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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Heat pumps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_pumps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interseasonal_heat_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interseasonal_heat_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Interseasonal heat transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interseasonal_heat_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CoP_and_lift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CoP_and_lift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>CoP and lift</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CoP_and_lift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistive_electrical_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistive_electrical_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Resistive electrical heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistive_electrical_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood-pellet_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood-pellet_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Wood-pellet heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-pellet_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood-stove_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood-stove_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Wood-stove heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-stove_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Renewable natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Energy efficiency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy efficiency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Insulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underfloor_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underfloor_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Underfloor heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underfloor_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste-water_heat_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste-water_heat_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Waste-water heat recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste-water_heat_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_recovery_ventilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_recovery_ventilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Heat recovery ventilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_recovery_ventilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Application of renewable energy</div> <p><b>Renewable heat</b> is an application of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> referring to the generation of heat from renewable sources; for example, feeding radiators with water warmed by <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrated solar thermal">focused solar radiation</a> rather than by a fossil fuel boiler. Renewable heat technologies include renewable biofuels, solar heating, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal heating</a>, heat pumps and heat exchangers. Insulation is almost always an important factor in how renewable heating is implemented. </p><p>Many colder countries consume more energy for heating than for supplying electricity. For example, in 2005 the United Kingdom consumed 354 TWh<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of electric power, but had a heat requirement of 907 TWh, the majority of which (81%) was met using gas. The residential sector alone consumed 550 TWh of energy for heating, mainly derived from methane. Almost half of the final energy consumed in the UK (49%) was in the form of heat, of which 70% was used by households and in commercial and public buildings. Households used heat mainly for space heating (69%).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative competitiveness of renewable electricity and renewable heat depends on a nation's approach to energy and environment policy. In some countries renewable heat is hindered by subsidies for fossil fuelled heat.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> In those countries, such as Sweden, Denmark and Finland, where <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a> has been closest to a technology-neutral form of carbon valuation (i.e. carbon and <a href="/wiki/Energy_tax" title="Energy tax">energy taxes</a>), renewable heat has played the leading role in a very substantial renewable contribution to final energy consumption. In those countries, such as Germany, Spain, the US, and the UK, where government intervention has been set at different levels for different technologies, uses and scales, the contributions of renewable heat and renewable electricity technologies have depended on the relative levels of support, and have resulted generally in a lower renewable contribution to final energy consumption. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leading_renewable_heat_technologies">Leading renewable heat technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Leading renewable heat technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_heating">Solar heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solar heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a> is a style of building construction which uses the energy of summer or winter sunshine to provide an economic supply of primary or supplementary heat to a structure. The heat can be used for both <a href="/wiki/Space_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Space heating">space heating</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">solar air heat</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heating</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar hot water">solar hot water</a>). Solar heating design is divided into two groups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive solar">Passive solar</a> heating relies on the design and structure of the house to collect heat. <a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a> must also consider the storage and distribution of heat, which may be accomplished passively, or use air ducting to draw heat actively to the foundation of the building for storage. One such design was measured lifting the temperature of a house to 24 °C (75 °F) on a partially sunny winter day (-7 °C or 19 °F), and it is claimed that the system provides passively for the bulk of the building's heating.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4,000-square-foot (370 m<sup>2</sup>) home cost $125 per square foot (or 370 m<sup>2</sup> at $1,351/m<sup>2</sup>), similar to the cost of a traditional new home.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Active solar">Active solar</a> heating uses <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a> to move air or a liquid from the <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">solar collector</a> into the building or storage area. Applications such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">solar air heating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">solar water heating</a> typically capture solar heat in panels which can then be used for applications such as space heating and supplementation of residential water heaters. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic panels">photovoltaic panels</a>, which are used to generate electricity, solar heating panels are less expensive and capture a much higher proportion of the sun's energy.</li></ul> <p>Solar heating systems usually require a small supplementary backup heating system, either conventional or renewable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geothermal_heating">Geothermal heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geothermal heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Hot_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>Hot Springs located in Nevada.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a> is accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a process similar to drilling for oil. Geothermal energy is an enormous, underused heat and power resource that is clean (emits little or no greenhouse gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown (making populations less dependent on oil).<sup id="cite_ref-EERE1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EERE1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earth absorbs the sun's energy and stores it as heat in the oceans and underground. The ground temperature remains constant at a point of 42 to 100 °F (6 to 38 °C) all year round depending on where you live on earth. A geothermal heating system takes advantage of the consistent temperature found below the Earth's surface and uses it to heat and cool buildings. The system is made up of a series of pipes installed underground, connected to pipes in a building. A pump circulates liquid through the circuit. In the winter the fluid in the pipe absorbs the heat of the earth and uses it to heat the building. In the summer the fluid absorbs heat from the building and disposes of it in the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_pumps">Heat pumps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heat pumps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pumps</a> use work to move heat from one place to another, and can be used for both heating and air conditioning. Though capital intensive, heat pumps are economical to run and can be powered by renewable electricity. Two common types of heat pump are <a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">air source heat pumps</a> (ASHP) and <a href="/wiki/Ground-source_heat_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-source heat pump">ground-source heat pumps</a> (GSHP), depending on whether heat is transferred from the air or from the ground. Air source heat pumps are not effective when the outside air temperature is lower than about -15 °C, while ground-source heat pumps are not affected. The efficiency of a heat pump is measured by the <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance" title="Coefficient of performance">coefficient of performance</a> (CoP): For every unit of electricity used to pump the heat, an air source heat pump generates 2.5 to 3 units of heat (i.e. it has a CoP of 2.5 to 3), whereas a GSHP generates 3 to 3.5 units of heat. Based on current fuel prices for the United Kingdom, assuming a CoP of 3–4, a GSHP is sometimes a cheaper form of space heating than electric, oil, and solid fuel heating.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat pumps can be linked to an inter<a href="/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storage" title="Seasonal thermal energy storage">seasonal thermal energy storage</a> (hot or cold), doubling the CoP from 4 to 8 by extracting heat from warmer ground.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interseasonal_heat_transfer">Interseasonal heat transfer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interseasonal heat transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_storage" title="Seasonal thermal energy storage">Seasonal thermal energy storage</a></div> <p>A heat pump with Interseasonal Heat Transfer combines active solar collection to store surplus summer heat in thermal banks<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with ground-source heat pumps to extract it for space heating in winter. This reduces the "Lift" needed and doubles the CoP of the heat pump because the pump starts with warmth from the thermal bank in place of cold from the ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CoP_and_lift">CoP and lift</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CoP and lift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A heat pump CoP increases as the temperature difference, or "Lift", decreases between heat source and destination. The CoP can be maximized at design time by choosing a heating system requiring only a low final water temperature (e.g., underfloor heating), and by choosing a heat source with a high average temperature (e.g., the ground). Domestic hot water (DHW) and conventional radiators require high water temperatures, affecting the choice of heat pump technology. Low temperature radiators provide an alternative to conventional radiators. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> <th style="width:160px;" rowspan="2">Pump type and source </th> <th style="width:110px;" rowspan="2">Typical use case </th> <th colspan="6">Heat Pump CoP variation with Output Temperature </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"> <th>35 °C<br />(e.g. heated screed floor) </th> <th>45 °C<br />(e.g. low temp. radiator or heated screed floor) </th> <th>55 °C<br />(e.g. low temp. radiator or heated timber floor) </th> <th>65 °C <br />(e.g. std. radiator or DHW) </th> <th>75 °C <br />(e.g. std. radiator & DHW) </th> <th>85 °C <br />(e.g. std. radiator & DHW) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="height:15px; vertical-align:top;">High Efficiency ASHP air at -20 °C<sup id="cite_ref-CREN_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px;">Two Stage ASHP air at -20 °C<sup id="cite_ref-TIPC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIPC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Low source temp. </td> <td style="text-align:center; text-decoration:underline; color:#f00;">2.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:15px;">High Efficiency ASHP air at 0 °C<sup id="cite_ref-CREN_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Low output temp. </td> <td style="text-align:center; text-decoration:underline; color:#f00;">3.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:45px;">Prototype Transcritical <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (R744) Heat Pump with Tripartite Gas Cooler, source at 0 °C<sup id="cite_ref-STEEN_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEEN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>High output temp. </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center; text-decoration:underline; color:#f00;">4.