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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Blade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pamor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hilt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sheath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Forging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legendary_and_historic_krises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_and_historic_krises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legendary and historic krises</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legendary_and_historic_krises-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legendary and historic krises subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legendary_and_historic_krises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kris_Mpu_Gandring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kris_Mpu_Gandring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kris Mpu Gandring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kris_Mpu_Gandring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kris_Taming_Sari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kris_Taming_Sari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Kris Taming Sari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kris_Taming_Sari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kris_Setan_Kober" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kris_Setan_Kober"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Kris Setan Kober</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kris_Setan_Kober-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kris_Diponegoro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kris_Diponegoro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Kris Diponegoro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kris_Diponegoro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kris</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD)" title="كريس (سلاح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريس (سلاح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadutan" title="Kadutan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kadutan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A" title="কিরিচ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিরিচ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karis" title="Karis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Karis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Крыс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крыс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Крыс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крыс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_(arma)" title="Kris (arma) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kris (arma)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriso" title="Kriso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kriso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_(arma)" title="Kris (arma) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kris (arma)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD)" title="کریس (سلاح) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریس (سلاح)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriss_(arme)" title="Kriss (arme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kriss (arme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_(%EB%8B%A8%EA%B2%80)" title="크리스 (단검) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스 (단검)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keris" title="Keris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriss" title="Kriss – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kriss" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keris" title="Keris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Keris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriss" title="Kriss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kriss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisas" title="Krisas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krisas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_(fegyver)" title="Kris (fegyver) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kris (fegyver)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Крис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="क्रिस (शस्त्र) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रिस (शस्त्र)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keris" title="Keris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karih" title="Karih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_(wapen)" title="Kris (wapen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kris (wapen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9_(%E7%9F%AD%E5%89%A3)" title="クリス (短剣) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリス (短剣)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Крис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keris" title="Keris – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Keris" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris" title="Kris – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kris" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_(dolk)" title="Kris (dolk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kris (dolk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="கிரிசுக் கத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரிசுக் கத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Weapon from Maritime Southeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of the word "kris", see <a href="/wiki/Kris_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kris (disambiguation)">Kris (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses of the word "KERIS", see <a href="/wiki/KERIS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="KERIS (disambiguation)">KERIS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Kris </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The kris consists of three parts; blade (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">wilah</i></span>), hilt (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">hulu</i></span>) and sheath (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">warangka</i></span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">Dagger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Detik_-_Keris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detik_-_Keris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suma_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Sultanate">Brunei Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, present day <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <small>(mainly and originally)</small><br />Also familiar to <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Genter" title="Battle of Genter">Battle of Genter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamalayu_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamalayu expedition">Pamalayu expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bubat" title="Battle of Bubat">Battle of Bubat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paregreg_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Paregreg war">Majapahit civil war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">Siege of Batavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Diponegoro War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">Kalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balasiong" title="Balasiong">Balasiong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Punyal">Punyal</a> (Gunong), Chundrik<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Blade" title="Blade">Blade</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data">Double edged <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickelous</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Hilt" title="Hilt">Hilt</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a>, bone, horn, wooden or metals. Sometimes coated with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and decorated with <a href="/wiki/Gemstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstones">gemstones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Scabbard" title="Scabbard">Scabbard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scabbard" title="Scabbard">sheath</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wooden frame covered and decorated with ivory or metals (gold, silver, copper, iron, brass, or steel)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Indonesian Kris</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00112">00112</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity/APA" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/APA">Asia and the Pacific</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2008 (3rd session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representativre</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>kris</b> or <b><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">keris</i></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese</a> asymmetrical dagger with a distinctive blade-patterning achieved through alternating laminations of iron and nickelous iron (<i>pamor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-JPostKris_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPostKris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, although many have straight blades as well, and is one of the <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_silat" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of silat">weapons</a> commonly used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">pencak silat</a></i> martial art native to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Kris have been produced in many regions of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> for centuries, but nowhere—although the island of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> comes close—is the kris so embedded in a mutually-connected whole of ritual prescriptions and acts, ceremonies, mythical backgrounds and epic poetry as in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leiden_and_KITLV_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leiden_and_KITLV-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Within <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> the kris is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese culture</a>, although other ethnicities in it and surrounding regions are familiar with the weapon as part of their cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CJ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kris itself is considered as a cultural symbol of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 266">: 266 </span></sup> and also neighbouring countries like <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. </p><p>A kris can be divided into three parts: blade (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">bilah</i></span> or <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">wilah</i></span>), hilt (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">hulu</i></span>), and sheath (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">warangka</i></span>). Each part of the kris is considered a piece of art, often carved in meticulous detail and made from various materials: metal, precious or rare types of wood, or gold or ivory. A kris's aesthetic value covers the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">dhapur</i></span> (the form and design of the blade, with around 60 variants), the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 250 variants), and <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">tangguh</i></span> referring to the age and origin of a kris.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the quality and historical value of the kris, it can fetch thousands of dollars or more. </p><p>Both a weapon and spiritual object, kris are often considered to have an essence or presence, considered to possess magical powers, with some blades possessing good luck and others possessing bad.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kris are used for display, as <a href="/wiki/Talismans" class="mw-redirect" title="Talismans">talismans</a> with magical powers, weapons, a sanctified heirloom (<i><a href="/wiki/Pusaka" title="Pusaka">pusaka</a></i>), auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legendary kris that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability were mentioned in traditional folktales, such as those of Empu Gandring, <a href="/wiki/Taming_Sari" title="Taming Sari">Taming Sari</a>, and Setan Kober. </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> included the Indonesian kris in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>kris</i> come from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Javanese language">Old Javanese</a> term which means "dagger".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, kris is known as <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">keris</i></span> (<span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">ꦏꦼꦫꦶꦱ꧀</span></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language#Registers" title="Javanese language"><i>ngoko</i> register</a>, <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">dhuwung</i></span> (<span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦁ</span></span>) in the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">krama</i></span> register, and <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">wangkingan</i></span> (<span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">ꦮꦁꦏꦶꦁꦔꦤ꧀</span></span>) in the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Krama_inggil" class="mw-redirect" title="Krama inggil">krama inggil</a></i></span> vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobsonWibisono2002364_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobsonWibisono2002364-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (subsequently <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a><sup id="cite_ref-KBBI-Keris_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBBI-Keris-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a> it is spelled <i>keris</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>: کريس). Other names include <i>karih</i> in <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, and <i>sele</i> (ᨔᨙᨒᨙ) in <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a>. </p><p>Two notable exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. In the Philippines, the kris and similar stabbing daggers are known as <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Gunong" title="Gunong">gunong</a></i></span> or <span title="Maguindanaon-language text"><i lang="mdh">gulok</i></span>, while the much larger slashing sword versions are known as <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">kalis</a></i></span> or <span title="Maguindanaon-language text"><i lang="mdh">sundang</i></span>. The larger <i>kalis</i> sword was introduced from the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Sultanate">Sulu Sultanate</a> of the Philippines back to <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> in Indonesia, where it became known <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">keris Sulu</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pendatun_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pendatun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zonnveld_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zonnveld-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> it is always spelled <i>kris</i> and pronounced either as <i>kris</i> or <i>krit</i> (กริช) in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Yala,_Thailand" title="Yala, Thailand">Yala</a> dialect it is spelled <i>kareh</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> it is spelled as <i>kris</i> (គ្រីស) in <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>. Other alternative spellings used by <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">Europeans</a> include "cryse", "crise", "criss", "kriss" and "creese". In English, the plural form is often simply "kris" as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_Keris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Borobudur_Keris.jpg/220px-Borobudur_Keris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Borobudur_Keris.jpg/330px-Borobudur_Keris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Borobudur_Keris.jpg/440px-Borobudur_Keris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Possible kris depicted on 9th century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> bas-relief.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keris_Relief_at_Sukuh_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Keris_Relief_at_Sukuh_Temple.jpg/250px-Keris_Relief_at_Sukuh_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Keris_Relief_at_Sukuh_Temple.jpg/330px-Keris_Relief_at_Sukuh_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Keris_Relief_at_Sukuh_Temple.jpg/500px-Keris_Relief_at_Sukuh_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Kris blacksmith's workshop depicted in 15th century <a href="/wiki/Candi_Sukuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Candi Sukuh">Candi Sukuh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>kris</i> was mentioned in several ancient Javanese inscriptions originating from <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, including Humanding inscription (707 Saka or 875 CE), Jurungan inscription and Haliwangbang inscription (708 Saka or 876 CE), Taji inscription (823 Saka or 901 CE), Poh inscription (827 Saka or 905 CE), and Rukam inscription (829 Saka or 907 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 266">: 266 </span></sup> Possible renderings of kris also appear on temple bas-reliefs such as of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> (825) and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temples (850).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The description of a small dagger from Java reminiscent of kris can be found in Chinese source from the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. In 992 the envoy from <i>She-po</i> (Java) arrived in Chinese court bearing a lot of gifts, consists of a dagger with exquisite hilt made of rhino horn and gold, <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">silk woven with floral motifs made of gold threads</a>, ivories, pearls, silk of various colours, fragrant <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, cotton clothes of various colours, turtle shells, <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">betel nut preparation kit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> mat with the image of <a href="/wiki/White_cockatoo" title="White cockatoo">white cockatoo</a>, and a small model of house made of sandalwood adorned with valuable ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-SNI-II:Zaman_Kuno_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNI-II:Zaman_Kuno-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199">: 199 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_kris_van_Knaud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_kris_van_Knaud.jpg/220px-WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_kris_van_Knaud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_kris_van_Knaud.jpg/330px-WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_kris_van_Knaud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_kris_van_Knaud.jpg/440px-WLANL_-_23dingenvoormusea_-_kris_van_Knaud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kris_of_Knaud" title="Kris of Knaud">Kris of Knaud</a> (1342 AD) from <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> period, exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> in Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> <p>However, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stamford Raffles">Raffles</a>' (1817) study of the <a href="/wiki/Candi_Sukuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Candi Sukuh">Candi Sukuh</a> states that the kris recognized today came into existence around 1361 AD in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>. The scene in bas relief of Sukuh Temple in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, dated from 15th century Majapahit era, shows the workshop of a Javanese keris blacksmith.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The scene depicted <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> as the blacksmith on the left forging the metal, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> in the center, and <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> on the right operating the piston bellows to blow air into the furnace. The wall behind the blacksmith displays various items manufactured in the forge, including kris. These representations of the kris in the Candi Sukuh established the fact that by the year 1437 the kris had already gained an important place within Javanese culture. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Yingya_Shenglan" title="Yingya Shenglan">Yingya Shenglan</a></i>—a record about <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>'s expedition (1405–1433)—<a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> describes that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>all men in <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, from the king to commoners, from a boy aged three to elders, slipped <i>pu-la-t'ou</i> (<i>belati</i> or more precisely <i>kris</i> dagger) in their belts. The daggers are made entirely of steel with intricate motifs smoothly drawn. The handles are made of gold, rhino's horn or ivory carved with a depiction of human or demon; the carving works are exquisite and skillfully made.<sup id="cite_ref-Yingya_Shenglan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yingya_Shenglan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This Chinese account also reported that public execution by stabbing using this type of dagger is common. Majapahit knows no caning for major or minor punishment. They tied the guilty men's hands in the back with rattan rope and paraded them for a few paces, and then stabbed the offender one or two times in the back on the gap between the floating ribs, which resulted in severe bleeding and instant death. </p><p>Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Kris_of_Knaud" title="Kris of Knaud">Kris of Knaud</a> is the oldest known surviving kris in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Duuren2002_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duuren2002-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given to Charles Knaud, a Dutch physician, by <a href="/wiki/Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Paku Alam V</a> in the 19th century Yogyakarta in Java, the kris is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a>, Amsterdam. The kris bears the date of 1264 Saka (which corresponds to 1342 AD) in its iron blade. Scientists suspect that due to its special features the kris might be even older, but was decorated during Majapahit period to celebrate an important event.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kris bears scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> on an unusual thin copper layer which partially covers it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_distribution">Development and distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keris_196_Krishnayana_Reliefs_(39721365664).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A kris depicted on the Panataran temple relief. From the main temple which bears the date of 1269 saka or 1347 CE."