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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">童工</h1> <div class="tagline"> 兒童的就業 </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="语言" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> 语言 </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> 童工是指在工作场合下雇佣儿童（十八岁之前的未成年人），对儿童的童年成长存在不良影响，干预他们正常上学，在精神上、身体上、社交上或道德上存在威胁或损害。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a>许多国际组织都认为这一行为是剥削。世界立法机构都禁止童工。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UN-4">[4]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a>这些法律并不认为所有儿童从事的工作都是童工；例外如儿童艺术家（如<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E6%98%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="童星">童星</a>）、在监督下的训练，或是当地原著居民儿童所从事的劳动，等等。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception-6">[6]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EUR-Lex-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Making_Shoes.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Making_Shoes.jpg/220px-Making_Shoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Making_Shoes.jpg/330px-Making_Shoes.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Making_Shoes.jpg/440px-Making_Shoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1800"></a> <figcaption> 十九世纪晚期中国的童工鞋匠。 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Coaltub.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Coaltub.png" decoding="async" width="282" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="171"></a> <figcaption> 十九世纪不列颠通过一系列关于童工的法案，即所谓的工厂法案。根据戈登·米尔斯法案，年龄低于9岁的儿童禁止工作，年龄在9–16岁之间的未成年人允许每天工作16小时。在1856年，法案允许年龄超过9岁的童工每周工作60小时，不分白天或黑夜。1901年，童工年龄被提高到12岁。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg/220px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg/330px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg/440px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1912a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1377"></a> <figcaption> 二十世纪早期，家庭作坊常常使用童工。例如纽约这幅照片(1912)。 </figcaption> </figure> 童工在历史上广为流传。在1940年以前，5-14岁的儿童在欧洲、美国和其它殖民地劳动。这些儿童在农业、家庭作坊、工厂、矿山或做报童等。做夜班的有些一直做到12小时。随着家庭收入的上升，学校的兴起和童工法案的通过，童工率有所下降。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ep99-10">[10]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> 在发展中国家，由于贫困和学校贫乏，童工依然泛滥。2010年，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="撒哈拉以南非洲">撒哈拉以南非洲</a>童工率最高，一些撒哈拉国家超过50%的儿童在5–14岁阶段工作。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a>在世界范围内，农业是童工最常见的雇佣场所。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Child_Labour-13">[13]</a>绝大多数童工出现在农业地区和非正式城市经济地区；儿童大多数被父母雇佣，而不是工厂。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ep05-14">[14]</a>贫穷和缺乏教育是童工的主要致因。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ilo2008a-15">[15]</a> 根据世界银行数据，在1960-2003年间，世界童工率从25%下降到10%。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a>不管怎样，童工总数依然高居不下，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="联合国儿童基金会">联合国儿童基金会</a>和<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="国际劳工组织">国际劳工组织</a>承认2013年世界上年龄在5-14岁的童工人数约为1.68億人。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">目录</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E">1 工種分類</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%88light_work%EF%BC%89">1.1 輕量工作（light work）</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8D%B1%E9%9A%AA%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%88hazardous_work%EF%BC%89">1.2 危險工作（hazardous work）</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%9C%80%E6%83%A1%E5%8A%A3%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%88the_worst_form_of_work%EF%BC%89">1.3 最惡劣形式的工作（the worst form of work）</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2">2 历史</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD">2.1 工业革命</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3">2.2 维多利亚时代</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F">2.3 二十世纪早期</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E4%BD%9C%E5%9D%8A">2.3.1 家庭作坊</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD">2.4 殖民帝国</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA">2.5 二十一世纪</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%87%B4%E5%9B%A0">3 致因</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E8%87%B4%E5%9B%A0">3.1 主要致因</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%87%B4%E5%9B%A0">3.2 文化致因</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E">3.3 宏观经济</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88%E5%92%8C%E5%80%A1%E8%AE%AE">4 童工法案和倡议</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%82%BA%E4%BD%95%E6%9C%89%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5">5 為何有童工</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%A6%E6%9C%AA%E5%9A%B4%E6%A0%BC%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84">5.1 政府並未嚴格執行有關公約</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%BE%85%E9%81%87%E8%BC%83%E5%B7%AE">5.2 童工的工作待遇較差</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B0%8D%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B">6 對禁止童工政策的不同意見</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE">7 统计数据</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#2002%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E3%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84%E3%80%81%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB">7.1 2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE">8 相關條目</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE">9 参考文献</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%BC%95%E8%BF%B0">10 引述</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%9B%B4%E5%A4%9A%E9%98%85%E8%AF%BB">11 更多阅读</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2_2">11.1 历史</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5">12 外部链接</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="工種分類">工種分類</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：工種分類" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg/200px-Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 246px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg/200px-Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg/300px-Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg/400px-Child_labour_cartoon_Hine_no_2871.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 童工漫画，1912年 </figcaption> </figure> 根據國際勞工標準，儘管兒童可以<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>，可是工種的危險程度以及對兒童身心的影響程度是相當關鍵的。工作普遍分為三類，包括「輕量工作」、「危險工作」和「最惡劣形式的工作」： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="輕量工作（light_work）">輕量工作（light work）</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：輕量工作（light work）" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 這是指該工作不會損害工作者的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="健康">健康</a>和發展，並且不阻礙他們上學和接受職業培訓的機會。一般國家都會容許13至15歲的兒童從事「輕量工作」，但有關工作時數和種類則因地而異。而這些工作可包括家務<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清洁">清潔</a>、輕巧的農耕種植工作、店務員、售票員、送報員、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="包裝">包裝</a>、運送等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="危險工作（hazardous_work）">危險工作（hazardous work）</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：危險工作（hazardous work）" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 不論是工作性質本身或是工作地點，只要會危及工作者的健康、安全、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>或不道德的，這類工作便屬於「危險工作」。國際勞工組織建議各國必需立法規管「危險工作」，並只能讓18歲或以上的人士從事這些工作。一般來說，這些工作包括採礦、編織毛毯、製造磚塊和玻璃、建造業、製造業、販賣酒精、水底工作（underwater work）、控制機械、街頭販賣及娛樂事業（如在<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E7%B8%BD%E6%9C%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夜總會">夜總會</a>、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%90%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="酒吧">酒吧</a>、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="賭場">賭場</a>、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%B2%E5%9C%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬戲團">馬戲團</a>等工作）等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="最惡劣形式的工作（the_worst_form_of_work）">最惡劣形式的工作（the worst form of work）</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：最惡劣形式的工作（the worst form of work）" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 這些工作包括將人當作<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隸">奴隸</a>、販賣、用作抵債；強迫參與<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="戰爭">戰爭</a>；<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B3%A3%E6%B7%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="賣淫">賣淫</a>、從事<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="色情">色情</a>事業；製造或販賣<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="毒品">毒品</a>，以及所有危及工作者的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="健康">健康</a>、安全、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>或不道德的工作。而所有18歲以下的青少年是嚴禁參與或從事這類工作。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="历史">历史</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：历史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg/220px-Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4847" data-file-height="3183"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg/220px-Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg/330px-Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg/440px-Mill_Children_in_Macon_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E8%82%AF_(%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梅肯 (喬治亞州)">梅肯</a>童工，1909年 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="工业革命">工业革命</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：工业革命" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 在<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="工业革命">工业革命</a>期间，年仅4岁的儿童进入工厂工作，工作环境常常致命。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thompson-18">[18]</a>据此，使用儿童作为劳工常常被富裕国家列为侵犯<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人权">人权</a>而被废除，而贫穷国家依然对此睁一只眼闭一只眼。童工常常被定义为雇佣最低合法年龄以下的儿童作为全职劳工。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="维多利亚时代">维多利亚时代</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：维多利亚时代" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908,_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4913" data-file-height="3426"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 126px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg/270px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg/360px-Child_Labor_in_United_States_1908%2C_12_hour_night_shifts.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 美国儿童倒12小时夜班(1908)。 </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="维多利亚时代">维多利亚时代</a>因在工厂和矿山雇佣儿童，或是让儿童扫烟筒而臭名昭著。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a>童工常因贫困而在工业革命之初扮演重要角色。例如，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="查尔斯·狄更斯">查尔斯·狄更斯</a>因家人欠债入狱，年仅12岁就不得不在涂料工厂工作。贫穷的儿童必须帮助家人，常常在危险的环境下从事报酬微薄的活计，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dan-20">[20]</a>收入仅为成年男子的10–20%。1788年，在英格兰和苏格兰，143个水动力棉织厂中有2/3的工人是儿童。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a>在十九世纪大不列颠，1/3的贫穷家庭无人能养家糊口，由于亲属死亡、遗弃，许多儿童不得不在幼年就劳苦工作。 <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a>激烈地反对童工，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a>称英国工业：“不吸血就活不了，连孩子的血也吸，”而美国资本的融资是“将儿童的鲜血资本化”<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a>。 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4413" data-file-height="3005"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 123px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg/270px-Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg/360px-Child_Labor_in_New_Jersey_United_States_1923.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 美国儿童在家庭作坊工作(1923)。 