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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #009761; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#009761"><b>Cogito ergo sum</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Logic and rhetoric</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Logic" title="Category:Logic"><img alt="Icon logic.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/9/99/Icon_logic.svg/100px-Icon_logic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/9/99/Icon_logic.svg/150px-Icon_logic.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/9/99/Icon_logic.svg/200px-Icon_logic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009761; text-align:center;"><b>Key articles</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" title="Logical fallacy">Logical fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">Syllogism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009761; text-align:center;"><b>General logic</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy_fallacy" title="Fallacy fallacy">Fallacy fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent" title="Denying the antecedent">Denying the antecedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur" title="Non sequitur">Non sequitur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_magic" title="Word magic">Word magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunk_cost" title="Sunk cost">Sunk cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countless_counterfeits_fallacy" title="Countless counterfeits fallacy">Countless counterfeits fallacy</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#009761; text-align:center;"><b>Bad logic</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#FFFFFF;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning_the_well" title="Poisoning the well">Poisoning the well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quidquid_latine_dictum_sit,_altum_videtur" title="Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur">Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_consequences" title="Appeal to consequences">Appeal to consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">Anecdotal evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_iram" title="Ad iram">Ad iram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_evidence" title="Negative evidence">Negative evidence</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Logicnav" title="Template:Logicnav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Logicnav" title="Template talk:Logicnav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Logicnav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>While some religious apology is magnificent in its limited way — one might cite <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" class="extiw" title="wp:Blaise Pascal" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Blaise Pascal">Pascal</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> — and to some it is dreary and absurd — here one cannot avoid naming <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> — both styles have something in common, namely the appalling load of strain they have to bear. <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_claims_require_extraordinary_evidence" title="Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence">How much effort it takes to affirm the incredible.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lewis Trilemma</b> is a fallacious <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologetics">apologetical</a> argument for the divinity of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, invented <span title="circa" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">c.</span> 1844 by preacher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" class="extiw" title="wp:Mark Hopkins (educator)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (published 1846 in <i>Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>) and popularized by C. S. Lewis on <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> radio, hence the name of the trilemma. </p><p>The argument is also known as "<b>liar, lunatic, or Lord</b>", "<b>mad, bad, or God</b>", or "<b>myth, madman, or messiah</b>", referring to the three given parts of the <s><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></s> trilemma — a three-way <a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">false dilemma</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Lewis.27s_own_statement_of_the_argument"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Lewis's own statement of the argument</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_logic_of_the_argument"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The logic of the argument</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Additional_points_by_other_authors"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Additional points by other authors</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Problems_with_the_argument"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Problems with the argument</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Hidden_premises"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hidden premises</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Delusion"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Delusion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Morality"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Morality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Tetralemma"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Tetralemma</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_Narnia"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">In Narnia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Hammurabi.27s_Trilemma"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Hammurabi's Trilemma</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Hitchens"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Hitchens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span id="Lewis's_own_statement_of_the_argument"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Lewis.27s_own_statement_of_the_argument">Lewis's own statement of the argument</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lewis's own statement of the argument">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Lewis wrote in <i>Mere Christianity</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:40-41</sup> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>I am trying here to prevent anyone saying the really foolish thing that people often say about Him: I'm ready to accept Jesus as a great <a href="/wiki/Moral" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral">moral</a> teacher, but I don't accept his claim to be <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. That is the one thing we must not say. A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic — on the level with the man who says he is a poached egg — or else he would be the <a href="/wiki/Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil">Devil</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a></sup> You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse. You can shut him up for a fool, you can spit at him and kill him as a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a> or you can fall at his feet and call him Lord and God, but let us not come with any patronising nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to. …Now it seems to me obvious that He was neither a lunatic nor a fiend: and consequently, however strange or terrifying or unlikely it may seem, I have to accept the view that He was and is God. </p> </blockquote> <p>Lewis’s own words appear to undermine premise 3 of his argument below, which relies on Jesus being a great moral teacher to rule out the possibility of his being a lunatic. Additionally, his final statement, which he tries to make sound like a conclusion he came to reluctantly, bears all the hallmarks of being precisely the conclusion he wanted to reach. </p><p>Lewis does not seem to countenance the option of accepting some facets of Christ but not others. This is akin to saying that if you accept that Martin Luther King was a great man, you must accept that cheating on your wife is perfectly fine. Lewis also ignores the option that some of Jesus' words and claims may have been altered when they were reported. </p><p>Lewis' formulation of the argument does not intend to prove the divinity of Jesus (although Lewis believed in it), but merely the impossibility of accepting Jesus as a moral teacher while refusing his claims to divinity. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_logic_of_the_argument">The logic of the argument</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The logic of the argument">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Assuming Jesus claimed to be God, Lewis' thoughts can be summed up as follows: </p><p>1. Due to the law of the <a href="/wiki/Excluded_middle" class="mw-redirect" title="Excluded middle">excluded middle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was either correct or incorrect in his claim of divinity. He also either believed or did not believe he was divine. Therefore, one of 1A, 1B, 1C, or 1D applies to Jesus: </p> <dl><dd>1A. Believed He was God and was correct in His belief (Lord).</dd> <dd>1B. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" class="extiw" title="wp:Mental health of Jesus" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mental health of Jesus">Believed he was God and was incorrect</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Illusory_truth_effect" title="Illusory truth effect">lunatic</a>).</dd> <dd>1C. Correctly believed he was <i>not</i> God because he wasn't God (<a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">liar</a>).</dd> <dd>1D. <a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">Did not believe He was God but actually was God</a> (ignored as a possibility).</dd></dl> <p>This trilemma, on its own, is relatively sound. The problem is how Lewis tries to use it to prove that Jesus Christ was God. From this, Lewis gets: </p> <ol> <li value="1"><a href="/wiki/Liar_paradox" title="Liar paradox">Jesus spoke out against liars, so he was either a hypocrite, or he was not a liar.</a> </li><li value="2">Jesus did not show any <i>other</i> signs of being deranged, and <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">was a great moral teacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">so he was not a lunatic</a>. </li><li value="3"><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Everybody who knew about Jesus paid attention to him.</a> </li><li value="4"><a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur" title="Non sequitur">Therefore</a>, you must believe Jesus was God or <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists hate God">completely reject Him</a>. </li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_points_by_other_authors">Additional points by other authors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Additional points by other authors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Josh McDowell writes:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>If, when Jesus made His claims, He knew that He was not God, then He was lying and deliberately deceiving His followers. But if He was a liar, then He was also a <a href="/wiki/Hypocrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocrite">hypocrite</a> because He told others to be honest, whatever the cost, while He Himself taught and lived a colossal lie. More than that, He was a demon, because He told others to trust Him for their eternal destiny. If He couldn't back up His claims and knew it, then He was unspeakably evil. Last, He would also be a fool because it was His claims to being God that led to His <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>. </p> </blockquote> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Problems_with_the_argument">Problems with the argument</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Problems with the argument">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hidden_premises">Hidden premises</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hidden premises">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The above argument holds a few hidden premises beyond the ones given outright by Lewis. These hidden premises include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">The Abrahamic God exists</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_historical_existence_of_Jesus_Christ" title="Evidence for the historical existence of Jesus Christ">Jesus existed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[note 2]</a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> are <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">an accurate record of Jesus' life and teachings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 3]</a></sup></li> <li>Jesus (and people in general) are of homogenous character and cannot contain contradictory or opposing aspects within their person.</li> <li>Jesus himself claimed to be God.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a></sup></li></ol> <p>These hidden premises appear when we formalize the trilemma, and all can be challenged or undermined, with the last one breaking the logic altogether. Anyone with any non-zero amount of social activity<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 5]</a></sup> has tons of experience encountering good and bad facets in themselves and others. Even young children can remember cases where they or someone else contradicted themselves. </p><p>There are a further 2 points: </p> <ol><li>If Jesus existed, it is assumed that all the sayings <i>attributed</i> to Him were by Him. If the preachings of many men were attributed to Jesus, some may have been mentally unstable and/or liars.</li> <li>Any false accounts could have been added to the narrative during the decades of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oral_transmission" class="extiw" title="wp:oral transmission" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: oral transmission">oral transmission</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> before the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> were written down.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[note 6]</a></sup></li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Delusion">Delusion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delusion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">Delusion</a></div> <p>There are also more problems with the argument beyond these alone. Step 3 in the argument can be challenged, as Jesus may have had that one <a href="/wiki/Delusions_of_grandeur" title="Delusions of grandeur">delusion of the false belief of auto-divinity</a> but been otherwise okay, much like how <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemist</a> and tried to find <a href="/wiki/Bible_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible code">messages in the Bible</a>, but otherwise made <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">great contributions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. </p><p>Did Lewis overestimate how deluded a person who saw himself as God would have been in ancient Judea? The concept of a <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> as God is totally unacceptable in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, but in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman religion">Greco-Roman religion</a>, men can be gods.