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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Field of study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enumerative_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enumerative_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Enumerative bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enumerative_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Descriptive bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descriptive_bibliographies_as_scholarly_product" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_bibliographies_as_scholarly_product"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Descriptive bibliographies as scholarly product</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_bibliographies_as_scholarly_product-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytical_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytical_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Analytical bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytical_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliographers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-book_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-book_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-book material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-book_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bibliography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="فهرسة الكتب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فهرسة الكتب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioqrafiya" title="Biblioqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biblioqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="গ্রন্থপঞ্জি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রন্থপঞ্জি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ch%C3%AC-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Su-chì-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-chì-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бібліяграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бібліяграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библиография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библиография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografija" title="Bibliografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bibliografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levrlennadurezh" title="Levrlennadurezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levrlennadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografie" title="Bibliografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bibliografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfryddiaeth" title="Llyfryddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfryddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografi" title="Bibliografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bibliografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografie" title="Bibliografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bibliografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ގުރަންދަނާމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގުރަންދަނާމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliograafia" title="Bibliograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bibliograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιβλιογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλιογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliograf%C3%ADa" title="Bibliografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bibliografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografio" title="Bibliografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bibliografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کتاب‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographie" title="Bibliographie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliograf%C3%ADa" title="Bibliografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bibliografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%A7%80%ED%95%99" title="서지학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서지학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մատենագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մատենագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रंथसूची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रंथसूची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografija" title="Bibliografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bibliografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografio" title="Bibliografio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bibliografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_pustaka" title="Daftar pustaka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar pustaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazamibhalo" title="Umchazamibhalo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazamibhalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Bókfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביבליוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביבליוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografi" title="Bibliografi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bibliografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кітапнама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кітапнама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библиография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Библиография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliogr%C4%81fija" title="Bibliogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bibliogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographie" title="Bibliographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bibliographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografija" title="Bibliografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bibliografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliogr%C3%A1fia" title="Bibliográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bibliográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Библиографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Библиографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ببليوجرافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ببليوجرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografi" title="Bibliografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bibliografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Ном зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ном зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%91%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဂန္ထဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂန္ထဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografie_(kunst)" title="Bibliografie (kunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bibliografie (kunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E8%AA%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="書誌学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="書誌学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografi" title="Bibliografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bibliografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografiya" title="Bibliografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bibliografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੁਸਤਕ ਸੂਚੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਸਤਕ ਸੂਚੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کتابیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتابیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F" title="គន្ថនិទ្ទេស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គន្ថនិទ្ទេស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografie" title="Bibliografie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bibliografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библиография – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Библиография" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библиография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библиография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bibliography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="ببليوگرافي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ببليوگرافي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografija" title="Bibliografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bibliografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Библиографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Библиографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografija" title="Bibliografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bibliografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia" title="Bibliografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bibliografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografi" title="Bibliografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibliografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="நூலடைவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூலடைவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="บรรณานุกรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรณานุกรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Китобшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китобшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%9A%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%81%E1%8E%B8" title="ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏚᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎸ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliyografya" title="Bibliyografya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bibliyografya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бібліографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бібліографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کتابیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتابیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliograpiya" title="Bibliograpiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bibliograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="目录学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="目录学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביבליאגראפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביבליאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84%E5%AD%B8" title="目錄學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="目錄學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliyografiye" title="Bibliyografiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bibliyografiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%AE%E5%AD%B8" title="書目學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="書目學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134995#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bibliology" title="Bibliology">Bibliology</a>.</span> <span>For "Works Cited" lists, see <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg/250px-Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg/375px-Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg/500px-Library-shelves-bibliographies-Graz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bibliographies at the <a href="/wiki/University_Library_of_Graz" class="mw-redirect" title="University Library of Graz">University Library of Graz</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bibliography</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">βιβλίον</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">biblion</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'book' and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">-γραφία</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">-graphía</i></span>, 'writing'), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a> as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as <b>bibliology</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">-λογία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">-logía</i></span>). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes <i>bibliography</i> as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author (or <b>enumerative bibliography</b>); the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects" (or <b>descriptive bibliography</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">bibliographia</i></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc" style="font-size: 90%;">(βιβλιογραφία)</span></span> was used by Greek writers in the first three centuries CE to mean the copying of books by hand. In the 12th century, the word started being used for "the intellectual activity of composing books." The 17th century then saw the emergence of the modern meaning, that of description of books.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the field of bibliography has expanded to include studies that consider the book as a material object.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bibliography, in its systematic pursuit of understanding the past and the present through written and printed documents, describes a way and means of extracting information from this material. Bibliographers are interested in comparing versions of texts to each other rather than in interpreting their meaning or assessing their significance.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_of_study">Field of study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Field of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bibliography is a specialized aspect of <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library and information science</a>, LIS) and <a href="/wiki/Documentation_science" title="Documentation science">documentation science</a>. It was established by a <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a>, named <a href="/wiki/Paul_Otlet" title="Paul Otlet">Paul Otlet</a> (1868–1944), who was the founder of the field of documentation, as a branch of the information sciences, who wrote about "the science of bibliography."