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Abolish_child_slavery.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/180px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="1919"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 123px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/180px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/270px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Abolish_child_slavery.jpg/360px-Abolish_child_slavery.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 1909年纽约城劳动节游行上，两名女孩抗议童工(称其为儿童奴役)。 </figcaption> </figure> 在煤矿里，儿童可以爬进成人爬不进的低矮坑道。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> 儿童也可以做差役、扫烟筒、擦鞋或是卖火柴、卖花或是其它小东西。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dan-20">[20]</a>一些儿童也为好工作当学徒，如建筑业或家仆(在十八世纪中叶，伦敦家仆有超过120,000人)。工作时间很长：建筑工人夏天每周工作64个小时，冬天52个小时，家仆每周工作80个小时。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="二十世纪早期">二十世纪早期</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：二十世纪早期" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Child_labor,_cranberry_bog,_Burlington_County,_New_Jersey,_8a10151.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg/220px-Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="4142"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 331px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg/220px-Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="331" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg/330px-Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg/440px-Child_labor%2C_cranberry_bog%2C_Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey%2C_8a10151.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 阿瑟·罗思坦《童工种越橘》1939年，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="布鲁克林博物馆">布鲁克林博物馆</a> </figcaption> </figure> 在二十世纪早期，数以千计的儿童在玻璃工厂劳动。在缺乏现代科技的情况下，生产玻璃十分危险辛苦。该过程需要加高温融化玻璃(3133 °F=1723°C)。当男孩们工作时，他们不得不暴露在高温下。这可能会造成眼疾、肺病、中暑、划伤或烫伤。由于工资按计件计算，他们不得不长时间工作，没有间歇。由于炉子得持续加热，从5:00 pm 到3:00 am需要值大夜班。很多工厂青睐不满16岁的男童工作。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> 甚至是年仅3岁的儿童也得工作。大量儿童被用作<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%8F%E5%A6%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="雏妓">雏妓</a>。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_Victorian_Web-27">[27]</a>很多儿童(和成人)每天工作16个小时。在1802年和1819年，工厂法案得以通过，规范<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E8%B4%AB%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="济贫院">济贫院</a>儿童在工厂和棉织厂每天劳动12个小时。这些法案大多是一纸空文，随后的激进煽动导致，如1831年皇家委员会，即“缩短时间委员会”推荐11-18岁儿童每天最多劳动12小时，9-11岁儿童最多8小时，9岁以下的儿童被禁止雇佣。这些法案只规范了纺织工业，更多的煽动导致1847年的另一项法案通过，将所有儿童或成人每天工作时间限制为10小时。 到1900年，约有170万年龄不满15岁的儿童在工厂劳动。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 在1910年，超过200万年龄不满15岁的儿童在美国工作。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a>这包括儿童卷香烟，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a>在工厂干活，在纺织厂卷线，在矿山工作或是装罐头。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="路易斯·海因">路易斯·海因</a>的镜头拍摄了二十世纪前十年童工的照片，引起了对南方儿童劳苦的极大同情。路易斯·海因在1908-1917年间拍摄了这些照片，为全美童工委员做了贡献。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="家庭作坊">家庭作坊</h4> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：家庭作坊" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 在二十世纪早期，童工不单单在工厂和矿山盛行。欧美家庭作坊也雇佣儿童劳动。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ep99-10">[10]</a>政府和改革人士呼吁工厂劳动必须得到监管，国家有义务为穷人提供救济。立法机构随后跟进，导致工厂的工作转移到了城市居所。家庭和妇女都对此表示欢迎，因为这样可以为她们提供在家收入，同时不妨碍带小孩。 家庭作坊全年不停歇。一些家庭愿意让孩子劳动。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a>在许多例子中，男子也在家劳动。在法国，超过58%的成衣工人在家劳动。在德国，在家全职劳动人数在1882-1907年翻了一番。在美国，数以百万计的家庭一周七天开工，全年生产成衣、鞋帽、假花、皮革、火柴盒、玩具、雨伞和其它产品。年龄在5–14岁的儿童与父母一道工作。家庭作坊和童工在澳大利亚、不列颠、奥地利和世界其它地方十分普遍。乡村地区则把孩子们送到田里。1946年，弗里达·米勒(后为美国劳工部主任)告诉国际劳工组织称这些家庭作坊“工资微薄、劳动时间长，工作环境不健康不卫生。”<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ep99-10">[10]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="殖民帝国">殖民帝国</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：殖民帝国" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center; border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .46em 0 0 .2em;"> <caption> 英格兰和威尔士 童工率<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>普查年限</th> <th>10-14岁男童 童工率(%)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1881</td> <td>22.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td>26.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1901</td> <td>21.9</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>18.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">注: 这是平均数；<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E9%96%8B%E5%A4%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蘭開夏">蘭開夏</a> 童工率为80%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;">来源: 英格兰和威尔士普查</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 在1650-1950年间，欧洲列强在殖民地系统性使用童工。在非洲，殖民当局鼓励传统族系生产模式，雇佣整个家族而不是男子。数以百万的儿童在殖民地种植园、矿山和家庭作坊劳动。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bass04-37">[37]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a>就5-14岁童工而言，一种复杂的劳动系统被建立起来，即儿童受雇为学徒，无偿劳动来学手艺。一种穷人学徒系统在十九世纪被应用，殖民地主无需征得父母或儿童本人的同意即可使用童工，将其送离家人，发配到远方另一殖民地主的农场上。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a>其它项目包括'勤工俭学'项目，即儿童一遍劳动一遍学习。例如，不列颠在税收和通过法案后出台了所谓的1899年主仆法案，鼓励殖民地使用童工，特别是在非洲。这些法案准许原著居民拥有当地一些土地，作为殖民政府雇佣妇女和儿童在农场劳动的报酬。 除了法律以外，新税收也在殖民地上征收。这些税种之一是不列颠和法国殖民帝国征收的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%AD%E7%A8%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人頭稅">人頭稅</a>。在一些殖民地中，这些赋税在所有年过8岁的人征收。为了交税，或是勉强糊口，殖民地儿童不得不劳动。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> 在东南亚殖民地，如香港，童工如<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A6%B9%E4%BB%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="妹仔">妹仔</a>被委婉地称为文化传统，不列颠当局对此视而不见。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="荷兰东印度公司">荷兰东印度公司</a>官员称童工虐待是“将儿童从更加悲惨的命运中解救出来。”赞比亚和尼日利亚基督教传教学校也要求儿童劳动，以换取宗教教育，而不是世俗教育。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bass04-37">[37]</a>在其它地方，加拿大统治地区指定了所谓的条款破坏法案，将不配合的童工关入监狱。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> 对童工监管的提议早在1786年就开始提出。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="二十一世纪">二十一世纪</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：二十一世纪" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png/430px-Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 430px;height: 189px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png/430px-Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png" data-width="430" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png/645px-Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png/860px-Enfants_au_travail_dans_le_monde.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 世界童工率，10-14岁年龄组，2003年世界银行数据。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a>这些数据为不完全统计，很多国家没有统计上报(灰色)。颜色如下：:黄色(童工率<10%)、绿色(10–20%)、橙色(20–30%)、红色(30–40%)和黑色(>40%)。一些国家如<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="幾內亞比索">幾內亞比索</a>, <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="马里">马里</a>和<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="埃塞俄比亚">埃塞俄比亚</a>的5-14岁儿童超过半数劳动度日。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg/180px-A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg/180px-A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg/270px-A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg/360px-A-Boy-with-Monkey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 一位8岁男孩通过在火车上耍猴戏来谋生，2011年<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="印度">印度</a> </figcaption> </figure> 在世界许多地方，童工依然盛行。对童工的估算各异。如果5-14岁儿童参与各类经济活动被纳入计算，则得2.5-3.04亿人。如果轻量兼职被抛去，国际劳工组织估算在2008年全球5-14岁童工人数为1.53亿人，比2004年估算人数少了2000万人。童工中约60%参与农业活动，如耕种、放牧、捕鱼和林业。另有25%的童工参与工作如零售、搬货、餐饮、拾荒、擦鞋、家仆和其它劳动。其余的15%在非正式经济组织、家庭作坊、工厂、矿山里做工，装盐，操作机器等。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-unicef-51">[51]</a>2/3的儿童与父母一道工作，在家无偿劳动。另一些儿童成为导游，有时则在餐馆和商店工作。童工大多在乡村地区(70%)和非正式城市部门(26%)劳动。 与流行观点不同，大多数童工受雇于父母而非工厂或正式经济组织。获得报酬的童工常常在乡村，而非城市中心。5-14岁童工中仅有3%以下离开家庭劳动。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ep05-14">[14]</a> 童工在亚洲占劳动力的22%、非洲的32%、拉美的17%、欧美等富有国家的1%。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a>童工比率因国家的不同而不同，有时在国家内部因地区的不同而不同。非洲5-17岁童工率最高，总计超过6500万人。亚洲人口众多，导致童工人数最多，达1.14亿人。拉美和加勒比地区人口密度较小，有1400万童工。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg/180px-Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2393" data-file-height="3589"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 270px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg/180px-Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg/270px-Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg/360px-Tyre_shop_worker1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冈比亚">冈比亚</a>男孩修轮胎。 </figcaption> </figure> 今天，童工信息依然难以估量，因为数据不精确，对童工的认识不统一。在一些国家，政府会粉饰太平。例如，中国总体童工数量依然难以统计，政府将童工数据列为“高度机密”<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a>中国已经立法禁止童工；但童工在中国依然是个麻烦，大体上在农业和低技术部门，以及小作坊和小企业里盛行。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> 2014年，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="美国劳工部">美国劳工部</a>发表了一份《童工或强迫劳动者生产的产品名单》。其中，中国在12项主要产品中上榜，这些产品是由未成年人和契约劳工生产的。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a>报告列举了电子产品、成衣、玩具和煤炭等产品。 在很多调查当中，位于世界顶尖的超级大国美国却面临着极为严重的童工问题，烟草等农业种植方面的短板一直不为人所知，是人人皆可知的秘密。公平劳工标准法（FLSA）禁止雇佣14岁以下的儿童，并限制16岁以下儿童在合同有效期间工作时间不超过每日三小时。这份法规起草于上世纪30年代，当时儿童从事农场工作是家常便饭，因此这份法规并不适用于农业部门。超过12岁的年轻人便可以无时限地在农场务工。 这个问题在西班牙裔社区中尤为严重，西班牙裔占美国农业工人总数的85%。尽管童工可能是美国公民，但他们的父母通常是非法劳工或持短期签证，这种情况迫使他们不敢向相关部门举报童工滥用现象。 “儿童主要从事人工收割的工作。”Coursen-Neff女士说，“他们采摘苹果、樱桃、蓝莓、西红柿、青瓜和西葫芦......他们收割烟草。他们的工作使美国人能享用新鲜的水果蔬菜。” 就在荷兰政府主办关于童工的研讨会前的几天，人权观察组织呼吁白宫“扫清门前雪”。 人权观察组织表示，这些童工通常受雇于农场上，他们在不安全的条件下每日工作10个小时。美国在童工方面有严格的立法，然而在农场工作的18岁以下的童工却不在该法律保护范围内。据这份报告的作者Zama Coursen-Neff女士表示： “由于美国联邦法律中存在着危险的双重标准，与美国其他产业工作的儿童相比，在农业部门务工的儿童工作的时间过长、年龄也过轻，其工作条件也过于艰苦。”<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> 梅波克洛夫童工指数2012调查<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a>报道了76个国家童工问题严重。2012年前10名为：缅甸、朝鲜、索马里、苏丹、民主刚果、津巴布韦、阿富汗、布隆迪、巴基斯坦和埃塞俄比亚。在主要经济增长地区中，梅波克洛夫将菲律宾列为第25名、印度第27名、中国第36名、越南第37名、印尼第46名、巴西第54名，所有这些国家童工不确定性都相当高。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="致因">致因</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：致因" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="主要致因">主要致因</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：主要致因" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 国际劳工组织认为贫困是童工背后最主要的致因。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ilo2008a-15">[15]</a>对于贫困家庭而言，一名儿童的收入对于其自身的生存来说至关重要，由此影响到家庭。劳动儿童的收入虽然不高，但可以占家庭收入的25-40%。其他学者对此表示认同。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ep05-14">[14]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> 根据国际劳工组织调查，缺乏有意义的替代出路，例如学校和教育<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ilo2008a-15">[15]</a>也导致儿童从事有害身心的工作。儿童劳动是因为他们没有更好的出路。许多社区，特别是乡村地区有60–70%的儿童劳动，没有学校教育。甚至当学校存在时，由于距离太远，学费高昂，或是教育质量过差，导致家长对教育表示怀疑。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ep05-14">[14]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Young_girl_working.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Young_girl_working.jpg/180px-Young_girl_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Young_girl_working.jpg/180px-Young_girl_working.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Young_girl_working.jpg/270px-Young_girl_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Young_girl_working.jpg/360px-Young_girl_working.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>艾本哈杜女童在织布机前，2008年5月。 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="文化致因">文化致因</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：文化致因" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 欧洲历史上童工盛行，在现代社会童工也依然存在，一些文化认可童工，并对其进行鼓励。有的认为劳动对塑造儿童品质和技巧有利。在许多文化裡，特别是非正式经济单位和小型家庭作坊里童工泛滥，其文化传统是子继父业；童工即是在早年就学习并实践劳动。