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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudalism_in_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Feudalism in the Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudalism_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norman_to_Angevin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_to_Angevin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Norman to Angevin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_to_Angevin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aragonese_to_Bourbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aragonese_to_Bourbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Aragonese to Bourbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aragonese_to_Bourbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_heavy_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_heavy_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Decline of heavy industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_heavy_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Food and agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Automotive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerospace_and_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace_and_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Aerospace and rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace_and_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_industrial_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_industrial_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Other industrial districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_industrial_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Maritime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Unemployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Immigration and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient,_medieval,_and_early_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient,_medieval,_and_early_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ancient, medieval, and early arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient,_medieval,_and_early_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_and_modern_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_and_modern_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Contemporary and modern arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_and_modern_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Campania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampani%C3%AB" title="Kampanië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kampanië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanien" title="Kampanien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kampanien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ካምፓንያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካምፓንያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كمبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كمبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaniya_(%C4%B0taliya)" title="Kampaniya (İtaliya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kampaniya (İtaliya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کامپانیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کامپانیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="কাম্পানিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাম্পানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кампанія (Італія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кампанія (Італія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD)" title="Кампанія (рэгіён) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кампанія (рэгіён)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кампания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кампания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanija" title="Kampanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kampanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%C3%A0nia" title="Campània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кампани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кампани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp%C3%A1nie" title="Kampánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kampánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanien" title="Kampanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kampanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Καμπανία (Ιταλία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμπανία (Ιταλία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanio" title="Kampanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kampanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کامپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanie" title="Campanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaanje" title="Kampaanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kampaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanie" title="Campanie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Campanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%84%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%A3%BC" title="캄파니아주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캄파니아주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կամպանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կամպանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कांपानिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांपानिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanija" title="Kampanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kampanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania" title="Kampania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kampania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кампани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кампани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampan%C3%ADa" title="Kampanía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kampanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="קמפניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמפניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="კამპანია (იტალია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კამპანია (იტალია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кампания (Италия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кампания (Италия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampani" title="Kampani – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kampani" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaniya" title="Kampaniya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kampaniya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania" title="Kampania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kampania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_(Italia)" title="Campania (Italia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Campania (Italia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp%C4%81nija" title="Kampānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kampānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanien" title="Kampanien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kampanien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanija" title="Kampanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kampanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campannia" title="Campannia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Campannia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campani%C3%AB" title="Campanië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Campanië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кампанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кампанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="कांपानिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कांपानिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="კამპანია (იტალია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კამპანია (იტალია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كامبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كامبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کامپانیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کامپانیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campani%C3%AB" title="Campanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Campanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanie" title="Kampanie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kampanie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%9E" title="カンパニア州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンパニア州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8)" title="Кампани (Итали) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кампани (Итали)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaanien" title="Kampaanien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kampaanien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%C3%A0nia" title="Campània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Campània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਕਾਂਪਾਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਪਾਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="صوبہ کیمپانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبہ کیمپانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanie" title="Campanie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Campanie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanien" title="Kampanien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kampanien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania_(region)" title="Kampania (region) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kampania (region)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%C3%A2nia" title="Campânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaniya_(region)" title="Kampaniya (region) – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kampaniya (region)" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кампания (Италия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кампания (Италия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp%C3%A0nia" title="Campània – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Campània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanie" title="Campanie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Campanie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania" title="Kampania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kampania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp%C3%A1nia" title="Kampánia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kampánia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanija" title="Kampanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kampanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кампанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кампанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanija" title="Kampanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kampanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanien" title="Kampanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kampanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambanie" title="Cambanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Cambanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кампания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кампания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แคว้นคัมปาเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นคัมปาเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кампанія (Італія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кампанія (Італія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کمپانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمپانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canp%C3%A0nia" title="Canpània – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canpània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campani%C3%AB" title="Campanië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Campanië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania" title="Campania – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Campania" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="坎帕尼亚大区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="坎帕尼亚大区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="甘帕尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="甘帕尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampaniya" title="Kampaniya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kampaniya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="坎帕尼亞大區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="坎帕尼亞大區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Campania&params=40_54_38_N_14_55_14_E_region:IT-72_source:geonames_type:city(5580567)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°54′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°55′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.91056°N 14.92056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.91056; 14.92056</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Campania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Campania (disambiguation)">Campania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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.ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Campania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Campania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Campania"><img alt="Flag of Campania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/100px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/150px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Campania.svg/200px-Flag_of_Campania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Campania" title="Flag of Campania">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Campania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Campania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg/60px-Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg/120px-Regione-Campania-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="280" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Campania" title="Coat of arms of Campania">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campania_in_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Campania_in_Italy.svg/250px-Campania_in_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Campania_in_Italy.svg/375px-Campania_in_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Campania_in_Italy.svg/500px-Campania_in_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Campania&params=40_54_38_N_14_55_14_E_region:IT-72_source:geonames_type:city(5580567)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°54′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°55′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.91056°N 14.92056°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.91056; 14.92056</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_De_Luca" title="Vincenzo De Luca">Vincenzo De Luca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fulvio_Bonavitacola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fulvio Bonavitacola (page does not exist)">Fulvio Bonavitacola</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Campania" title="Regional Council of Campania">Regional Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,671 km<sup>2</sup> (5,278 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(30 April 2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,580,567</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">410/km<sup>2</sup> (1,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>English: <span lang="en">Campanian</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Campano</i> (man)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Campana</i> (woman)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€110.231 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166 code">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">IT-72</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.856<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Italian regions by Human Development Index">19th of 21</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Italy" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ITF</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.campania.it/">www<wbr />.regione<wbr />.campania<wbr />.it</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Campania</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an administrative <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>; most of it is in the south-western portion of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> to its west), but it also includes the small <a href="/wiki/Phlegraean_Islands" title="Phlegraean Islands">Phlegraean Islands</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>. The capital of the region is <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, the region had a population of around 5,820,000 people, making it Italy's third most populous region,<sup id="cite_ref-pop_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, with an area of 13,590 km<sup>2</sup> (5,247 sq mi), its most densely populated region. Based on its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, Campania is also the most economically productive region in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">and the 7th most productive in the whole country</a>. Naples' urban area, which is in Campania, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">eighth most populous in the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is home to 10 of the 58 <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">UNESCO sites in Italy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a>, the Longobardian <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Church of Santa Sofia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre of Naples</a>. In addition, Campania's <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Region plays also a key international role in international diplomacy, since it is home to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Naples" title="Allied Joint Force Command Naples">Allied Joint Force Command Naples</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean">Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean</a>. </p><p>The Campania's hinterland was inhabited from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by the <a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, while between the 8th and 7th centuries BC its coastal areas were colonised by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>). At that time, <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> was Campania's leading city, while <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> was an anomaly, being predominantly Greek-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Campania is rich in culture, especially with regard to food, music, architecture, and archaeological and ancient sites—such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, <a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>. The name "Campania" is derived from Latin; the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> knew the region as <i>Campania felix</i> ("fertile countryside" or "happy countryside"). The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it important to the tourism industry: the city of Naples, the Amalfi Coast, Mount Vesuvius, and the islands of Capri and <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> have long been major attractions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Campania" title="Ancient Campania">Ancient Campania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Roman_period">Pre-Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan Civilization">Etruscan Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magna_Gr%C3%A6cia" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Græcia">Magna Græcia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hera_temple_II_-_Paestum_-_Poseidonia_-_July_13th_2013_-_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hera_temple_II_-_Paestum_-_Poseidonia_-_July_13th_2013_-_04.jpg/220px-Hera_temple_II_-_Paestum_-_Poseidonia_-_July_13th_2013_-_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hera_temple_II_-_Paestum_-_Poseidonia_-_July_13th_2013_-_04.jpg/330px-Hera_temple_II_-_Paestum_-_Poseidonia_-_July_13th_2013_-_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hera_temple_II_-_Paestum_-_Poseidonia_-_July_13th_2013_-_04.jpg/440px-Hera_temple_II_-_Paestum_-_Poseidonia_-_July_13th_2013_-_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6004" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_of_Hera_(Paestum)" title="Second Temple of Hera (Paestum)">Temple of Hera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, built in the <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric order</a> around 460–450 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The region known today as <i>Campania</i> was inhabited from at least the beginning of the 1st millennium BC by several <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan-speaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Italic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic tribes">Italic tribes</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Opici" title="Opici">Opici</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aurunci" title="Aurunci">Aurunci</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sidicini" title="Sidicini">Sidicini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hirpini" title="Hirpini">Hirpini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caudini" title="Caudini">Caudini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oenotrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Campanians" title="Campanians">Campanians</a> (after whom the region is named) and the <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucanians</a> (who inhabited the southernmost part of Campania, known in ancient times as <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a>, roughly where modern-day <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Salerno</a> is).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">simple</a> <a href="/wiki/Agro-town" title="Agro-town">agro-towns</a>. Not much is known about the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European tribes</a> that had lived in the region earlier; they were probably not as technologically or culturally advanced as the Oscans, and any who still flourished had become fully Oscanised by the middle of the first millennium BC. </p><p>Between the 9th and 6th centuries BC, the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> from <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a> established <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> in the Campanian Plains (the inland territories that today are the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">provinces of Caserta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Naples</a>), as well as in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Agro_Nocerino-Sarnese" class="mw-redirect" title="Agro Nocerino-Sarnese">Agro Nocerino-Sarnese</a> and Agro Picentino (which today are in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">province of Salerno</a>). There, they essentially replicated their <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_cities" title="Etruscan cities"><i>Dodecapolis</i> (twelve cities)</a> political model, founding the cities of <i>Hyria</i> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>), <i>Irnthi</i> or <i>Marcina</i> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>), <i>Amina</i> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pontecagnano_Faiano" title="Pontecagnano Faiano">Pontecagnano Faiano</a>), <i>Velcha</i>, <i>Velsu</i> and <i>Uri</i>. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilating</a> into their <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban-political</a> domains, the Etruscans also incorporated the pre-existing tribal Oscan agro-towns of <i>Capua</i> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Capua_Vetere" title="Santa Maria Capua Vetere">Santa Maria Capua Vetere</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Nuceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuceria">Nuceria</a></i> (modern-day <i><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comuni</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Superiore" title="Nocera Superiore">Nocera Superiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocera_Inferiore" title="Nocera Inferiore">Nocera Inferiore</a>), <a href="/wiki/Suessula" title="Suessula">Suessula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acerra" title="Acerra">Acerra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ercolano" title="Ercolano">Ercolano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, during the 8th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek-speaking people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a>), known as <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumaeans</a>, began to establish colonies themselves roughly around the coastal areas of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">province of Naples</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Phlegraean_Islands" title="Phlegraean Islands">nearby islands</a> founding, among others, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, <i>Pithekoūsai</i> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <i>Dicaearchia</i>, later 'Puteoli', in Latin (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a>). The city of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> began as a small commercial port called <a href="/wiki/History_of_Naples#Greek_birth,_Roman_acquisition" title="History of Naples">Parthenope</a> (Παρθενόπη, meaning "Pure Eyes", a Siren in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>), which was established by Greek colonial sailors from <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-campaniahistoryone_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campaniahistoryone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region thus became one of the centers of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeclanum_(Thermae-01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aeclanum_%28Thermae-01%29.jpg/220px-Aeclanum_%28Thermae-01%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aeclanum_%28Thermae-01%29.jpg/330px-Aeclanum_%28Thermae-01%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Aeclanum_%28Thermae-01%29.jpg/440px-Aeclanum_%28Thermae-01%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a>, a Roman town in <a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a> district</figcaption></figure> <p>At one point in history, a distinct group of Oscan-speaking tribes from <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a> (in south-central Italy), the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, moved down into Campania. Since the Samnites were more warlike than the other Oscan populations, they easily took over the cities of <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> and Cumae, in an area which was one of the most prosperous and fertile in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-samnite_wars_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samnite_wars-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 340s BC, the Samnites were engaged in a war with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in a dispute known as the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a>, with Rome claiming the rich pastures of northern Campania during the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">First Samnite War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pirat_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Samnite War was initiated when the Etruscan-influenced Oscan city of Capua (in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> <i>Capeva</i>) was being attacked by the Samnites, and thus appealed to Rome for defensive help. </p><p>As the majority of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> was under Roman control at the time, the sole major remaining independent settlement in the region was the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolis</a>, and when the city was eventually <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Neapolis" title="Capture of Neapolis">captured by the Samnites</a>, the Neapolitan Greeks were left with no option but to call on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a>, with whom they established an alliance, setting off the <a href="/wiki/Second_Samnite_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Samnite War">Second Samnite War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-samnite_wars_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samnite_wars-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">Roman consul</a> Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC and allowed it to remain a Greek city with some autonomy as a <i><a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a> foederata</i> while strongly aligned with Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-romannaples_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romannaples-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling all of southern Campania and additional regions further to the south, such as parts of <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pirat_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman Empire)">Italia (Roman Empire)</a></div> <p>Campania was a full-fledged part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> by the end of the 4th century BC, valued for its <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pastures</a> and rich countryside. Naples, with its <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> and customs, made it a centre of Hellenistic culture for the Romans, creating the first traces of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-rome_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">Pyrrhic War</a> in 275 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(275_BC)" title="Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)">Battle of Beneventum</a> took place in Campania in the Samnite city of Maleventum, in which the Romans, led by the consul <a href="/wiki/Curius_Dentatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Curius Dentatus">Curius Dentatus</a>, were victorious. They renamed it Beneventum (modern day <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>), which grew in stature until it was second only to Capua in southern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> in 216 BC, Capua, in a bid for equality with Rome, allied with <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emps_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emps-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania, which remained allies of Rome. <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> resisted <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> due to the imposing walls.<sup id="cite_ref-rome_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capua was eventually starved into submission in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capua_(211_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Capua (211 BC)">Roman retaking of 211 BC</a>, and the Romans were victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-emps_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emps-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21059" /></a><figcaption><i>The Last Day of Pompeii</i> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Briullov" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Briullov">Karl Briullov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the initial exception of Naples, the region adopted <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> as official language, in that sense gradually replacing the native Oscan and the Greek and the Etruscan still talked respectively in their colonies of the region,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDonald_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schrijver2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrijver2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequently becoming fully <a href="/wiki/Romanised" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanised">Romanised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-littlehist_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-littlehist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, Campania, with <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, formed the most important region of the <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan</a> divisions of <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman Empire)">Italia</a>, the <i>Regio I Latium et Campania</i>; Campania was one of the main areas for <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-littlehist_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-littlehist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times Misenum (modern '<a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Miseno</a>'), at the extreme northern end of the bay of Naples, was the largest base of the Roman navy, since its port (Portus Julius) was the base of the Classis Misenensis, the most important Roman fleet. It was first established as a naval base in 27 BC by Marcus Agrippa, the right-hand man of the emperor Augustus. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperors</a> chose Campania as a holiday destination, among them <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rome_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during this period that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> came to Campania. Two of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St. Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a>, are said to have preached in the city of Naples, and there were also several <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-catholi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of relative calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in 79 which buried the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">Decline of the Roman Empire</a>, its last emperor, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, was put in a <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> prison near <a href="/wiki/Castel_dell%27Ovo" title="Castel dell'Ovo">Castel dell'Ovo</a>, Naples, in 476, ushering in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and a period of uncertainty in regard to the future of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-rome_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rome-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudalism_in_the_Middle_Ages">Feudalism in the Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Feudalism in the Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Apulia and Calabria">Duchy of Apulia and Calabria</a></div> <p>The area had many <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalities">principalities</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire) and the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, the smaller <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">independent states</a> were brought together as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, before the mainland broke away to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>. It was during this period that elements of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> culture were introduced to Campania. Allegiances with the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> were made in 836, and the Arabs were requested to repel the siege of <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> troops coming from the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mag_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mag-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kingdom">The Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norman_to_Angevin">Norman to Angevin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Norman to Angevin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">List of monarchs of Naples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_Maschio_Angioino,_a_seat_of_medieval_kings_of_Naples_and_Aragon_2013-05-16_14-05-42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_Maschio_Angioino%2C_a_seat_of_medieval_kings_of_Naples_and_Aragon_2013-05-16_14-05-42.jpg/220px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_Maschio_Angioino%2C_a_seat_of_medieval_kings_of_Naples_and_Aragon_2013-05-16_14-05-42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_Maschio_Angioino%2C_a_seat_of_medieval_kings_of_Naples_and_Aragon_2013-05-16_14-05-42.jpg/330px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_Maschio_Angioino%2C_a_seat_of_medieval_kings_of_Naples_and_Aragon_2013-05-16_14-05-42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_Maschio_Angioino%2C_a_seat_of_medieval_kings_of_Naples_and_Aragon_2013-05-16_14-05-42.jpg/440px-Napoli_Castel_Nuovo_Maschio_Angioino%2C_a_seat_of_medieval_kings_of_Naples_and_Aragon_2013-05-16_14-05-42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3495" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>Early kings ruled from <a href="/wiki/Castel_Nuovo" title="Castel Nuovo">Castel Nuovo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After a period as a Norman kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> passed to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufens</a>, who were a powerful Germanic <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal house</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> origins.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-oldestuni_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldestuni-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>, led in 1266 to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> crowning <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin Dynasty</a> duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I</a> as the king.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles officially moved the capital from <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> to Naples where he resided at the <i><a href="/wiki/Castel_Nuovo" title="Castel Nuovo">Castel Nuovo</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, much <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> sprang up around Naples, including the <a href="/wiki/Naples_Cathedral" title="Naples Cathedral">Naples Cathedral</a>, the main church of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1281, with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a>, the kingdom split in half. The Angevin <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wars continued until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Caltabellotta" title="Peace of Caltabellotta">peace of Caltabellotta</a> in 1302, which saw <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III</a> recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a> was recognised as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">king of Naples</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dieli_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dieli-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> merchants,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> bankers, and with them some of the most championed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> artists of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a> conquered Naples after his victory against the last <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="René I of Naples">René</a>, and Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aragonese_to_Bourbon">Aragonese to Bourbon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aragonese to Bourbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthenopaean_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenopaean Republic">Parthenopaean Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies">List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onofrio_Palumbo_-_Masaniello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Onofrio_Palumbo_-_Masaniello.jpg/250px-Onofrio_Palumbo_-_Masaniello.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Onofrio_Palumbo_-_Masaniello.jpg/330px-Onofrio_Palumbo_-_Masaniello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Onofrio_Palumbo_-_Masaniello.jpg/340px-Onofrio_Palumbo_-_Masaniello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Masaniello" title="Masaniello">Masaniello</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferrante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Laurana" title="Francesco Laurana">Laurana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Messina" title="Antonello da Messina">da Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sannazzaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo Sannazzaro">Sannazzaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poliziano" title="Poliziano">Poliziano</a> arriving in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1501 Naples came under direct rule from <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime in France">France</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a>, as Neapolitan king <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick IV of Naples">Frederick</a> was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted four years.<sup id="cite_ref-spanishnaples_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanishnaples-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> won Naples at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(1503)" title="Battle of Garigliano (1503)">Battle of Garigliano</a> and, as a result, Naples then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> throughout the entire <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-spanishnaples_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanishnaples-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish sent <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">to Naples</a> to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Álvarez de Toledo">Pedro Álvarez de Toledo</a>, who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interno_Reggia_Caserta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Interno_Reggia_Caserta.jpg/170px-Interno_Reggia_Caserta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Interno_Reggia_Caserta.jpg/255px-Interno_Reggia_Caserta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Interno_Reggia_Caserta.jpg/340px-Interno_Reggia_Caserta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caserta_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserta Palace">Caserta Palace</a>, inside</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> era it was home to artists including <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Rosa" title="Salvator Rosa">Rosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>; philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Telesio" title="Bernardino Telesio">Telesio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Bruno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a>; and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Gian_Battista_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gian Battista Marino">Battista Marino</a>. A revolution led by local <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fisherman</a> <a href="/wiki/Masaniello" title="Masaniello">Masaniello</a> saw the creation of a brief independent <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Republic (1647)">Neapolitan Republic</a>, though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.<sup id="cite_ref-spanishnaples_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spanishnaples-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>; it was the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> who ruled from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, similarly, with viceroys.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, which in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1738)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1738)">Treaty of Vienna</a> were recognised as independent under a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbons</a> in 1738 under <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_i_twosicilies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ferdinand_i_twosicilies.jpg/250px-Ferdinand_i_twosicilies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ferdinand_i_twosicilies.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_i_twosicilies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ferdinand_i_twosicilies.jpg/340px-Ferdinand_i_twosicilies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand</a>, Bourbon king</figcaption></figure> <p>During the time of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> made its way to Naples: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, where he was protected by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parth_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naples' <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">lower classes</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Naples_Lazzaroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples Lazzaroni">lazzaroni</a></i>) were pious and <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Royalist</a>, favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-<a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republican</a> aristocracy, causing a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parth_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans conquered <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Elmo" title="Castel Sant'Elmo">Castel Sant'Elmo</a> and proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/Parthenopaean_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenopaean Republic">Parthenopaean Republic</a>, secured by the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parth_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolutionary</a> religious army of <i>lazzaroni</i> under <a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Fabrizio Ruffo</a> was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parth_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> conquered the kingdom and instated <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonapartist</a> kings including his brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bonap_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonap-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a> and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-bonap_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonap-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bonap_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonap-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> in 1839,<sup id="cite_ref-railway_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-railway-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.<sup id="cite_ref-bourb_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bourb-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1943, Salerno was the scene of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Avalanche_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Avalanche (World War II)">Operation Avalanche</a> and suffered a great deal of damage. From 12 February to 17 July 1944, it hosted the Government of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a>. In those months Salerno was the temporary "Capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>", and the King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> lived in a mansion in its outskirts. Salerno received the first "Tricolore" in an official ceremony on 7 January 2012 from the premier <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a>, to celebrate the glorious story of Italy and its old capitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Campania" title="Geography of Campania">Geography of Campania</a></div> <p>Campania has an area of 13,590 km<sup>2</sup> (5,247 sq mi) and a coastline of 500 km (311 mi) on the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campania is famous for its gulfs (Naples, Salerno and Policastro) as well as for three islands (<a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procida" title="Procida">Procida</a>). </p><p>Four other regions border Campania; <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (Puglia) to the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> to the east. </p><p>The mountainous interior is fragmented into several <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massifs</a>, rarely reaching 2,000 m (6,562 ft) (Miletto of 2,050 m (6,726 ft)),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas close to the coast there are volcanic massifs: <a href="/wiki/Vesuvio" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvio">Vesuvio</a> (1,281 m (4,203 ft))<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Campi_Flegrei" class="mw-redirect" title="Campi Flegrei">Campi Flegrei</a>. </p><p>The climate is typically <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> along the coast with warm, sunny and sultry summers and mild, rainy winters, whereas in the inner zones it is more continental, with lower temperatures in winter and warm summers. Snow is possible at higher elevations but rare at sea level. 51% of the total area is hilly, 34% mountainous and the remaining 15% is made up of plains.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a high <a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">seismic risk</a> across the region. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_-_2007_0428_124522.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Naples (Nunziatella Military School)"><img alt="Naples (Nunziatella Military School)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Napoli_-_2007_0428_124522.JPG/120px-Napoli_-_2007_0428_124522.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Napoli_-_2007_0428_124522.JPG/250px-Napoli_-_2007_0428_124522.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naples (<a href="/wiki/Nunziatella_Military_School" title="Nunziatella Military School">Nunziatella Military School</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Positano_2005a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amalfi Coast (Positano)"><img alt="Amalfi Coast (Positano)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Positano_2005a.jpg/120px-Positano_2005a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Positano_2005a.jpg/180px-Positano_2005a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Positano_2005a.jpg/240px-Positano_2005a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positano" title="Positano">Positano</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FaraglioniCapri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Island Capri"><img alt="Island Capri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FaraglioniCapri.jpg/120px-FaraglioniCapri.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FaraglioniCapri.jpg/250px-FaraglioniCapri.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Island <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1010064.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Island Ischia"><img alt="Island Ischia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/P1010064.JPG/120px-P1010064.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/P1010064.JPG/180px-P1010064.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/P1010064.JPG/240px-P1010064.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Island <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ufita_valley_-_Ariano_I.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical landscape in Province of Avellino, also known as Irpinia"><img alt="Typical landscape in Province of Avellino, also known as Irpinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ufita_valley_-_Ariano_I.jpeg/120px-Ufita_valley_-_Ariano_I.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ufita_valley_-_Ariano_I.jpeg/180px-Ufita_valley_-_Ariano_I.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Ufita_valley_-_Ariano_I.jpeg/240px-Ufita_valley_-_Ariano_I.