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have recently been voices claiming that "the bibliographical paradigm" is obsolete, and it is not today common in LIS. A defence of the bibliographical paradigm was provided by Hjørland (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quantitative study of bibliographies is known as <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a>, which is today an influential subfield in LIS<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is used for major collection decisions such as the cancellation of <a href="/wiki/Big_deal_(subscription_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big deal (subscription model)">big deals</a>, through data analysis tools like <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall Journals">Unpaywall Journals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter and Barker describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography). These two distinct concepts and practices have separate rationales and serve differing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innovators and originators in the field include <a href="/wiki/W._W._Greg" title="W. W. Greg">W. W. Greg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredson_Bowers" title="Fredson Bowers">Fredson Bowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gaskell" title="Philip Gaskell">Philip Gaskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._Thomas_Tanselle" title="G. Thomas Tanselle">G. Thomas Tanselle</a>. </p><p>Bowers (1949) refers to enumerative bibliography as a procedure that identifies books in "specific collections or libraries," in a specific discipline, by an author, printer, or period of production (3). He refers to descriptive bibliography as the systematic description of a book as a material or physical artefact. Analytical bibliography, the cornerstone of descriptive bibliography, investigates the printing and all physical features of a book that yield evidence establishing a book's history and transmission (Feather 10). It is the preliminary phase of bibliographic description and provides the vocabulary, principles and techniques of analysis that descriptive bibliographers apply and on which they base their descriptive practice. </p><p>Descriptive bibliographers follow specific conventions and associated classification in their description. Titles and title pages are transcribed in a quasi-facsimile style and representation. Illustration, typeface, binding, paper, and all physical elements related to identifying a book follow formulaic conventions, as Bowers established in his foundational opus, <i>The Principles of Bibliographic Description</i>. The thought expressed in this book expands substantively on W. W. Greg's groundbreaking theory that argued for the adoption of formal bibliographic principles (Greg 29). Fundamentally, analytical bibliography is concerned with objective, physical analysis and history of a book while descriptive bibliography employs all data that analytical bibliography furnishes and then codifies it with a view to identifying the ideal copy or form of a book that most nearly represents the printer's initial conception and intention in printing. </p><p>In addition to viewing bibliographic study as being composed of four interdependent approaches (enumerative, descriptive, analytical, and textual), Bowers notes two further subcategories of research, namely historical bibliography and aesthetic bibliography.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both historical bibliography, which involves the investigation of printing practices, tools, and related documents, and aesthetic bibliography, which examines the art of designing type and books, are often employed by analytical bibliographers. </p><p>D. F. McKenzie extended previous notions of bibliography as set forth by Greg, Bowers, Gaskell and Tanselle. He describes the nature of bibliography as "the discipline that studies texts as recorded forms, and the processes of their transmission, including their production and reception" (1999 12). This concept broadens the scope of bibliography to include "non-book texts" and an accounting for their material form and structure, as well as textual variations, technical and production processes that bring sociocultural context and effects into play. McKenzie's perspective contextualizes textual objects or artefacts with sociological and technical factors that have an effect on production, transmission and, ultimately, ideal copy (2002 14). Bibliography, generally, concerns the material conditions of books [as well as other texts] how they are designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted, collected.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose and can generally be divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of <a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">publications</a> in a particular category and analytical or critical bibliography, which studies the production of books.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other media including audio recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and websites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enumerative_bibliography">Enumerative bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enumerative bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg/220px-Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg/330px-Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg/440px-Pn-samara-n-a-2000-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Bibliographer workplace in Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>An enumerative bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works such as <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a>. Bibliographies range from "works <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">cited</a>" lists at the end of books and articles, to complete and independent publications. A notable example of a complete, independent publication is Gow's <i>A. E. Housman: A Sketch, Together with a List of His Classical Papers</i> (1936). As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerized <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">bibliographic databases</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">library catalog</a>, while not referred to as a "bibliography", is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">tertiary sources</a>. </p><p>Enumerative bibliographies are based on a unifying principle such as creator, subject, date, topic or other characteristic. An entry in an enumerative bibliography provides the core elements of a text resource including a title, the creator(s), publication date and place of publication. Belanger (1977) distinguishes an enumerative bibliography from other bibliographic forms such as descriptive bibliography, analytical bibliography or textual bibliography in that its function is to record and list, rather than describe a source in detail or with any reference to the source's physical nature, materiality or textual transmission. The enumerative list may be comprehensive or selective. One noted example would be Tanselle's bibliography that exhaustively enumerates topics and sources related to all forms of bibliography. A more common and particular instance of an enumerative bibliography relates to specific sources used or considered in preparing a scholarly paper or academic term paper. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Citation_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation style">Citation styles</a> vary. An entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following elements: </p> <ul><li>creator(s)</li> <li>title</li> <li>place of publication</li> <li>publisher or printer</li> <li>date of publication</li></ul> <p>An entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains: </p> <ul><li>creator(s)</li> <li>article title</li> <li>journal title</li> <li>volume</li> <li>pages</li> <li>date of publication</li></ul> <p>A bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. <a href="/wiki/Annotated_bibliography" title="Annotated bibliography">Annotated bibliographies</a> give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. <a href="/wiki/Reference_management_software" title="Reference management software">Reference management software</a> may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required. </p><p>Bibliographies differ from <a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">library catalogs</a> by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national libraries</a> effectively serve as <a href="/wiki/National_bibliography" title="National bibliography">national bibliographies</a>, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descriptive_bibliography">Descriptive bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Descriptive bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fredson Bowers described and formulated a standardized practice of descriptive bibliography in his <i>Principles of Bibliographical Description</i> (1949). Scholars to this day treat Bowers' scholarly guide as authoritative. In this classic text, Bowers describes the basic function of bibliography as, "[providing] sufficient data so that a reader may identify the book described, understand the printing, and recognize the precise contents" (124). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Descriptive_bibliographies_as_scholarly_product">Descriptive bibliographies as scholarly product</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Descriptive bibliographies as scholarly product"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Descriptive bibliographies as a scholarly product usually include information on the following aspect of a given book as a material object: </p> <ul><li>Format and Collation/Pagination Statement—a conventional, symbolic formula that describes the book block in terms of sheets, folds, quires, signatures, and pages</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>According to Bowers (193), the format of a book is usually abbreviated in the collation formula: <dl><dd>Broadsheet: I° or b.s. or bs.</dd> <dd>Folio: 2° or fol.</dd> <dd>Quarto: 4° or 4to or Q° or Q</dd> <dd>Octavo: 8° or 8vo</dd> <dd>Duodecimo: 12° or 12mo</dd> <dd>Sexto-decimo: 16° or 16mo</dd> <dd>Tricesimo-secundo: 32° or 32mo</dd> <dd>Sexagesimo-quarto: 64° or 64mo</dd></dl></dd> <dd>The collation, which follows the format, is the statement of the order and size of the gatherings. <dl><dd>For example, a quarto that consists of the signed gatherings: <dl><dd>2 leaves signed A, 4 leaves signed B, 4 leaves signed C, and 2 leaves signed D</dd></dl></dd> <dd>would be represented in the collation formula: <dl><dd>4°: A<sup>2</sup>B-C<sup>4</sup>D<sup>2</sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Binding—a description of the binding techniques (generally for books printed after 1800)</li> <li>Title Page Transcription—a transcription of the title page, including rule lines and ornaments</li> <li>Contents—a listing of the contents (by section) in the book</li> <li>Paper—a description of the physical properties of the paper, including production process, an account of chain-line measurements, and a description of watermarks (if present)</li> <li>Illustrations—a description of the illustrations found in the book, including printing process (e.g. woodblock, intaglio, etc.), measurements, and locations in the text</li> <li>Presswork—miscellaneous details gleaned from the text about its production</li> <li>Copies Examined—an enumeration of the copies examined, including those copies' location (i.e. belonging to which library or collector)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analytical_bibliography">Analytical bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analytical bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This branch of the bibliographic discipline examines the material features of a textual artefact—such as type, ink, paper, imposition, format, impressions and states of a book—to essentially recreate the conditions of its production. Analytical bibliography often uses collateral evidence—such as general printing practices, trends in format, responses and non-responses to design, etc.—to scrutinize the historical conventions and influences underlying the physical appearance of a text. The bibliographer utilizes knowledge gained from the investigation of physical evidence in the form of a descriptive bibliography or textual bibliography.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Encyclopædia_Britannica:_Macropaedia_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Encyclopædia_Britannica:_Macropaedia-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descriptive bibliography is the close examination and cataloging of a text as a physical object, recording its size, format, <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">binding</a>, and so on, while textual bibliography (or textual criticism) identifies variations—and the aetiology of variations—in a text with a view to determining "the establishment of the most correct form of [a] text" (Bowers 498[1]). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographers">Bibliographers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliographers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg/220px-Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg/330px-Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg/440px-Paul_Otlet_%C3%A0_son_bureau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Otlet" title="Paul Otlet">Paul Otlet</a>, working in an office built at his home following the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Mundaneum" title="Mundaneum">Palais Mondial</a>, in June 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>bibliographer</i> is a person who describes and lists books and other publications, with particular attention to such characteristics as authorship, publication date, edition, typography, etc. A person who limits such efforts to a specific field or discipline is a subject bibliographer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bibliographer, in the technical meaning of the word, is anyone who writes about books. But the accepted meaning since at least the 18th century is a person who attempts a comprehensive account—sometimes just a list, sometimes a fuller reckoning—of the books written on a particular subject. In the present, bibliography is no longer a career, generally speaking; bibliographies tend to be written on highly specific subjects and by specialists in the field. </p><p>The term <i>bibliographer</i> is sometimes—in particular subject bibliographer—today used about certain roles performed in libraries<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">bibliographic databases</a>. </p><p>One of the first bibliographers was <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> who sought to list all books printed in Latin, Greek and Hebrew in <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Universalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca Universalis">Bibliotheca Universalis</a></i> (1545). Julius Petzholdt and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Besterman" title="Theodore Besterman">Theodore Besterman</a> also attempted to be comprehensive.