类似地，在一些文化里，重男轻女也很流行，女孩得不到教育，被排除在正式教育之外，进入童工行列，如家仆等。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ilo2008a-15">[15]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/180px-Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="1772"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/180px-Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/270px-Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/360px-Crianca_Lixao_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="巴西">巴西</a>童工捡垃圾 </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg/180px-Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 135px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg/180px-Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg/270px-Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg/360px-Rice_Cultivation_Vietnam.1024x768.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="越南">越南</a>儿童在水稻田里劳动<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Child_Labour-13">[13]</a>农业雇佣了世界上70%的童工。 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="宏观经济">宏观经济</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：宏观经济" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 比格里和梅赫罗特拉研究了宏观经济中对童工的刺激因素。他们将目标定在五个亚洲国家，包括印度、巴基斯坦、印尼、泰国和菲律宾。他们认为<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mbsm-67">[67]</a>童工在上述五国泛滥成灾，但并非一朝一夕之祸。宏观经济鼓励童工在世界范围内存在，在人类历史上渊源流传。他们认为童工包括供需两方关系。贫穷和缺乏教育解释了童工的供给方面，廉价的非正式经济泛滥，高收入正式经济不足导致童工供应增加。另一些学者认为劳动市场不灵便，非正式经济、工业不上档次、缺乏现代制造技术是供应并接受童工的主要宏观因素。<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago,_Ecuador_1990.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="1753"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 118px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg/180px-Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg/270px-Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg/360px-Child_Labor_in_Morona_Santiago%2C_Ecuador_1990.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%93%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="厄瓜多尔">厄瓜多尔</a>采石场上的童工。 </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="童工法案和倡议">童工法案和倡议</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：童工法案和倡议" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> 2002年9月18日<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中华人民共和国国务院">中华人民共和国国务院</a>第63次常务会议通过《禁止使用童工规定》，自2002年12月1日起施行。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="為何有童工">為何有童工</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：為何有童工" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> 儘管有相當多國家簽定了《<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="兒童權利公約">兒童權利公約</a>》和國際勞工組織公約，但迄今在世界上仍有眾多<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>因<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>而失去接受教育和職業培訓的機會，有些更因此而健康受損、心靈受創，甚至失去<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="性命">性命</a>，主要原因包括(但不限於)以下幾點： <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="政府並未嚴格執行有關公約"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政府">政府</a>並未嚴格執行有關公約</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：政府並未嚴格執行有關公約" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 《<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="兒童權利公約">兒童權利公約</a>》和國際勞工組織公約的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A0%E7%B4%84%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="締約國（页面不存在）">締約國</a>，需要因應公約的要求，制訂相關法律以禁止國內使用童工和保障<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>利益。然而，國法雖存，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政府">政府</a>卻因為各種問題而未有嚴格執行。可是，實際執行以上<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="法規">法規</a>的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政府">政府</a>交由當地<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動">勞動</a>監察部門和<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="公安局">公安局</a>、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%B1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易發展局">貿易發展局</a>、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%95%86%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="工商行政管理局（页面不存在）">工商行政管理局</a>、<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B1%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="教育局">教育局</a>等部門負責，而這些<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E9%96%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="部門">部門</a>的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="人手">人手</a>嚴重不足，以致難於執法。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="童工的工作待遇較差">童工的<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>待遇較差</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：童工的工作待遇較差" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> 國際勞工組織發現，不論是高危<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>如<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="采矿">採礦</a>，或是簡單工作如<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="包裝">包裝</a>等，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="成人">成人</a>都是與<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>一起工作。儘管<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="成人">成人</a>可以取代<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>進行這些<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="工作">工作</a>，可是僱主為減低成本，於是僱用童工，因為童工的工資往往比<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="成人">成人</a>少。更重要的是，童工比較單純和可靠，對<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%B1%E5%93%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="僱員">僱員</a>權利的認識亦較少，故此他們比成年工人更願意受<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%B1%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="僱主">僱主</a>控制，如願意加班、不會曠工、不會組織<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="工會">工會</a>及不會<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%81%B7%E7%AB%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="偷竊">偷竊</a>等。大多数童工的生存环境都比较恶劣，相应的，他们的工作环境也如出一辙，这往往妨碍了他们能够接受像其他儿童一样接受相应的适龄教育。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="對禁止童工政策的不同意見">對禁止童工政策的不同意見</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：對禁止童工政策的不同意見" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> 部份<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新自由主義">新自由主義</a><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>者反對所有對<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動市場">勞動市場</a>的管制，包括禁止童工。如<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="米爾頓·佛利民">米爾頓·佛利民</a>和<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="瓦特·布拉克">瓦特·布拉克</a>所著《<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BE%E8%BE%AF%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="百辯經濟學（页面不存在）">百辯經濟學</a>》（Defending the Undefendable）中都主張，禁止童工的法令反而會剝奪貧窮兒童求生存的機會，強制兒童去學校受教育而不允許工作，對兒童不一定是最好的選擇。香港富商<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E6%99%BA%E8%8B%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黎智英">黎智英</a>曾說：「我當過月入<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E5%B9%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="港幣">港幣</a>六十元的童工。那個時候要是有了法定<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="最低工資">最低工資</a>，哪怕法定水平是月薪一百元吧，誰會多花四十元僱用我這個不懂事的十二歲小孩？找不到工作餬口，要不是餓死街頭，我便大有可能鋌而走險、作奸犯科了。」<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="统计数据">统计数据</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：统计数据" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别"><span id="2002.E5.B9.B4.E5.9B.BD.E9.99.85.E5.8A.B3.E5.B7.A5.E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8.E4.B8.AD.E5.84.BF.E7.AB.A5.E5.8A.B3.E5.8A.A8.E6.95.B0.E9.87.8F.E3.80.81.E5.B9.B4.E9.BE.84.E3.80.81.E6.80.A7.E5.88.AB">2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：2002年国际劳工组织列表中儿童劳动数量、年龄、性别" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th>所有儿童('000s) (2002)<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a></th> <th>经济性儿童活动('000s)</th> <th>经济性儿童活动(%)</th> <th>童工('000s)</th> <th>童工(%)</th> <th>危险劳动('000s)</th> <th>危险劳动(%)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>5–11岁</td> <td>838,800</td> <td>109,700</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>109,700</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>60,500</td> <td>7.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12–14岁</td> <td>360,600</td> <td>101,100</td> <td>28.0</td> <td>76,000</td> <td>21.1</td> <td>50,800</td> <td>14.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5–14岁</td> <td>1,199,400</td> <td>210,800</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>186,300</td> <td>15.5</td> <td>111,300</td> <td>9.3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15–17岁</td> <td>332,100</td> <td>140,900</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>59,200</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>59,200</td> <td>17.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>男孩</td> <td>786,600</td> <td>184,100</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>132,200</td> <td>16.8</td> <td>95,700</td> <td>12.2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>女孩</td> <td>744,900</td> <td>167,600</td> <td>22.5</td> <td>113,300</td> <td>15.2</td> <td>74,800</td> <td>10.5</td> </tr> <tr> <td>总计</td> <td>1,531,500</td> <td>351,700</td> <td>23.0</td> <td>245,500</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>170,500</td> <td>11.1</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="相關條目">相關條目</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：相關條目" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor,_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg/170px-Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 279px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg/170px-Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="279" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg/255px-Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg/340px-Activism_poster_to_prevent_Child_Labor%2C_United_States_early_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="路易斯·海因">路易斯·海因</a>利用镜头注意美国童工。1914年，他制作了这份海报来为童工说话。 </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動法">勞動法</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="人道主義">人道主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="少年兵">少年兵</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%9B%E5%A6%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="雛妓">雛妓</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007%E5%B9%B4%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%AA%E6%B4%9E%E5%8E%BF%E9%BB%91%E7%A0%96%E7%AA%91%E6%A1%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2007年山西洪洞县黑砖窑案">2007年山西洪洞县黑砖窑案</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三星電子">三星電子</a></li> </ul> 国际组织和其它机构: <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C029">ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive-It?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111205032813/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C029">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-12-05</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C105">ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive.is?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120802225908/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C105">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-08-02</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C138">ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive.is?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120803220358/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C138">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-08-03</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C182">ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226182912/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C182">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：参考文献" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313022018/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Laura Del Col, West Virginia University.