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical landscape in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Province of Avellino</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forre_del_Titerno_-_(Cerreto_Sannita)_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Canyons of Forre del Titerno, Province of Benevento"><img alt="Canyons of Forre del Titerno, Province of Benevento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Forre_del_Titerno_-_%28Cerreto_Sannita%29_%283%29.JPG/90px-Forre_del_Titerno_-_%28Cerreto_Sannita%29_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Forre_del_Titerno_-_%28Cerreto_Sannita%29_%283%29.JPG/135px-Forre_del_Titerno_-_%28Cerreto_Sannita%29_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Forre_del_Titerno_-_%28Cerreto_Sannita%29_%283%29.JPG/180px-Forre_del_Titerno_-_%28Cerreto_Sannita%29_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canyons of Forre del Titerno, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Province of Benevento</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GDP per capita in Campania is rank 18 from 20 Italian regions, surpassing only <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ec.europa.eu_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is only 66.7% of the Italian average. It has been speculated that a factor could be the failure to connect the region's economy with the rest of Italy, while another factor could be its peripheral position with respect to the developed central areas of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, Campania appears to be a region with great economic potential, which is partly held back by <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>) and the resulting corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of Campania is one of the most affected nationwide by the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but between 2015 and 2016 it came out of the recession and began to recover due to, above all, industry, but also tourism and tertiary.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forum_in_Pompeii_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Forum_in_Pompeii_2.jpg/250px-Forum_in_Pompeii_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Forum_in_Pompeii_2.jpg/330px-Forum_in_Pompeii_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Forum_in_Pompeii_2.jpg/500px-Forum_in_Pompeii_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> in the distance</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism is supported by the abundant presence of artistic and naturalistic beauty which attract millions of people from all over the world every year. Precisely in this sector the region finds its strong point (through which it was able to react to the recession in 2015), in fact, according to 2018 studies done by <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, Campania is in the top 20 of the most visited regions in Europe and fifth in Italy after <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> (in order), as well as first among the southern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tourist flow sees more than half of the Italian and foreign tourists of the entire region gather in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Metropolitan City of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all the locations, <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> stand out, two of the most visited archaeological sites in Italy and among the most visited in the world where there is an average of four million tourists a year.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then there are the <a href="/wiki/Campanian_Archipelago" title="Campanian Archipelago">Campanian Archipelago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procida" title="Procida">Procida</a>, the latter named Italian capital of culture in 2022), <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a> coast; a notable growth in the cruise sector was observed in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Naples" title="Port of Naples">Port of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourist data on other sites in Campania show important records that the region holds nationally and worldwide. Among these above all the data relating to Capri (which is the most visited minor island in Italy and among the most sought-after in the world),<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a> (which is among the most visited sites in Italy)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally Vesuvius (the most visited and well-known volcano in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a growing influx of tourists to <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Campania has many small and picturesque villages, 11 of them have been selected by <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/I_Borghi_pi%C3%B9_belli_d%27Italia" title="I Borghi più belli d'Italia">I Borghi più belli d'Italia</a></i></span> (English: <span lang="en">The most beautiful Villages of Italy</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_heavy_industry">Decline of heavy industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decline of heavy industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli_Bagnoli_derelict_steelworks_(31011880362).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Napoli_Bagnoli_derelict_steelworks_%2831011880362%29.jpg/250px-Napoli_Bagnoli_derelict_steelworks_%2831011880362%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Napoli_Bagnoli_derelict_steelworks_%2831011880362%29.jpg/330px-Napoli_Bagnoli_derelict_steelworks_%2831011880362%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Napoli_Bagnoli_derelict_steelworks_%2831011880362%29.jpg/500px-Napoli_Bagnoli_derelict_steelworks_%2831011880362%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption>Bagnoli derelict steelworks (2016)</figcaption></figure> <p>Campania is traditionally the most industrialized region of southern Italy, particularly the Neapolitan territory was one of the most industrialized areas of Italy until the beginning of the 20th century, preceded only by the provinces of the so-called "industrial triangle" (<a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades, the gap with respect to other regions is no longer as significant as it used to be, given that southern regions such as <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> have grown considerably economically, while Campania has paradoxically undergone a constant process of de-industrialisation. The symbol of this phenomenon is the reclamation process of the area in <a href="/wiki/Bagnoli" title="Bagnoli">Bagnoli</a> where the former <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italsider&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italsider (page does not exist)">Italsider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eternit" title="Eternit">Eternit</a> operated promoted by the region.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_agriculture">Food and agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Food and agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campania mainly produces fruit and vegetables, but has also expanded its production of flowers grown in greenhouses, becoming one of the leading regions of the sector in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 the <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">value added</a> of this sector represents around 2.34% of the total value added of the region, equalling €2.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campania produces over 50% of Italy's nuts and is also the leader in the production of tomatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical products are: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melannurca_Campana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apple "Annurca" with distinctive ripening process"><img alt="Apple "Annurca" with distinctive ripening process" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Melannurca_Campana.jpg/80px-Melannurca_Campana.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Melannurca_Campana.jpg/119px-Melannurca_Campana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Melannurca_Campana.jpg/159px-Melannurca_Campana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apple "<a href="/wiki/Annurca" title="Annurca">Annurca</a>" with distinctive ripening process</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crisommole_del_Vesuvio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vesuvian apricot"><img alt="Vesuvian apricot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Crisommole_del_Vesuvio.jpg/120px-Crisommole_del_Vesuvio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Crisommole_del_Vesuvio.jpg/250px-Crisommole_del_Vesuvio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vesuvian <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Percoca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neapolitan peach"><img alt="Neapolitan peach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Percoca.jpg/120px-Percoca.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Percoca.jpg/250px-Percoca.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neapolitan <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limone_di_Sorrento.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huge lemon of Sorrento and Amalfi Coast"><img alt="Huge lemon of Sorrento and Amalfi Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limone_di_Sorrento.jpg/120px-Limone_di_Sorrento.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limone_di_Sorrento.jpg/250px-Limone_di_Sorrento.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Huge lemon of <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arance_spremuta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sorrento orange"><img alt="Sorrento orange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arance_spremuta.jpg/120px-Arance_spremuta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arance_spremuta.jpg/180px-Arance_spremuta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Arance_spremuta.jpg/240px-Arance_spremuta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a> orange</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig_of_Cilento_(Italy).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White fig of Cilento"><img alt="White fig of Cilento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fig_of_Cilento_%28Italy%29.jpg/120px-Fig_of_Cilento_%28Italy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fig_of_Cilento_%28Italy%29.jpg/180px-Fig_of_Cilento_%28Italy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fig_of_Cilento_%28Italy%29.jpg/240px-Fig_of_Cilento_%28Italy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White fig of <a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TomateSanMarzano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Marzano tomato"><img alt="San Marzano tomato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/TomateSanMarzano.jpg/90px-TomateSanMarzano.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/TomateSanMarzano.jpg/135px-TomateSanMarzano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/TomateSanMarzano.jpg/180px-TomateSanMarzano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Marzano_tomato" title="San Marzano tomato">San Marzano</a> tomato</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carciofi_mazzo_(cynara_scolymus).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artichoke of Paestum"><img alt="Artichoke of Paestum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Carciofi_mazzo_%28cynara_scolymus%29.jpg/80px-Carciofi_mazzo_%28cynara_scolymus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Carciofi_mazzo_%28cynara_scolymus%29.jpg/120px-Carciofi_mazzo_%28cynara_scolymus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Carciofi_mazzo_%28cynara_scolymus%29.jpg/160px-Carciofi_mazzo_%28cynara_scolymus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">Artichoke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faella_Spaghetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pasta of Gragnano"><img alt="Pasta of Gragnano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Faella_Spaghetti.jpg/120px-Faella_Spaghetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Faella_Spaghetti.jpg/180px-Faella_Spaghetti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Faella_Spaghetti.jpg/240px-Faella_Spaghetti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pasta of <a href="/wiki/Gragnano" title="Gragnano">Gragnano</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mozzarella di bufala"><img alt="Mozzarella di bufala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg/120px-Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg/180px-Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg/240px-Mozzarella_di_bufala2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_mozzarella" title="Buffalo mozzarella">Mozzarella di bufala</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capri_-_7189.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liqueur "Limoncello""><img alt="Liqueur "Limoncello"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Capri_-_7189.jpg/120px-Capri_-_7189.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Capri_-_7189.jpg/250px-Capri_-_7189.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liqueur "<a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anchoas_salaz%C3%B3n-Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anchovy"><img alt="Anchovy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anchoas_salaz%C3%B3n-Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/120px-Anchoas_salaz%C3%B3n-Espa%C3%B1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Anchoas_salaz%C3%B3n-Espa%C3%B1a.jpg/250px-Anchoas_salaz%C3%B3n-Espa%C3%B1a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>A distinctive point of regional agriculture in the breeding of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Mediterranean_buffalo" title="Italian Mediterranean buffalo">buffalos</a>. The milk is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_mozzarella" title="Buffalo mozzarella">mozzarella di bufala</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive trees</a>, mainly of the varieties Carpellese <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union#Protected_designation_of_origin_(PDO)" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">(PDO designated)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cornia (Val di Cornia DOC), <a href="/wiki/Frantoio" title="Frantoio">Frantoio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leccino" title="Leccino">Leccino</a>, Ogliarola Barese, Olivella, Ortice, Pisciottana (Also Ogliastrina or Olivo dell'Ascea),<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ravece (also known as Rotondello),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Salella,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covers over 74,604 hectares (184,350 acres). </p><p>Vineyards cover 41,129 ha, but only ca. 5,100 ha using to produce quality wine of <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata#Denominazione_di_origine_controllata_e_garantita_(DOCG)" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOCG</a> types. There are 4 DOCG wines: Aglianico del Taburno (red and rose), Fiano di Avellino (white), Greco di Tufo (white and sparkling) and Taurasi (red). Wine production has increased as well as the quality of the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-regportraits2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regportraits2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a problem with <a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">illegal toxic waste dump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_death_(Italy)" title="Triangle of death (Italy)">Triangle of death</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> between <a href="/wiki/Acerra" title="Acerra">Acerra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marigliano" title="Marigliano">Marigliano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the region, over 12,000 cattle, river buffaloes and sheep had been <a href="/wiki/Culled" class="mw-redirect" title="Culled">culled</a> before 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Perucatti_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perucatti-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High levels of mortality and abnormal foetuses were also recorded in farms in Acerra linked to elevated levels of dioxin.<sup id="cite_ref-Perucatti_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perucatti-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local studies have shown higher than permissible levels of <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a> in vegetables grown in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government blames the Mafia's illegal garbage disposal racket.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In samples of milk, which is using to produce <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_mozzarella" title="Buffalo mozzarella">mozzarella di bufala</a>, found cancerogenic <a href="/wiki/Dioxine#Health_effects_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxine">dioxine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bagnoli" title="Bagnoli">Naples-Bagnoli</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> contamination from former <a href="/wiki/Eternit" title="Eternit">Eternit</a> cement plant.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of tons of toxic industrial waste has been dumped in Campania, not only in the Triangle of death, a region once celebrated for the fertility of its soil, but now the local population have been exposed to land contaminated with waste. This includes highly dangerous materials such as <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">dioxin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. Blood tests of people living in Campania show alarming levels of dioxins.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive">Automotive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Automotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Fiat_Panda_Easy_1.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2018_Fiat_Panda_Easy_1.2.jpg/250px-2018_Fiat_Panda_Easy_1.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2018_Fiat_Panda_Easy_1.2.jpg/330px-2018_Fiat_Panda_Easy_1.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/2018_Fiat_Panda_Easy_1.2.jpg/500px-2018_Fiat_Panda_Easy_1.