><img alt="A kris depicted on the Panataran temple relief. From the main temple which bears the date of 1269 saka or 1347 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Keris_196_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721365664%29.jpg/120px-Keris_196_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721365664%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Keris_196_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721365664%29.jpg/250px-Keris_196_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721365664%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A kris depicted on the Panataran temple relief. From the main temple which bears the date of 1269 saka or 1347 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keris_195_Krishnayana_Reliefs_(39721371084).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An unseathed kris on the Panataran temple relief."><img alt="An unseathed kris on the Panataran temple relief." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Keris_195_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721371084%29.jpg/120px-Keris_195_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721371084%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Keris_195_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721371084%29.jpg/250px-Keris_195_Krishnayana_Reliefs_%2839721371084%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="1657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An unseathed kris on the Panataran temple relief.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Although the people of Southeast Asia were already familiar with this type of stabbing weapon, the development of the kris most probably took place in Java, Indonesia. From its origin in Java, the use of kris spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago, Singapore, Malaysia, Southern Thailand and the Philippines through diplomacy and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 267">: 267 </span></sup> The spread of the kris to other nations such as Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, some historians say, was credited to the growing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Empire in Java around the year 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-JPostKris_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPostKris-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Siksa_Kandang_Karesian" title="Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian">Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian</a></i> canto XVII, a <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> manuscript dated from Saka 1440 or 1518 AD, describes the kris as the weapon of kings, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Kujang_(weapon)" title="Kujang (weapon)">kujang</a></i> is the weapon of farmers. There exist claims of earlier forms predating the Majapahit kris but none are verifiable. In the past, the majority of kris had straight blades but this became less frequent over time. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a>, in the early 16th century, describes the importance of the kris to the Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Suma_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kris" title="Special:EditPage/Kris">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kris%22">"Kris"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kris%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kris%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kris%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kris%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kris%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While it is commonly believed that kris were the primary weapons wielded by fighters in the past, they were actually carried by warriors as a secondary armament if they lost their main weapon, which was usually a spear. For commoners however, kris were worn on a daily basis, especially when travelling because it might be needed for self-defense. During times of peace, people wore kris as part of ceremonial attire. Ceremonial kris were often meticulously decorated with intricate carving in gold and precious stones. Heirloom blades were handed down through successive generations and worn during special events such as weddings and other ceremonies. Men usually wore only one kris but the admiral <a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a> is said in the <i>Hikayat Hang Tuah</i> to have armed himself with one short and one long kris. Women also wore kris, though usually of a smaller size than a man's. In battle, a fighter might have carried more than one kris; some carried three kris: his own, one from his father-in-law, and one as a family heirloom. The extra two served as parrying daggers, but if none were available the sheath would serve the same purpose. </p><p>Kris were often broken in battle and required repairs. Yearly cleanings, known in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese tradition</a> as <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">jamasan</i></span>, is required as part of the spirituality and mythology surrounding the weapon, often left ancient blades worn and thin. The repair materials depended on location and it is quite usual to find a weapon with fittings from several areas. For example, a kris may have a blade from Java, a hilt from Bali and a sheath from Madura. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... every man in Java, whether he is rich or poor, must have a kris in his house ... and no man between the ages of 12 and 80 may go out of doors without a kris in his belt. They carry them at the back, as daggers used to be in Portugal ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tome Pires, Suma Oriental</cite></div></blockquote><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_Varieties_of_the_Javan_Kris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Raffles_Varieties_of_the_Javan_Kris.png/160px-Raffles_Varieties_of_the_Javan_Kris.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Raffles_Varieties_of_the_Javan_Kris.png/239px-Raffles_Varieties_of_the_Javan_Kris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Raffles_Varieties_of_the_Javan_Kris.png/319px-Raffles_Varieties_of_the_Javan_Kris.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> keris, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> (1817)</figcaption></figure> <p>In many parts of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>, the kris used to be the choice weapon for an execution known as the <i>hukuman salang</i>. The executioner's kris had a long, straight, slender blade. The condemned knelt before the executioner, who placed a wad of cotton or similar material on the subject's shoulder or clavicle area. The blade was thrust through the padding, piercing the <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">subclavian artery</a> and the heart. Upon withdrawal, the cotton wiped the blade clean.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> In the Malay world and Java, an honourable form of execution was death by kris to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 141">: 141 </span></sup> </p><p>Kris were used commonly in battle, during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, instead of having professional armies, most kings within the region relied on their courtiers to mobilize for war whenever required and since most Javanese, Malay and Makassarese would own a kris, the weapon would have seen regular combat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 127">: 127 </span></sup> During <i><a href="/wiki/Running_amok#Malay_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Running amok">amok</a></i>, the kris was used in a furious charge to scatter or kill a number of enemies even at the cost of one's own life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 125">: 125 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Javaan_bezig_met_het_vervaardigen_van_krissen_TMnr_3728-721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Javaan_bezig_met_het_vervaardigen_van_krissen_TMnr_3728-721.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Javaan_bezig_met_het_vervaardigen_van_krissen_TMnr_3728-721.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Javaan_bezig_met_het_vervaardigen_van_krissen_TMnr_3728-721.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Javaan_bezig_met_het_vervaardigen_van_krissen_TMnr_3728-721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Javaan_bezig_met_het_vervaardigen_van_krissen_TMnr_3728-721.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Javaan_bezig_met_het_vervaardigen_van_krissen_TMnr_3728-721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A lithograph depiction of kris blacksmith in Java, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1854</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, European colonial powers introduced <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> into the archipelago that contributed to the decline of using the kris as the weapon of choice in battle. The forging of edged weapons went into decline from the moment that the sultans or rajas were subjugated and their realms annexed by the British or <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> colonial state. In number of regions, a ban was placed on carrying of cutting and stabbing weapons. </p><p>In Java, the turning point was the end of the five-year-long <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a> when the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Prince_Diponegoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Diponegoro">Prince Diponegoro</a> was defeated and detained, and had to hand his kris over to the Dutch in 1830. This event marked the disarmament of the kris as a combat weapon among the Javanese populace. Its ceremonial function, however, as part of traditional costumes, as sacred heirloom and as a protective personal amulet, remains. </p><p>However, the kris saw continuous use and forging in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, which comprised most of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>. Kris-forgers and swordsmen were referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Juramentados" class="mw-redirect" title="Juramentados">juramentados</a></i> by the Spanish. Juramentados practice a ritual of sacrifice, a form of Jihad against not only Spanish soldiers, but also against <a href="/wiki/Christian_Filipinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Filipinos">Christian Filipinos</a> alike. </p><p>The early 20th century saw the decline of kris forging as carrying edged weapons was banned in the Dutch East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-Leiden_and_KITLV_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leiden_and_KITLV-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> However its spiritual and ceremonial function still continues and is celebrated mainly in <i><a href="/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)">kraton</a></i> and <i>istana</i> (courts) throughout Indonesia, Malaysia and the Muslim-inhabited parts of the southern Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand-made_Kris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hand-made_Kris.jpg/250px-Hand-made_Kris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hand-made_Kris.jpg/330px-Hand-made_Kris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hand-made_Kris.jpg/500px-Hand-made_Kris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Kris-making in Jakarta</figcaption></figure> <p>In Java, the traditional art of kris-making is preserved in the Javanese culture heartland, the <i><a href="/wiki/Keraton" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton">keraton</a></i> (royal court) of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta</a>, and also the princedom of <a href="/wiki/Mangkunegaran" title="Mangkunegaran">Mangkunegaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakualaman" title="Pakualaman">Pakualaman</a>. The Javanese kings and nobles of these courts are known to employ some kris blacksmiths (<i>empu</i>) and become the patrons of their works, although the activity of kris-making is declining. Until the 1990s, kris-making activities in Java had almost come to a standstill due to economic difficulties and changing socio-cultural values. However, thanks to several concerned kris experts, the tradition is being revived and kris craftsmanship has increased again. </p><p>Over the past three decades, kris have lost their prominent social and spiritual meaning in society. Although active and honoured smiths who produce high quality kris in the traditional way can still be found in some places such as Madura, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Makassar and Palembang, their number is dramatically decreasing, and it is more difficult for them to find successors to whom they may transmit their skills.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional kris-making industry still survives in some villages, such as Banyu Sumurup village in Imogiri subdistrict, <a href="/wiki/Bantul_Regency" title="Bantul Regency">Bantul</a>, Yogyakarta, either specially made as a sacred amulet ordered by a kris enthusiast who seeks its spiritual power, or merely as souvenirs for tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physically, the kris is a form of <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a> with a blade measuring between 15 and 50 in (38 and 127 cm) long, typically not sharpened as it is meant for stabbing and tearing, broader and asymmetric shape near the hilt, made of a combination of several kinds of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 267">: 267 </span></sup> A kris's aesthetic value covers the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">dhapur</i></span> (the form and design of the blade, with around 150 variants), the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> (the pattern of metal alloy decoration on the blade, with around 60 variants), and <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">tangguh</i></span> referring to the age and origin of a kris.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blade">Blade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semar_Kris_(alt)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg/250px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg/330px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg/500px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>A decorative kris with a figure of <a href="/wiki/Semar" title="Semar">Semar</a> as the handle. The blade has thirteen <i>luk</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The kris blade is called a <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">wilah</i></span> or <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">bilah</i></span>. Kris blades are usually narrow with a wide, asymmetrical base, one rare kind of kris with a broad blade is the <i>keris buah beko</i> in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> copying the shape of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oroxylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Oroxylum">oroxylum</a></i> seed pod.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kris is famous for its wavy blade; however, older types of kris dated from the Majapahit era have straight blades,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do more than half of all kris prior to the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of curves on the blade (known as <i>luk</i> or <i>lok</i>) is always odd.<sup id="cite_ref-keris01_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keris01-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common numbers of luk range from three to thirteen waves, but some blades have up to 29.<sup id="cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karaton_Surakarta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the older straight type, most kris today have a wavy blade which is supposed to increase the severity of wounds inflicted upon a victim.<sup id="cite_ref-keris01_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keris01-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to traditional Javanese <a href="/wiki/Kejawen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejawen">kejawen</a>, kris contain all the intrinsic elements of nature: <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">tirta</i></span> (water), <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">bayu</i></span> (wind), <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">agni</i></span> (fire), <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">bantolo</i></span> (earth, but also interpreted as metal or wood which both come from the earth), and <i>aku</i> (lit: "I" or "me", meaning that the kris has a spirit or soul). All these elements are present during the forging of kris. Earth is metal forged by fire being blown by pumped wind, and water to cool down the metal.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bali, the kris is associated with the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">nāga</a> or dragon, which also symbolizes irrigation canals, rivers, springs, wells, spouts, waterfalls and rainbows; thus, the wavy blade symbolizes the movement of the serpent. Some kris have the head of a <i>naga</i> (dragon) carved near the base with the body and tail following the curves of the blade to the tip. A wavy kris is thus a <i>naga</i> in motion, aggressive and alive; a straight blade is one at rest, its power dormant but ready to come into action.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In former times, kris blades were said to be infused with poison during their forging, ensuring that any injury was fatal. The poison used to polish kris blade is called <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">warangan</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of chemical coating was done by <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">warangan</i></span> or <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">jamas</i></span> (washing) the blade with acid and minerals that contains <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of doing so was kept secret among smiths. Different types of whetstones, acidic juice of citrus fruits and poisonous arsenic bring out the contrast between the dark black iron and the light colored silvery nickel layers which together form <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span>, damascene patterns on the blade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamor">Pamor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pamor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kris_pamor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kris_pamor.jpg/330px-Kris_pamor.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kris_pamor.jpg/500px-Kris_pamor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kris_pamor.jpg/560px-Kris_pamor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>The shiny <a href="/wiki/Nickelous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelous">nickelous</a> pattern (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span>) on dark iron background visible on kris' blade</figcaption></figure> <p>The distinctive <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> patterns have specific meanings and names which indicate the mythical properties they are believed to impart. There are around 60 variants of <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> recognized today in traditional kris blades. Some examples of <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> include <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">beras wutah</i></span>, <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">udan mas</i></span>, <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">kembang kacang</i></span>, <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">kembang pala</i></span> and <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">ladrang cendan</i></span>. The kris blade forging uses <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> with a small content of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> to create this pattern. The faint <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> pattern has been found in the kris from Majapahit period, which was acquired from iron ores with small nickel content. Most probably this iron ore was imported from the island of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, as the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor Luwu</i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Luwu_Regency" title="Luwu Regency">Luwu region</a> is quite well known in Sulawesi and Java. </p><p>The best material for creating <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> however, is acquired in a quite unusual way, as it is made from rare <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> iron. Traditionally the <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> material for the kris smiths connected with the courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta originates from an iron meteorite that fell to earth at the end of 18th century in the neighborhood of the <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple complex. The meteorite was excavated and transported to the keraton of Surakarta; from that time on the smiths of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Vorstenlanden</i></span> (the Royal territories) used small pieces of meteoric iron to produce <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">pamor</i></span> patterns in their kris, pikes, and other status weapons. After etching the blade with acidic substances, it is the small percentage of nickel present in meteoric iron that creates the distinctive silvery patterns that faintly light up against the dark background of iron or steel that become darkened by the effect of the acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Leiden_and_KITLV_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leiden_and_KITLV-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hilt">Hilt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hilt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_jankie_-_Krisgreep_(Indonesi%C3%AB),_19e_eeuw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WLANL_-_jankie_-_Krisgreep_%28Indonesi%C3%AB%29%2C_19e_eeuw.jpg/250px-WLANL_-_jankie_-_Krisgreep_%28Indonesi%C3%AB%29%2C_19e_eeuw.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WLANL_-_jankie_-_Krisgreep_%28Indonesi%C3%AB%29%2C_19e_eeuw.jpg/330px-WLANL_-_jankie_-_Krisgreep_%28Indonesi%C3%AB%29%2C_19e_eeuw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WLANL_-_jankie_-_Krisgreep_%28Indonesi%C3%AB%29%2C_19e_eeuw.jpg/500px-WLANL_-_jankie_-_Krisgreep_%28Indonesi%C3%AB%29%2C_19e_eeuw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Richly decorated Balinese kris hilt coated with gold, adorned with rubies.</figcaption></figure> <p>The handle or hilt (<span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">hulu</i></span>) is an object of art, often carved in meticulous details and made from various materials: precious rare types of wood to gold or ivory. They were often carved to resemble various animals and Hindu deities, although this became less common with the introduction of Islam. In Bali, kris handles are made to resemble demons coated in gold and adorned with semi precious and precious stones, such as rubies. In Java, kris handles are made in various types, the most common design being the abstract stylized representation of the human form. Examples of hilt designs include Tunggak Semi Putri Kinurung hilt from Surakarta, Batara Guru and Pulasir hilt from Madura, Punukan hilt from Palembang, Ratmaja from Bali, Pulungan hilt from Cirebon, Pekaka hilt from Pattani, and a seabird-like hilt from Lampung and Sulawesi.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kris usually has a curved pistol-grip <a href="/wiki/Hilt" title="Hilt">hilt</a> that aids in stabbing strikes. It allows the palm of the holding hand to add pressure to the blade while stabbing. A kris only offers minimal protection for the hand by the broad blade at the hilt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sheath">Sheath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sheath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_krisschede_TMnr_214-71.