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511015858/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2507680/pdf/brmedj08540-0099.pdf">The Factory and Workshop Act 1901</a> (PDF). [2015-05-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2507680/pdf/brmedj08540-0099.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2021-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=The+Factory+and+Workshop+Act+1901&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2507680%2Fpdf%2Fbrmedj08540-0099.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm">What is child labour?</a>. International Labour Organisation. 2012 [2015-05-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714172957/http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm">存档</a>于2017-07-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=What+is+child+labour%3F&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipec%2Ffacts%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-4"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UN_4-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>UN</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Childdomesticlabour/iInternationalnationallegislation/lang--en/index.htm">International and national legislation - Child Labour</a>. International Labour Organisation. 2011 [2015-05-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209175548/http://www.ilo.org/ipec/areas/Childdomesticlabour/iInternationalnationallegislation/lang--en/index.htm">存档</a>于2012-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=International+and+national+legislation+-+Child+Labour&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipec%2Fareas%2FChilddomesticlabour%2FiInternationalnationallegislation%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception-6"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Labour_laws_-_An_Amish_exception_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.economist.com/node/2413745">Labour laws - An Amish exception</a>. The Economist. 5 February 2004 [2015-05-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226153538/http://www.economist.com/node/2413745">存档</a>于2018-02-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Labour+laws+-+An+Amish+exception&rft.date=2004-02-05&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2413745&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Larsen, P.B. Indigenous and tribal children: assessing child labour and education challenges.. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.aufirst=P.B.&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.btitle=Indigenous+and+tribal+children%3A+assessing+child+labour+and+education+challenges.&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=International+Programme+on+the+Elimination+of+Child+Labour+%28IPEC%29%2C+International+Labour+Office.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUR-Lex-8"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EUR-Lex_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber%26lg%3Den%26type_doc%3DDirective%26an_doc%3D1994%26nu_doc%3D33">Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on child labour</a>. EUR-Lex. 2008 [2015-05-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502125103/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber%26lg%3Den%26type_doc%3DDirective%26an_doc%3D1994%26nu_doc%3D33">存档</a>于2013-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Council+Directive+94%2F33%2FEC+of+22+June+1994+on+child+labour&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=EUR-Lex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Fsmartapi%2Fcgi%2Fsga_doc%3Fsmartapi%21celexplus%21prod%21DocNumber%26lg%3Den%26type_doc%3DDirective%26an_doc%3D1994%26nu_doc%3D33&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Cunningham and Viazzo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123040832/http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf">Child Labour in Historical Perspective: 1800-1985</a> (PDF). UNICEF. [2015-05-10]. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/88-85401-27-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/88-85401-27-9">ISBN 88-85401-27-9</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2015-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Cunningham+and+Viazzo&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+1800-1985&rft.genre=unknown&rft.isbn=88-85401-27-9&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fhisper_childlabour_low.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ep99-10">^ <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ep99_10-0">10.0</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ep99_10-1">10.1</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ep99_10-2">10.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Elisabeth Prügl. The Global Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century. Columbia University Press. 1999: 25–31, 50–59. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0231115612?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0231115612">ISBN 978-0231115612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Elisabeth+Pr%C3%BCgl&rft.btitle=The+Global+Construction+of+Gender+-+Home+based+work+in+Political+Economy+of+20th+Century&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0231115612&rft.pages=25-31%2C+50-59&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hugh Hindman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/worldofchildlabo0000unse">The World of Child Labour</a>. M.E. Sharpe. 2009. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7656-1707-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7656-1707-1">ISBN 978-0-7656-1707-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Hugh+Hindman&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Child+Labour&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1707-1&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofchildlabo0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630033018/http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php">Percentage of children aged 5–14 engaged in child labour</a>. UNICEF. 2012 [2015-05-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Percentage+of+children+aged+5%E2%80%9314+engaged+in+child+labour&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childinfo.org%2Flabour_countrydata.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Child_Labour-13">^ <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Child_Labour_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Child_Labour_13-1">13.1</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.economist.com/node/5328365?zid%3D317%26ah%3D8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41">Child Labour</a>. The Economist. 20 December 2005 [2015-05-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622091600/http://www.economist.com/node/5328365?zid%3D317%26ah%3D8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41">存档</a>于2017-06-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F5328365%3Fzid%3D317%26ah%3D8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ep05-14">^ <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ep05_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ep05_14-1">14.1</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ep05_14-2">14.2</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ep05_14-3">14.3</a> <cite class="citation journal">Eric V. Edmonds and Nina Pavcnik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hiscox/EdmondsPavcnik.pdf">Child Labour in the Global Economy</a> (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. Winter 2005, 19 (1): 199–220 [2015-05-16]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1257%252F0895330053147895">doi:10.1257/0895330053147895</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626140151/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hiscox/EdmondsPavcnik.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2013-06-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.au=Eric+V.+Edmonds+and+Nina+Pavcnik&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.pages=199-220&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~hiscox%2FEdmondsPavcnik.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F0895330053147895&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilo2008a-15">^ <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-1">15.1</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-2">15.2</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ilo2008a_15-3">15.3</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/moscow/areas/ipec/causes.htm">Child labour - causes</a>. ILO, United Nations. 2008 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724125724/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/moscow/areas/ipec/causes.htm">存档</a>于2013-07-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Child+labour+-+causes&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ILO%2C+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fpublic%2Fenglish%2Fregion%2Feurpro%2Fmoscow%2Fareas%2Fipec%2Fcauses.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> Norberg, Johan (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/09/15/07/b6578aab.pdf">Världens välfärd</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002152839/http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/09/15/07/b6578aab.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden), p. 58</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_70610.html">To eliminate child labour, attack it at its roots, UNICEF says</a>. UNICEF. 2013 [2015-05-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024242/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_70610.html">存档</a>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=To+eliminate+child+labour%2C+attack+it+at+its+roots%2C+UNICEF+says&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fmedia%2Fmedia_70610.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-18"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Thompson_18-0">^</a> E. P. Thompson The Making of the English Working Class, (Penguin, 1968), pp. 366–7</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> Laura Del Col, West Virginia University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313022018/http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li id="cite_note-dan-20">^ <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dan_20-0">20.0</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dan_20-1">20.1</a> Barbara Daniels, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html">Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206083852/http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.galbithink.org/child.htm">Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060109031609/http://www.galbithink.org/child.