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4206" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Fiat Panda III</figcaption></figure> <p>Campania had a massive <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a> industrial production till 2011, focused on <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a> was reduced and relocated to a plant in <a href="/wiki/Cassino" title="Cassino">Cassino</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Currently only one low-level <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Panda" title="Fiat Panda">Fiat Panda</a> model is produced in facilities located in <a href="/wiki/Pomigliano_d%27Arco" title="Pomigliano d'Arco">Pomigliano d'Arco</a> in the Naples metropolitan area (140,478 units in 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-carprod_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carprod-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A FIAT plant manufacturing engines is in <a href="/wiki/Pratola_Serra" title="Pratola Serra">Pratola Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Avellino</a>. There are also plants for automotive parts suppliers like <a href="/wiki/Magneti_Marelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneti Marelli">Magneti Marelli</a> (exhaust systems) and <a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a> (engine cooling and air-conditioners). Buses are produced by Industria Italiana Autobus in <a href="/wiki/Flumeri" title="Flumeri">Flumeri</a> (ex-<a href="/wiki/Irisbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Irisbus">Irisbus</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerospace_and_rail">Aerospace and rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aerospace and rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is also a significant <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace industry">aerospace industry</a>: </p> <ul><li>A failed <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> mission named <a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> in 2016 had a major part of its technology designed in Naples<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No signal indicating a successful landing was received.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161020_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161020-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Also in <a href="/wiki/Pomigliano_d%27Arco" title="Pomigliano d'Arco">Pomigliano d'Arco</a> there are a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo S.p.A.">Leonardo</a> plant, which produces the fuselage and tail of <a href="/wiki/ATR_(aircraft_manufacturer)" title="ATR (aircraft manufacturer)">ATR</a> planes<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Avio" title="Avio">Avio Aero</a> plant, which manufactures parts of gas turbines. <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo S.p.A.">Leonardo Helicopters</a> plant (aluminum and magnesium castings)<sup id="cite_ref-Leo_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Radars for military and air traffic control applications and components are produced by two other Leonardo establishments in <a href="/wiki/Giugliano_in_Campania" title="Giugliano in Campania">Giugliano in Campania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacoli" title="Bacoli">Bacoli</a><sup id="cite_ref-Leo_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leo-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanair" title="Vulcanair">Vulcanair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Casoria" title="Casoria">Casoria</a> manufactures light aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">Seekers</a> for missiles are made in <a href="/wiki/Bacoli" title="Bacoli">Bacoli-Fusaro</a> by <a href="/wiki/MBDA" title="MBDA">MBDA</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F-WWEZ_(948)_ATR.72-212A(500)_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_(6097869500)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ATR 72"><img alt="ATR 72" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/F-WWEZ_%28948%29_ATR.72-212A%28500%29_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_%286097869500%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-F-WWEZ_%28948%29_ATR.72-212A%28500%29_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_%286097869500%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/F-WWEZ_%28948%29_ATR.72-212A%28500%29_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_%286097869500%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-F-WWEZ_%28948%29_ATR.72-212A%28500%29_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_%286097869500%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/F-WWEZ_%28948%29_ATR.72-212A%28500%29_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_%286097869500%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-F-WWEZ_%28948%29_ATR.72-212A%28500%29_FlyFireFly_TLS_30AUG11_%286097869500%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/ATR_72" title="ATR 72">ATR 72</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partenavia_P.68_(8857506505).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vulcanair P.68"><img alt="Vulcanair P.68" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Partenavia_P.68_%288857506505%29.jpg/120px-Partenavia_P.68_%288857506505%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Partenavia_P.68_%288857506505%29.jpg/250px-Partenavia_P.68_%288857506505%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Partenavia_P.68" title="Partenavia P.68">Vulcanair P.68</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Convogli_MetroBS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Driverless Metro Brescia"><img alt="Driverless Metro Brescia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Convogli_MetroBS.jpg/120px-Convogli_MetroBS.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Convogli_MetroBS.jpg/180px-Convogli_MetroBS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Convogli_MetroBS.jpg/240px-Convogli_MetroBS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Rail_Italy_Driverless_Metro" title="Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro">Driverless Metro Brescia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Meneghino Metro Milano"><img alt="Meneghino Metro Milano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG/120px-Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG/180px-Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG/240px-Metro_Milano_Meneghino_linea2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_Meneghino" title="AnsaldoBreda Meneghino">Meneghino Metro Milano</a></div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Rail_Italy" title="Hitachi Rail Italy">Hitachi Rail Italy</a> has headquarters, manufacturing plant and service facilities in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. Here it produces the metro trains <a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_Meneghino" title="AnsaldoBreda Meneghino">Meneghino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Rail_Italy_Driverless_Metro" title="Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro">Driverless Metro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxury brands like <a href="/wiki/Kiton" title="Kiton">Kiton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Attolini" title="Cesare Attolini">Cesare Attolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaia" title="Isaia">Isaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubinacci" title="Rubinacci">Rubinacci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmont_%26_Blaine" title="Harmont & Blaine">Harmont & Blaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._Marinella" title="E. Marinella">E. Marinella</a> are also located in Campania. All of them are relative small-sized with annual sales of less than 100 million euros each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_industrial_districts">Other industrial districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other industrial districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are other industrial districts in Campania: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magazzino_di_pelli_finite_new.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Magazzino_di_pelli_finite_new.gif/220px-Magazzino_di_pelli_finite_new.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Magazzino_di_pelli_finite_new.gif/330px-Magazzino_di_pelli_finite_new.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Magazzino_di_pelli_finite_new.gif/440px-Magazzino_di_pelli_finite_new.gif 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Leather Shop</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">Jewelry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marcianise" title="Marcianise">Marcianise</a>, one of the four located in Italy. It has 350 companies with ca. 2500 employees, and the annual turnover is 750 million euros. Every two years there is a special fair.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Coral</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Greco" title="Torre del Greco">Torre del Greco</a>. Since 1989 in Torre del Greco coral fishing is not practised, but the town still remains the most important centre in the world for coral processing, with over 2,000 employees in the sector.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Leather tanning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Solofra" title="Solofra">Solofra</a> extends over an area of about 60 km<sup>2</sup> in the south-western area of the province of Avellino, including also <a href="/wiki/Montoro,_Campania" title="Montoro, Campania">Montoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serino" title="Serino">Serino</a>. This area is specialized in the tanning of sheep and goatskins, for a total of about 400 companies operating in the sector including tanneries, subcontractors and garment manufacturers, 4,000–4,500 employees and an average annual turnover of 1,500 million euros. It specializes in the processing of leathers for clothing, shoes and leather goods.</li> <li>Shoe making in <a href="/wiki/Grumo_Nevano" title="Grumo Nevano">Grumo Nevano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aversa" title="Aversa">Aversa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentola_Ducenta" title="Trentola Ducenta">Trentola Ducenta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTV_italo_AGV_09_(Salerno).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NTV_italo_AGV_09_%28Salerno%29.jpg/250px-NTV_italo_AGV_09_%28Salerno%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NTV_italo_AGV_09_%28Salerno%29.jpg/330px-NTV_italo_AGV_09_%28Salerno%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NTV_italo_AGV_09_%28Salerno%29.jpg/500px-NTV_italo_AGV_09_%28Salerno%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)" title="AGV (train)">Alstom AGV</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The region has a dense network of roads and motorways, a system of maritime connections and an international airport (<a href="/wiki/Naples_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples Airport">Naples Airport</a>). The port of Naples connects the region with the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean basin</a>, and brings tourists to the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a>, the cities of art (Naples and Caserta), to the coastal areas and to the islands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are high-speed rail lines: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rome%E2%80%93Naples_high-speed_railway" title="Rome–Naples high-speed railway">Rome–Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples%E2%80%93Salerno_high-speed_railway" title="Naples–Salerno high-speed railway">Naples–Salerno</a></li></ul> <p>There is a maintenance and service centre for high-speed trains <a href="/wiki/Alstom_AGV" class="mw-redirect" title="Alstom AGV">Alstom AGV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maritime">Maritime</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Maritime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantieri_navali_Castellammare_di_Stabia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cantieri_navali_Castellammare_di_Stabia_1.jpg/220px-Cantieri_navali_Castellammare_di_Stabia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cantieri_navali_Castellammare_di_Stabia_1.jpg/330px-Cantieri_navali_Castellammare_di_Stabia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cantieri_navali_Castellammare_di_Stabia_1.jpg/440px-Cantieri_navali_Castellammare_di_Stabia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Fincantieri shipyard <a href="/wiki/Castellammare_di_Stabia" title="Castellammare di Stabia">Castellammare di Stabia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sea-based activity accounts for about 3.9% of the economy, which includes port movements of goods and passengers and sea transportation, as well as a sizable seaside tourism economy. In <a href="/wiki/Castellammare_di_Stabia" title="Castellammare di Stabia">Castellammare di Stabia</a> there is a big <a href="/wiki/Fincantieri" title="Fincantieri">Fincantieri</a> shipyard. Shipping companies <a href="/wiki/Grimaldi_Group" title="Grimaldi Group">Grimaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirrenia_(company)" title="Tirrenia (company)">Tirrenia</a> both headquarter in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service">Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The services sector makes up for 78% of the region's gross domestic product.<sup id="cite_ref-regportraits2_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regportraits2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unemployment rate stood at 17.4% in 2022 and was one of the highest in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>unemployment rate</b><br />(in %) </td> <td>12.8% </td> <td>11.2% </td> <td>12.5% </td> <td>12.9% </td> <td>13.9% </td> <td>15.4% </td> <td>19.2% </td> <td>21.5% </td> <td>21.7% </td> <td>19.8% </td> <td>20.4% </td> <td>20.9% </td> <td>20.4% </td> <td>20.0% </td> <td>17.9% </td> <td>19.3% </td> <td>17.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Campania" title="Demographics of Campania">Demographics of Campania</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,402,355</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,520,095</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,659,688</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,914,073</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,101,593</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+6.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,343,293</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,508,774</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,696,632</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,346,264</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">4,760,759</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,059,348</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,463,134</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,630,280</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,701,931</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,766,810</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,624,420</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The region, with a population of over 5.8 million inhabitants, is divided into five provinces: Naples, Benevento, Avellino, Caserta and Salerno. Over half of the population is resident in the province of Naples, where there is a population density of 2,626 inhabitants per km2. Within the province, the highest density can be found along the coast, where it reaches 13,000 inhabitants per km2 in the city of Portici. The region, which was characterised until recently by an acute economic contrast between internal and coastal areas, has shown an improvement in the last decade thanks to the development of the provinces of Benevento and Avellino. At the same time, the provinces of Naples, Caserta and in part Salerno, have developed a variety of activities connected to advanced types of services.<sup id="cite_ref-regportraits1_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regportraits1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_ethnicity">Immigration and ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Immigration and ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>The largest resident foreign-born groups on 31 December 2021<sup id="cite_ref-Stranieri_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stranieri-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Ukraine</td> <td>37,834 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span>Romania</td> <td>33,334 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Morocco</td> <td>23,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Sri Lanka</td> <td>16,506 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> China</td> <td>11,896 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Nigeria</td> <td>8,648 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>India</td> <td>8,147 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span>Albania</td> <td>7,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span>Pakistan</td> <td>7,689 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span>Poland</td> <td>6,855 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike central and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, in the first decade of the 2000s the region of Campania has not attracted large numbers of immigrants, despite having increased from approximately 100,000 in 2007 to 240,000 in 2021. The Italian national institute of statistics <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a> estimated in December 2022 that 241,008 foreign-born immigrants live in Campania, equal to 4.32% of the total regional population.