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/kunrei_data/e_fd/1962/ey19621224_00119_000.pdf">archived</a> 22 July 2011]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF広島県県章および県旗の制定"> Government of Hiroshima Prefecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soumu/bunsyo/kenhouki/reiki_honbun/ar20000231.html">広島県県章および県旗の制定 [Law About the Flag and Emblem of Hiroshima Prefecture]</a>; 16 July 1968 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225247/http://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/soumu/bunsyo/kenhouki/reiki_honbun/ar20000231.html">archived</a> 19 July 2011]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF国旗及び国歌に関する法律"> Government of Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H11/H11HO127.html">国旗及び国歌に関する法律 (法律第百二十七号) [Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem, Act No. 127]</a>; 13 August 1999 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521050156/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H11/H11HO127.html#">archived</a> 21 May 2010]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF国旗及び国歌の取扱いについて"> Police of the Hokkaido Prefecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.police.pref.hokkaido.jp/koukai/tuutatu/keimu/keimu-105.html">国旗及び国歌の取扱いについて [Law Regarding Use of the National Flag and Anthem]</a>; 18 November 1999 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506115241/http://www.police.pref.hokkaido.jp/koukai/tuutatu/keimu/keimu-105.html">archived</a> 6 May 2008]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF国旗及び県旗の取扱いについて"> Police of Kanagawa Prefecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.police.pref.kanagawa.jp/notice/pdf/a00002.pdf">国旗及び県旗の取扱いについて [Law Regarding the Use of the National and Prefectural Flag]</a> [PDF]; 29 March 2003 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004041219/http://www.police.pref.kanagawa.jp/notice/pdf/a00002.pdf">archived</a> 4 October 2011]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF天草市章"> Government of Amakusa City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/reiki/reiki_honbun/r351RG00000002.html">天草市章 [Emblem of Amakusa]</a>; 27 March 2003 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930101026/https://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/reiki/reiki_honbun/r351RG00000002.html">archived</a> 30 September 2013]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF天草市旗"> Government of Amakusa City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/reiki/reiki_honbun/r351RG00000003.html">天草市旗 [Flag of Amakusa]</a>; 27 March 2003 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928015328/https://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/reiki/reiki_honbun/r351RG00000003.html">archived</a> 28 September 2013]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF自衛隊の旗に関する訓令"> Ministry of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/kunrei_data/a_fd/1971/ax19720314_00003_000.pdf">自衛隊の旗に関する訓令 [Flag Rules of the JASDF]</a> [PDF]; 25 March 2008 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105740/http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/kunrei_data/a_fd/1971/ax19720314_00003_000.pdf">archived</a> 22 July 2011]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation web csvan" id="CITEREF海上自衛隊旗章規則"> Ministry of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/kunrei_data/a_fd/1955/ax19551227_00044_000.pdf">海上自衛隊旗章規則 [JMSDF Flag and Emblem Rules]</a> [PDF]; 25 March 2008 [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105930/http://www.clearing.mod.go.jp/kunrei_data/a_fd/1955/ax19551227_00044_000.pdf">archived</a> 22 July 2011]. <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span>.</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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(website)">Flags of the World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarago.co.jp/protocol.html">Flag protocol</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208161723/http://homepage1.nifty.com/gyouseinet/kenpou/koushitsu/koushitsugiseirei.htm">Website on the standards of the Imperial family</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skdesu.com/en/the-flag-of-japan/">Hinomaru: The Meaning Behind the Flag of Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles530" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imjin_War" title="Imjin War">Imjin War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_fashion_in_Japan" title="Genderless fashion in Japan">Genderless fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japan" title="Category:Japan">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flags_of_Japan144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_flags" title="Template:Japanese flags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_flags" title="Template talk:Japanese flags"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_flags" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese flags"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flags_of_Japan144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_flags" title="List of Japanese flags">Flags of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Japan"><img alt="Flag of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/105px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/140px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Japanese_prefectures" title="Flags of Japanese prefectures">Prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Aichi_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Aichi Prefecture (page does not exist)">Aichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Akita_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Akita Prefecture (page does not exist)">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Aomori_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Aomori Prefecture (page does not exist)">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Chiba_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Chiba Prefecture (page does not exist)">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ehime_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Ehime Prefecture (page does not exist)">Ehime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Fukui_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Fukui Prefecture (page does not exist)">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Fukuoka_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Fukuoka Prefecture (page does not exist)">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Fukushima_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Fukushima Prefecture (page does not exist)">Fukushima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Gifu_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Gifu Prefecture (page does not exist)">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Gunma_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Gunma Prefecture (page does not exist)">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Hiroshima_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Hiroshima Prefecture (page does not exist)">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Hokkaido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Hokkaido (page does not exist)">Hokkaido‎‎</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Hyōgo Prefecture (page does not exist)">Hyōgo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ibaraki_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Ibaraki Prefecture (page does not