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-book_material">Non-book material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-book material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Systematic lists of media other than books can be referred to with terms formed analogously to <i>bibliography</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discography" title="Discography">Discography</a>—recorded music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography" title="Filmography">Filmography</a>—films</li> <li>Webography (or webliography)—websites<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arachniography, a term coined by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> research historian Andrew J. Butrica, which means a reference list of <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> about a particular subject. It is equivalent to a bibliography in a book. The name derives from <i><a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">arachne</a></i> in reference to a spider and its web.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">books portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_index" title="Bibliographic index">Bibliographic index</a> – Resource for finding publications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> – Reference to a source</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_creator" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation creator">Citation creator</a> – Tools which facilitate the creation of works cited and bibliographies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">Ibid.</a> – Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op._cit." title="Op. cit.">Op. cit.</a> – Latin abbreviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_and_abstracting_service" title="Indexing and abstracting service">Indexing and abstracting service</a> – Service that provides summaries and descriptions of documents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">ISO 690</a> – ISO standard for bibliographic referencing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books">List of books</a> (in Wikipedia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabibliography" title="Metabibliography">Metabibliography</a> – Bibliography of bibliographies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_table" title="Reference table">Reference table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_bibliography" title="Legal bibliography">Legal bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a> – Standard for writing and design of documents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_scholarship" title="Textual scholarship">Textual scholarship</a> – Academic analysis of texts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first use of the word "webliography" recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from June 1995.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"bibliology". <i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=bibliology&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarterBarker200437_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarterBarker2004">Carter & Barker (2004)</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blum, Rudolf. <i>Bibliographia, an inquiry into its definition and designations</i>. Translated by Mathilde V. Rovelstad. Chicago, Ill.: American Library Association; Folkestone, Kent, England: Dawson, 1980. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8389-0146-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8389-0146-8">0-8389-0146-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Studies in Bibliography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/">http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414211742/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/bsuva/sb/">Archived</a> 2012-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Hagan Hardy, M. (2017). Bibliographic enterprise and the digital age: Charles Evans and the making of early American literature. <i>American Literary History, 29</i>(2), 331-351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otlet, P. (1903). <i>Les sciences bibliographiques et la documentation</i>. Bruxelles, Institut international de bibliographie.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otlet, P. (1903). "The science of bibliography and documentation"2. In Rayward, W.B. (trans. and ed.), (1990), <i>International organisation and dissemination of knowledge: Selected essays of Paul Otlet</i>. FID, Amsterdam: Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hjørland, B. (2007). "Arguments for 'the bibliographical paradigm'. Some thoughts inspired by the new English edition of the UDC", Information Research, 12(4) paper colis06. [Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://InformationR.net/ir/12-4/colis06.html">http://InformationR.net/ir/12-4/colis06.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065303/http://www.informationr.net/ir/12-4/colis06.html">Archived</a> 2018-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1999" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, D. F. (1999). <i>Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+and+the+Sociology+of+Texts&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gow, A. S. F. <i>A. E. Housman: A Sketch.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenise_Wolfe2020" class="citation web cs1">Denise Wolfe (7 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.buffalo.edu/news/2020/04/07/suny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier/">"SUNY Negotiates New, Modified Agreement with Elsevier - Libraries News Center University at Buffalo Libraries"</a>. <i>library.buffalo.