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason for this is in recent times, there have been more employment opportunities in northern regions than in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italian</a> regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Campania" title="Politics of Campania">Politics of Campania</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Campania" title="Politics of Campania">Politics of Campania</a>, takes place in a framework of a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, whereby the President of Regional Government is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and of a pluriform <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the Regional Government. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the Regional Council. </p><p>The Regional Council of Campania (<i>Consiglio Regionale della Campania</i>) is composed of 60 members, of which 47 are elected in provincial constituencies with <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, 12 from the so-called "regional list" of the elected president and the last one is for the candidate for president who comes second, who usually becomes the leader of the opposition in the council. If a coalition wins more than 55% of the vote, only 6 candidates from the "regional list" will be elected and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 53.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Campania,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces in Campania."><img alt="Provinces in Campania." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/200px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/300px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/400px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption>Provinces in Campania.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campania is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan city: </p> <table class="wikitable centered"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccf;">Province </th> <th style="background:#ccf;">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th style="background:#ccf;">Population </th> <th style="background:#ccf;">Density (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Province of Avellino</a> </td> <td>2,792 </td> <td>427,310 </td> <td>153 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Province of Benevento</a> </td> <td>2,071 </td> <td>283,393 </td> <td>136.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Province of Caserta</a> </td> <td>2,639 </td> <td>906,596 </td> <td>343.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Province of Salerno</a> </td> <td>4,923 </td> <td>1,092,349 </td> <td>222.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Metropolitan City of Naples</a> </td> <td>1,171 </td> <td>3,052,763 </td> <td>2,606.97 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Campania" title="List of museums in Campania">List of museums in Campania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/250px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/330px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg/500px-Eq_it-na_pizza-margherita_sep2005_sml.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An authentic <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_pizza" title="Neapolitan pizza">Neapolitan pizza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Campanian cuisine varies within the region. While Neapolitan dishes centre on seafood, Casertan and Aversan ones rely more on fresh vegetables and cheeses. The cuisine from Sorrento combines the culinary traditions from both Naples and Salerno. <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a> was conceived in Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-Helstosky21_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helstosky21-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">Spaghetti</a> is also a well-known dish from southern Italy and Campania. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasta_Puttanesca_by_koishikawagirl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pasta_Puttanesca_by_koishikawagirl.jpg/250px-Pasta_Puttanesca_by_koishikawagirl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pasta_Puttanesca_by_koishikawagirl.jpg/330px-Pasta_Puttanesca_by_koishikawagirl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pasta_Puttanesca_by_koishikawagirl.jpg/500px-Pasta_Puttanesca_by_koishikawagirl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_alla_puttanesca" title="Spaghetti alla puttanesca">Spaghetti alla puttanesca</a>, a spicy pasta dish topped with a sauce made of tomatoes, olives, <a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capers" class="mw-redirect" title="Capers">capers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Campania produces wines including <a href="/wiki/Lacryma_Christi" title="Lacryma Christi">Lacryma Christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiano_(grape)" title="Fiano (grape)">Fiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aglianico" title="Aglianico">Aglianico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco_di_Tufo" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco di Tufo">Greco di Tufo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falerno_del_Massico" title="Falerno del Massico">Falerno del Massico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taburno" class="mw-redirect" title="Taburno">Taburno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solopaca" title="Solopaca">Solopaca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taurasi_DOCG" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurasi DOCG">Taurasi</a>. The cheeses of Campania consist of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_mozzarella" title="Buffalo mozzarella">Mozzarella di Bufala (buffalo mozzarella)</a> (mozzarella made from buffalo milk), fiordilatte ("flower of milk") a mozzarella made from cow's <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricotta" title="Ricotta">ricotta</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">buffalo</a> milk, <a href="/wiki/Provolone" title="Provolone">provolone</a> from cow milk, and <a href="/wiki/Caciotta" title="Caciotta">caciotta</a> made from goat milk. <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">Buffalo</a> are bred in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a>. </p><p>Several different cakes and pies are made in Campania. <a href="/wiki/Pastiera" title="Pastiera">Pastiera</a> pie is made during <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Casatiello" title="Casatiello">Casatiello</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tortano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tortano (page does not exist)">tortano</a> are <a href="/wiki/Easter_bread" title="Easter bread">Easter breads</a> made by adding lard or oil and various types of cheese to bread dough and garnishing it with slices of <a href="/wiki/Salami" title="Salami">salami</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rum_baba" title="Rum baba">Babà</a> cake is a well known Neapolitan delicacy, best served with <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">limoncello</a> (a liqueur invented in the <a href="/wiki/Sorrentine_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorrentine Peninsula">Sorrento peninsula</a>). It is an old <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> cake, which arrived in Campania during the Austrian domination of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Two Sicilies">Kingdom of Two Sicilies</a> and was modified there to become a "walking cake" for citizens always in a hurry for work and other pursuits. <a href="/wiki/Sfogliatella" title="Sfogliatella">Sfogliatella</a> is another pastry from the <a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a>, as is <a href="/wiki/Zeppole" title="Zeppole">Zeppole</a>, traditionally eaten on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>'s day. <a href="/wiki/Struffoli" title="Struffoli">Struffoli</a>, little balls <a href="/wiki/Fried_dough" title="Fried dough">fried dough</a> dipped in <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, are enjoyed during the Christmas holidays. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amalfi_-_limoni_e_peperoncini_-_%22lemons_and_red_dried_peppers%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Amalfi_-_limoni_e_peperoncini_-_%22lemons_and_red_dried_peppers%22.jpg/220px-Amalfi_-_limoni_e_peperoncini_-_%22lemons_and_red_dried_peppers%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Amalfi_-_limoni_e_peperoncini_-_%22lemons_and_red_dried_peppers%22.jpg/330px-Amalfi_-_limoni_e_peperoncini_-_%22lemons_and_red_dried_peppers%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Amalfi_-_limoni_e_peperoncini_-_%22lemons_and_red_dried_peppers%22.jpg/440px-Amalfi_-_limoni_e_peperoncini_-_%22lemons_and_red_dried_peppers%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Dried red peppers and lemons hanging from a shop in <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another Campanian dish is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Russian_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian salad">Russian salad</a>, also known as Olivier salad, which is based on similar dishes from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It is made of potatoes in <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a> garnished with <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> and vegetables in vinegar. Another French-derived dish is "gattò" or "gâteau di patate" (an oven-baked pie made of boiled potatoes). As with the Russian salad, Campania is home to popular seafood-based dishes, such as "insalata di mare" (<a href="/wiki/Seafood_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood salad">seafood salad</a>), "zuppa di polpo" (<a href="/wiki/Octopus_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus soup">octopus soup</a>), and "zuppa di cozze" (mussel soup). Other regional seafood dishes include "frittelle di mare" (fritters with seaweed), made with edible <a href="/wiki/Poseidonia" title="Poseidonia">poseidonia</a> algae, "triglie al cartoccio" (red mullet in the bag), and "alici marinate" (fresh anchovies in olive oil). The island of Ischia is known for its fish dishes, as well as for cooked rabbit. Campania is also home to the lemons of <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rapini" title="Rapini">Rapini</a> (or Broccoli rabe), known locally as <i>friarielli</i>, are often used in regional cooking. Campania also produces many nuts, especially in the area of Avellino, Salerno and Benevento. <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> production is especially relevant in the province of Avellino – in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> the hazelnut is respectively called <i>avellana</i>, <i>avelã</i> and <i>avelano</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the city of <a href="/wiki/Avella" title="Avella">Avella</a>. That is also the case of ancient Italian <i>avellana</i>, which is however not in use anymore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient,_medieval,_and_early_arts"><span id="Ancient.2C_medieval.2C_and_early_arts"></span>Ancient, medieval, and early arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ancient, medieval, and early arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggia_Caserta_parco_03-09-08_f01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Reggia_Caserta_parco_03-09-08_f01.jpg/250px-Reggia_Caserta_parco_03-09-08_f01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Reggia_Caserta_parco_03-09-08_f01.jpg/330px-Reggia_Caserta_parco_03-09-08_f01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Reggia_Caserta_parco_03-09-08_f01.jpg/500px-Reggia_Caserta_parco_03-09-08_f01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>The grand gardens of the baroque <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The region of Campania is rich with a vast array of culture and history. Since the <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Greek colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Velia_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Velia (town)">Elea</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, Campania was home to philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a> school, such as <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a>, who came to prominence around 490–480 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a> (70 BC–19 BC) settled in Naples in his late-life: parts of his <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> are located in Campania. The ancient scientist <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> studied Mount Vesuvius and died after being poisoned and killed by gas emitted from the volcano during the 79 AD eruption. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, the last emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, died as a prisoner of the German general <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> at Naples around 500. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the artist <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> made some frescoes in <a href="/wiki/Castel_Nuovo" title="Castel Nuovo">Castel Nuovo</a>. These works of art were subsequently destroyed by an earthquake. </p><p>By the end of the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, which combined ancient Roman and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in ancient Greece">Greek medicine</a> with Arab medicine, was known throughout Europe and its methods were adopted across the continent. Some have suggested that this may have been one of the first universities in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>, the Tuscan poet, visited Naples on various occasions, and in the <a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">Decameron</a> described it as a dissolute city. He also wrote a love story involving a noblewoman close to the King of Naples. </p><p>In 1570, the Spanish writer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, who wrote the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, served as a Spanish soldier for a period in Naples. Poet <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a> was born in Sorrento in 1575. Years earlier in 1558, the first modern description and studies of the "camera obscura" ("<a href="/wiki/Dark_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark chamber">dark chamber</a>"), were established in Italy by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_della_Porta" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Battista della Porta">Giovanni Battista della Porta</a> in his <i> <a href="/wiki/Magiae_Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Magiae Naturalis">Magiae Naturalis</a></i>. </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Nola" title="Nola">Nola</a>. He was the first to theorize infinite suns and infinite worlds in the universe. He was burnt in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> in 1600. Later, in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1606</span>, the Baroque painter <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> established his studio in Naples. Italian Baroque architect <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Fanzago" title="Cosimo Fanzago">Cosimo Fanzago</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a> also decided to move to Naples. </p><p>In the 18th century, Naples was the last city to be visited by philosophers who created the "Grand Tour" which was the big touring voyage to visit all the important cultural sites of the European continent. Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Vanvitelli" title="Luigi Vanvitelli">Luigi Vanvitelli</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Caspar_van_Wittel" title="Caspar van Wittel">Caspar van Wittel</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span>. He contributed to the construction of many <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassic-style</a> palaces in which the nobles of Naples spent their holidays. These palaces are now known worldwide as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ville_Vesuviane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ville Vesuviane (page does not exist)">Ville Vesuviane</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overlooking_Capri_harbour_from_the_rotunda_in_Villa_San_Michele_Anacapri_BW_2013-05-14_13-55-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Overlooking_Capri_harbour_from_the_rotunda_in_Villa_San_Michele_Anacapri_BW_2013-05-14_13-55-21.jpg/220px-Overlooking_Capri_harbour_from_the_rotunda_in_Villa_San_Michele_Anacapri_BW_2013-05-14_13-55-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Overlooking_Capri_harbour_from_the_rotunda_in_Villa_San_Michele_Anacapri_BW_2013-05-14_13-55-21.jpg/330px-Overlooking_Capri_harbour_from_the_rotunda_in_Villa_San_Michele_Anacapri_BW_2013-05-14_13-55-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Overlooking_Capri_harbour_from_the_rotunda_in_Villa_San_Michele_Anacapri_BW_2013-05-14_13-55-21.jpg/440px-Overlooking_Capri_harbour_from_the_rotunda_in_Villa_San_Michele_Anacapri_BW_2013-05-14_13-55-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>The island of <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>, often seen as a cultural symbol of Campania</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Raimondo_di_Sangro" title="Raimondo di Sangro">Raimondo di Sangro</a>, prince of Sansevero, was a scientist and one of the last alchemists. Around this time, in 1786, German writer <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> visited Campania and Naples. German archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a> also visited Naples, Paestum, Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1748 and later, studying how archaeological surveys were conducted in the kingdom of Naples. He was one of the first to study drawings, statues, stones, and ancient burned scrolls made of papyrus found in the excavations of the city of Herculaneum. Archaeological excavations in Pompeii were initiated by King Charles III of Naples in 1748. He issued the first modern laws in Europe to protect, defend and preserve archaeological sites. Neapolitan musicians of that period include <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Antonio_Zingarelli" title="Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli">Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Giovanni Paisiello</a>. </p><p>Musician <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> lived for several years in Naples, where he wrote numerous compositions. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian language poets">Italian poet</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a> established his home in Naples and <a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Greco" title="Torre del Greco">Torre del Greco</a>, remaining there at the end of his brief young life. He died at Naples in 1837. The first <a href="/wiki/Volcano_observatory" title="Volcano observatory">volcano observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius_Observatory" title="Vesuvius Observatory">Vesuvius Observatory</a>, was founded in Naples in 1841. Geologist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mercalli" title="Giuseppe Mercalli">Giuseppe Mercalli</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> in 1850, was a director of the Vesuvius Observatory. </p><p>In February 1851, British statesman <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> was allowed to visit the prison where Giacomo Lacaita, legal adviser to the British embassy, was imprisoned by the Neapolitan government, along with other political dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deplored their condition, and in April and July, he published two <i>Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen</i> against the Neapolitan government, followed by <i>An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government</i> in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pamphlets may have contributed to the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> in 1861. </p><p>French writer <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a> was directly involved in the process of the Unification of Italy and sojourned two or three years in Naples, where he wrote several <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novels</a> regarding that city. He was also a known newspaper correspondent. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Sanctis_(critic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco de Sanctis (critic)">Francesco de Sanctis</a>, writer, politician and twice Minister of Instruction after the reunification of Italy in 1861, was born in <a href="/wiki/Morra_De_Sanctis" title="Morra De Sanctis">Morra De Sanctis</a> near Avellino. </p><p>German scientist <a href="/wiki/Anton_Dohrn" title="Anton Dohrn">Anton Dohrn</a> founded in Naples the first public aquarium in the world and laboratory for the study of the sea, known as Maritime Zoological Station. The Astronomic Observatory of Capodimonte was founded by King <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>, in 1816. The observatory now hosts the Italian Laboratory of Astrophysics. Doctors and surgeons <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cardarelli" title="Antonio Cardarelli">Antonio Cardarelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Moscati" title="Giuseppe Moscati">Giuseppe Moscati</a> were representatives of medical studies in Naples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_and_modern_arts">Contemporary and modern arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contemporary and modern arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/School_of_Posillipo" title="School of Posillipo">School of Posillipo</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/School_of_Resina" title="School of Resina">School of Resina</a>", dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries, included painters, such as <a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Gigante" title="Giacinto Gigante">Giacinto Gigante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Cortese" title="Federico Cortese">Federico Cortese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Morelli" title="Domenico Morelli">Domenico Morelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saverio_Altamura" class="mw-redirect" title="Saverio Altamura">Saverio Altamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Nittis" title="Giuseppe De Nittis">Giuseppe De Nittis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gemito" title="Vincenzo Gemito">Vincenzo Gemito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mancini" title="Antonio Mancini">Antonio Mancini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Pagliaccetti" title="Raffaello Pagliaccetti">Raffaello Pagliaccetti</a>. </p><p>Amongst the painters who inspired directly these schools, are <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Rosa" title="Salvator Rosa">Salvator Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Volaire" title="Pierre-Jacques Volaire">Pierre-Jacques Volaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Sminck_Pitloo" title="Antonie Sminck Pitloo">Anton Sminck van Pitloo</a>, who spent his last years in Naples. Opera singer <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> was also a native of Naples. Russian revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> lived for a period in <a href="/wiki/Capri" title="Capri">Capri</a>. In the 20th century, the music genre called <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan song">Neapolitan song</a> became popular worldwide, with songs such as "<a href="/wiki/%27O_sole_mio" title="'O sole mio">'O sole mio</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Funicul%C3%AC,_Funicul%C3%A0" title="Funiculì, Funiculà">Funiculì, Funiculà</a>", "<a href="/wiki/%27O_surdato_%27nnammurato" title="'O surdato 'nnammurato">'O surdato 'nnammurato</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Torna_a_Surriento" title="Torna a Surriento">Torna a Surriento</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_(song)" title="Santa Lucia (song)">Santa Lucia</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Malafemmena" title="Malafemmena">Malafemmena</a>", "<a href="/wiki/%27A_vucchella" title="'A vucchella">'A vucchella</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Passione_(song)" title="Passione (song)">Passione</a>". </p><p>Mathematician <a href="/wiki/Renato_Caccioppoli" title="Renato Caccioppoli">Renato Caccioppoli</a>, nephew of the Russian anarchic revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, was born in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Italian Republic">President of the Italian Republic</a> in 1946 (with a pro-tempore mandate of six months) was <a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a> from Torre del Greco. Campania is also home to the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> and 6th President of the Republic <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Giovanni Leone</a>, as well as the 11th President, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_063.jpg/220px-Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_063.jpg/330px-Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_063.jpg/440px-Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Late Baroque art inside the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Palace of Caserta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 20th century's best known philosopher and literate in Naples was <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>, known for his studies in <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. </p><p>Neapolitan artists, actors, playwrights, and showmen included <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_De_Filippo" title="Eduardo De Filippo">Eduardo De Filippo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peppino_De_Filippo" title="Peppino De Filippo">Peppino De Filippo</a>, and their sister <a href="/wiki/Titina_De_Filippo" title="Titina De Filippo">Titina De Filippo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tot%C3%B2" title="Totò">Totò</a> (byname of Antonio de Curtis) was one of the most important comedians in Naples in the 20th century. He is also known for the song "Malafemmena". </p><p>Pop artist <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> created two famous paintings of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Irpinia_earthquake" title="1980 Irpinia earthquake">1980 Irpinia earthquake</a>: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fate_presto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fate presto (page does not exist)">Fate presto</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vesuvius_365&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vesuvius 365 (page does not exist)">Vesuvius 365</a></i>. Both originals are hosted in the exhibit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terrae_Motus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terrae Motus (page does not exist)">Terrae Motus</a> in the Palace of Caserta. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>–winning actress <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> grew up in <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a>. </p><p>Oscar and <a href="/wiki/David_di_Donatello" title="David di Donatello">David</a>-winning<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> film producer <a href="/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis" title="Dino De Laurentiis">Dino De Laurentiis</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Torre_Annunziata" title="Torre Annunziata">Torre Annunziata</a>. One of his grandchildren is <a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a> personality <a href="/wiki/Giada_De_Laurentiis" title="Giada De Laurentiis">Giada De Laurentiis</a>. </p><p>Contemporary Campanian writers include <a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Curzio Malaparte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Saviano" title="Roberto Saviano">Roberto Saviano</a>. </p><p>20th- and 21st-century Campanian actors and directors include <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Rosi" title="Francesco Rosi">Francesco Rosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iaia_Forte" title="Iaia Forte">Iaia Forte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pappi_Corsicato" title="Pappi Corsicato">Pappi Corsicato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_De_Sio" title="Teresa De Sio">Teresa De Sio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lello_Arena" title="Lello Arena">Lello Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Troisi" title="Massimo Troisi">Massimo Troisi</a> and director <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Salvatores" title="Gabriele Salvatores">Gabriele Salvatores</a>. </p><p>Modern Italian singers and musicians from Campania include <a href="/wiki/Peppino_di_Capri" title="Peppino di Capri">Peppino di Capri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Carosone" title="Renato Carosone">Renato Carosone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Bennato" title="Edoardo Bennato">Edoardo Bennato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Bennato" title="Eugenio Bennato">Eugenio Bennato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Merola_(singer)" title="Mario Merola (singer)">Mario Merola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Bruni" title="Sergio Bruni">Sergio Bruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Fierro" title="Aurelio Fierro">Aurelio Fierro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Murolo" title="Roberto Murolo">Roberto Murolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Tammaro" title="Tony Tammaro">Tony Tammaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresa_De_Sio" title="Teresa De Sio">Teresa De Sio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_De_Crescenzo" title="Eduardo De Crescenzo">Eduardo De Crescenzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sorrenti" title="Alan Sorrenti">Alan Sorrenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tullio_De_Piscopo" title="Tullio De Piscopo">Tullio De Piscopo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Ranieri" title="Massimo Ranieri">Massimo Ranieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pino_Daniele" title="Pino Daniele">Pino Daniele</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Senese" title="James Senese">James Senese</a> and his group <a href="/wiki/Napoli_Centrale_railway_station" title="Napoli Centrale railway station">Napoli Centrale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Avitabile" title="Enzo Avitabile">Enzo Avitabile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Gragnaniello" title="Enzo Gragnaniello">Enzo Gragnaniello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nino_D%27Angelo" title="Nino D'Angelo">Nino D'Angelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigi_D%27Alessio" title="Gigi D'Alessio">Gigi D'Alessio</a>, <a href="/wiki/99_Posse" title="99 Posse">99 Posse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Almamegretta" title="Almamegretta">Almamegretta</a>. </p><p>Artists who directed movies about Naples or actors who played in movies in Campania, or interpreted Neapolitans on-screen, include <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Modugno" title="Domenico Modugno">Domenico Modugno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Arbore" title="Renzo Arbore">Renzo Arbore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lina_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Lina Wertmüller">Lina Wertmüller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Lanza" title="Mario Lanza">Mario Lanza</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Caruso</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a> in "<i><a href="/wiki/It_Started_in_Naples" title="It Started in Naples">It Started in Naples</a></i>", and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> in the movies "<i><a href="/wiki/Maccheroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccheroni">Maccheroni</a></i>" (which co-starred <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni" title="Marcello Mastroianni">Marcello Mastroianni</a>) and "<i><a href="/wiki/Avanti!" title="Avanti!">Avanti!</a></i>". </p><p>The international <a href="/wiki/Giffoni_Film_Festival" title="Giffoni Film Festival">Giffoni Film Festival</a>, established in 1971, is the first and most important festival for a young public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadio_Maradona_Serie_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stadio_Maradona_Serie_A.jpg/250px-Stadio_Maradona_Serie_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stadio_Maradona_Serie_A.jpg/330px-Stadio_Maradona_Serie_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stadio_Maradona_Serie_A.jpg/500px-Stadio_Maradona_Serie_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3561" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Diego_Armando_Maradona" title="Stadio Diego Armando Maradona">Stadio Diego Armando Maradona</a> is the home ground of <a href="/wiki/SSC_Napoli" title="SSC Napoli">SSC Napoli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Campania is home to several national football, <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>, volleyball, basketball and tennis clubs. </p><p>The fencing school in Naples is the oldest in the country and the only school in Italy in which a swordsman can acquire the title "master of swords", which allows him or her to teach the art of <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a>. </p><p>The "Circolo Savoia" and "<a href="/wiki/Circolo_Canottieri_Napoli" title="Circolo Canottieri Napoli">Circolo Canottieri Napoli</a>" sailing clubs are among the oldest in Italy and are known for their regattas. These are also home of the main water polo teams in the city. Many sailors from Naples and Campania participate as crew in the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> sailing competition. </p><p>Rowers <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Abbagnale" title="Giuseppe Abbagnale">Giuseppe Abbagnale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmine_Abbagnale" title="Carmine Abbagnale">Carmine Abbagnale</a> were born in <a href="/wiki/Castellammare_di_Stabia" title="Castellammare di Stabia">Castellammare di Stabia</a>: they were four times <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a> world champions and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medalists</a>. </p><p>Across the top 3 levels of <a href="/wiki/Italian_football_league_system" title="Italian football league system">Italian football</a>, the clubs in Campania include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S.C. Napoli">S.S.C. Napoli</a> playing in <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>, and the only team in the south of Italy to have won the Serie A title</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Salernitana_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Salernitana 1919">U.S. Salernitana 1919</a> playing in <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_Calcio" title="Benevento Calcio">Benevento Calcio</a> playing in <a href="/wiki/Serie_C" title="Serie C">Serie C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Avellino_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Avellino 1912">U.S. Avellino 1912</a> playing in <a href="/wiki/Serie_C" title="Serie C">Serie C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.S._Juve_Stabia" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S. Juve Stabia">S.S. Juve Stabia</a> playing in <a href="/wiki/Serie_C" title="Serie C">Serie C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.S._Turris_Calcio" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S. Turris Calcio">S.S. Turris Calcio</a> playing in <a href="/wiki/Serie_C" title="Serie C">Serie C</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Campania" title="HMS Campania">HMS <i>Campania</i></a> – two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Campania after the region of Campania.