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_krisschede_TMnr_214-71.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_krisschede_TMnr_214-71.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_krisschede_TMnr_214-71.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_krisschede_TMnr_214-71.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_krisschede_TMnr_214-71.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_krisschede_TMnr_214-71.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Kris sheath of Ladrang Surakarta style</figcaption></figure> <p>As with the hilt, a kris' <a href="/wiki/Scabbard" title="Scabbard">sheath</a> (<i>warangka</i>) is also an object of art. It can be made from various materials, usually a wooden frame to hold the blade which can be coated with metals such as brass, iron, silver, or even gold, usually carved in <i>sulur</i> floral motifs. The upper part of the sheath formed a broad curved handle made from wood or sometimes ivory. It could be adorned with precious or semi-precious stones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forging">Forging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The making of a kris was the specialised duty of metalworkers called <i>empu</i> (lit. "possessor") or <i>pandai besi</i> (lit. "iron-skilled"). In Java the honorary title <i>empu</i> refer to those ironsmiths who possess the special skill of forging the kris. According to <a href="/wiki/Javanese_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese beliefs">Javanese beliefs</a>, a kris <i>empu</i> should possess knowledge, technical skills and also spiritual prowess, since kris are believed to have physical and spiritual presence.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was meant to differentiate the masters from common <i>pandai besi</i> that mostly create common metal tools or peasant's weapons like <i><a href="/wiki/Parang_(knife)" title="Parang (knife)">parang</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Golok" title="Golok">golok</a></i>. In old Majapahit, a kris bladesmith was referred to as <i>pande</i> and all were reputed to be able to work hot iron with their bare hands. The people of Majapahit would eventually flee to <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> where the occupation has been preserved by the Pande clan to this day, members of whom also make jewellery. A bladesmith makes the blade in layers of different iron ores and meteorite nickel. Some blades can be made in a relatively short time, while more intricate weapons take years to complete. In high quality kris blades, the metal is folded dozens or hundreds of times and handled with the utmost precision. Empu are highly respected craftsmen with additional knowledge in literature, history, and the occult.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_beliefs">Cultural beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keris_Wearing_in_Java.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Keris_Wearing_in_Java.JPG/250px-Keris_Wearing_in_Java.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Keris_Wearing_in_Java.JPG/330px-Keris_Wearing_in_Java.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Keris_Wearing_in_Java.JPG/500px-Keris_Wearing_in_Java.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Various ways of wearing kris in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kris were worn at special ceremonies, with heirloom blades being handed down through successive generations. Both men and women might wear them, though those for women are smaller. A rich spirituality and mythology developed around the weapon. Kris are used for display, as talismans with magical powers, weapons, sanctified heirloom, auxiliary equipment for court soldiers, as an accessory for ceremonial dress, an indicator of social status, a symbol of heroism, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Krisdansers_met_Rangda_tijdens_een_Barong_dansvoorstelling_TMnr_20018470.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Krisdansers_met_Rangda_tijdens_een_Barong_dansvoorstelling_TMnr_20018470.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Krisdansers_met_Rangda_tijdens_een_Barong_dansvoorstelling_TMnr_20018470.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Krisdansers_met_Rangda_tijdens_een_Barong_dansvoorstelling_TMnr_20018470.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Krisdansers_met_Rangda_tijdens_een_Barong_dansvoorstelling_TMnr_20018470.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Krisdansers_met_Rangda_tijdens_een_Barong_dansvoorstelling_TMnr_20018470.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Krisdansers_met_Rangda_tijdens_een_Barong_dansvoorstelling_TMnr_20018470.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barong_(mythology)#Barong_dance" title="Barong (mythology)">Barong</a> dance performance with kris-wielding dancers and <a href="/wiki/Rangda" title="Rangda">Rangda</a> in Bali.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Barong_dance" title="Barong dance">Barong dance</a> of Bali there is a segment called <a href="/wiki/Barong_dance#Keris_dance" title="Barong dance">keris dance</a>, in which the villain <a href="/wiki/Rangda" title="Rangda">Rangda</a> magically enchants <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a>'s soldiers to commit suicide, while another magician makes them invulnerable to sharp objects. In a <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a> state, the male dancers stab themselves in the chest with their own kris but remain unhurt.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kris dance is a potentially dangerous dance and can lead to fatal accidents. In February 2021, a 16 year old kris dancer was stabbed to death in his heart by his own kris, during a Rangda dance performance in Denpasar, Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese culture</a> the kris is revered as <i>tosan aji</i> (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> for "sacred heirloom weapon") and considered a <a href="/wiki/Pusaka" title="Pusaka">pusaka</a>. The kris is believed to have the ability to infuse bravery upon its holder: this property is known as <i>piyandel</i> in Javanese which means "to add self-confidence". The <i>pusaka</i> kris or kris-tipped spear given by a Javanese king to nobles or his subjects, was meant to symbolize the king's confidence bestowed upon the receiver and is considered a great honor. During the Javanese wedding ceremony, a kris is required to be adorned with chains of <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a> flower arrangement as an important part of Javanese groom's wedding costume. The addition of jasmine arrangement around the kris was meant as a symbol that a man should not easily be angry, cruel, fierce, too aggressive, tyrannical and abusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karaton_Surakarta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_krijgsman_uit_Djokja_TMnr_60040120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_krijgsman_uit_Djokja_TMnr_60040120.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_krijgsman_uit_Djokja_TMnr_60040120.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_krijgsman_uit_Djokja_TMnr_60040120.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_krijgsman_uit_Djokja_TMnr_60040120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_krijgsman_uit_Djokja_TMnr_60040120.jpg/359px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_van_een_krijgsman_uit_Djokja_TMnr_60040120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>19th-century studio portrait of a native Javanese warrior with an iron kris-tipped spear</figcaption></figure> <p>Kris-makers did more than forge the weapon, they carried out the old rituals which could infuse the blade with mystical powers. For this reason, kris are considered almost alive because they may be vessels of spirits, either good or evil. Legends tell of kris that could move of their own volition and killed individuals at will. Some kris are rumored to stand upright when their real names are called by their masters. It was said that some kris helped prevent fires, death, agricultural failure, and many other problems. Likewise, they could also bring fortune, such as bountiful harvests. Many of these beliefs were derived from the possession of different kris by different people. For example, there is a type of kris in Java that was called <i>Beras Wutah</i>, which was believed to grant its possessor an easy life without famine. This kris was mainly assigned to government officers who were paid, in whole or in part, with foodstuffs such as <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. </p><p>There are several ways of testing whether a kris is lucky or not. A series of cuts on a leaf, based on blade width and other factors, could determine if a blade was good or bad. Also, if the owner slept with the blade under their pillow, the spirit of the kris would communicate with the owner via dream. If the owner had a bad dream, the blade was unlucky and had to be discarded, whereas if the owner had a good dream the dagger would bring good fortune. However, just because a blade was bad for one person didn't mean it would be bad for another. Harmony between the weapon and its owner was critical. </p><p>Because some kris are considered sacred and believed to possess magical powers, specific rites needed to be completed to avoid calling down evil fates which is the reason warriors often made offerings to their kris at a shrine. There is also the belief that pointing a kris at someone means they will die soon, so <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a> practitioners precede their demonstrations by touching the points of the blades to the ground so as to neutralise this effect. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 1215px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Kris in 19th century Java</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_Court_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese man in court dress, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)"><img alt="A Javanese man in court dress, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_Court_dress.jpg/250px-Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_Court_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_Court_dress.jpg/330px-Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_Court_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="3121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Javanese man in court dress, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> (1817)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese chief, in his ordinary dress, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)"><img alt="A Javanese chief, in his ordinary dress, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg/146px-Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg/220px-Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg/293px-Raffles_A_Javan_Chief_in_his_ordinary_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="3137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Javanese chief, in his ordinary dress, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> (1817)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_War_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese man in war dress, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)"><img alt="A Javanese man in war dress, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_War_dress.jpg/143px-Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_War_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_War_dress.jpg/215px-Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_War_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_War_dress.jpg/287px-Raffles_A_Javan_in_the_War_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="3137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Javanese man in war dress, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> (1817)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_A_Javan_of_the_lower_class.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese man of the lower class, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)"><img alt="A Javanese man of the lower class, The History of Java, by Thomas Stamford Raffles (1817)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raffles_A_Javan_of_the_lower_class.jpg/144px-Raffles_A_Javan_of_the_lower_class.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raffles_A_Javan_of_the_lower_class.jpg/216px-Raffles_A_Javan_of_the_lower_class.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Raffles_A_Javan_of_the_lower_class.jpg/288px-Raffles_A_Javan_of_the_lower_class.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="3025" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Javanese man of the lower class, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> (1817)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legendary_and_historic_krises">Legendary and historic krises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legendary and historic krises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several folktales—linked to historical figures—mention legendary kris that possess supernatural power and extraordinary ability. Most of the magical kris are of Javanese origin, while the tales are mainly derived from Javanese ancient manuscript and <a href="/wiki/Babad" class="mw-redirect" title="Babad">Babad</a> (Javanese chronicle). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kris_Mpu_Gandring">Kris Mpu Gandring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kris Mpu Gandring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mpu_Gandring" title="Mpu Gandring">Mpu Gandring</a></div> <p>One of the most famous legends from <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Pararaton" title="Pararaton">Pararaton</a> (Book of Kings). It describes a legendary bladesmith called <a href="/wiki/Mpu_Gandring" title="Mpu Gandring">Mpu Gandring</a> or Empu Gandring and his impatient customer, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Arok" title="Ken Arok">Ken Arok</a>, in the last days of the <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri (historical kingdom)">Kediri kingdom</a> in the 13th century. The customer ordered a powerful kris to kill the mighty chieftain of Tumapel, Tunggul Ametung. Ken Arok eventually stabbed the old bladesmith to death because he kept delaying the scheduled completion of the kris. Dying, the bladesmith cursed the kris through prophecy that the unfinished or incomplete kris would kill seven men, including Ken Arok. Ken Arok used Mpu Gandring's cursed kris to assassinate Tunggul Ametung, cunningly put the blame to Kebo Ijo, and built a new kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>. The prophecy finally came true, with four men enlisted as the kris' first death roll, including Mpu Gandring himself, Tunggul Ametung, Kebo Ijo to whom Ken Arok lent the weapon, and finally Ken Arok himself. The unfinished kris then disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-majapahit_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majapahit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cursed_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cursed-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another version of the tale describes that the kris passed to <a href="/wiki/Ken_Arok" title="Ken Arok">Ken Arok</a>'s stepson <a href="/wiki/Anusapati" title="Anusapati">Anusapati</a> which in turn killed his stepfather after recognized that his biological father was killed by Ken Arok with the same kris. The bloody <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feud</a> continued on and on until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kertanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertanegara">Kertanegara</a>, the last king of Singosari Empire </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kris_Taming_Sari">Kris Taming Sari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kris Taming Sari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taming_Sari" title="Taming Sari">Taming Sari</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_294_of_%22British_Malaya;_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya;..._(14581196527).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Image_from_page_294_of_%22British_Malaya%3B_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B..._%2814581196527%29.jpg/220px-Image_from_page_294_of_%22British_Malaya%3B_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B..._%2814581196527%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Image_from_page_294_of_%22British_Malaya%3B_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B..._%2814581196527%29.jpg/330px-Image_from_page_294_of_%22British_Malaya%3B_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B..._%2814581196527%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Image_from_page_294_of_%22British_Malaya%3B_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B..._%2814581196527%29.jpg/440px-Image_from_page_294_of_%22British_Malaya%3B_an_account_of_the_origin_and_progress_of_British_influence_in_Malaya%3B..._%2814581196527%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>The Kris Taming Sari as seen third from the left, among the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> royal regalia, 1907.</figcaption></figure> <p>Taming Sari ("flower shield") is one of the most well-known kris in Malay literature, said to be so skilfully crafted that anyone wielding it was unbeatable. In some versions of the legend, the weapon would grant its user physical invulnerability. The legend took place sometime during the fall of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> in the 15th century. <a href="/wiki/Tun_Sri_Lanang" title="Tun Sri Lanang">Tun Sri Lanang</a>'s book, the <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Melayu">Sejarah Melayu</a>, tells that it was made by a Javanese empu and first used by the champion of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">pendekar</a> named Taming Sari. He was defeated in a duel to the death by the Melakan admiral <a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a>, after which the king of Majapahit presented the weapon to the victor.<sup id="cite_ref-keris02_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keris02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being framed by a jealous official, <a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a> was ordered to be executed, but he managed to escape and go into hiding with the help of a minister who knew the truth. Hang Tuah's kris and title of <a href="/wiki/Laksamana" title="Laksamana">Laksamana</a> (admiral) were passed on to his comrade Hang Jebat. Furious that his best friend was unfairly put to death, Hang Jebat rebelled against the royalty and took over the palace. The desperate ruler of Melaka pardoned the minister so long as Hang Tuah could win him back the throne. Having trained under the same master since childhood the two friends were nearly equals but of the two, Tuah was the superior fighter. However, even after a long battle in the palace, neither could best the other because the Kris Taming Sari evened the odds. Only after taking his weapon back did Hang Tuah manage to stab Jebat, who died soon after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kris_Setan_Kober">Kris Setan Kober</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kris Setan Kober"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate#Sultan_Trenggana" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate § Sultan Trenggana</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kris_and_scabbard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kris_and_scabbard.jpg/250px-Kris_and_scabbard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kris_and_scabbard.jpg/330px-Kris_and_scabbard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kris_and_scabbard.jpg/500px-Kris_and_scabbard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Javanese kris and scabbard displayed in Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden, the Netherlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Javanese folk story tells of <a href="/wiki/Arya_Penangsang" title="Arya Penangsang">Arya Penangsang</a>, the mighty viceroy (<i>adipati</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Demak">Jipang</a> who was killed by his own kris called Setan Kober ("devil of the grave"). It was forged by Empu Bayu Aji in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Pajajaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajajaran">Pajajaran</a>, and had 13 luk on its blade. Near its completion when the empu tried to infuse the weapon with spiritual power, he was disturbed by a crying demon (<a href="/wiki/Djinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Djinn">djinn</a>) from the graveyard. As a result, although powerful, the kris had a temperamental evil nature that caused the wielder to be overly ambitious and impatient. </p><p>The story took place in the 16th century, during the fall of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> that had replaced Majapahit as the ruler of Java. Setan Kober was safely kept by <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Kudus" title="Sunan Kudus">Sunan Kudus</a>, one of the nine Islamic saints of Java. However Sunan Prawoto, son of Prince Trenggana and grandson of <a href="/wiki/Raden_Patah" title="Raden Patah">Raden Patah</a>, stole it and used it to assassinate his uncle Raden Kikin by the river. Since then, Raden Kikin is also referred to as Sekar Seda Lepen (flower that fell by the river). Raden Trenggana rose as a sultan and later after his death, was replaced by Sunan Prawoto. Kikin's son, Penangsang of Jipang with the help of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, took revenge by sending an assassin to kill Prawoto using the Setan Kober kris. Prawoto younger sister Ratu Kalinyamat seeks revenge on Penangsang, since Penangsang also murdered her husband. She urged her brother in-law, Hadiwijaya (<a href="/wiki/Joko_Tingkir" title="Joko Tingkir">Joko Tingkir</a>) the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Pajang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajang">Pajang</a>, to kill Arya Penangsang. Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and also his son in-law <a href="/wiki/Sutawijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutawijaya">Sutawijaya</a>, who would later become the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> dynasty. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png/250px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png/330px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png/500px-Raffles_Javan_Weapons_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1811" /></a><figcaption>Weapon of Java: Keris, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> (1817).</figcaption></figure> <p>During a battle, <a href="/wiki/Sutawijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutawijaya">Sutawijaya</a> stabbed Penangsang with the Kyai Plered spear in the gut. However, Penangsang was believed to possess <i>aji</i> or <i>kesaktian</i> (spiritual power), he kept fighting with an open wound in the stomach. He encircled his hanging intestines on his kris hilt, and continued to fight. When trying to attack his opponent, the reckless, fierce and impatient Panangsang pulled his Setan Kober off its sheath, but accidentally cut his own intestines and died. </p><p>The Javanese tradition of putting <a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">jasmine</a> garlands around the kris hilt, especially on groom's kris during the wedding ceremony, is said to originate from this tale. It is to symbolize that the groom should not be reckless, easily get angry, impatient and abusive like Arya Panangsang.