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:15px;">GSHP water at 0 °C<sup id="cite_ref-CREN_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px;">GSHP ground at 10 °C<sup id="cite_ref-CREN_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CREN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Low output temp. </td> <td style="text-align:center; text-decoration:underline; color:#f00;">7.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:15px;">Theoretical <a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">Carnot cycle</a> limit, source -20 °C </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:15px;">Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source 0 °C </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:30px;">Theoretical Lorentz Cycle limit (<span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> pump), return fluid 25 °C, source 0 °C<sup id="cite_ref-STEEN_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEEN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height:15px;">Theoretical Carnot cycle limit, source 10 °C </td> <td>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistive_electrical_heating">Resistive electrical heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resistive electrical heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renewable electricity can be generated by hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal and by burning biomass. In a few countries where renewable electricity is inexpensive, <a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">resistance heating</a> is common. In countries like Denmark where electricity is expensive, it is not permitted to install electric heating as the main heat source.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind turbines have more output at night when there is a small demand for electricity, <a href="/wiki/Storage_heater" title="Storage heater">storage heaters</a> consume this lower cost electricity at night and give off heat during the day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood-pellet_heating">Wood-pellet heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wood-pellet heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_stove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincoln_stove.jpg/250px-Lincoln_stove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincoln_stove.jpg/330px-Lincoln_stove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lincoln_stove.jpg/500px-Lincoln_stove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption>Wood Stove.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pellets_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pellets_hand.jpg/250px-Pellets_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pellets_hand.jpg/330px-Pellets_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pellets_hand.jpg/500px-Pellets_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Wood Pellets.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wood-pellet_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-pellet heating">Wood-pellet heating</a> and other types of wood heating systems have achieved their greatest success in heating premises that are off the gas grid, typically being previously heated using heating oil or coal. Solid wood fuel requires a large amount of dedicated storage space, and the specialized heating systems can be expensive (though grant schemes are available in many European countries to offset this capital cost.) Low fuel costs mean that wood fuelled heating in Europe is frequently able to achieve a payback period of less than 3 to 5 years. Because of the large fuel storage requirement wood fuel can be less attractive in urban residential scenarios, or for premises connected to the gas grid (though rising gas prices and uncertainty of supply mean that wood fuel is becoming more competitive.) There is also growing concern over the air pollution from wood heating versus oil or gas heat, especially the fine particulates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood-stove_heating">Wood-stove heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wood-stove heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burning <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood fuel</a> in an open fire is both extremely inefficient (0-20%) and polluting due to low temperature partial combustion. In the same way that a drafty building loses heat through loss of warm air through poor sealing, an open fire is responsible for large heat losses by drawing very large volumes of warm air out of the building. </p><p>Modern wood <a href="/wiki/Stove" title="Stove">stove</a> designs allow for more efficient combustion and then heat extraction. In the United States, new wood stoves are certified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) and burn cleaner and more efficiently (the overall efficiency is 60-80%)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and draw smaller volumes of warm air from the building. </p><p>"Cleaner" should not, however, be confused with clean. An Australian study of real-life emissions from woodheaters satisfying the current Australian standard,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that particle emissions averaged 9.4 g/kg wood burned (range 2.6 to 21.7). A heater with average wood consumption of 4 tonnes per year therefore emits 37.6 kg of PM2.5, i.e. particles less than 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a>. This can be compared with a passenger car satisfying the current <a href="/wiki/European_emission_standards" title="European emission standards">Euro 5 standards</a> (introduced September 2009) of 0.005 g/km. So one new wood heater emits as much PM2.5 per year as 367 passenger cars each driving 20,000 km a year. A recent European study<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified PM2.5 as the most health-hazardous air pollutant, causing an estimated 492,000 premature deaths. The next worst pollutant, ozone, is responsible for 21,000 premature deaths. </p><p>Because of the problems with pollution, the Australian Lung Foundation recommends using alternative means for climate control.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Lung Association "strongly recommends using cleaner, less toxic sources of heat. Converting a wood-burning fireplace or stove to use either natural gas or propane will eliminate exposure to the dangerous toxins wood burning generates including dioxin, arsenic and formaldehyde.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Renewable" should not be confused with "greenhouse neutral". A recent peer-reviewed paper found that, even if burning firewood from a sustainable supply, <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a> from a typical Australian wood heater satisfying the current standard cause more global warming than heating the same house with gas. However, because a large proportion of firewood sold in Australia is not from sustainable supplies, Australian households that use wood heating often cause more global warming than heating three similar homes with gas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High efficiency stoves should meet the following design criteria: </p> <ul><li>Well sealed and precisely calibrated to draw a low yet sufficient volume of air. Air-flow restriction is critical; a lower inflow of cold air cools the furnace less (a higher temperature is thus achieved). It also allows greater time for extraction of heat from the <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>, and draws less heat from the building.