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kam-<span style="font-size:90%">PAY</span>-nee-ə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kam-<span style="font-size:90%">PAN</span>-ee-ə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kahm-<span style="font-size:90%">PAH</span>-nee-ə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kamˈpaːnja]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Neapolitan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">[kamˈbɑːnjə]</a></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/3181042/campania.html">Campania</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geonames.org/about.html">Geonames.org (cc-by)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Humana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58829-171-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58829-171-5"><bdi>1-58829-171-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Housing+the+Stranger+in+the+Mediterranean+World%3A+Lodging%2C+Trade%2C+and+Travel&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58829-171-5&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Olivia+Remie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy9H7mfxqs7UC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929152952/http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm">"Angioino Castle, Naples"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aragonese+Overseas+Expansion%2C+1282%E2%80%931479&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fregion%2Fspain%2Faragonexp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223043514/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626">"Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince"</a>. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626">the original</a> on 23 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ferrante+of+Naples%3A+the+statecraft+of+a+Renaissance+prince&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FgoogleScholar.qst%3Bjsessionid%3DHGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4HZhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn%21602093125%3FdocId%3D5000263626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410223414/http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html">"Naples Middle-Ages"</a>. Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Naples+Middle-Ages&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaples.rome-in-italy.com%2Fhistory_naples_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spanishnaples-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spanishnaples_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spanishnaples_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spanishnaples_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy">"Spanish acquisition of Naples"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 7 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218181240/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+acquisition+of+Naples&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-27691%2FItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509001635/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html">"Don Pedro de Toledo"</a>. Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Don+Pedro+de+Toledo&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ed.umuc.edu%2F~jmatthew%2Fnaples%2Ftoledo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215836/http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20%26%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html">"Naples Through the Ages"</a>. Fodors.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20&%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Naples+Through+the+Ages&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fodors.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2Fnaples%2520%26%253B%2520pompeii%2Ffeature_30006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218115624/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html">"Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor"</a>. Bartleby.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html">the original</a> on 18 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charles+VI%2C+Holy+Roman+emperor&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fch%2FCharles6HRE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926150113/http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm">"Charles of Bourbon – the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples"</a>. RealCasaDiBorbone.it. 7 October 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Charles+of+Bourbon+%E2%80%93+the+restorer+of+the+Kingdom+of+Naples&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realcasadiborbone.it%2Fuk%2Farchiviostorico%2Fcs_04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parth-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parth_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parth_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parth_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parth_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010306191407/http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html">"The Parthenopean Republic"</a>. Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Parthenopean+Republic&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ed.umuc.edu%2F~jmatthew%2Fnaples%2FParthenopean_Republic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonap-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bonap_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonap_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bonap_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010731220756/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm">"Austria Naples – Neapolitan War 1815"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Austria+Naples+%E2%80%93+Neapolitan+War+1815&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onwar.com%2Faced%2Fdata%2Fnovember%2Fneapolitan1815.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-railway-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-railway_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624034630/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992">"La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839–1914"</a>. 7 October 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Neo-Bourbons&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neoborbonici.it%2Fportal%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D227%26Itemid%3D137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chimica-online.it/come-quando-perche/km-di-costa-italia.htm">"Km di costa in Italia"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323105538/https://www.chimica-online.it/come-quando-perche/km-di-costa-italia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Km+di+costa+in+Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chimica-online.it%2Fcome-quando-perche%2Fkm-di-costa-italia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trekkingfacile.it/da-campitello-matese-a-monte-miletto-2050m/">"Da Campitello Matese a Monte Miletto"</a> (in Italian). 20 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918215730/https://www.trekkingfacile.it/da-campitello-matese-a-monte-miletto-2050m/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Consiglio+Regionale+della+Lombardia&rft.pub=Consiglio.regione.lombardia.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consiglio.regione.lombardia.it%2Fc%2Fportal%2Flayout%3Fp_l_id%3DPRI.1046.1%26p_p_id%3D20%26p_p_action%3D1%26p_p_state%3Dexclusive%26p_p_col_id%3Dnull%26p_p_col_pos%3D2%26p_p_col_count%3D3%26_20_struts_action%3D%252Fdocument_library%252Fget_file%26_20_folderId%3D69%26_20_name%3Dl%2Bcost%2B199_PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helstosky21-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helstosky21_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelstosky2008" class="citation book cs1">Helstosky, Carol (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pizzaglobalhisto00hels"><i>Pizza: A Global History</i></a></span>. London: Reaktion. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pizzaglobalhisto00hels/page/n22">21</a>–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-391-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-391-8"><bdi>978-1-86189-391-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pizza%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-391-8&rft.aulast=Helstosky&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpizzaglobalhisto00hels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansa.it/viaggiart/it/city-411-avella.html">"Avella"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918215724/https://www.ansa.it/viaggiart/it/city-411-avella.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansa.it%2Fviaggiart%2Fit%2Fcity-411-avella.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldheritagesite.org/tentative/former/Ville+Vesuviane">"Ville Vesuviane"</a>. World Heritage Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422235942/https://www.worldheritagesite.org/tentative/former/Ville+Vesuviane">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ville+Vesuviane&rft.pub=World+Heritage+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldheritagesite.org%2Ftentative%2Fformer%2FVille%2BVesuviane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. C. G. Matthew, <i>Gladstone. 1809–1874</i> (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 80-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1859" class="citation web cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (15 June 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAOAAAAQAAJ">"Two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen: On the State Prosecutions of the Neapolitan Government"</a>. J. Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422235816/https://books.google.com/books?id=tZAOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Letters+to+the+Earl+of+Aberdeen%3A+On+the+State+Prosecutions+of+the+Neapolitan+Government&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1859-06-15&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZAOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0209569/awards">"Dino De Laurentiis: Awards"</a>. IMDb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812042939/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0209569/awards">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dino+De+Laurentiis%3A+Awards&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0209569%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagnussonGoring1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). <i>Cambridge Biographical Dictionary</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39518-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-39518-6"><bdi>0-521-39518-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-39518-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACampania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campania&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Campania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Campania">Campania</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.campania.it/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Avellino" title="Province of Avellino">Avellino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Benevento" title="Province of Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caserta" title="Province of Caserta">Caserta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Naples" title="Metropolitan City of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Salerno" title="Province of Salerno">Salerno</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_region_of_Campania,_Italy,_with_provinces-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/150px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/225px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/300px-Map_of_region_of_Campania%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Campania" title="Geography of Campania">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilento" title="Cilento">Cilento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanian_Archipelago" title="Campanian Archipelago">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrento_Peninsula" title="Sorrento Peninsula">Sorrentine Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Lavoro" title="Terra di Lavoro">Terra di Lavoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallo_di_Diano" title="Vallo di Diano">Vallo di Diano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Campania" title="Category:Cities and towns in Campania">Cities, towns and villages</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_of_Campania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of communes of Campania">List of communes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Naples">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">Viceroys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Naples" title="Duchy of Naples">Duchy of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Duchy of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Capua" title="Principality of Capua">Principality of Capua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salerno" title="Principality of Salerno">Principality of Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Duchy of Amalfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sorrento" title="Duchy of Sorrento">Duchy of Sorrento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="County of Apulia and Calabria">Duchy of Apulia and Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Campania" title="Ancient Campania">Ancient Campania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Campania" title="Politics of Campania">Politics and<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Campania" title="Elections in Campania">Elections in Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Campania" title="List of presidents of Campania">List of presidents of Campania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.2em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Campania" title="Demographics of Campania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Campania" title="Geography of Campania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Campania" title="Music of Campania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Campania" title="Flag of Campania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Campania" title="Coat of arms of Campania">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Campania" title="Category:Campania">Categories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Italy188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Italy188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148325709">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204375/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4029437-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79011134">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119311031">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119311031">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f05bf3f9-6678-499a-85c0-4edcd24e3c27">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campania&oldid=1280209574">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campania&oldid=1280209574</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Campania" title="Category:Campania">Campania</a></li><li><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-zqmnv","wgBackendResponseTime":274,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.436","walltime":"1.769","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12173,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":299176,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14628,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":33,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":401321,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1360.567 1 -total"," 38.92% 529.591 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.80% 351.006 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 20.74% 282.176 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.69% 145.511 48 Template:Cite_web"," 9.31% 126.636 31 Template:Cite_news"," 8.78% 119.429 10 Template:If_empty"," 6.73% 91.586 1 Template:Ubl"," 6.24% 84.928 4 Template:Langx"," 5.35% 72.737 17 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1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 48,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 9,\n [\"Geonamesabout\"] = 1,\n [\"Geonameslink\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Italy topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of Italy\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-j7bjp","timestamp":"20250331174324","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Campania","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campania","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1438","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1438","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-19T05:32:53Z","dateModified":"2025-03-13T05:42:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e8\/Campania_in_Italy.svg","headline":"region in Southern Italy"}</script> </body> </html>