<sup id="cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karaton_Surakarta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To replace the intestine, the kris is coiled with a floral <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> of jasmine chain that resemble intestine. The jasmine is to symbolize sacredness, patience, grace, humility, kindness and benevolence, the qualities lack in Panangsang. However another source mentioned that actually Sutawijaya admired Penangsang's fighting spirits, still fighting although his intestine encircled around his kris. Impressed by Penangsang's deed, later he command his male descendants to follow his step, adorned the kris with "intestine" made from the chain of jasmine, as a symbol of bravery. The story of Arya Penangsang has inspired and performed as Javanese <a href="/wiki/Ketoprak" title="Ketoprak">ketoprak</a> drama.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kris_Diponegoro">Kris Diponegoro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kris Diponegoro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a></div> <p>During the Royal Netherlands state visit to Indonesia in March 2020, King <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem-Alexander">Willem-Alexander</a> returned the kris of Prince <a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a> to Indonesia, received by President <a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a>. Today considered as <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">Indonesian national hero</a>, Prince Diponegoro of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta</a> was the charismatic leader of the mass rebellion against Dutch colonial rule in Central Java, that was defeated and taken prisoner after the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a> in 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His kris was long considered lost, but has now been found, after being identified by the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ethnology_(Netherlands)" title="National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)">Dutch National Museum of Ethnology</a> in Leiden. The kris of Prince Diponegoro represents a historic importance, as a symbol of Indonesian heroic resilience and the nation's struggle for independence. The extraordinary gold-inlaid Javanese dagger previously was held as the Dutch state collection, and is now part of the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">Indonesian National Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is great doubt whether the Kris is the original Kris of Dipenegoro. Experts think not.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Goesti_Ngoera_K%27toet_Djilantik_vorst_van_Boleleng_op_Bali_met_zijn_schrijver_en_lontarblad._TMnr_60002171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Goesti_Ngoera_K%27toet_Djilantik_vorst_van_Boleleng_op_Bali_met_zijn_schrijver_en_lontarblad._TMnr_60002171.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Goesti_Ngoera_K%27toet_Djilantik_vorst_van_Boleleng_op_Bali_met_zijn_schrijver_en_lontarblad._TMnr_60002171.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Goesti_Ngoera_K%27toet_Djilantik_vorst_van_Boleleng_op_Bali_met_zijn_schrijver_en_lontarblad._TMnr_60002171.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Goesti_Ngoera_K%27toet_Djilantik_vorst_van_Boleleng_op_Bali_met_zijn_schrijver_en_lontarblad._TMnr_60002171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Goesti_Ngoera_K%27toet_Djilantik_vorst_van_Boleleng_op_Bali_met_zijn_schrijver_en_lontarblad._TMnr_60002171.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Goesti_Ngoera_K%27toet_Djilantik_vorst_van_Boleleng_op_Bali_met_zijn_schrijver_en_lontarblad._TMnr_60002171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Gusti Ngurah Ketut Djelantik, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Buleleng" class="mw-redirect" title="Buleleng">Buleleng</a>, Bali (c. 1870), wore kris as a symbol of power and authority.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the archipelago, the <i>kris</i> is a symbol of heroism,<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> martial prowess, power and authority. As a cultural symbol, the meticulously decorated kris represent refinement, art and beauty, as the pride and prized possession for its owner;<sup id="cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karaton_Surakarta-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, as a weapon it is associated with violence, death and bloodshed. Probably for this reason, although the kris is widespread in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_culture" title="Javanese culture">Javanese culture</a>, it is not used to symbolise Javanese culture or royalty, as Javanese tradition promotes harmony and discourages direct confrontation (hence the absence of knives on Indonesian dinner tables). This is also why the Javanese traditionally wear the kris on their back, to symbolize violence as the last resort. <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> also wearing kris on their back. However, in other parts of archipelago, from Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula and to Sulawesi, the kris is worn on the front or left side on the hip. </p><p>The kris is depicted on different flags, emblems, coats and logos such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Islands Province">Riau Islands Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>. The former emblem of <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a> uses the kris to represent the southern territories. It can also be seen on an obverse copper-zinc-tin <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Ringgit" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Ringgit">RM</a>1 coin with a <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a> pattern in the background. The <a href="/wiki/Malaya_and_British_Borneo_dollar" title="Malaya and British Borneo dollar">Malaya and British Borneo dollar</a> 1 cent coin of 1962 also depicted a pair of crossed kris. </p><p>In the British colonies of future <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, the kris has become a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">early Malay nationalism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia#History" title="Flag of Malaysia">Malaya's proposed flag designs</a>); especially of the ethno-<a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">majoritarian</a> right-wing <i><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">ketuanan Melayu</a></i> strain decades on post-independence; it is incorporated into the<i>Sang Saka Bangsa</i>, party flag of <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> once dominant in Malaysian politics.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">kalis</a>, a larger sword variant of the <i>kris</i>, is a symbol of Moro and southern Filipino culture, and a resistance to Spanish rule and influence. It is incorporated into the flags of the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Moro Islamic Liberation Front">Moro Islamic Liberation Front</a>. It has also been incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangsamoro" title="Flag of Bangsamoro">flag of Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a>, historical flags of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>, as well as the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotabato Province">Cotabato Province</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sultan_Hamangkoe_Boewono_VI_van_Jogjakarta_(1855-1877)._TMnr_60002136.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sultan Hamengkubuwono VI, King of Yogyakarta Sultanate (1855-1877), dressed in royal majesty attire including his kris."><img alt="Sultan Hamengkubuwono VI, King of Yogyakarta Sultanate (1855-1877), dressed in royal majesty attire including his kris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sultan_Hamangkoe_Boewono_VI_van_Jogjakarta_%281855-1877%29._TMnr_60002136.jpg/245px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sultan_Hamangkoe_Boewono_VI_van_Jogjakarta_%281855-1877%29._TMnr_60002136.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sultan_Hamangkoe_Boewono_VI_van_Jogjakarta_%281855-1877%29._TMnr_60002136.jpg/368px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sultan_Hamangkoe_Boewono_VI_van_Jogjakarta_%281855-1877%29._TMnr_60002136.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sultan_Hamangkoe_Boewono_VI_van_Jogjakarta_%281855-1877%29._TMnr_60002136.jpg/491px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Sultan_Hamangkoe_Boewono_VI_van_Jogjakarta_%281855-1877%29._TMnr_60002136.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_VI" title="Hamengkubuwono VI">Hamengkubuwono VI</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a> (1855-1877), dressed in royal majesty attire including his kris.</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diponegoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Prince Diponegoro with kris, one of Indonesia's national heroes from Java, c. 1835."><img alt="Portrait of Prince Diponegoro with kris, one of Indonesia's national heroes from Java, c. 1835." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Diponegoro.jpg/250px-Diponegoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Diponegoro.jpg/500px-Diponegoro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Prince Diponegoro</a> with kris, one of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s national heroes from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, c. 1835.</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_sejarah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang kulit depicting Prabu Pandu Dewanata with his kris."><img alt="Wayang kulit depicting Prabu Pandu Dewanata with his kris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_sejarah.jpg/500px-Wayang_sejarah.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_sejarah.jpg/601px-Wayang_sejarah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_sejarah.jpg/801px-Wayang_sejarah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Wayang_kulit" title="Wayang kulit">Wayang kulit</a> depicting Prabu Pandu Dewanata with his kris.</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Platte_houten_wajangpop_mogelijk_Damar_Wulan_TMnr_809-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Klithik (Flat Wooden Puppet) figure of Damar Wulan with his kris, Tropenmuseum Collections, before 1933"><img alt="Wayang Klithik (Flat Wooden Puppet) figure of Damar Wulan with his kris, Tropenmuseum Collections, before 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Platte_houten_wajangpop_mogelijk_Damar_Wulan_TMnr_809-30.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Platte_houten_wajangpop_mogelijk_Damar_Wulan_TMnr_809-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Platte_houten_wajangpop_mogelijk_Damar_Wulan_TMnr_809-30.jpg/559px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Platte_houten_wajangpop_mogelijk_Damar_Wulan_TMnr_809-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Platte_houten_wajangpop_mogelijk_Damar_Wulan_TMnr_809-30.jpg/745px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Platte_houten_wajangpop_mogelijk_Damar_Wulan_TMnr_809-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Wayang Klithik (Flat Wooden Puppet) figure of <a href="/wiki/Damar_Wulan" class="mw-redirect" title="Damar Wulan">Damar Wulan</a> with his kris, <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a> Collections, before 1933</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_wajangpop_Amir_Hamza_alias_Menak_alias_Jayengrana_voorstellend_TMnr_6148-5-4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayang Golek Menak in Java, Jayengrana with his kris, a collection of Tropenmuseum, Netherland. before 2003."><img alt="Wayang Golek Menak in Java, Jayengrana with his kris, a collection of Tropenmuseum, Netherland. before 2003." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_wajangpop_Amir_Hamza_alias_Menak_alias_Jayengrana_voorstellend_TMnr_6148-5-4a.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_wajangpop_Amir_Hamza_alias_Menak_alias_Jayengrana_voorstellend_TMnr_6148-5-4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_wajangpop_Amir_Hamza_alias_Menak_alias_Jayengrana_voorstellend_TMnr_6148-5-4a.jpg/450px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_wajangpop_Amir_Hamza_alias_Menak_alias_Jayengrana_voorstellend_TMnr_6148-5-4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_wajangpop_Amir_Hamza_alias_Menak_alias_Jayengrana_voorstellend_TMnr_6148-5-4a.jpg/600px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_wajangpop_Amir_Hamza_alias_Menak_alias_Jayengrana_voorstellend_TMnr_6148-5-4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><a href="/wiki/Wayang_Golek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Golek">Wayang Golek</a> Menak in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jayengrana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jayengrana (page does not exist)">Jayengrana</a> with his kris, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Tropenmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherland">Netherland</a>. before 2003.</small></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Francken_(i)_-_Cabinet_of_a_collector.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting by Frans Francken the Younger. Even as early as the 17th century, awareness of the kris has reached far into Europe. Kris seen at top left."><img alt="Painting by Frans Francken the Younger. Even as early as the 17th century, awareness of the kris has reached far into Europe. Kris seen at top left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Frans_Francken_%28i%29_-_Cabinet_of_a_collector.jpg/250px-Frans_Francken_%28i%29_-_Cabinet_of_a_collector.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Frans_Francken_%28i%29_-_Cabinet_of_a_collector.jpg/500px-Frans_Francken_%28i%29_-_Cabinet_of_a_collector.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Frans_Francken_the_Younger" title="Frans Francken the Younger">Frans Francken the Younger</a>. Even as early as the 17th century, awareness of the kris has reached far into Europe. Kris seen at top left.</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese sundang sword with straight blade."><img alt="A Javanese sundang sword with straight blade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg/120px-No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg/250px-No._416_Javanese_sword_with_straight_blade.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>A Javanese sundang sword with straight blade.</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No._415_Javanese_sword_with_undulating_blade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese sundang sword with wavy blade."><img alt="A Javanese sundang sword with wavy blade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/No._415_Javanese_sword_with_undulating_blade.jpg/120px-No._415_Javanese_sword_with_undulating_blade.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/No._415_Javanese_sword_with_undulating_blade.jpg/250px-No._415_Javanese_sword_with_undulating_blade.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>A Javanese sundang sword with wavy blade.</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Javanese_sword_54708.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Javanese sword similar to a kris."><img alt="A Javanese sword similar to a kris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Indo-Javanese_sword_54708.jpg/250px-Indo-Javanese_sword_54708.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Indo-Javanese_sword_54708.jpg/500px-Indo-Javanese_sword_54708.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>A Javanese sword similar to a kris.</small></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Kris are depicted in several emblems as a symbol</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Mataram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mataram Sultanate"><img alt="Flag of Mataram Sultanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Mataram.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Mataram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Mataram.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Mataram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Mataram.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Mataram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UMNO_(Malaysia).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kris in UMNO flag"><img alt="Kris in UMNO flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/UMNO_%28Malaysia%29.svg/250px-UMNO_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/UMNO_%28Malaysia%29.svg/330px-UMNO_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/UMNO_%28Malaysia%29.svg/500px-UMNO_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Kris in <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">UMNO</a> flag</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Riau.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Riau"><img alt="Emblem of Riau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Riau.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Riau.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Riau Islands"><img alt="Emblem of Riau Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg/127px-Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg/191px-Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg/254px-Coat_of_arms_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of West Kalimantan"><img alt="Emblem of West Kalimantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg/251px-Coat_of_arms_of_West_Kalimantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Emblem of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jambi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Jambi"><img alt="Emblem of Jambi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_arms_of_Jambi.svg/163px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jambi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_arms_of_Jambi.svg/245px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jambi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_arms_of_Jambi.svg/327px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jambi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambang_Kabupaten_Luwu.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Luwu Regency"><img alt="Emblem of Luwu Regency" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lambang_Kabupaten_Luwu.png/250px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Luwu.png" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Lambang_Kabupaten_Luwu.png/330px-Lambang_Kabupaten_Luwu.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Luwu_Regency" title="Luwu Regency">Luwu Regency</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Siam_(lesser).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old emblem of Siam"><img alt="Old emblem of Siam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Siam_%28lesser%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Siam_%28lesser%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Siam_%28lesser%29.svg/83px-Coat_of_arms_of_Siam_%28lesser%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Siam_%28lesser%29.svg/111px-Coat_of_arms_of_Siam_%28lesser%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Old emblem of <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Selangor.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Selangor"><img alt="Emblem of Selangor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Selangor.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Selangor.svg/169px-Coat_of_arms_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_Selangor.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Terengganu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Terengganu"><img alt="Emblem of Terengganu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_arms_of_Terengganu.svg/143px-Coat_of_arms_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_arms_of_Terengganu.svg/214px-Coat_of_arms_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_arms_of_Terengganu.svg/286px-Coat_of_arms_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MNLF_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)"><img alt="Flag of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MNLF_flag.svg/170px-MNLF_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MNLF_flag.svg/255px-MNLF_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/MNLF_flag.svg/340px-MNLF_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a> (MNLF)</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kelantan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kelantan"><img alt="Flag of Kelantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/170px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/255px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/340px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A kris is featured in the short story "The Crab Who Played with the Sea" from <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s 1902 <i><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, a kris was featured in season 6, episode 7 of the <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History Channel</a> competition show <a href="/wiki/Forged_in_Fire_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forged in Fire (TV series)"><i>Forged in Fire</i></a>, as the round three finale weapon to be created.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2019 video game and movie of the same name, <a href="/wiki/DreadOut" title="DreadOut">DreadOut</a> there is a cursed kris.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat" title="Mortal Kombat">Mortal Kombat</a> franchise the character <a href="/wiki/Ashrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrah">Ashrah</a> has a kris as her weapon.</li> <li>The kris appears in both <a href="/wiki/Diablo_II" title="Diablo II">Diablo II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diablo_III" title="Diablo III">Diablo III</a> as a weapon of the dagger class.</li> <li>A kris (referred to in-game as a keris) features prominently in the desert regions of <a href="/wiki/RuneScape" title="RuneScape">RuneScape</a>. Its bonus to the "Prayer" stat reflects its sacred nature.</li> <li>Anya Melfissa from <a href="/wiki/Hololive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hololive">Hololive</a>'s Indonesian branch is based on a keris who has taken human form.