</li> <li>The furnace must be well insulated to increase combustion temperature, and thus completeness.</li> <li>A well insulated furnace radiates little heat. Thus heat must be extracted instead from the exhaust gas duct. Heat absorption efficiencies are higher when the heat-exchange duct is longer, and when the flow of exhaust gas is slower.</li> <li>In many designs, the heat-exchange duct is built of a very large mass of heat-absorbing brick or stone. This design causes the absorbed heat to be emitted over a longer period - typically a day.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_natural_gas">Renewable natural gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Renewable natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas" title="Renewable natural gas">Renewable natural gas</a> is defined as gas obtained from <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> which is upgraded to a quality similar to <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By upgrading the quality to that of natural gas, it becomes possible to distribute the gas to customers via the existing gas grid.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands, renewable natural gas is 'cheaper than alternatives where biomass is used in a combined heat and power plant or local combustion plant'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy unit costs are lowered through 'favourable scale and operating hours', and end-user capital costs eliminated through distribution via the existing gas grid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renewable heat goes hand in hand with <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>. Indeed, renewable heating projects depend heavily for their success on energy efficiency; in the case of solar heating to cut reliance on the requirement supplementary heating, in the case of wood fuel heating to cut the cost of wood purchased and volume stored, and in the case of heat pumps to reduce the size and investment in heat pump, heat sink and electricity costs. </p><p>Two main types of improvement can be made to a building's energy efficiency: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insulation">Insulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Insulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Improvements to insulation can cut energy consumption greatly, making a space cheaper to heat and to cool. However existing housing can often be difficult or expensive to improve. Newer buildings can benefit from many of the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Superinsulation" title="Superinsulation">superinsulation</a>. Older buildings can benefit from several kinds of improvement: </p> <ul><li><b>Solid wall insulation</b>: A building with solid walls can benefit from internal or external insulation. External wall insulation involves adding decorative weather-proof insulating panels or other treatment to the outside of the wall. Alternatively, internal wall insulation can be applied using ready-made insulation/plaster board laminates, or other methods. Thicknesses of internal or external insulation typically range between 50 and 100 mm.</li> <li><b>Cavity wall insulation</b>: A building with cavity walls can benefit from insulation pumped into the cavity. This form of insulation is very cost effective<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostats</a></b> allow heating and cooling of a room to be switched off depending the time, day of the week, and temperature. A bedroom, for example, does not need to be heated during the day, but a living room does not need to be heated during the night.</li> <li><b>Roof insulation</b></li> <li><b>Insulated windows and doors</b></li> <li><b>Draught proofing</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underfloor_heating">Underfloor heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Underfloor heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a> may sometimes be more energy efficient than traditional methods of heating: </p> <ul><li>Water circulates within the system at low temperatures (35 °C - 50 °C) making gas boilers, wood fired boilers, and heat pumps significantly more efficient.</li> <li>Rooms with underfloor heating are cooler near the ceiling, where heat is not required, but warmer underfoot, where comfort is most required.</li> <li>Traditional radiators are frequently positioned underneath poorly insulated windows, heating them unnecessarily.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste-water_heat_recovery">Waste-water heat recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Waste-water heat recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_water_heat_recycling_unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hot_water_heat_recycling_unit.jpg/220px-Hot_water_heat_recycling_unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hot_water_heat_recycling_unit.jpg/330px-Hot_water_heat_recycling_unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hot_water_heat_recycling_unit.jpg/440px-Hot_water_heat_recycling_unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Recycling heat.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is possible to recover significant amounts of heat from waste hot water via <a href="/wiki/Hot_water_heat_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water heat recycling">hot water heat recycling</a>. Major consumption of hot water is sinks, showers, baths, dishwashers, and clothes washers. On average 30% of a property's domestic hot water is used for showering.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incoming fresh water is typically of a far lower temperature than the waste water from a shower. An inexpensive heat exchanger recovers up on average 40% of the heat that would normally be wasted, by warming incoming cold fresh water with heat from outgoing waste water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_recovery_ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Heat recovery ventilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV) is an energy recovery ventilation system which works between two air sources at different temperatures. By recovering the residual heat in the exhaust gas, the fresh air introduced into the air conditioning system is preheated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Air source heat pumps">Air source heat pumps</a> – Most common type of heat pump<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a> – Building designed to be independent from public infrastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a> – Engineering discipline of engineering systems of buildings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a> – Gases produced by decomposing organic matter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a> – Reducing energy