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206111125/https://library.buffalo.edu/news/2020/04/07/suny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.buffalo.edu&rft.atitle=SUNY+Negotiates+New%2C+Modified+Agreement+with+Elsevier+-+Libraries+News+Center+University+at+Buffalo+Libraries&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft.au=Denise+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.buffalo.edu%2Fnews%2F2020%2F04%2F07%2Fsuny-negotiates-new-modified-agreement-with-elsevier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredson Bowers, "Four Faces of Bibliography" Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada 10 (1971):33-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Gaskell, <i>A New Introduction to Bibliography</i> (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belanger, Terry. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibsocamer.org/bibdef.htm">Descriptive Bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204103539/http://www.bibsocamer.org/bibdef.htm">Archived</a> 2011-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Bibliographical Society of America, 2003. Excerpted from Jean Peters, ed., <i>Book Collecting: A Modern Guide</i> (New York and London: R. R. Bowker, 1977), 97–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihl.enssib.fr/siteihl.php?page=56"><i>Analytical bibliography: an alternative prospectus</i>. Chapter 1. Definitions of bibliography, and in particular of the variety called analytical</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140139/http://ihl.enssib.fr/siteihl.php?page=56">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Institut d'histoire du livre, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmon, Robert B. <i>Elements of bibliography: a simplified approach</i>. Rev. ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989. p. 4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2218-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2218-0">0-8108-2218-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifla.org/node/2216">"National Bibliographic Register"</a>. <i>Ifla.org</i>. The Hague: <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926190926/https://www.ifla.org/node/2216">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ifla.org&rft.atitle=National+Bibliographic+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifla.org%2Fnode%2F2216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/refworks/natbib/bibprint.html">"National bibliographies and books in print"</a>. <i>Help for researchers</i>. British Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023055138/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/refworks/natbib/bibprint.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Help+for+researchers&rft.atitle=National+bibliographies+and+books+in+print&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Freshelp%2Ffindhelprestype%2Frefworks%2Fnatbib%2Fbibprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Encyclopædia_Britannica:_Macropaedia-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Encyclopædia_Britannica:_Macropaedia_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers1974" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, Fredson (1974). <i>Bibliography</i> (2nd ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">978–</span>981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E978-%3C%2Fspan%3E981&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Fredson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitz2010" class="citation web cs1">Reitz, Joan M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_b.aspx">"Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science"</a>. abc-clio.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203124603/https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_b.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Dictionary+for+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.pub=abc-clio.com&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Reitz&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc-clio.com%2FODLIS%2Fodlis_b.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/bib_bibliographers">"MLA Field Bibliographers"</a>. mla.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902221410/http://www.mla.org/bib_bibliographers">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLA+Field+Bibliographers&rft.pub=mla.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fbib_bibliographers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaryc, M. (1942). [Review of <i>A World Bibliography of Bibliographies</i>, By Theodore Besterman Volume I A-L [Volume II M-Z Index], by Theodore. Besterman]. <i>The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America</i>, 36(4), 321–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2007" class="citation book cs1">Staff (2007). <i>Encyclopedia Of Information Technology</i>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0752-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0752-6"><bdi>978-81-269-0752-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Of+Information+Technology&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0752-6&rft.au=Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2002" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, D. F. (2002). <i>Making Meaning: Printers of the Mind and Other Essays</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Meaning%3A+Printers+of+the+Mind+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterBarker2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Carter_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carter (author)">Carter, John</a>; Barker, Nicolas (2004). "Bibliography". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilab.org/eng/documentation/29-abc_for_book_collectors.html"><i>ABC for Book Collectors</i></a> (8th ed.). Oak Knoll Press and British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58456-112-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58456-112-2"><bdi>1-58456-112-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bibliography&rft.btitle=ABC+for+Book+Collectors&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oak+Knoll+Press+and+British+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58456-112-2&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Barker%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilab.org%2Feng%2Fdocumentation%2F29-abc_for_book_collectors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blum, Rudolf. (1980) <i>Bibliographia. An Inquiry in Its Definition and Designations</i>, Dawson, American Library Association.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">British Museum. Department of Printed Books (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handlistbibliog01portgoog"><i>Hand List of Bibliographies, Classified Catalogues, and Indexes Placed in the Reading Room of the British Museum for Reference</i></a>. London: Printed by William Clowes and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand+List+of+Bibliographies%2C+Classified+Catalogues%2C+and+Indexes+Placed+in+the+Reading+Room+of+the+British+Museum+for+Reference&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+by+William+Clowes+and+Sons&rft.date=1881&rft.au=British+Museum.+Department+of+Printed+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandlistbibliog01portgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABibliography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bowers, Fredson. (1995) <i>Principles of Bibliographical Description</i>, Oak Knoll Press.