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A kris with mystical powers is a central feature in the Dutch TV thriller series <a href="/wiki/De_Kris_Pusaka" title="De Kris Pusaka">De Kris Pusaka</a> broadcast in 1977</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/48px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/64px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame-bladed_sword" title="Flame-bladed sword">Flame-bladed sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keris_bahari" title="Keris bahari">Keris bahari</a>, rapier version of keris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kris_of_Knaud" title="Kris of Knaud">Kris of Knaud</a>, oldest surviving kris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRISS_Vector" title="KRISS Vector">KRISS Vector</a>, US submachine gun named after the blade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujang_(weapon)" title="Kujang (weapon)">Kujang</a>, dagger from West Java</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>: <span lang="jv">ꦏꦼꦫꦶꦱ꧀</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">keris</i></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(in the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language#Registers" title="Javanese language"><i>ngoko</i> register</a>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kamus_Pepak_Basa_Jawa_2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamus_Pepak_Basa_Jawa_2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">ꦝꦸꦮꦸꦁ</span></span>, <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">dhuwung</i></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(in the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language#Registers" title="Javanese language"><i>krama</i> register</a>)</span>, <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">ꦮꦁꦏꦶꦁꦔꦤ꧀</span></span>, <span title="Javanese-language romanization"><i lang="jv-Latn">wangkingan</i></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(in the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language#Registers" title="Javanese language"><i>krama inggil</i> vocabulary</a>)</span>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobsonWibisono2002364_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobsonWibisono2002364-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>: <i lang="ban">keris</i>; <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>: <i lang="bug">sele</i>; <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">គ្រីស</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Khmer-language romanization"><i lang="km-Latn">kris</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <span lang="ms-Arab" dir="rtl">کريس</span>; <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>: <i lang="min">karih</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: <span lang="su">ᮊᮢᮤᮞ᮪</span>; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: <i lang="tl">kalis</i>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">กริช</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Thai-language romanization"><i lang="th-Latn">krit</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Detik_-_Keris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Detik_-_Keris_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/keris-indonesia/">"Keris Indonesia"</a>. <i>Kebudayaan.kemendikbud.go.id</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kebudayaan.kemendikbud.go.id&rft.atitle=Keris+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fditwdb%2Fkeris-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultural_Wonders_of_Indonesia_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Top 100 Cultural Wonders of Indonesia</i>. Jakarta: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)">Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia</a>. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-1274-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-1274-66-1"><bdi>978-979-1274-66-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+100+Cultural+Wonders+of+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education+and+Culture+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-979-1274-66-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suma-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suma_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suma_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPires1990" class="citation book cs1">Pires, Tomé (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC&q=demak&pg=PA184"><i>The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East</i></a>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0535-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0535-7"><bdi>81-206-0535-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+Oriental+of+Tome+Pires%3A+An+Account+of+the+East&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-206-0535-7&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh82D-Y0E3TwC%26q%3Ddemak%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_G_Van_Zonneveld2002" class="citation book cs1">Albert G Van Zonneveld (2002). <i>Traditional Weapons of the Indonesian Archipelago</i>. Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal Land. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5450-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-5450-004-2"><bdi>90-5450-004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Weapons+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago&rft.pub=Koninklijk+Instituut+Voor+Taal+Land&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-5450-004-2&rft.au=Albert+G+Van+Zonneveld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Richardson_Logan1853" class="citation book cs1">James Richardson Logan (1853). <i>The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Volume 7</i>. Miss. Press. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+the+Indian+Archipelago+and+Eastern+Asia%2C+Volume+7&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Miss.+Press&rft.date=1853&rft.au=James+Richardson+Logan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamus_Pepak_Basa_Jawa_2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kamus_Pepak_Basa_Jawa_2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSudaryanto2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sudaryanto, Pranowo (2001). <i>Kamus Pepak Basa Jawa</i> (in Javanese). p. 1359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamus+Pepak+Basa+Jawa&rft.pages=1359&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sudaryanto&rft.aufirst=Pranowo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobsonWibisono2002364-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobsonWibisono2002364_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobsonWibisono2002364_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobsonWibisono2002">Robson & Wibisono 2002</a>, pp. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPostKris-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPostKris_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPostKris_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTantri_Yuliandini2002" class="citation news cs1">Tantri Yuliandini (April 18, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729203644/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/04/18/kris-more-just-a-simple-dagger.html">"Kris, more than just a simple dagger"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/04/18/kris-more-just-a-simple-dagger.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Kris%2C+more+than+just+a+simple+dagger&rft.date=2002-04-18&rft.au=Tantri+Yuliandini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F04%2F18%2Fkris-more-just-a-simple-dagger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leiden_and_KITLV-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leiden_and_KITLV_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leiden_and_KITLV_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leiden_and_KITLV_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroneman2009" class="citation web cs1">Groneman, Isaäc (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810113556/http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/asia-javkris.pdf">"The Javanese Kris"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden: Leiden and KITLV Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/asia-javkris.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Javanese+Kris&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Leiden+and+KITLV+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Groneman&rft.aufirst=Isa%C3%A4c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitlv.nl%2Fpdf_documents%2Fasia-javkris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJ-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CJ_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkPietsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Marshall; Pietsch, Juliet (2014). <i>Indonesia-Malaysia Relations: Cultural Heritage, Politics and Labour Migration</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415788014" title="Special:BookSources/9780415788014"><bdi>9780415788014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia-Malaysia+Relations%3A+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Politics+and+Labour+Migration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780415788014&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Pietsch%2C+Juliet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBendeich2007" class="citation news cs1">Bendeich, Mark (Nov 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/oukoe-uk-malaysia-politics-knife-idUKKLR30145020071106/">"Malaysia's political knife act: theatre or threat?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Malaysia%27s+political+knife+act%3A+theatre+or+threat%3F&rft.date=2007-11-06&rft.aulast=Bendeich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Foukoe-uk-malaysia-politics-knife-idUKKLR30145020071106%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFong_Peng_Khuan1982" class="citation journal cs1">Fong Peng Khuan (1982). "Kris: The Malay Dagger". <i>Malaysian Panorama</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)">Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>: 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaysian+Panorama&rft.atitle=Kris%3A+The+Malay+Dagger&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Fong+Peng+Khuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/indonesian-kris-00112">"UNESCO - Indonesian Kris"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Indonesian+Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Findonesian-kris-00112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWojowasito1980" class="citation book cs1">Wojowasito, Suwojo (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2uCAAAAIAAJ"><i>A Kawi Lexicon</i></a>. University of Michigan, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89148-017-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89148-017-4"><bdi>978-0-89148-017-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Kawi+Lexicon&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan%2C+Center+for+South+and+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-89148-017-4&rft.aulast=Wojowasito&rft.aufirst=Suwojo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2uCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KBBI-Keris-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KBBI-Keris_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.web.id/keris">"The Meaning of Keris"</a>. <i>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI)</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kamus+Besar+Bahasa+Indonesia+%28KBBI%29&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Keris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.web.id%2Fkeris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=keris">"keris"</a>. <i>Kamus Dewan</i> (4th ed.). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=keris&rft.btitle=Kamus+Dewan&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka+Malaysia&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprpm.dbp.gov.my%2FCari1%3Fkeyword%3Dkeris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pendatun-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pendatun_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPendatun" class="citation news cs1">Pendatun, Datu Shariff, III. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gridmagazine.ph/story/maguindanao">"Notes on Maguindanao"</a>. <i>Grid</i>. Vol. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grid&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Maguindanao&rft.volume=3&rft.aulast=Pendatun&rft.aufirst=Datu+Shariff%2C+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gridmagazine.ph%2Fstory%2Fmaguindanao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zonnveld-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zonnveld_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_G_Van_Zonneveld2002" class="citation book cs1">Albert G Van Zonneveld (2002). <i>Traditional Weapons of the Indonesian Archipelago</i>. Koninklyk Instituut Voor Taal Land. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5450-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-5450-004-2"><bdi>90-5450-004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Weapons+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago&rft.pub=Koninklyk+Instituut+Voor+Taal+Land&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-5450-004-2&rft.au=Albert+G+Van+Zonneveld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNI-II:Zaman_Kuno-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SNI-II:Zaman_Kuno_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoesponegoroNotosusanto2008" class="citation book cs1">Poesponegoro, Marwati Djoened; Notosusanto, Nugroho. 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Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Nasional+Indonesia+II%3A+Zaman+Kuno&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Poesponegoro&rft.aufirst=Marwati+Djoened&rft.au=Notosusanto%2C+Nugroho.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yingya_Shenglan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yingya_Shenglan_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMa_Huan1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ma Huan (1970) [1433]. <i><a href="/wiki/Yingya_Shenglan" title="Yingya Shenglan">Ying-yai Sheng-lan</a> (瀛涯胜览) The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a> (in Chinese). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521010320" title="Special:BookSources/9780521010320"><bdi>9780521010320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ying-yai+Sheng-lan+%28%E7%80%9B%E6%B6%AF%E8%83%9C%E8%A7%88%29+The+Overall+Survey+of+the+Ocean%27s+Shores&rft.series=Hakluyt+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780521010320&rft.au=Ma+Huan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duuren2002-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duuren2002_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Duuren2002" class="citation book cs1">van Duuren, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iXgAAAAMAAJ"><i>Krisses: a critical bibliography</i></a>. Pictures Publishers. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-73187-42-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-73187-42-9"><bdi>978-90-73187-42-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krisses%3A+a+critical+bibliography&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Pictures+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-73187-42-9&rft.aulast=van+Duuren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iXgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Asdonck, Marjolein "Het sprookje van de kris." (<i>Moesson Magazine</i>, Volume 50, no.5, November 2005) p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner1936" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, G. B. (1936). <i>Keris and Other Malay Weapons</i>. Singapore: Progressive Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keris+and+Other+Malay+Weapons&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Progressive+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid1988" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/southeastasiaina1988reid"><i>Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450-1680: Volume One</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03921-4"><bdi>978-0-300-03921-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+age+of+commerce%2C+1450-1680%3A+Volume+One&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03921-4&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheastasiaina1988reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlamet_Susanto2005" class="citation news cs1">Slamet Susanto (April 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051347/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2005/04/02/banyu-sumurup-survives-kris-village.html">"Banyu Sumurup survives as kris village"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2005/04/02/banyu-sumurup-survives-kris-village.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Banyu+Sumurup+survives+as+kris+village&rft.date=2005-04-02&rft.au=Slamet+Susanto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F04%2F02%2Fbanyu-sumurup-survives-kris-village.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChe_Husna_Azhari2011" class="citation book cs1">Che Husna Azhari (2011). <i>Artifak Sains Dan Teknologi Alam Melayu</i>. Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia: Institute of the Malay World & Civilization, National University of Malaysia. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789832457336" title="Special:BookSources/9789832457336"><bdi>9789832457336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artifak+Sains+Dan+Teknologi+Alam+Melayu&rft.place=Bangi%2C+Selangor%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Institute+of+the+Malay+World+%26+Civilization%2C+National+University+of+Malaysia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789832457336&rft.au=Che+Husna+Azhari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Museum Pusaka (Heirloom Museum) Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gateway To Malay Culture</i>. Asiapac. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9812293268" title="Special:BookSources/978-9812293268"><bdi>978-9812293268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gateway+To+Malay+Culture&rft.pub=Asiapac&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9812293268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keris01-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keris01_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keris01_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientkeris.com/introduction-keris-pgi-23.html">An Introduction to Keris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011220813/http://www.ancientkeris.com/introduction-keris-pgi-23.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karaton_Surakarta-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karaton_Surakarta_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222211434/http://karatonsurakarta.com/keris.html">"Keris: Bawa Rasa Tosan Aji"</a> (in Indonesian). Karaton Surakarta. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keris%3A+Bawa+Rasa+Tosan+Aji&rft.pub=Karaton+Surakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karatonsurakarta.com%2Fkeris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428064945/http://www.kalalima.net/keris-dan-budaya/61-keris-dan-budaya-spiritual-kejawen.html">"Keris dan Budaya Spiritual Kejawen"</a> (in Indonesian). Kalalima. 22 August 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keris+dan+Budaya+Spiritual+Kejawen&rft.pub=Kalalima&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalalima.net%2Fkeris-dan-budaya%2F61-keris-dan-budaya-spiritual-kejawen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumneka.com/keris.asp">"Magic of Metal, Spiritual and Physical Powers of Keris"</a>. Neka Art Museum, Bali<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Endra Kurniawan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2021/02/06/kronologi-remaja-16-tahun-tewas-saat-menari-rangda-tertusuk-keris-tepat-di-bagian-jantung">"Kronologi Remaja 16 Tahun Tewas saat Menari Rangda, Tertusuk Keris Tepat di Bagian Jantung"</a>. <i>Tribunnews.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribunnews.com&rft.atitle=Kronologi+Remaja+16+Tahun+Tewas+saat+Menari+Rangda%2C+Tertusuk+Keris+Tepat+di+Bagian+Jantung&rft.au=Firizqi+Irwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunnews.com%2Fregional%2F2021%2F02%2F06%2Fkronologi-remaja-16-tahun-tewas-saat-menari-rangda-tertusuk-keris-tepat-di-bagian-jantung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-majapahit-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-majapahit_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/dynasty.html">eastjava.com</a>, Majapahit Story.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cursed-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cursed_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~cycle/MYkerisE.HTML">Indonesian Myth</a>, Cursed Sword.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keris02-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keris02_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1955">ThingsAsian.com, Keris – Is it merely a sword?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migas-indonesia.com/ketoprak/cerita.pdf">Ketoprak Guyonan Campursari: Ariyo Penangsang Mbalelo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904223125/http://www.migas-indonesia.com/ketoprak/cerita.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuliasri_PerdaniArdila_Syakriah" class="citation news cs1">Yuliasri Perdani; Ardila Syakriah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/07/prince-diponegoros-kris-returned-ahead-of-dutch-royal-visit.html">"Prince Diponegoro's kris returned ahead of Dutch royal visit"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Prince+Diponegoro%27s+kris+returned+ahead+of+Dutch+royal+visit&rft.au=Yuliasri+Perdani&rft.au=Ardila+Syakriah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2F07%2Fprince-diponegoros-kris-returned-ahead-of-dutch-royal-visit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaken2020" class="citation web cs1">Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse (2020-03-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netherlandsandyou.nl/latest-news/news/2020/03/10/the-kris-of-prince-diponegoro-returned-to-indonesia">"The 'kris' of Prince Diponegoro returned to Indonesia - News item - netherlandsandyou.nl"</a>. <i>www.netherlandsandyou.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.netherlandsandyou.nl&rft.atitle=The+%27kris%27+of+Prince+Diponegoro+returned+to+Indonesia+-+News+item+-+netherlandsandyou.nl&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.aulast=Zaken&rft.aufirst=Ministerie+van+Buitenlandse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netherlandsandyou.nl%2Flatest-news%2Fnews%2F2020%2F03%2F10%2Fthe-kris-of-prince-diponegoro-returned-to-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/cultuur-media/indonesische-experts-nederland-gaf-de-verkeerde-kris-terug~b42b3451/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F">"Indonesische experts: Nederland gaf de verkeerde kris terug"</a>. 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesische+experts%3A+Nederland+gaf+de+verkeerde+kris+terug&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fcultuur-media%2Findonesische-experts-nederland-gaf-de-verkeerde-kris-terug~b42b3451%2F%3Freferrer%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pogadaev, V. "Magia Krisa" ("The Magic of Kris"). <i>Azia i Afrika Segodnya</i> (<i>Asia and Africa Today</i>). Moscow, No. 4, 2010, 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/79/just-so-stories/1297/the-crab-that-played-with-the-sea/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Crab that Played with the Sea"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Lit2Go ETC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lit2Go+ETC&rft.atitle=%22The+Crab+that+Played+with+the+Sea%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetc.usf.edu%2Flit2go%2F79%2Fjust-so-stories%2F1297%2Fthe-crab-that-played-with-the-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/shows/forged-in-fire/season-6/episode-7">"Forged In Fire: The Javanese Kris"</a>. History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forged+In+Fire%3A+The+Javanese+Kris&rft.pub=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fshows%2Fforged-in-fire%2Fseason-6%2Fepisode-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/158083/sambut-hololive-indonesia-generasi-2">"Sambut Hololive Indonesia Generasi 2!"</a> (in Indonesian). 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sambut+Hololive+Indonesia+Generasi+2%21&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaorinusantara.or.id%2Fnewsline%2F158083%2Fsambut-hololive-indonesia-generasi-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobsonWibisono2002" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Stuart; Wibisono, Singgih (2002). <i>Javanese English Dictionary</i>. Periplus Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7946-0000-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7946-0000-X"><bdi>0-7946-0000-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7946-0000-X&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Wibisono%2C+Singgih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David van Duuren, <i>The Kris: An Earthly Approach to a Cosmic Symbol</i>. Wijk en Aalburg (The Netherlands): Pictures Publishers, 1998.