consumption</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Biomass_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="European Biomass Association">European Biomass Association</a> – European bioenergy organisation<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a> – Thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a> – Power generated by geothermal energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a> – System to transfer heat to/from the ground</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Green architecture">Green architecture</a> – Architecture designed to minimize environmental impact<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a> – Structures and processes of building structures that are more environmentally responsible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_heat_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water heat recycling">Hot water heat recycling</a> – Use of a heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat from drain water<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> – Method of reusing thermal energy in a building</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigation of global warming">Mitigation of global warming</a> – Actions to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a> – Sustainable construction practice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a> – Type of house</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive solar">Passive solar</a> – Architectural engineering that uses the Sun's heat without electric or mechanical systems<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> – Energy collected from renewable resources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy development">Renewable energy development</a> – Deployment of technologies harnessing easily replenished natural resources<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Air_Heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Air Heat">Solar Air Heat</a> – Solar thermal technology<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a> – Solar collection system which provides heating and cooling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_hot_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar hot water">Solar hot water</a> – Use of sunlight for water heating with a solar thermal collector<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> – Conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superinsulation" title="Superinsulation">Superinsulation</a> – Method of insulating a building</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> – Societal goal and normative concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> – Environmentally conscious design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a> – Minimization of heat transfer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a> – Form of central heating and cooling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a> – Use of a heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat from drain water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_briquette" title="Wood briquette">Wood briquette</a> – hamlet<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span><span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span>s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_energy_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero energy building">Zero energy building</a> – Energy efficiency standard for buildings<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Trade and Industry report <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39881.pdf">UK Energy in Brief July 2007, Page 25</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527233923/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39881.pdf">Archived</a> May 27, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (URL accessed May, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK Government Call for Evidence on Heat, Office of Climate Change, Jan 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43609.pdf">'Heat Call for Evidence', Paragraphs 11 and 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527233914/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file43609.pdf">Archived</a> May 27, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (URL accessed May, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Retrieved July 29, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TIPC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TIPC_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/5474/ESL-IC-06-11-312.pdf">'State of the Art of Air-source Heat Pump for Cold Region', Figure 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318233010/http://repositories.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/5474/ESL-IC-06-11-312.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved March 22, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47685.pdf">http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47685.pdf</a> pg5</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewable_heat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heat pumps based on R744 (CO<sub>2</sub>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006101017/http://www.r744.com/knowledge/faq_a.php">FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hptcj.or.jp/about_e/contribution/pdf/hpe-all.pdf">Heat pumps Long Awaited Way out of the Global Warming</a> - Information from Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technology Center of Japan</li> <li>Department of Trade and Industry, 2005 study on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dti.gov.uk/renewables/policy_pdfs/heatreportfinal.pdf">Renewable Heat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060215061735/http://www.dti.gov.uk/renewables/policy_pdfs/heatreportfinal.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icax.co.uk/renewable_heat.html">Renewable Heat</a> combining asphalt solar collectors, thermal banks and ground source heat pumps.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> information on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.est.org.uk/myhome/insulation/">Home Insulation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060404192633/http://www.est.org.uk/myhome/insulation/">Archived</a> 2006-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/acu/energy/biomass-taskforce/index.htm">The Gill report on biomass in the UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423075715/http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/acu/energy/biomass-taskforce/index.htm">Archived</a> 2006-04-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - download</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Home-improvements/Home-insulation-glazing/Solid-wall-insulation">Solid wall insulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Home-improvements/Home-insulation-glazing/Cavity-wall-insulation">Cavity wall insulation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a> (ACH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection">Template:Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> 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