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[note 7]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> was, for example, seen as a man and a god.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 8]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Morality">Morality</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morality">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>One could disagree with the claim of Jesus being a great moral teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[6]</a></sup> A great deal of Christian morality is about inducing guilt and reducing self-respect.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[note 9]</a></sup> The teachings of Jesus have been used to justify widely divergent belief systems, like <a href="/wiki/Communism#Christian_communism" title="Communism">Christian communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_economics" title="Christian economics">Christian economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a>. The teachings of Jesus' followers were used to justify the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> and various other persecutions of those considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> by various Christian orthodoxies. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, they were used at least as much in favor of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">slavery</a> as they were for its <a href="/wiki/Abolition" title="Abolition">abolition</a>. How the moral teachings of Jesus are interpreted is greatly affected by how later Christians developed what is in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. </p><p>In Lewis' specific version of the trilemma, it is not apparent how Jesus would not have been a great moral teacher simply because he falsely believed himself to be God and for no other reason. This blends with the above paragraph: Newton practiced the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> of alchemy, yet that did not make his contributions to actual science any less valuable. Many great moral teachers had significant flaws: <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> justified slavery; <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> was an anti-semite; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" class="extiw" title="wp:John Stuart Mill" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> was an imperialist and racist; to say nothing of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[note 10]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, or Shaw.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[10]</a></sup> </p><p>The true essence of the argument is that Lewis, in reading the words attributed to Jesus in the Gospels, simply had the <a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">subjective opinion</a> that it did not seem like they could have come from anyone but God, and the rest of the argument is mere window dressing around that core. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tetralemma">Tetralemma</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tetralemma">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Our fourth, ignored possibility — of Jesus not knowing he is God — also shows up. It isn't enough to refute the trilemma beyond turning it into a "tetralemma"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[note 11]</a></sup> and is little more than a triviality due to the confusing implications that nobody, either <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, has explored in depth. That possibility isn't part of the established story, and no one has made the claim (that we know of). Beyond that, Jesus claims his relation to divinity multiple times throughout the Bible, though they all appear to be in arrears of other people claiming it. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Narnia">In Narnia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Narnia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A version of the trilemma appears in Lewis' fiction book <i>The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[11]</a></sup> in the Narnia series. After Lucy visits Narnia through a magic wardrobe and tells her siblings, they dismiss her story. Later, one of her brothers enters Narnia with her, but when they come back, he denies the story to the older two. This prompts the older two siblings to voice their concerns about Lucy to the owner of the house where they are staying. However, the owner, a professor, argues that since Lucy is neither dishonest nor insane, her story must be true. This shows both the absurdity of the argument and the disingenuity in employing it (the man had already visited Narnia, and thus this argument wasn't his true reason for believing Lucy, just as Christians have <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoctrination">other reasons</a> for believing in Christianity). </p><p>In fairness, the professor was referring to a specific single claim of Lucy, not to the broader worth of all of Lucy's musings. Lewis' argument works if you <i>only</i> look at Christ's claim to be God — He was either lying, if He did not believe it,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[note 12]</a></sup> delusional, if He was incorrect in believing it, or actually God. In addition, Lewis may not have decided at the time that the professor had been to Narnia before, since the book where he and a friend witness Narnia’s creation as children was written several years after this one. </p> <h3><span id="Hammurabi's_Trilemma"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Hammurabi.27s_Trilemma">Hammurabi's Trilemma</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hammurabi's Trilemma">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>If one accepts the Lewis Trilemma, then one would have to accept very similar arguments for the existence of <a href="/wiki/Gods_Christians_don%27t_believe_in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods Christians don't believe in">gods Christians don't believe in</a>. For example, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" class="extiw" title="wp:Code of Hammurabi" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> begins with an introduction asserting that all the gods of the Ancient Mesopotamian religion descended from heaven and told Hammurabi that he is so totally awesome that he gets to make all the laws. A Babylonian could therefore argue Hammurabi either a) Did not believe he was chosen by the Ancient Mesopotamian gods (liar), b) Believed he was chosen by the Ancient Mesopotamian gods but was wrong (lunatic), or c) Believed he was chosen by the Ancient Mesopotamian gods and was correct (lord). </p><p>The Babylonian apologist could further argue that Hammurabi cannot be a liar, because Hammurabi condemned liars (prescribing the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>). The apologist could argue that Hammurabi could not have been a lunatic, as he was able to keep control of a city without being assassinated or overthrown. If one accepts this argument, they would have to conclude that the Ancient Mesopotamian gods exist and that they did indeed choose Hammurabi to make all the laws. </p><p>This argument carries the same flaws as the original Lewis Trilemma. Namely, it is possible Hammurabi could <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">lie despite condemning lying in others</a>. It is also possible Hammurabi could falsely believe he was chosen while still having the mental capacity to rule a city. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hitchens">Hitchens</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hitchens">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Within his book <i>God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</i>, Christopher Hitchens claims to be refuting Lewis, but basically follows <a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">the same fallacy</a> (only Hitchens applies it to the entire Gospels) </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>[Lewis] happens to be speaking about the claim of Jesus to take <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> on himself: Now, unless the speaker is God, this is really so preposterous as to be comic.<br /> </p><p>. . . </p><p>I am not choosing a <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">straw man</a> here: Lewis is the main chosen <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> vehicle for Christianity in our time. And nor am I accepting his rather wild <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> categories, such as devil and <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>. Least of all do I accept his <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a>, which is so pathetic as to defy description and which takes his <a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">two false alternatives as exclusive antitheses</a>, and then uses them to fashion a crude <i><a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur" title="Non sequitur">non sequitur</a></i> ("Now it seems to me obvious that He was neither a lunatic nor a fiend: and consequently, however strange or terrifying or unlikely it may seem, I have to accept the view that He was and is God."). However, I do credit him with honesty and with some courage. Either the Gospels are in some sense <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal truth</a>, or the whole thing is essentially a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fraud" class="extiw" title="wp:fraud" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: fraud">fraud</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and perhaps an immoral one at that.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:118-120</sup> </p> </blockquote> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I.e., a <a href="/wiki/Liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liar">liar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A necessary starting point, since if he didn't exist, the debate is moot.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also an important point to raise, since there is quite a bit of evidence against it (which, to be fair to Lewis, he <i>probably</i> <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">wasn't aware of</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">There is some debate about this, as there are no <i>overt</i> claims to divinity made by Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels that he is God. Rather, that is found in subtextual readings and later writings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">i.e., everybody over age three except for <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">good ol' Jack</a>, whose literature indicates he has not talked to any actual <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> for years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Given how oral transmission works, there may not have been any <i>conscious</i> attempts to change the narrative, but it probably happened anyways, since information that is preserved in human <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> alone is incredibly likely to be distorted over time. In other words, even if we assume that the authors of the Bible were honest and did not intend to deceive their readers, they may still have presented a false narrative <a href="/wiki/Garbage_in_garbage_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage in garbage out">due to having bad information</a>. (They also probably wouldn't have defined historical truth the same way that modern historians do, but that's a separate issue.) See our page on <a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">lie detection</a> for more information on how honest people may unwittingly fail to tell the truth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Both the Bible and actual archaeological evidence suggest that the Greco-Roman religion would have had a great deal of influence on Judaism during Jesus's lifetime, as well as influencing Christianity afterwards.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seeing women as goddesses was <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">less important</a> if it happened.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humility" class="extiw" title="wp:Humility" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Humility">Humility</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> is generally regarded as the greatest of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_virtues#Seven_capital_virtues" class="extiw" title="wp:Seven virtues" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Seven virtues#Seven capital virtues">Seven Heavenly Virtues</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> — though this is in part because it is the opposite of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride" class="extiw" title="wp:Pride" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Pride">Pride</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> which is the greatest of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" class="extiw" title="wp:Seven deadly sins" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Seven deadly sins">Seven Deadly Sins</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">That's a whole other can of worms — one which has been rather heavily mutilated by people with <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">axes to grind against Islam</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Just a dilemma with four conflicting possibilities, much like a trilemma has three or an ordinary dilemma has two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">This covers <a href="#Tetralemma">Him being lucky</a>. If He did not believe it but by odd fortune actually was God, then He was at least lying in spirit.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Trilemma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</a></i> (p. 7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesoneviden00hopkrich/page/n8"><i>Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity</i></a> by Mark Hopkins (1846) T. R. Marvin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mere Christianity</i> by C. S. Lewis (1943) Collier Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231084525/https://www.cru.org/us/en/how-to-know-god/who-is-jesus-god-or-just-a-good-man.html">Jesus: God or Just a Good Man? Analyzing our 3 options to explain His identity: a liar, a lunatic, or Lord?</a> by Josh McDowell, <i>Cru</i> (archived from December 31, 2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2014/04/07/300246095/if-jesus-never-called-himself-god-how-did-he-become-one">If Jesus Never Called Himself God, How Did He Become One?