</li> <li>David van Duuren, <i>Krisses: A Critical Bibliography</i>. Wijk en Aalburg (The Netherlands): Pictures Publishers, 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVic_HurleyChristopher_L._Harris2010" class="citation book cs1">Vic Hurley; Christopher L. Harris (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUkH7NgWlKUC&q=southern+Philippine+islands+such+as+Mindanao.73+The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+initiated+the+same+kind+of"><i>Swish of the Kris, the Story of the Moros, Authorized and Enhanced Edition</i></a>. Cerberus Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-38242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-38242-5"><bdi>978-0-615-38242-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swish+of+the+Kris%2C+the+Story+of+the+Moros%2C+Authorized+and+Enhanced+Edition&rft.pub=Cerberus+Corporation&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-615-38242-5&rft.au=Vic+Hurley&rft.au=Christopher+L.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUkH7NgWlKUC%26q%3Dsouthern%2BPhilippine%2Bislands%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BMindanao.73%2BThe%2Barrival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSpanish%2Bin%2BBrunei%2Band%2Bthe%2Binitiated%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Bkind%2Bof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keris-indonesia.com/online-store/books/#!/~/product/category=4588039&id=19499221">Gardner, Gerald B., <i>Keris and Other Malay Weapons</i> Orchid Press; Reprint Edition 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518043704/http://www.keris-indonesia.com/online-store/books/#!/~/product/category=4588039&id=19499221">Archived</a> 2021-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-8304-29-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-8304-29-8">978-974-8304-29-8</a> (Originally printed 1936 Singapore:Progressive Publishing Company)</li> <li>W. H. Rassers, "On the Javanese Kris", in: <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i> 99, 1940, pp. 377–403.</li> <li>Victor A. Pogadaev. "Ya Khochu Obruchit'sya s Krisom" ("I Want to Be Engaged to a Keris"). In: <i>Vostochnaya Kollektsia</i> (Oriental Collection). Moscow, Russian State Library. N 3 (30), 2007, 133–141. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1681-7559">1681-7559</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kris&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kris" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kris">Kris</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kris_hilts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kris hilts">Kris hilts</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014163744/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2003%2F6%2F26%2Fnation%2Fdrkeris&sec=nation">Surprising find at Okinawa temple – <i>The Star</i> online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130073342/http://iweb.tntech.edu/cventura/kris.htm">The Kris in Java and Bali, Indonesia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.blades.free.fr/">OLD BLADES (introducing krises)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bawarasa.org/makna-ricikan-keris/">Makna Ricikan Keris (Meaning of Kris accessories)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indonesian traditional weapons, armors, and premodern gunpowder-based weapons</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Traditional_weapon77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Traditional weapon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Swords (Pedang) & cutlasses (<a href="/wiki/Klewang" title="Klewang">Klewang</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamang" title="Alamang">Alamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanremu" title="Amanremu">Amanremu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balato_(sword)" title="Balato (sword)">Balato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Sangihe" title="Bara Sangihe">Bara Sangihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belida_(sword)" title="Belida (sword)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co_Jang" class="mw-redirect" title="Co Jang">Co Jang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua_Lalan" title="Dua Lalan">Dua Lalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(sword)" title="Gari (sword)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemola" title="Hemola">Hemola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenawi (page does not exist)">Jenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Silai" title="Krai Silai">Krai Silai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladieng" title="Ladieng">Ladieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langgai_tinggang" title="Langgai tinggang">Langgai tinggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwuk_(sword)" title="Luwuk (sword)">Luwuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandau_(knife)" title="Mandau (knife)">Mandau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moso_(sword)" title="Moso (sword)">Moso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niabor" title="Niabor">Niabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakayun" title="Pakayun">Pakayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandat" title="Pandat">Pandat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_nabur" title="Parang nabur">Parang nabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penai_(sword)" title="Penai (sword)">Penai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piso_Halasan" title="Piso Halasan">Piso Halasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piso_Sanalenggam" title="Piso Sanalenggam">Piso Sanalenggam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudus" title="Rudus">Rudus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugi_(sword)" title="Rugi (sword)">Rugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikin_Panyang" title="Sikin Panyang">Sikin Panyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">Sundang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surik_(sword)" title="Surik (sword)">Surik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Daggers (Belati) & knives (Pisau)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badik" title="Badik">Badik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohong" title="Dohong">Dohong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keris_bahari" title="Keris bahari">Keris bahari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrem (page does not exist)">Patrem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujang_(weapon)" title="Kujang (weapon)">Kujang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasatimpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasatimpo (page does not exist)">Pasatimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitai" title="Palitai">Palitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peurawot" title="Peurawot">Peurawot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisau_raut" title="Pisau raut">Pisau raut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisuwe" title="Pisuwe">Pisuwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rencong" title="Rencong">Rencong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewar" title="Sewar">Sewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Euli" title="Si Euli">Si Euli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tappi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tappi (page does not exist)">Tappi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbok_Lada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbok Lada">Tumbok Lada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wamilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wamilo (page does not exist)">Wamilo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Choppers (<a href="/wiki/Parang_(knife)" title="Parang (knife)">Parang</a>) & machetes (<a href="/wiki/Golok" title="Golok">Golok</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendo_(knife)" title="Bendo (knife)">Bendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakas" title="Blakas">Blakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buko_(cleaver)" title="Buko (cleaver)">Buko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guma_(weapon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guma (weapon) (page does not exist)">Guma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golok_Ciomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golok Ciomas (page does not exist)">Golok Ciomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golok_Rembau" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok Rembau">Golok Rembau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimpul" title="Jimpul">Jimpul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabeala" title="Kabeala">Kabeala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandawulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandawulo (page does not exist)">Kandawulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudi_(knife)" title="Kudi (knife)">Kudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_Chandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Parang Chandong">Parang Chandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_Latok" class="mw-redirect" title="Parang Latok">Parang Latok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parang_Taawu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parang Taawu (page does not exist)">Parang Taawu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peda_(weapon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peda (weapon) (page does not exist)">Peda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkin" title="Tangkin">Tangkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedung" title="Wedung">Wedung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Impact weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tekpi" title="Tekpi">Cabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)#In_Southeast_Asia" title="Gada (mace)">Gada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indan_(weapon)" title="Indan (weapon)">Indan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Pole or spear weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbir" title="Arbir">Arbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambu_runcing" title="Bambu runcing">Bambu runcing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bessing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bessing (page does not exist)">Bessing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawali_(weapon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawali (weapon) (page does not exist)">Kawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">Lembing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantu (page does not exist)">Pantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trisula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Flexible weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savuku" title="Savuku">Cambuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Miscellaneous weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celurit" title="Celurit">Celurit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">Kerambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salukat" title="Salukat">Salukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpit" title="Sumpit">Sumpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolor_(quiver)" title="Tolor (quiver)">Tolor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kris_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Keris display"><img alt="Keris display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kris_display.jpg/250px-Kris_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kris_display.jpg/330px-Kris_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kris_display.jpg/500px-Kris_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzen_kanon_met_sluitstuk_en_houten_garuda%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze cannon with breech block and wooden garudas"><img alt="Bronze cannon with breech block and wooden garudas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bronzen_kanon_met_sluitstuk_en_houten_garuda%27s.jpg/250px-Bronzen_kanon_met_sluitstuk_en_houten_garuda%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bronzen_kanon_met_sluitstuk_en_houten_garuda%27s.jpg/330px-Bronzen_kanon_met_sluitstuk_en_houten_garuda%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bronzen_kanon_met_sluitstuk_en_houten_garuda%27s.jpg/500px-Bronzen_kanon_met_sluitstuk_en_houten_garuda%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="855" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Klein_rond_schild_van_messing_versierd_met_stervormige_knoppen_TMnr_4954-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peurise teumaga"><img alt="Peurise teumaga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Klein_rond_schild_van_messing_versierd_met_stervormige_knoppen_TMnr_4954-8.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Klein_rond_schild_van_messing_versierd_met_stervormige_knoppen_TMnr_4954-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Klein_rond_schild_van_messing_versierd_met_stervormige_knoppen_TMnr_4954-8.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Klein_rond_schild_van_messing_versierd_met_stervormige_knoppen_TMnr_4954-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Klein_rond_schild_van_messing_versierd_met_stervormige_knoppen_TMnr_4954-8.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Klein_rond_schild_van_messing_versierd_met_stervormige_knoppen_TMnr_4954-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Gunpowder_weapon77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gunpowder weapon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_(term)" title="Bedil (term)">Bedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedil_tombak" title="Bedil tombak">Bedil tombak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinggar" title="Istinggar">Istinggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_arquebus" title="Java arquebus">Java arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">Pemuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(firearm)" title="Dragon (firearm)">Terakul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">Cetbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekor_lotong" title="Ekor lotong">Ekor lotong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">Lantaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lela_(cannon)" title="Lela (cannon)">Lela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_meriam_kecil" title="Miniature meriam kecil">Miniature meriam kecil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">By name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anak_Makassar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anak Makassar (page does not exist)">Anak Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bujang_Timpang_Berang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bujang Timpang Berang (page does not exist)">Bujang Timpang Berang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Amuk" title="Ki Amuk">Ki Amuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Jagur" title="Si Jagur">Si Jagur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Armor_and_outfit77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armor and outfit</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">Shield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluse" title="Baluse">Baluse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakalele_(shild)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakalele (shild) (page does not exist)">Cakalele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanta_(shield)" title="Kanta (shield)">Kanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebit_Bok" title="Klebit Bok">Klebit Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliau" title="Kliau">Kliau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurabit" title="Kurabit">Kurabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peurise_Awe" title="Peurise Awe">Peurise Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peurise_Teumaga" title="Peurise Teumaga">Peurise Teumaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawaku" title="Salawaku">Salawaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">Body armor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Empurau" title="Baju Empurau">Baju Empurau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Lamina" title="Baju Lamina">Baju Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Rantai" title="Baju Rantai">Baju Rantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baru_Lema%27a" title="Baru Lema'a">Baru Lema'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baru_%C3%96r%C3%B6ba" title="Baru Öröba">Baru Öröba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karambalangan" title="Karambalangan">Karambalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaca" title="Kawaca">Kawaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siping-siping" title="Siping-siping">Siping-siping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katapu" title="Katapu">Katapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paseki" title="Paseki">Paseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takula_tofao" title="Takula tofao">Takula tofao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Category77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Category</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Traditional_weapons19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Traditional weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_pencak_silat" title="Weapons of pencak silat">Weapons of pencak silat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malaysian_traditional_weapons_and_bladed_tools307" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malaysian_weapons" title="Template:Malaysian weapons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malaysian_weapons" title="Template talk:Malaysian weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysian_weapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malaysian weapons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malaysian_traditional_weapons_and_bladed_tools307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> traditional weapons and bladed tools</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_silat" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of silat">Weapons of silat</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swords (Pedang) & cutlasses (<a href="/wiki/Klewang" title="Klewang">Kelewang</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Buaya Berenang</li> <li>Cenangkas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakayun" title="Pakayun">Felepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_klewang" title="Kelantanese klewang">Kelantanese klewang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langgai_tinggang" title="Langgai tinggang">Langgai tinggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niabor" title="Niabor">Nyabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandat" title="Pandat">Pandat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandau_(knife)" title="Mandau (knife)">Parang Ilang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">Sundang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daggers (Belati) & knives (Pisau)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badik" title="Badik">Badik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohong" title="Dohong">Dohong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Keris</a></li> <li>Pisau Jam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisau_raut" title="Pisau raut">Pisau raut</a></li> <li>Sonak Udang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbok_Lada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumbok Lada">Tumbok Lada</a></li> <li>Wali</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choppers (<a href="/wiki/Parang_(knife)" title="Parang (knife)">Parang</a>) & machetes (<a href="/wiki/Golok" title="Golok">Golok</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buko_(cleaver)" title="Buko (cleaver)">Buko</a></li> <li>Golok Kedah</li> <li>Golok Perak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golok_Rembau" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok Rembau">Golok Rembau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimpul" title="Jimpul">Jimpul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_Bongkok" title="Parang Bongkok">Parang Bongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_Chandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Parang Chandong">Parang Chandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_Ginah" title="Parang Ginah">Parang Ginah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladieng" title="Ladieng">Parang Lading</a></li> <li>Parang Jengok</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_Latok" class="mw-redirect" title="Parang Latok">Parang Latok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkin" title="Tangkin">Tangkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tekpi" title="Tekpi">Tekpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pole or spear weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lembing</li> <li>Tembung</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flexible weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savuku" title="Savuku">Cambuk</a></li> <li>Cindai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kapak Kecil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">Kerambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpit" title="Sumpit">Sumpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolor_(quiver)" title="Tolor (quiver)">Tolor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armours & shields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Lamina" title="Baju Lamina">Baju Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baju_Rantai" title="Baju Rantai">Baju Rantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebit_Bok" title="Klebit Bok">Klebit Bok</a></li> <li>Terabai</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Knives_and_daggers383" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Knives" title="Template:Knives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Knives" title="Template talk:Knives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Knives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Knives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Knives_and_daggers383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">daggers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_daggers" title="List of daggers">List of daggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blade_materials" title="List of blade materials">List of blade materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_knife" title="Kitchen knife">Kitchen</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Table_knife" title="Table knife">table</a> knives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boning_knife" title="Boning knife">Boning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boti" title="Boti">Boti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_knife" title="Bread knife">Bread knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_knife" title="Butcher knife">Butcher knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_knife" title="Butter knife">Butter knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caidao" title="Caidao">Caidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese_knife" title="Cheese knife">Cheese knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef%27s_knife" title="Chef's knife">Chef's knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver" title="Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_knife" title="Electric knife">Electric knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_knife" title="Fillet knife">Fillet knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapefruit_knife" title="Grapefruit knife">Grapefruit knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(kitchen_tool)" title="Lame (kitchen