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> In <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=The_Communist_Manifesto&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="The Communist Manifesto（页面不存在）">The Communist Manifesto</a>, Part II:Proletariats and Communist and <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Capital,_Volume_I&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Capital, Volume I（页面不存在）">Capital, Volume I</a>, Part III</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Mark Neocleous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf">THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE DEAD: MARX’S VAMPIRES</a> (PDF). [2015-05-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412205331/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/OPE/archive/0604/att-0138/01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2015-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Mark+Neocleous&rft.btitle=THE+POLITICAL+ECONOMY+OF+THE+DEAD%3A+MARX%E2%80%99S+VAMPIRES&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricardo.ecn.wfu.edu%2F~cottrell%2FOPE%2Farchive%2F0604%2Fatt-0138%2F01-PoliticalEconOfTheDead.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation speech">Karl Marx. Inaugural Address of the International Working Men’s Association (演讲). 1864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Karl+Marx&rft.btitle=Inaugural+Address+of+the+International+Working+Men%E2%80%99s+Association&rft.date=1864&rft.genre=unknown&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> Jane Humphries, Childhood And Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (2010) p 33</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hine, Russell Freedman ; with photographs by Lewis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/kidsatworklewish00free">Kids at work : Lewis Hine and the crusade against child labour</a>. New York: Clarion Books. 1994: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/kidsatworklewish00free/page/54">54</a>–57. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0395587034?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/0395587034">ISBN 0395587034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.aufirst=Russell+Freedman+%3B+with+photographs+by+Lewis&rft.aulast=Hine&rft.btitle=Kids+at+work+%3A+Lewis+Hine+and+the+crusade+against+child+labour&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0395587034&rft.pages=54-57&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Clarion+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkidsatworklewish00free&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Victorian_Web-27"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_Victorian_Web_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/hist8.html">Child Labour by Professor David Cody, Hartwick College</a>. The Victorian Web. [2010-03-21]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121173224/http://victorianweb.org/history/hist8.html">存档</a>于2009-01-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+by+Professor+David+Cody%2C+Hartwick+College&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Victorian+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fhistory%2Fhist8.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804084618/http://webinstituteforteachers.org/~bobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm">The Industrial Revolution</a>. Web Institute for Teachers. [2015年5月11日]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webinstituteforteachers.org/%257Ebobfinn/2003/industrialrevolution.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2008年8月4日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=The+Industrial+Revolution&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Web+Institute+for+Teachers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebinstituteforteachers.org%2F%257Ebobfinn%2F2003%2Findustrialrevolution.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/">Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labour</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416123526/http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/87C1FBEB4AC722BB805B2CABD2BC32D4.html">Essay from UMBC on children working in the 1910s as cigarette rollers</a>. [2015-05-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308084328/https://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/87C1FBEB4AC722BB805B2CABD2BC32D4.html">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Essay+from+UMBC+on+children+working+in+the+1910s+as+cigarette+rollers&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuserpages.umbc.edu%2F~arubin%2FHIST402_SP2007%2F87C1FBEB4AC722BB805B2CABD2BC32D4.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/9B72B3F098F81A13DAA017F591A2D33E.html">Child Labour in the South: Essays and Links to photographs from the Lewis Hines Collection at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029145040/http://userpages.umbc.edu/~arubin/HIST402_SP2007/9B72B3F098F81A13DAA017F591A2D33E.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Russell Freedman. Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Labour. Sandpiper. 1998. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0395797266?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0395797266">ISBN 978-0395797266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Russell+Freedman&rft.btitle=Kids+at+Work%3A+Lewis+Hine+and+the+Crusade+Against+Child+Labour&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0395797266&rft.pub=Sandpiper&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Frieda Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515035148/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235">Miller, Frieda S. Papers, 1909-1973</a>. Radcliff College. 1979 [2015-05-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00235">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Frieda+Miller&rft.btitle=Miller%2C+Frieda+S.+Papers%2C+1909-1973&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Radcliff+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foasis.lib.harvard.edu%2Foasis%2Fdeliver%2F~sch00235&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Linda Lobao and Katherine Meyer. The Great Agricultural Transition: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming. Annual Review of Sociology. 2001, 27: 103–124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2678616">JSTOR 2678616</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1146%252Fannurev.soc.27.1.103">doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=The+Great+Agricultural+Transition%3A+Crisis%2C+Change%2C+and+Social+Consequences+of+Twentieth+Century+US+Farming&rft.au=Linda+Lobao+and+Katherine+Meyer&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.pages=103-124&rft.volume=27&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2678616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.103&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Harriet Friedmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1978-10_20_4/page/545">World Market, State, and Family Farm: Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labour</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1978, 20: 545–586. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS001041750001255X">doi:10.1017/S001041750001255X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=World+Market%2C+State%2C+and+Family+Farm%3A+Social+Bases+of+Household+Production+in+the+Era+of+Wage+Labour&rft.au=Harriet+Friedmann&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.pages=545-586&rft.volume=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1978-10_20_4%2Fpage%2F545&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001041750001255X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Hugh Cunningham (Ed: Cunningham and Viazzo). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123040832/http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf%23page%3D43">Child Labour in Historical Perspective: 1800-1985</a> (PDF). UNICEF: 41–53. [2015-05-10]. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/88-85401-27-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/88-85401-27-9">ISBN 88-85401-27-9</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/hisper_childlabour_low.pdf%23page%3D43">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2015-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Hugh+Cunningham+%28Ed%3A+Cunningham+and+Viazzo%29&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+1800-1985&rft.genre=unknown&rft.isbn=88-85401-27-9&rft.pages=41-53&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fhisper_childlabour_low.pdf%23page%3D43&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bass04-37">^ <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bass04_37-0">37.0</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bass04_37-1">37.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Loretta Bass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/childlaborinsubs00lore">Child Labour in Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. Lynne Rienner Publications. 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/childlaborinsubs00lore/page/30">30</a>–43. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1588262868?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-1588262868">ISBN 978-1588262868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Loretta+Bass&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1588262868&rft.pages=30-43&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildlaborinsubs00lore&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Beverly Grier (Ed: Hugh Hindman). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/worldchildlaborh00hind">The World of Child Labour</a>. M.E. Sharpe. 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/worldchildlaborh00hind/page/n205">173</a>–177. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7656-1707-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7656-1707-1">ISBN 978-0-7656-1707-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Beverly+Grier+%28Ed%3A+Hugh+Hindman%29&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Child+Labour&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1707-1&rft.pages=173-177&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldchildlaborh00hind&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Douglas Hay. Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955 (Studies in Legal History). University of North Carolina Press. 2007: 38–46. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0807828779?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0807828779">ISBN 978-0807828779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Douglas+Hay&rft.btitle=Masters%2C+Servants%2C+and+Magistrates+in+Britain+and+the+Empire%2C+1562-1955+%28Studies+in+Legal+History%29&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0807828779&rft.pages=38-46&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jack Lord. Child labour in the Gold Coast: the economics of work, education and the family in late-colonial Africa, c.1940-57. The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. 2011, 4 (1): 88–115. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Fhcy.2011.0005">doi:10.1353/hcy.2011.0005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+labour+in+the+Gold+Coast%3A+the+economics+of+work%2C+education+and+the+family+in+late-colonial+Africa%2C+c.1940-57&rft.au=Jack+Lord&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+History+of+Childhood+and+Youth&rft.pages=88-115&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhcy.2011.0005&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karen Wells. Invisible Hands: Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe by Beverly Grier (a review). The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth. Fall 2008, 1 (3): 481–483. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Fhcy.0.0025">doi:10.1353/hcy.0.0025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Invisible+Hands%3A+Child+Labour+and+the+State+in+Colonial+Zimbabwe+by+Beverly+Grier+%28a+review%29&rft.au=Karen+Wells&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+History+of+Childhood+and+Youth&rft.pages=481-483&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhcy.0.0025&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jane Guyer. Head Tax, Social Structure and Rural Incomes in Cameroun, 1922-1937. Cahiers d'Etudes africaines. 1980, 20 (79): 305–329. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3406%252Fcea.1980.2338">doi:10.3406/cea.1980.2338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Head+Tax%2C+Social+Structure+and+Rural+Incomes+in+Cameroun%2C+1922-1937&rft.au=Jane+Guyer&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=79&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27Etudes+africaines&rft.pages=305-329&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1980.2338&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hugh Lyttleton Haslewood. Child slavery in Hong Kong: the mui tsai system. Sheldon Press. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Hugh+Lyttleton+Haslewood&rft.btitle=Child+slavery+in+Hong+Kong%3A+the+mui+tsai+system&rft.date=1930&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Sheldon+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Karen Yuen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805150302/http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_6.pdf">Theorizing the Chinese: The MUI TSAI controversy and construction of transnational chineseness in Hong Kong and British Malaya</a> (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. December 2004, 6 (2): 95–110 [2015-05-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec04/6_2_6.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2020-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Theorizing+the+Chinese%3A+The+MUI+TSAI+controversy+and+construction+of+transnational+chineseness+in+Hong+Kong+and+British+Malaya&rft.au=Karen+Yuen&rft.date=2004-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=95-110&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzasia.org.nz%2Fdownloads%2FNZJAS-Dec04%2F6_2_6.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Douglas Hay. Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955 (Studies in Legal History). University of North Carolina Press. 2007: 203–207. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0807828779?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0807828779">ISBN 978-0807828779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Douglas+Hay&rft.btitle=Masters%2C+Servants%2C+and+Magistrates+in+Britain+and+the+Empire%2C+1562-1955+%28Studies+in+Legal+History%29&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0807828779&rft.pages=203-207&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Steve_Charnovitz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Steve Charnovitz（页面不存在）">Steve Charnovitz</a>, "Child Labour: What to do?," Journal of Commerce, 15 August 1996.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi05fulltext.pdf">Table 2.8, WDI 2005, The World Bank</a> (PDF). [2015-05-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035500/http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi05fulltext.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2013-08-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Table+2.8%2C+WDI+2005%2C+The+World+Bank&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fwdi05fulltext.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630033018/http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php">Percentage of children aged 5–14 engaged in child labour</a>. [2015-05-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.childinfo.org/labour_countrydata.php">原始内容</a>存档于2012-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Percentage+of+children+aged+5%E2%80%9314+engaged+in+child+labour&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childinfo.org%2Flabour_countrydata.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Antelava, Natalia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6955202.stm">Child labour in Kyrgyz coal mines</a>. 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[2015-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521100821/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/237384/toolkitfr/pdf/facts.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2020-05-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Facts+and+figures+on+child+labour&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.worldbank.org%2Fetools%2Fdocs%2Flibrary%2F237384%2Ftoolkitfr%2Fpdf%2Ffacts.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_181875/lang--en/index.htm">Tackling child labour: From commitment to action</a>. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=International_Programme_on_the_Elimination_of_Child_Labour&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour（页面不存在）">International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour</a> - ILO. 2012 [2015-05-16]. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-2-126374-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-2-126374-6">ISBN 978-92-2-126374-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228172419/http://www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_181875/lang--en/index.htm">存档</a>于2021-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Tackling+child+labour%3A+From+commitment+to+action&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-2-126374-6&rft.pub=International+Programme+on+the+Elimination+of+Child+Labour+-+ILO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fipec%2FInformationresources%2FWCMS_181875%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/china.php%23Child%2520Labour%2520and%2520Exploitation">Children's Rights: China</a>. 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[2018-01-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913121126/https://helanonline.cn/archive/article/1513">存档</a>于2020-09-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelanonline.cn%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1513&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://maplecroft.com/about/news/child_labour_2012.html">Conflict and economic downturn cause global increase in reported child labour violations – 40% of countries now rated ‘extreme risk’ by Maplecroft</a>. Maplecroft. 1 May 2012 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710041435/https://www.maplecroft.com/about/news/child_labour_2012.html">存档</a>于2018-07-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+economic+downturn+cause+global+increase+in+reported+child+labour+violations+%E2%80%93+40%25+of+countries+now+rated+%E2%80%98extreme+risk%E2%80%99+by+Maplecroft&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Maplecroft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaplecroft.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fchild_labour_2012.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ernest Harsch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol15no3/153chil4.htm">存档副本</a>. Africa Recovery. October 2001, 15 (3): 14–15 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011747/http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/vol15no3/153chil4.htm">存档</a>于2018-07-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.au=Ernest+Harsch&rft.date=2001-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Africa+Recovery&rft.pages=14-15&rft.volume=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fafricarenewal%2Fvol15no3%2F153chil4.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> Basu, Kaushik and Van, Phan Hoang, 1998. 'The Economics of Child Labour', <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/contents/">American Economic Review</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017085250/http://www.aeaweb.org/aer/contents/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, 88(3),412–427</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Jo Boyden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/crs9.pdf">The Relationship between Education and Child Work</a> (PDF). UNICEF. 1994 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306052403/https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/crs9.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2021-03-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Jo+Boyden&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+between+Education+and+Child+Work&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fcrs9.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Faraaz Siddiqi and Harry Anthony Patrinos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099079934475/547667-1135281552767/Child_Labour_issues.pdf">CHILD LABOUR: ISSUES, CAUSES AND INTERVENTIONS</a> (PDF). The World Bank. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Faraaz+Siddiqi+and+Harry+Anthony+Patrinos&rft.btitle=CHILD+LABOUR%3A+ISSUES%2C+CAUSES+AND+INTERVENTIONS&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FEDUCATION%2FResources%2F278200-1099079877269%2F547664-1099079934475%2F547667-1135281552767%2FChild_Labour_issues.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Obinna E. Osita-Oleribe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.academicjournals.org/ingoj/pdf/Pdf2007/Jan/Osita-Oleribe.pdf">Exploring the causes of child labour</a> (PDF). International NGO Journal. January 2007, 2 (1): 6–9 [2015-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609045119/https://academicjournals.org/ingoj/pdf/Pdf2007/Jan/Osita-Oleribe.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-06-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+causes+of+child+labour&rft.au=Obinna+E.+Osita-Oleribe&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=International+NGO+Journal&rft.pages=6-9&rft.volume=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academicjournals.org%2Fingoj%2Fpdf%2FPdf2007%2FJan%2FOsita-Oleribe.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Michaelle Tauson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/latinamerica2/digest-human%2520rights%2520in%2520latin%2520america%2520vol%25202-childlabour.pdf">Child Labour in Latin America: Poverty as Cause and Effect</a> (PDF). 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Michaelle+Tauson&rft.btitle=Child+Labour+in+Latin+America%3A+Poverty+as+Cause+and+Effect&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.du.edu%2Fkorbel%2Fhrhw%2Fresearchdigest%2Flatinamerica2%2Fdigest-human%2520rights%2520in%2520latin%2520america%2520vol%25202-childlabour.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Michele D'Avolio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol16/iss1/5/">Child Labour and Cultural Relativism: From 19th Century America to 21st Century Nepal</a>. Pace International Law Review. Spring 2004, 16 (1) [2015-05-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225125350/https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol16/iss1/5/">存档</a>于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour+and+Cultural+Relativism%3A+From+19th+Century+America+to+21st+Century+Nepal&rft.au=Michele+D%27Avolio&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Pace+International+Law+Review&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.pace.edu%2Fpilr%2Fvol16%2Fiss1%2F5%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mbsm-67"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mbsm_67-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mario Biggeri and Santosh Mehrotra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/asianinformalwor0000unse">Asian Informal Workers: Global Risks, Local Protection</a>. Routledge. 