</a>, interview with <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, scholar and author of <i>How Jesus Became God</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethoughtblogs.com/alstefanelli/2012/01/09/christian-morality-hostile-to-the-individual-and-society/">Christian Morality: Hostile to the Individual and Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/aug2008/myth_christian_morality.html">The Myth of Christian Morality</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/ethics/philosophers_1.shtml">Philosophers justifying slavery</a>, BBC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/opinion/philosophy-anti-semitism.html">Confronting Philosophy’s Anti-Semitism</a>, New York Times 18 Mar 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/jul/26/gbsat150">Artist of the Impossible</a>, The Guardian, 26 Jul 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</i> by C. S. Lewis (1950) HarperCollins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything</i> by Christopher Hitchens (2007) Atlantic Books. ISBN <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1786491478" title="Special:BookSources/1786491478">1786491478</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#484329; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apolbox" title="Template:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apolbox" title="Template talk:Apolbox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Apolbox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics"><span id="apologetics_and_counter-apologetics-navbox" style="color:white">apologetics and counter-apologetics</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologetics_and_counter-apologetics" title="Category:Apologetics and counter-apologetics"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologetics and counter-apologetics:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Question_Evolution" title="Question Evolution">Question Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity_is_not_a_religion" title="Christianity is not a religion">Christianity is not a religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_the_Bible_is_True" title="Fun:Proof the Bible is True">Proof the Bible is True</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Proof_God_is_Always_Right" title="Fun:Proof God is Always Right">Proof God is Always Right</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_Teapot" title="Russell's Teapot">Russell's Teapot</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Apologetics" title="New Apologetics">New Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zeal_of_the_convert" title="Zeal of the convert">Zeal of the convert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Statements_that_are_wrong_on_the_level_of_a_Young_Earth" title="Fun:Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth">Statements that are wrong on the level of a Young Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God_from_Science" title="Evidence for God from Science">Evidence for God from Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_hate_god" title="Atheists hate god">Atheists hate god</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah_Philosophy" title="Torah Philosophy">Torah Philosophy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answering_Islam" title="Answering Islam">Answering Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheist_professor_myth" title="Atheist professor myth">Atheist professor myth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a> • <a href="/wiki/Minimal_facts_argument" title="Minimal facts argument">Minimal facts argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/FAQ_for_the_Newly_Deconverted" title="FAQ for the Newly Deconverted">FAQ for the Newly Deconverted</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nahom" title="Nahom">Nahom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuzari_principle" title="Kuzari principle">Kuzari principle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins_-_God_Hater" title="Richard Dawkins - God Hater">Richard Dawkins - God Hater</a> • <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion" title="Mara bar Serapion">Mara bar Serapion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Existence_of_gods" title="Category:Existence of gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Existence of gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_scientists" title="Religious scientists">Religious scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence paradox</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presuppositionalism" title="Presuppositionalism">Presuppositionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_God" title="Transcendental argument for God">Transcendental argument for God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Oenological_argument" title="Fun:Oenological argument">Oenological argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_God%27s_existence" title="Evidence for God's existence">Evidence for God's existence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Argument_from_molarity" title="Fun:Argument from molarity">Argument from molarity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Magic_sandwich" title="Fun:Magic sandwich">Magic sandwich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evil_is_the_absence_of_God" title="Evil is the absence of God">Evil is the absence of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kissing_Hank%27s_Ass" title="Kissing Hank's Ass">Kissing Hank's Ass</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_in_My_Garage" title="The Dragon in My Garage">The Dragon in My Garage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Argument from desire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arguments_against_the_existence_of_God" title="Arguments against the existence of God">Arguments against the existence of God</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Belief_in_gods" title="Category:Belief in gods"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Belief in gods:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_gods_that_theists_don%27t_believe_in" title="List of gods that theists don't believe in">List of gods that theists don't believe in</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_religion" title="Category:Science and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Science and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a> • <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-Overlapping_Magisteria" title="Non-Overlapping Magisteria">Non-Overlapping Magisteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby" title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_religion" title="Science and religion">Science and religion</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Morality_and_religion" title="Category:Morality and religion"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Morality and religion:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Just_world_fallacy" title="Just world fallacy">Just world fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a> • <a href="/wiki/Birth_as_a_Grave_Misfortune" title="Birth as a Grave Misfortune">Birth as a Grave Misfortune</a> • <a href="/wiki/Responding_to_Sam_Burke%27s_Argument_That_Christianity_Entails_Anti-Natalism" title="Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism">Responding to Sam Burke's Argument That Christianity Entails