tool)">Lame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzaluna" title="Mezzaluna">Mezzaluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmesan_knife" title="Parmesan knife">Parmesan knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_cutter" title="Pizza cutter">Pizza cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splayd" title="Splayd">Splayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_knife" title="Steak knife">Steak knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_knife" title="Tomato knife">Tomato knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_kitchen_knife" title="Japanese kitchen knife">Japanese kitchen knives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Deba bōchō">Deba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguro_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Maguro bōchō">Maguro bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakiri_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Nakiri bōchō">Nakiri bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoku" title="Santoku">Santoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Sashimi bōchō">Sashimi bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon_kiri" title="Udon kiri">Udon kiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unagisaki_h%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Unagisaki hōchō">Unagisaki hōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usuba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Usuba bōchō">Usuba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanagi_ba" title="Yanagi ba">Yanagi ba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircrew_Survival_Egress_Knife" title="Aircrew Survival Egress Knife">Aircrew Survival Egress Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_knife" title="Butterfly knife">Balisong/Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_knife" title="Ballistic knife">Ballistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_knife" title="Ballpoint pen knife">Ballpoint pen knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boline" title="Boline">Boline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_knife" title="Boot knife">Boot knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowie_knife" title="Bowie knife">Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_knife" title="Ceramic knife">Ceramic knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_point" title="Clip point">Clip point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_knife" title="Combat knife">Combat knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_(knife)" title="Commander (knife)">Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvo_(knife)" title="Corvo (knife)">Corvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CQC-6" title="CQC-6">CQC-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Deba bōchō">Deba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving knife">Diving knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_point" title="Drop point">Drop point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbairn%E2%80%93Sykes_fighting_knife" title="Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife">Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_Mark_II" title="Gerber Mark II">Gerber Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginsu" title="Ginsu">Ginsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golok" title="Golok">Golok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_knife" title="Gravity knife">Gravity knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guna_(knife)" title="Guna (knife)">Guna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacking_knife" title="Hacking knife">Hacking knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higonokami" title="Higonokami">Higonokami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_knife" title="Hunting knife">Hunting knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husa_knife" title="Husa knife">Husa knife</a></li> <li>Ivan's Knife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_ladder_(knife)" title="Jacob's ladder (knife)">Jacob's ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">Karambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kard" title="Kard">Kard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">Kirpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_knife" title="Kitchen knife">Kitchen knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukri" title="Kukri">Kukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguiole_knife" title="Laguiole knife">Laguiole knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandau_(knife)" title="Mandau (knife)">Mandau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_knife" title="Marking knife">Marking knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misericorde_(weapon)" title="Misericorde (weapon)">Misericorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_knife" title="Mora knife">Mora knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-tool" title="Multi-tool">Multi-tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaja" title="Navaja">Navaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_knife" title="Neck knife">Neck knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontron_knife" title="Nontron knife">Nontron knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinel_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinel knife">Opinel knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palette_knife" title="Palette knife">Palette knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantographic_knife" title="Pantographic knife">Pantographic knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_(knife)" title="Parang (knife)">Parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penknife" title="Penknife">Penknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_knife" title="Penny knife">Penny knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesh-kabz" title="Pesh-kabz">Pesh-kabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirah" title="Pirah">Pirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocketknife" title="Pocketknife">Pocketknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty_knife" title="Putty knife">Putty knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puukko" title="Puukko">Puukko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampuri" title="Rampuri">Rampuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolza" title="Resolza">Resolza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier" title="Sabatier">Sabatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_knife" title="Sami knife">Sami knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARK" title="SARK">SARK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">Scalpel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">Seax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgian-dubh" title="Sgian-dubh">Sgian dubh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpfinger" title="Sharpfinger">Sharpfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheath_knife" title="Sheath knife">Sheath knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_(weapon)" title="Shiv (weapon)">Shiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_knife" title="Sliding knife">Sliding knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smatchet" title="Smatchet">Smatchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOG_Knife" title="SOG Knife">SOG Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_razor" title="Straight razor">Straight razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strider_SMF" title="Strider SMF">Strider SMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_knife" title="Survival knife">Survival knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Army_knife" title="Swiss Army knife">Swiss Army knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switchblade" title="Switchblade">Switchblade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taping_knife" title="Taping knife">Taping knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_knife" title="Throwing knife">Throwing knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_knife" title="Trench knife">Trench knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi" title="Tumi">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu" title="Ulu">Ulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_knife" title="Utility knife">Utility knife</a></li> <li>Verlängerungsmesser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior_knife" title="Warrior knife">Warrior knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedung" title="Wedung">Wedung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Acto" title="X-Acto">X-Acto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarara_Parachute_Knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarara Parachute Knife">Yarara Parachute Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatagan" title="Yatagan">Yatagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">Daggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anelace" title="Anelace">Anelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applegate%E2%80%93Fairbairn_fighting_knife" title="Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife">Applegate–Fairbairn fighting knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_toothpick" title="Arkansas toothpick">Arkansas toothpick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BC-41" title="BC-41">BC-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_nakh" title="Bagh nakh">Bagh nakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarao" title="Balarao">Balarao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baselard" title="Baselard">Baselard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bichuwa" title="Bichuwa">Bichuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollock_dagger" title="Bollock dagger">Bollock dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquedea" title="Cinquedea">Cinquedea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dha_(sword)" title="Dha (sword)">Dha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk" title="Dirk">Dirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_dagger" title="Ear dagger">Ear dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeici" title="Emeici">Emeici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fac%C3%B3n" title="Facón">Facón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nail">French Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunong" title="Gunong">Gunong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dagger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting dagger">Hunting dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambiya" title="Jambiya">Jambiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jile" title="Jile">Jile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutowari" title="Kabutowari">Kabutowari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)" title="Kaiken (dagger)">Kaiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">Kalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katar_(dagger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katar (dagger)">Katar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjali" title="Khanjali">Khanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjar" title="Khanjar">Khanjar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunai" title="Kunai">Kunai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_I_trench_knife" title="Mark I trench knife">Mark I trench knife</a></li> <li>Microtech Jagdkommando</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrying_dagger" title="Parrying dagger">Parrying dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poignard" title="Poignard">Poignard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugio" title="Pugio">Pugio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_dagger" title="Push dagger">Push dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondel_dagger" title="Rondel dagger">Rondel dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seme_(dagger)" title="Seme (dagger)">Seme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobo" title="Shobo">Shobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiletto" title="Stiletto">Stiletto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">Tantō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Raider_stiletto" title="United States Marine Raider stiletto">U.S. Marine Raider stiletto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-42_stiletto" title="V-42 stiletto">V-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoroi-d%C5%8Dshi" title="Yoroi-dōshi">Yoroi-dōshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitor_Knife_Company" title="Aitor Knife Company">Aitor Knife Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mar_Knives" title="Al Mar Knives">Al Mar Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Tomahawk_Company" title="American Tomahawk Company">American Tomahawk Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aritsugu" title="Aritsugu">Aritsugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benchmade" title="Benchmade">Benchmade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ker" title="Böker">Böker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_Knives" title="Buck Knives">Buck Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillus_Cutlery_Company" title="Camillus Cutlery Company">Camillus Cutlery Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_Cutlery_Company" title="Cattaraugus Cutlery Company">Cattaraugus Cutlery Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Reeve_Knives" title="Chris Reeve Knives">Chris Reeve Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_Cnife" title="Chroma Cnife">Chroma Cnife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clauss_Cutlery_Company" title="Clauss Cutlery Company">Clauss Cutlery Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobray_Company" title="Cobray Company">Cobray Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Steel_(company)" title="Cold Steel (company)">Cold Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Knife_%26_Tool" title="Columbia River Knife & Tool">Columbia River Knife & Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisinart" title="Cuisinart">Cuisinart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutco" title="Cutco">Cutco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_Hanwei_Metal" title="Dalian Hanwei Metal">Dalian Hanwei Metal</a></li> <li>Dexter-Russell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ek_Commando_Knife_Co." title="Ek Commando Knife Co.">Ek Commando Knife Co.</a></li> <li>EKA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Knives" title="Emerson Knives">Emerson Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Dick" title="F. Dick">F. Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4llkniven" title="Fällkniven">Fällkniven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAMAE" title="FAMAE">FAMAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiskars" title="Fiskars">Fiskars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_Legendary_Blades" title="Gerber Legendary Blades">Gerber Legendary Blades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCritechnics" title="Füritechnics">Füritechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock_Ges.m.b.H." title="Glock Ges.m.b.H.">Glock Ges.m.b.H.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Schrade" title="Imperial Schrade">Imperial Schrade</a></li> <li>Ivan's</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka-Bar" title="Ka-Bar">Ka-Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kershaw_Knives" title="Kershaw Knives">Kershaw Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korin_Japanese_Trading_Company" title="Korin Japanese Trading Company">Korin Japanese Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leatherman" title="Leatherman">Leatherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Dog_Knives" title="Mad Dog Knives">Mad Dog Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arms" title="Marble Arms">Marble Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford_Knife_and_Tool" title="Medford Knife and Tool">Medford Knife and Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtech_Knives" title="Microtech Knives">Microtech Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morseth" title="Morseth">Morseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muela_(knife_manufacturer)" title="Muela (knife manufacturer)">Muela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Knives" title="Murphy Knives">Murphy Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLFA" title="OLFA">OLFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Knife_Company" title="Ontario Knife Company">Ontario Knife Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinel" title="Opinel">Opinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Made_Knives" title="Randall Made Knives">Randall Made Knives</a></li> <li>Ranz Cuchillos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6sle" title="Rösle">Rösle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabatier" title="Sabatier">Sabatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shun_Cutlery" title="Shun Cutlery">Shun Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice,_Inc." title="Slice, Inc.">Slice, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOG_Specialty_Knives" title="SOG Specialty Knives">SOG Specialty Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyderco" title="Spyderco">Spyderco</a></li> <li>STI Knives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strider_Knives" title="Strider Knives">Strider Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiers_Issard" title="Thiers Issard">Thiers Issard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS_Knives" title="TOPS Knives">TOPS Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramontina" title="Tramontina">Tramontina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinox" title="Victorinox">Victorinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._Case_%26_Sons_Cutlery_Co." title="W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.">W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Walther_GmbH" title="Carl Walther GmbH">Carl Walther GmbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenger" title="Wenger">Wenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Knife_Company" title="Western Knife Company">Western Knife Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Sword" title="Wilkinson Sword">Wilkinson Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCsthof" title="Wüsthof">Wüsthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Metal_Industry" title="Yoshida Metal Industry">Yoshida Metal Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_(cutlery)" title="Global (cutlery)">Global</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Tolerance_Knives" title="Zero Tolerance Knives">Zero Tolerance Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwilling_J._A._Henckels" title="Zwilling J. A. Henckels">Zwilling J. A. Henckels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knife_making" title="Knife making">Knifemakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Applegate" title="Rex Applegate">Rex Applegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_(blacksmith)" title="James Black (blacksmith)">James Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown_Jr." title="Tom Brown Jr.">Tom Brown Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackie_Collins" title="Blackie Collins">Blackie Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Cooper" title="John Nelson Cooper">John Nelson Cooper</a></li> <li>Jack W. Crain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Emerson" title="Ernest Emerson">Ernest Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fisk" title="Jerry Fisk">Jerry Fisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Harsey_Jr." title="Bill Harsey Jr.">Bill Harsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phill_Hartsfield" title="Phill Hartsfield">Phill Hartsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Hibben" title="Gil Hibben">Gil Hibben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Lile" title="Jimmy Lile">Jimmy Lile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Loveless" title="Bob Loveless">Bob Loveless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Moran_(knifemaker)" title="William F. Moran (knifemaker)">William F. Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Onion" title="Ken Onion">Ken Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Osterhout" title="Ralph Osterhout">Ralph Osterhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Randall" title="Bo Randall">Bo Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Reeve" title="Chris Reeve">Chris Reeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Russell" title="A. G. Russell">A. G. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Samson" title="Jody Samson">Jody Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scagel" title="William Scagel">William Scagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Snody" title="Mike Snody">Mike Snody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Terzuola" title="Robert Terzuola">Robert Terzuola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walker_(knifemaker)" title="Michael Walker (knifemaker)">Michael Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Warenski" title="Buster Warenski">Buster Warenski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Winkler_(knifemaker)" title="Daniel Winkler (knifemaker)">Daniel Winkler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bladesmith_Society" title="American Bladesmith Society">American Bladesmith Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery_and_Allied_Trades_Research_Association" title="Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association">Cutlery and Allied Trades Research Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knifemakers%27_Guild" title="Knifemakers' Guild">Knifemakers' Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Knives" title="Category:Knives">Category:Knives</a> 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/20px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/30px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/40px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Indonesia" title="National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia">National Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wayang_sejarah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_sejarah.jpg/120px-Wayang_sejarah.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wayang_sejarah.jpg/250px-Wayang_sejarah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="664" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> (2008) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semar_Kris_(alt)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg/122px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg/183px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg/243px-Semar_Kris_%28alt%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Keris" class="mw-redirect" title="Keris">Keris</a> (2008) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/113px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/170px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG/225px-Batik_pedalaman_-_sidha_drajat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a> (2009) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angklung_(2315119130).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg/113px-Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg/170px-Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg/225px-Angklung_%282315119130%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="946" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a> (2010) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Safari_VII,_Komodo,_2016_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg/114px-Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg/171px-Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg/227px-Sea_Safari_VII%2C_Komodo%2C_2016_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a>, art of boatbuilding in South Sulawesi (2017) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tari_Pendet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/113px-Tari_Pendet.