2007. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-38275-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-38275-5">ISBN 978-0-415-38275-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Mario+Biggeri+and+Santosh+Mehrotra&rft.btitle=Asian+Informal+Workers%3A+Global+Risks%2C+Local+Protection&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-38275-5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasianinformalwor0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Christiaan Grootaert and Harry Anthony Patrinos. The Policy Analysis of Child Labour: A Comparative Study. Palgrave Macmillan. 1999. <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0312221225?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/978-0312221225">ISBN 978-0312221225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Christiaan+Grootaert+and+Harry+Anthony+Patrinos&rft.btitle=The+Policy+Analysis+of+Child+Labour%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0312221225&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Douglas Galbi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.galbithink.org/child.pdf">Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills</a> (PDF). Journal of Population Economics. 1997, 10 (4): 357–375 [2015-05-16]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252Fs001480050048">doi:10.1007/s001480050048</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225202713/http://www.galbithink.org/child.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2021-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=Child+Labour+and+the+Division+of+Labour+in+the+Early+English+Cotton+Mills&rft.au=Douglas+Galbi&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Population+Economics&rft.pages=357-375&rft.volume=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galbithink.org%2Fchild.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001480050048&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Brown, D. K., Deardorff, A. V. and Stern, R. M. Child Labour: Theory, Evidence, and Policy (Chapter 3, International Labour Standards: History, Theory, and Policy Options). <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781405105552?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:网络书源/9781405105552">ISBN 9781405105552</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1002%252F9780470754818.ch3">doi:10.1002/9780470754818.ch3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.+K.%2C+Deardorff%2C+A.+V.+and+Stern%2C+R.+M.&rft.btitle=Child+Labour%3A+Theory%2C+Evidence%2C+and+Policy+%28Chapter+3%2C+International+Labour+Standards%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Policy+Options%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781405105552&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470754818.ch3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> 《「爭取最低工資」，<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A3%B9%E9%80%B1%E5%88%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="壹週刊">壹週刊</a>》第869期，2006.11.2）</li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> ILO(2002a), "Every child counts: new global estimates on child labour", Geneva: International Labour Office.</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="引述">引述</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：引述" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081913/index.htm">ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220145617/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081913/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_106268/index.htm">The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106080236/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_106268/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>International Labour Office. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081882/index.htm">A global alliance against forced labour</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629090516/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081882/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105023/index.htm">Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924114704/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105023/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） ILO/SAP-FL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105884/index.htm">Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205100635/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/Factsheetsandbrochures/lang--en/docName--WCMS_105884/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） ILO/SAP-FL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/global/meetings-and-events/WCMS_089199/lang--en/index.htm">Eradication of forced labour - General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228224956/http://www.ilo.org/global/meetings-and-events/WCMS_089199/lang--en/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - ILO 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081991/index.htm">Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924115351/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_081991/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - ILO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_088490/index.htm">Stopping Forced Labour 2001</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093933/http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/Informationresources/ILOPublications/lang--en/docName--WCMS_088490/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - ILO</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="更多阅读">更多阅读</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：更多阅读" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li>Baland, Jean-Marie and James A. Robinson (2000) 'Is child labour inefficient?' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jpe/current">Journal of Political Economy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417184305/http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jpe/current">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 108, 663–679</li> <li>Basu, Kaushik, and Homa Zarghamee (2009) 'Is product boycott a good idea for controlling child labour? A theoretical investigation' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505546/description%23description">Journal of Development Economics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104203155/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505546/description%23description">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 88, 217–220</li> <li>Bhukuth, Augendra. "Defining child labour: a controversial debate" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09614524.asp">Development in Practice</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325204233/http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09614524.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2008) 18, 385–394</li> <li>Emerson, Patrick M., and André Portela Souza. "Is Child Labour Harmful? The Impact of Working Earlier in Life on Adult Earnings" Economic Development and Cultural Change 59:345–385, January 2011 <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DOI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1086%252F657125">10.1086/657125</a> uses data from Brazil to show very strong negative effects—boys who work before age 14 earn much less as adults</li> <li>Humbert, Franziska. The Challenge of Child Labour in International Law (2009)</li> <li>Humphries, Jane. Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (2010)</li> <li><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=International_Labour_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="International Labour Organisation（页面不存在）">ILO</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---webdev/documents/publication/wcms_071311.pdf">Investing in every child: An economic Study of the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224160655/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---webdev/documents/publication/wcms_071311.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Mayer, Gerald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31501.pdf">Child Labor in America: History, Policy, and Legislative Issues.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317145059/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31501.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Washington, D.C.: <a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, 2013.</li> <li>Ravallion, Martin, and Quentin Wodon (2000) 'Does child labour displace schooling? Evidence on behavioural responses to an enrollment subsidy' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref%3D0013-0133">Economic Journal</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118083929/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref%3D0013-0133">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 110, C158-C175</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="历史_2">历史</h3> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：历史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <ul> <li>"Child Employing Industries," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 35, Mar. 1910 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.jstor.org/stable/i242607">in JSTOR</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408001211/http://www.jstor.org/stable/i242607">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, articles by experts in 1910</li> <li>Goldberg, Ellis. Trade, Reputation, and Child Labour in Twentieth-Century Egypt (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0312296290/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511020455/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312296290/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Grier, Beverly. Invisible Hands: Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe (2005)</li> <li>Hindman, Hugh D. Child Labour: An American History (2002)</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Humphries, Jane; Horrell, Sara. 'The Exploitation of Little Children': Child Labour and the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution. Explorations in Economic History. 1995, 32: 485–516.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&rft.atitle=%27The+Exploitation+of+Little+Children%27%3A+Child+Labour+and+the+Family+Economy+in+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.au=Horrell%2C+Sara&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.pages=485-516&rft.volume=32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>Humphries, Jane. Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution (Cambridge Studies in Economic History) (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521248965/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511020457/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521248965/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Kirby, Peter. Child Labour in Britain, 1750-1870 (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/dp/0333671945/">excerpt and text search</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511020508/http://www.amazon.com/dp/0333671945/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Meerkerk, Elise van Naderveen; Schmidt, Ariadne. "Between Wage Labor and Vocation: Child Labor in Dutch Urban Industry, 1600-1800," Journal of Social History (2008) 41#3 pp 717–736 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_social_history/v041/41.3schmidt.html">in Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Mofford, Juliet. Child Labour in America (1970)</li> <li>Tuttle, Carolyn. Hard At Work In Factories And Mines: The Economics Of Child Labour During The British Industrial Revolution (1999)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2> <a role="button" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="编辑章节：外部链接" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 编辑 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Child_labour" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Child labour">童工</a> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-5/rights.htm">Teaching about Child Labor and International Human Rights</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513174449/http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-5/rights.