</li> <li>Duncan, Paul Shaner. (1973) <i>How to Catalog a Rare Book</i>, 2nd ed., rev., American Library Association.</li> <li>Gaskell, Philip. (2000) <i>A New Introduction to Bibliography</i>, Oak Knoll Press.</li> <li>McKerrow, R. B. (1927) <i>An Introduction to Bibliography for Literary Students</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Minter, Catherine J.. "Julius Petzholdt and the North American Library World: Transatlantic Circulation of Bibliothecal Knowledge in the Nineteenth Century" <i>Libri</i>, vol. 73, no. 4, 2023, pp. 335-344.</li> <li>National Library of Canada, Committee on Bibliography and Information Services for the Social Sciences and Humanities, <i>Guidelines for the Compilation of a Bibliography</i> (National Library of Canada, 1987). <i>N.B</i>.: This is a brief guide to accurately practical bibliography, not a study concerning more precise and systematic bibliography.</li> <li>Robinson, A. M. Lewin (1966) <i>Systematic Bibliography</i>; rev. ed. London: Clive Bingley</li> <li>Schneider, Georg. (1934) <i>Theory and History of Bibliography</i>, New York: Scarecrow Press.</li> <li>Staveley, R. (1983). <i>Bibliography and reading: A festschrift in honour of Ronald Staveley</i> (I. McIlwaine, J. McIlwaine, & P. G. New, Eds.). Scarecrow Press.</li> <li>Wadsworth, Robert Woodman. “Bibliographie Der Nationalen Bibliographien/A World Bibliography of National Bibliographies . Friedrich Domay.” <i>The Library Quarterly</i> (Chicago) 58, no. 3 (1988): 299–301.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/bibliography" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/bibliography">bibliography</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bibliography_and_Bibliology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bibliography and Bibliology">Bibliography and Bibliology</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Bibliography" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Bibliography">Portal:Bibliography</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bibliography" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bibliography">Bibliography</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordbibliographiesonline.com/">Oxford Bibliographies Online</a>, in-depth annotated bibliographies by scholars in selected fields</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarebookschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/syl-B-complete.090302.pdf">Introduction to Bibliography</a>, a comprehensive syllabus by G. Thomas Tanselle</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibsocamer.org/">The Bibliographical Society of America</a>, a resource for information about current work in the field of bibliography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsuva.org/wordpress/studies-in-bibliography/"><i>Studies in Bibliography</i></a>, the journal of the <a href="/wiki/Bibliographical_Society_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia">Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906110954/http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html">A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism, and Philology</a>, (University of Zaragoza) includes thousands of listings on literary, philological and other subjects</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_design252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_structure" title="Template:Book structure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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(annotation)">Gloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">Marginal note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchword" title="Catchword">Catchword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_footer" title="Page footer">Footer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_header" title="Page header">Header</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headpiece_(book_illustration)" title="Headpiece (book illustration)">Headpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiated_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiated initial">Historiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhabited_initial" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/120px-Liji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/180px-Liji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/240px-Liji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Front and <br />back covers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">Anthropodermic bibliopegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">Dust 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-title" title="Half-title">Half-title</a> <ul><li>bastard title</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_page" title="Title page">Title page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edition_notice" title="Edition notice">Edition notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">Nihil obstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedication_(publishing)" title="Dedication (publishing)">Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">Epigraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">Foreword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts_and_sciences)" title="Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)">Acknowledgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_(writing)" title="Introduction (writing)">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prologue" title="Prologue">Prologue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_mark" title="Printer's mark">Printer's mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Body_matter" title="Book design">Body matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">Body text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustrations</a></li> <li>Parts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_(typography)" title="Section (typography)">Sections</a></li> <li><a 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</div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>79 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-ggn2r","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.630","walltime":"0.849","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4629,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":75221,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2943,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":81684,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 720.578 1 -total"," 22.41% 161.511 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.44% 111.229 14 Template:Annotated_link"," 13.15% 94.748 3 Template:Langx"," 11.37% 81.896 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.06% 79.718 1 Template:Books"," 9.80% 70.621 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 8.70% 62.716 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.07% 43.704 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.57% 40.114 2 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