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/170px-Tari_Pendet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tari_Pendet.jpg/225px-Tari_Pendet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span><br />Three Genres of Traditional Dance in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Bali</a> (2019) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg/113px-Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg/170px-Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg/225px-Persaudaraan_Setia_Hati_Terate_-_Tendangan_terbang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> (2019) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png/124px-Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png/187px-Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png/248px-Surat_pantun_cara_Lampung.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1211" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">Pantun</a> (2020) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg/100px-Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg/151px-Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg/200px-Kraton_Jogja-Gamelan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> (2021) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Need_of_Urgent_Safeguarding67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Need_of_Urgent_Safeguarding67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noken_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Noken_Indonesia.jpg/120px-Noken_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Noken_Indonesia.jpg/250px-Noken_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Noken" title="Noken">Noken</a> (2011) </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saman_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saman_dance.jpg/112px-Saman_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saman_dance.jpg/168px-Saman_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Saman_dance.jpg/223px-Saman_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="337" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saman_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Saman dance">Saman dance</a> (2012) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage:_Representative_List201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Template talk:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO_Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage:_Representative_List201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage</a>: Representative List</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_people#Music" title="Aka people">Aka music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbila" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbila">Chopi timbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gbofe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gbofe (page does not exist)">Afounkaha Gbofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9" title="Gẹlẹdẹ">Gẹlẹdẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyau#Dances" title="Nyau">Gule Wamkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anambra_State#Culture_and_tourism" title="Anambra State">Ijele Masquerade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaba" title="Kangaba">Kamablon re-roofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankurang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankurang">Kankurang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouroukan_Fouga" title="Kouroukan Fouga">Manden Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">Mauritian Sega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Mbende Jerusarema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_dance_of_the_royal_drum" title="Ritual dance of the royal drum">Ritual dance of the royal drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_tambour_of_Rodrigues_Island" title="Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island">Sega tambour of Rodrigues Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosso_Bala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosso Bala">Sosso Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Ugandan barkcloth making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimbuza_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimbuza dance">Vimbuza healing dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaaral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaaral (page does not exist)">Yaaral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Degal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Degal (page does not exist)">Degal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafimaniry" title="Zafimaniry">Zafimaniry woodcrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Makishi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian Makishi Festival">Zambian Makishi Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/70px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/105px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg/140px-UNESCO-ICH-blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arab States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahellil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahellil">Ahellil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedu</a> culture at <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rum" title="Wadi Rum">Wadi Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_al-iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqam al-iraqi">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaa_el-Fnaa" title="Jemaa el-Fnaa">Jemaa el-Fnaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hikaye" title="Palestinian hikaye">Palestinian hikaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashmaqam" title="Shashmaqam">Shashmaqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Song of Sana'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Taghribat Bani Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-Tan_Moussem" title="Tan-Tan Moussem">Tan-Tan Moussem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia and Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine#Acupuncture_and_moxibustion" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Acupuncture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainu_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ainu dance (page does not exist)">Ainu dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiu_no_Taue_Odori" title="Akiu no Taue Odori">Akiu no Taue Odori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqyn" title="Aqyn">Akyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angklung" title="Angklung">Angklung</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran#Khorasan" title="Music of Iran">Bakhshi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul tradition of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Beijing opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boysun_District" title="Boysun District">Boysun District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">Bunraku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9" title="Ca trù">Ca trù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakkirako" title="Chakkirako">Chakkirako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheoyongmu" title="Cheoyongmu">Cheoyongmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing#Origins_in_Asia" title="Woodblock printing">Chinese block printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese paper cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_carving" title="Seal carving">Chinese seal engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play#Chinese" title="Shadow play">Chinese shadow puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daemokjang" title="Daemokjang">Daemokjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimokutate" title="Daimokutate">Daimokutate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainichido_Bugaku" title="Dainichido Bugaku">Dainichido Bugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darangen_Epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Darangen Epic">Darangen Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drametse_Ngacham" title="Drametse Ngacham">Drametse Ngacham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja_in_Kolkata" title="Durga Puja in Kolkata">Durga Puja in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagok" title="Gagok">Gagok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganggangsullae" title="Ganggangsullae">Ganggangsullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangneung_Danoje" title="Gangneung Danoje">Gangneung Danoje Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimjang" title="Gimjang">Gimjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng_Festival" title="Gióng Festival">Gióng Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_of_gong_culture" title="Space of gong culture">Gong culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_people#Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong people">Grand Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_guqin" title="History of the guqin">Guqin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansan_Mosi" title="Hansan Mosi">Hansan Mosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayachine_Kagura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayachine Kagura">Hayachine Kagura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Furyumono" title="Hitachi Furyumono">Hitachi Furyumono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Hua'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Hudhud Chants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian kris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Chilmeoridang_Yeongdeunggut" title="Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut">Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jultagi" title="Jultagi">Jultagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Kashan rug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katta_Ashula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katta Ashula (page does not exist)">Katta Ashula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing" title="Tuvan throat singing">Khoomei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koshikijima_no_Toshidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koshikijima no Toshidon (page does not exist)">Koshikijima no Toshidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumi_Odori" title="Kumi Odori">Kumiodori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodiyattam" title="Koodiyattam">Koodiyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakh chant">Ladkah Buddhist chantings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakalaka" title="Lakalaka">Lakalaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lenj_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lenj boat (page does not exist)">Lenj boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo" title="Lhamo">Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longquan_celadon" title="Longquan celadon">Longquan celadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_yong" title="Mak yong">Mak yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_Sankirtana" title="Meitei Sankirtana">Manipuri Sankirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Shobhajatra" title="Mangal Shobhajatra">Mangal Shobhajatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibu_no_Hana_Taue" title="Mibu no Hana Taue">Mibu no Hana Taue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">Morin khuur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosie_weaving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosie weaving (page does not exist)">Mosie ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiyett" title="Mudiyett">Mudiyett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsadang" title="Namsadang">Namsadang Nori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Nanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqq%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqqāli">Naqqāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Nora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz_in_Afghanistan" title="Nowruz in Afghanistan">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navruz_in_Uzbekistan" title="Navruz in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Nuad Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oku-noto_no_Aenokoto" title="Oku-noto no Aenokoto">Oku-noto no Aenokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungmul" title="Pungmul">Pungmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radif_(music)" title="Radif (music)">Radif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramman_(festival)" title="Ramman (festival)">Ramman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_ballet_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal ballet of Cambodia">Royal ballet of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongren_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongren County">Regong arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_jerye" title="Jongmyo jerye">Royal Ancestral Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sada_Jinja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sada Jinja">Sada Shin Noh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_(dance)" title="Saman (dance)">Saman dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_drawing" title="Sand drawing">Sand drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbek_Toch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sbek Toch">Sbek Toch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekishu-Banshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekishu-Banshi (page does not exist)">Sekishu-Banshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_rug" title="Shiraz rug">Shiraz rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Spring Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekkyeon">Taekkyeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zīye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crafts_of_India" title="Crafts of India">Thathera utensil craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Thingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juldarigi" title="Juldarigi">Tugging rituals and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">Urtiin Duu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Vedic chantings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_guyue" title="Xi'an guyue">Xi'an ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamahoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamahoko">Yamahoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeondeunghoe" title="Yeondeunghoe">Yeondeunghoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongsanjae" title="Yeongsanjae">Yeongsanjae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki-tsumugi" title="Yūki-tsumugi">Yūki-tsumugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunjin" title="Yunjin">Yunjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe and<br />North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iso-Polyphony" title="Iso-Polyphony">Albanian iso-polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashiqs_of_Azerbaijan" title="Ashiqs of Azerbaijan">Ashiqs of Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashik" title="Ashik">Ashik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubusson_tapestry" title="Aubusson tapestry">Aubusson tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet" title="Azerbaijani carpet">Azerbaijani carpet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_carpet_weaving" title="Azerbaijani carpet weaving">weaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(Azerbaijani_instrument)" title="Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)">Azerbaijani tar</a></li> <li>Baltic song and dance celebrations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C4%87arac" title="Bećarac">Bećarac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus%C3%B3j%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Busójárás">Busójárás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari" title="Călușari">Călușari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantu_a_tenore" title="Cantu a tenore">Cantu a tenore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Binche" title="Carnival of Binche">Carnival of Binche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_the_Kalyady_Tsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of the Kalyady Tsars">Christmas Tsars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Wise_Men_of_the_plain_of_Murcia" title="Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia">Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_Tribunal_of_the_plain_of_Valencia" title="Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia">Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lah%C4%B1c_copper_craft" title="Lahıc copper craft">Copper craftsmanship of Lahij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacemaking_in_Croatia" title="Lacemaking in Croatia">Croatian lacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daina_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daina (Lithuania)">Daina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_procession_of_Echternach" title="Dancing procession of Echternach">Dancing procession of Echternach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Daredevils of Sassoun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li>Falles of the Pyrenees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mare_de_D%C3%A9u_de_la_Salut_Festival" title="La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival">La Mare de Déu de la Salut Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivity_of_Saint_Blaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivity of Saint Blaise">Festivity of Saint Blaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li>French timber framing scribing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_vocal_polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian vocal polyphony">Georgian vocal polyphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horezu_ceramics" title="Horezu ceramics">Horezu ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtem_Jaarmarkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Houtem Jaarmarkt">Houtem Jaarmarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_scale" title="Istrian scale">Istrian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jem_(Alevism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem (Alevism)">Jem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Karagöz and Hacivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelaghayi" title="Kelaghayi">Kelaghayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fkek" title="Keşkek">Keşkek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihnu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kihnu culture">Kihnu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rkp%C4%B1nar" title="Kırkpınar">Kırkpınar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klapa" title="Klapa">Klapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cross_crafting" title="Lithuanian cross crafting">Lithuanian cross crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patum_de_Berga" title="Patum de Berga">La Patum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefkara_lace" title="Lefkara lace">Lefkaritika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licitar" title="Licitar">Licitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljelje" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljelje">Ljelje</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kraljice" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraljice">Kraljice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makishi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Makishi Festival">Makishi Festival</a></li> <li>Moldovan Christmas Carols</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meddah" title="Meddah">Meddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesir_macunu" title="Mesir macunu">Mesir Macunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Play_of_Elche" title="Mystery Play of Elche">Mystery Play of Elche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestinarstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestinarstvo">Nestinarstvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijemo_Kolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nijemo Kolo">Nijemo Kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novruz_in_Azerbaijan" title="Novruz in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li>Turkish</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojkanje" title="Ojkanje">Ojkanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olonkho" title="Olonkho">Olonkho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_dei_Pupi" title="Opera dei Pupi">Opera dei Pupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrykivka_painting" title="Petrykivka painting">Petrykivka decorative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">Procession of the Holy Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Sauna culture in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_leelo" title="Seto leelo">Seto leelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevdalinka" title="Sevdalinka">Sevdalinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Silbo Gomero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjska_alka" title="Sinjska alka">Sinjska alka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slov%C3%A1cko_Verbu%C5%88k" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovácko Verbuňk">Slovácko Verbuňk</a></li> <li>Turkish <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sohbet_meetings" title="Traditional Sohbet meetings">Sohbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Sibyl" title="The Song of the Sibyl">The Song of the Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Suiti">Suiti Cultural Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutartin%C4%97s" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutartinės">Sutartinės</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_violin_craftsmanship_in_Cremona" title="Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona">Violins craftsmanship of Cremona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi" title="Wayampi">Wajãpi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_toys_of_Hrvatsko_Zagorje" title="Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje">Wooden toys of Hrvatsko Zagorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za_kri%C5%BEen" title="Za križen">Za križen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvon%C4%8Dari" title="Zvončari">Zvončari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean and<br />Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquilla%27s_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Barranquilla's Carnival">Carnaval de Barranquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mella" title="Villa Mella">Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombe" title="Candombe">Candombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacks_and_Whites%27_Carnival" title="Blacks and Whites' Carnival">Carnaval de Negros y Blancos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumba_Meu_Boi#Bumba_meu_boi_in_Maranhão" title="Bumba Meu Boi">Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Carnaval de Oruro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-28T02:54:13Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T09:39:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4d\/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kris_met_schede_TMnr_A-1448.jpg","headline":"traditional Javanese dagger and sword (usually curvy) originally from Java"}</script> </body> </html>