Anti-Natalism</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Scriptures" title="Category:Scriptures"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Scriptures:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Book_of_Mormon" title="Fun:Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Essene_Gospel_of_Peace" title="Essene Gospel of Peace">Essene Gospel of Peace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aquarian_Gospel_of_Jesus_the_Christ" title="Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ">Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">Holy book</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Health_with_Key_to_the_Scriptures" title="Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures">Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Avenue_Q_gospel" title="Fun:Avenue Q gospel">Avenue Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oahspe" title="Oahspe">Oahspe</a> • <a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Enoch" title="Books of Enoch">Books of Enoch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price" title="Pearl of Great Price">Pearl of Great Price</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List of Hindu texts</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_analysis" title="Category:Bible analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Bible analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a> • <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_New_Testament" title="Authorship of the New Testament">Authorship of the New Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_interpolation" title="Bible interpolation">Bible interpolation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_sexism" title="Biblical sexism">Biblical sexism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bibliolatry" title="Bibliolatry">Bibliolatry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_for_the_Exodus" title="Evidence for the Exodus">Evidence for the Exodus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gospels" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_reading" title="Horizontal reading">Horizontal reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/King_James_Only" title="King James Only">King James Only</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Bible" title="List of actions prohibited by the Bible">List of actions prohibited by the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Q_gospel" title="Q gospel">Q gospel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> • <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Annotated_Bible" title="Skeptic's Annotated Bible">Skeptic's Annotated Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God" title="Word of God">Word of God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:List_of_mistakes_made_by_God" title="Fun:List of mistakes made by God">List of mistakes made by God</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abomination" title="Abomination">Abomination</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/G%27Tach" title="G'Tach">G'Tach</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arsenokoites" title="Arsenokoites">Arsenokoites</a> • <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bible" title="Slavery in the Bible">Slavery in the Bible</a> • <a href="/wiki/Examples_of_God_personally_killing_people" title="Examples of God personally killing people">Examples of God personally killing people</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herod" title="Herod">Herod</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Testament" title="The Brick Testament">The Brick Testament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/EvilBible.com" title="EvilBible.com">EvilBible.com</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Qur%27an_analysis" title="Category:Qur'an analysis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Qur'an analysis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_actions_prohibited_by_the_Qur%27an" title="List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an">List of actions prohibited by the Qur'an</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#484329; width:25%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Apologists_and_counter-apologists" title="Category:Apologists and counter-apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Apologists and counter-apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Matt_Dillahunty" title="Matt Dillahunty">Matt Dillahunty</a> • <a href="/wiki/TheraminTrees" title="TheraminTrees">TheraminTrees</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hemant_Mehta" title="Hemant Mehta">Hemant Mehta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Templeton" title="Charles Templeton">Charles Templeton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Current" title="Edward Current">Edward Current</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Skeptic" title="Armoured Skeptic">Armoured Skeptic</a> • <a href="/wiki/DarkMatter2525" title="DarkMatter2525">DarkMatter2525</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_apologists" title="Category:Christian apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Christian apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Glynn" title="Patrick Glynn">Patrick Glynn</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Ray_Griffin" title="David Ray Griffin">David Ray Griffin</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Apologetics_Press" title="Apologetics Press">Apologetics Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Habermas" title="Gary Habermas">Gary Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Todd" title="Tim Todd">Tim Todd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Randal_Rauser" title="Randal Rauser">Randal Rauser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bible_Issues" title="Bible Issues">Bible Issues</a> • <a href="/wiki/WallBuilders" title="WallBuilders">WallBuilders</a> • <a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_III" title="L. Brent Bozell III">L. Brent Bozell III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Ross Douthat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wood" title="David Wood">David Wood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Edward Feser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">Dinesh D'Souza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Computing_Forever" title="Computing Forever">Computing Forever</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Sellner" title="Brittany Sellner">Brittany Sellner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Laura Ingraham</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Muehlenberg" title="Bill Muehlenberg">Bill Muehlenberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_McDowell" title="Josh McDowell">Josh McDowell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Research" title="Creation Research">Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Zoomer" title="Redeemed Zoomer">Redeemed Zoomer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Walter_Veith" title="Walter Veith">Walter Veith</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#484329; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_apologists" title="Category:Muslim apologists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Muslim apologists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#B8B379;"> <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dawah_Man" title="Dawah Man">Dawah Man</a> • <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Tzortzis" title="Hamza Tzortzis">Hamza Tzortzis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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