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/labor.htm">Child Labor in 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role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> 最后编辑于2024年10月31日 (星期四) 14:31 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>语言</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/zh/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">不转换</a></li> <li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/zh-hans/%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans">简体</a></li> <li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584" title="عمالة الأطفال – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمالة الأطفال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplotaci%25C3%25B3n_infantil" title="Esplotación infantil – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esplotación infantil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="শিশুশ্রম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিশুশ্রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treball_infantil" title="Treball infantil – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Treball infantil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25DA%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="منداڵانی کار – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="منداڵانی کار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C4%259Btsk%25C3%25A1_pr%25C3%25A1ce" title="Dětská práce – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dětská práce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25B8rnearbejde" title="Børnearbejde – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Børnearbejde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderarbeit" title="Kinderarbeit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kinderarbeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Παιδική εργασία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παιδική εργασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Child labour" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanlaboro" title="Infanlaboro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infanlaboro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explotaci%25C3%25B3n_infantil" title="Explotación infantil – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Explotación infantil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapst%25C3%25B6%25C3%25B6j%25C3%25B5ud" title="Lapstööjõud – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lapstööjõud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haurren_esplotazio" title="Haurren esplotazio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haurren esplotazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="کودکان کار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودکان کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapsity%25C3%25B6" title="Lapsityö – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lapsityö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travail_des_enfants" title="Travail des enfants – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Travail des enfants" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traballo_infantil" title="Traballo infantil – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Traballo infantil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25AC%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B3_%25E0%25AA%2595%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25A6%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B0" title="બાળ કામદાર – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાળ કામદાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A7%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="העסקת ילדים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העסקת ילדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2-%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बाल-श्रम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल-श्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B7%25D5%25AD%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D6%2584" title="Մանկական աշխատանք – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանկական աշխատանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_infantil" title="Labor infantil – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Labor infantil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekerja_anak" title="Pekerja anak – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pekerja anak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna%25C3%25BEr%25C3%25A6lkun" title="Barnaþrælkun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barnaþrælkun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavoro_minorile" title="Lavoro minorile – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lavoro minorile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2585%2590%25E7%25AB%25A5%25E5%258A%25B4%25E5%2583%258D" title="児童労働 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="児童労働" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%2595" title="ಬಾಲಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಲಕಾರ್ಮಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2595%2584%25EB%258F%2599_%25EB%2585%25B8%25EB%258F%2599" title="아동 노동 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아동 노동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkirina_zaroyan" title="Karkirina zaroyan – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karkirina zaroyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_impuberum" title="Labor impuberum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Labor impuberum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C4%2593rnu_darbs" title="Bērnu darbs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērnu darbs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4" title="Детски труд – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Детски труд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%2587%25E0%25B4%25B2" title="ബാലവേല – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാലവേല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="बालश्रम – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बालश्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderarbeid" title="Kinderarbeid – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kinderarbeid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnearbeid" title="Barnearbeid – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barnearbeid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnearbeid" title="Barnearbeid – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barnearbeid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabalh_dels_enfants" title="Trabalh dels enfants – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trabalh dels enfants" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B2_%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A9%2582%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਬਾਲ ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲ ਮਜ਼ਦੂਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praca_dzieci" title="Praca dzieci – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Praca dzieci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584" title="د ماشوم مزدوري کول – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ماشوم مزدوري کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabalho_infantil" title="Trabalho infantil – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trabalho infantil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploatarea_copilului_prin_munc%25C4%2583" title="Exploatarea copilului prin muncă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exploatarea copilului prin muncă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4" title="Детский труд – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Детский труд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2585%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%258F_%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%2599%25E0%25B7%2584%25E0%25B7%2599%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2594%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A" title="ළමා මෙහෙකරුවන් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ළමා මෙහෙකරුවන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Child labour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detsk%25C3%25A1_pr%25C3%25A1ca" title="Detská práca – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Detská práca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puna_e_f%25C3%25ABmij%25C3%25ABve" title="Puna e fëmijëve – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Puna e fëmijëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0" title="Дечја радна снага – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дечја радна снага" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosebetsi_oa_bana" title="Mosebetsi oa bana – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mosebetsi oa bana" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnarbete" title="Barnarbete – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barnarbete" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajira_kwa_watoto" title="Ajira kwa watoto – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ajira kwa watoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2588%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258A%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குழந்தைத் தொழிலாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AC%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B2_%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%2581%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B1%2581" title="బాల కార్మికులు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాల కార్మికులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587ocuk_i%25C5%259F%25C3%25A7iler" title="Çocuk işçiler – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çocuk işçiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D1%258F%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%258F" title="Дитяча праця – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дитяча праця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25DA%2586%25DB%2581_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B2%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="بچہ مزدوری – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بچہ مزدوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_%25C4%2591%25E1%25BB%2599ng_tr%25E1%25BA%25BB_em" title="Lao động trẻ em – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lao động trẻ em" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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