exist)">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ishikawa_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Ishikawa Prefecture (page does not exist)">Ishikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iwate_Prefecture" title="Flag of Iwate Prefecture">Iwate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Kagawa_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Kagawa Prefecture (page does not exist)">Kagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kagoshima_Prefecture" title="Flag of Kagoshima Prefecture">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Kanagawa_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Kanagawa Prefecture (page does not exist)">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_K%C5%8Dchi_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Kōchi Prefecture (page does not exist)">Kōchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Kumamoto_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Kumamoto Prefecture (page does not exist)">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Kyoto_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Kyoto Prefecture (page does not exist)">Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Mie_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Mie Prefecture (page does not exist)">Mie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Miyagi_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Miyagi Prefecture (page does not exist)">Miyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Miyazaki_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Miyazaki Prefecture (page does not exist)">Miyazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Nagano_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Nagano Prefecture (page does not exist)">Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Nagasaki_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Nagasaki Prefecture (page does not exist)">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Nara_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Nara Prefecture (page does not exist)">Nara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Niigata_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Niigata Prefecture (page does not exist)">Niigata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_%C5%8Cita_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Ōita Prefecture (page does not exist)">Ōita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Okayama_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Okayama Prefecture (page does not exist)">Okayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Flag of Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Osaka Prefecture (page does not exist)">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Saga_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Saga Prefecture (page does not exist)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Saitama_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Saitama Prefecture (page does not exist)">Saitama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Shiga_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Shiga Prefecture (page does not exist)">Shiga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Shimane_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Shimane Prefecture (page does not exist)">Shimane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Shizuoka_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Shizuoka Prefecture (page does not exist)">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Tochigi_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Tochigi Prefecture (page does not exist)">Tochigi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Tokushima_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Tokushima Prefecture (page does not exist)">Tokushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Tokyo" title="Symbols of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Tottori_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Tottori Prefecture (page does not exist)">Tottori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Toyama_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Toyama Prefecture (page does not exist)">Toyama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Wakayama_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Wakayama Prefecture (page does not exist)">Wakayama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Yamagata_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Yamagata Prefecture (page does not exist)">Yamagata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Yamaguchi_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Yamaguchi Prefecture (page does not exist)">Yamaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Yamanashi_Prefecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of Yamanashi Prefecture (page does not exist)">Yamanashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Japanese_municipal_flags" title="Lists of Japanese municipal flags">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Hokkaid%C5%8D" title="List of municipal flags of Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_T%C5%8Dhoku_region" title="List of municipal flags of Tōhoku region">Tōhoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Kant%C5%8D_region" title="List of municipal flags of Kantō region">Kantō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Ch%C5%ABbu_region" title="List of municipal flags of Chūbu region">Chūbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Kansai_region" title="List of municipal flags of Kansai region">Kansai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Ch%C5%ABgoku_region" title="List of municipal flags of Chūgoku region">Chūgoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Shikoku" title="List of municipal flags of Shikoku">Shikoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_flags_of_Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" title="List of municipal flags of Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flags_of_Asia408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flags_of_Asia408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Asia" title="Flags of Asia">Flags of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Azerbaijan" title="Flag of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bahrain" title="Flag of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bhutan" title="Flag of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brunei" title="Flag of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cambodia" title="Flag of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus" title="Flag of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iran" title="Flag of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jordan" title="Flag of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kazakhstan" title="Flag of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea" title="Flag of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Korea" title="Flag of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kuwait" title="Flag of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Flag of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Laos" title="Flag of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon" title="Flag of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Maldives" title="Flag of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mongolia" title="Flag of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Myanmar" title="Flag of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal" title="Flag of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oman" title="Flag of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Qatar" title="Flag of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tajikistan" title="Flag of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Timor-Leste" title="Flag of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkmenistan" title="Flag of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Flag of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uzbekistan" title="Flag of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen" title="Flag of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Abkhazia" title="Flag of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Flag of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Christmas_Island" title="Flag of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Flag of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Macau" title="Flag of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_flags_and_coats_of_arms229" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_flags" title="Template:National flags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_flags" title="Template talk:National flags"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_flags" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National flags"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_flags_and_coats_of_arms229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">National flags</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">coats of arms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_flags_of_sovereign_states" title="List of national flags of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_of_dependent_territories" title="Gallery of flags of dependent territories">Dependent territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags" title="Timeline of national flags">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National coats of arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_sovereign_states" title="Armorial of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_dependent_territories" title="Armorial of dependent territories">Dependent territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-l4hdd","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.953","walltime":"2.304","ppvisitednodes":{"value":48822,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":498919,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":128089,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":35,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":347516,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1959.682 1 -total"," 23.99% 470.079 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.98% 313.240 2 Template:Infobox"," 13.87% 271.886 48 Template:Vcite_book"," 10.83% 212.244 131 Template:Transliteration"," 8.63% 169.137 1 Template:Infobox_flag"," 8.63% 169.121 43 Template:ISBN"," 7.76% 152.086 1 Template:Infobox_flag/entry"," 7.30% 143.104 10 Template:Navbox"," 7.20% 141.062 1 Template:Japan_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.868","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19670484,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAshkenazi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAspinall2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBefu1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBefu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorneman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr,_Hulme1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCwiertka2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbrey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgington2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeiler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFujitani1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman,_Neary1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeenan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInoguchi,_Jain2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItoh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKataoka1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarge1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauterpacht2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatoba1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewell1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNornes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhnuki-Tierney2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkano1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaito1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpacey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakahashi1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakenaka2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTazagi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTipton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamazumi1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF〇海上自衛隊の使用する航空機の分類等及び塗粧標準等に_関する達\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF国旗及び国歌に関する法律\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF国旗及び国歌の取扱いについて\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF国旗及び県旗の取扱いについて\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF大正元年閣令第一号\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF天草市旗\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF天草市章\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF広島県県章および県旗の制定\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF明治3年太政官布告第57号\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF明治3年太政官布告第651号\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF海上自衛隊旗章規則\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF自衛隊の旗に関する訓令\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF自衛隊法施行令\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Asia topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Flag Of Japan\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"FIAV\"] = 14,\n [\"FOTW\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 59,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 66,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 23,\n [\"Infobox flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Japan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"JapanEmpireNavbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Japanese flags\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nationalflags\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 20,\n [\"Nihongo3\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 131,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vcite book\"] = 48,\n [\"Vcite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Vcite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Vcite web\"] = 52,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 40,\n [\"Why\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-bqm7f","timestamp":"20250217081939","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Flag of Japan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flag_of_Japan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43175","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43175","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-07T20:22:50Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T12:24:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/9\/9e\/Flag_of_Japan.svg","headline":"national flag of Japan"}</script> </body> </html>