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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lasāmatmiņas_veidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasāmatmiņas_veidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lasāmatmiņas veidi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasāmatmiņas_veidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lasāmatmiņa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 74 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B7" title="ذاكرة القراءة فقط – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذاكرة القراءة فقط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_de_solo_llectura" title="Memoria de solo llectura – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Memoria de solo llectura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimi_yadda%C5%9F_qur%C4%9Fusu" title="Daimi yaddaş qurğusu – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daimi yaddaş qurğusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Пастаянная запамінальная прылада – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пастаянная запамінальная прылада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="রম – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem%C3%B2ria_ROM" title="Memòria ROM – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Memòria ROM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بیرگەی ھەر-خوێندنی – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیرگەی ھەر-خوێندنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom_(hukommelse)" title="Rom (hukommelse) – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rom (hukommelse)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festwertspeicher" title="Festwertspeicher – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Festwertspeicher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_(%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7)" title="ROM (μνήμη) – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ROM (μνήμη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Read-only memory" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_de_solo_lectura" title="Memoria de solo lectura – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Memoria de solo lectura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCsim%C3%A4lu" title="Püsimälu – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püsimälu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_Only_Memory" title="Read Only Memory – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Read Only Memory" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="حافظه فقط خواندنی – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حافظه فقط خواندنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukumuisti" title="Lukumuisti – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lukumuisti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_morte" title="Mémoire morte – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mémoire morte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorie_di_sole_leture" title="Memorie di sole leture – friūlu" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Memorie di sole leture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friūlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAs%C3%BBnth%C3%A2ld" title="Lêsûnthâld – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lêsûnthâld" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuimhne_inl%C3%A9ite_amh%C3%A1in" title="Cuimhne inléite amháin – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuimhne inléite amháin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%93" title="זיכרון לקריאה בלבד – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיכרון לקריאה בלבד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE_(ROM)" title="रोम (ROM) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोम (ROM)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memori_hanya_baca" title="Memori hanya baca – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Memori hanya baca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesminni" title="Lesminni – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lesminni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_Only_Memory" title="Read Only Memory – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Read Only Memory" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_only_memory" title="Read only memory – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Read only memory" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Тұрақты жадтау құрылғысы – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұрақты жадтау құрылғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95_%EA%B8%B0%EC%96%B5_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="고정 기억 장치 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고정 기억 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_fixa" title="Memoria fixa – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Memoria fixa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_Only_Memory" title="Read Only Memory – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Read Only Memory" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastovioji_atmintis" title="Pastovioji atmintis – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pastovioji atmintis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A8%D0%AF" title="ЭШЯ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="ЭШЯ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="ROM меморија – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ROM меморија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="റീഡ് ഒൺലി മെമ്മറി – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റീഡ് ഒൺലി മെമ്മറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Тогтмол санах ой – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тогтмол санах ой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%97-%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯔꯤꯗ-ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯤ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤ – manipūru" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯔꯤꯗ-ꯑꯣꯟꯂꯤ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipūru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingatan_baca_sahaja" title="Ingatan baca sahaja – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ingatan baca sahaja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Read-only memory" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Read-only memory" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivebeskyttet_minne" title="Skrivebeskyttet minne – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skrivebeskyttet minne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE_(%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80)" title="ਰੋਮ (ਮੈਮਰੀ) – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮ (ਮੈਮਰੀ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pami%C4%99%C4%87_tylko_do_odczytu" title="Pamięć tylko do odczytu – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pamięć tylko do odczytu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem%C3%B3ria_somente_de_leitura" title="Memória somente de leitura – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Memória somente de leitura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorie_ROM" title="Memorie ROM – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Memorie ROM" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Постоянное запоминающее устройство – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постоянное запоминающее устройство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%A8%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="පඨන මාත්‍ර මතකය – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පඨන මාත්‍ර මතකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Read-only memory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanentn%C3%A1_pam%C3%A4%C5%A5_(ROM)" title="Permanentná pamäť (ROM) – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Permanentná pamäť (ROM)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bralni_pomnilnik" title="Bralni pomnilnik – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bralni pomnilnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujtesa_vet%C3%ABm_p%C3%ABr_lexim" title="Kujtesa vetëm për lexim – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kujtesa vetëm për lexim" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Read-only memory" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUSOTU" title="KUSOTU – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="KUSOTU" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாற்றவியலா நினைவகம் – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாற்றவியலா நினைவகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="రీడ్ ఓన్లీ మెమరీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రీడ్ ఓన్లీ మెమరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хотираи берунии компютер – tadžiku" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хотираи берунии компютер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="หน่วยความจำอ่านอย่างเดียว – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยความจำอ่านอย่างเดียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadece_okunabilir_bellek" title="Sadece okunabilir bellek – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sadece okunabilir bellek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – uiguru" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Пам'ять постійного зберігання – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пам'ять постійного зберігання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ریڈ اونلی میموری – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڈ اونلی میموری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_nh%E1%BB%9B_ch%E1%BB%89_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Bộ nhớ chỉ đọc – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ nhớ chỉ đọc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AA%E8%AF%BB%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%99%A8" title="只读存储器 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="只读存储器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%AE%80%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E9%AB%94" title="唯讀記憶體 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="唯讀記憶體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="ROM" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160710#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Labot starpvalodu saites" class="wbc-editpage">Labot saites</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Vārdtelpas"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160710" title="Saistītais Vikidatu ieraksts [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ieraksts Vikidatos</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lapas rīki"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izskats</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Lasāmatmiņa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Angļu valoda">angļu</a>: <span lang="en"><i>Read Only Memory</i></span> - <b>ROM</b>) ir <a href="/wiki/Dators" title="Dators">datoru</a> atmiņa, kuru ir iespējams tikai nolasīt, bet ne ierakstīt (vai arī ir iespējams ierakstīt, taču tas notiek daudz lēnāk, un pieejas metode atšķiras no tās, kuru lieto nolasīšanai). Tajā uzglabā datus, kurus parasti nevajag izmainīt (<i>firmware</i>), visbiežāk - <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> programma. <a href="/wiki/Centr%C4%81lais_procesors" title="Centrālais procesors">Centrālais procesors</a> lasāmatmiņai spēj piekļūt tādā pašā veidā kā <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%ABvpiek%C4%BCuves_atmi%C5%86a" title="Brīvpiekļuves atmiņa">brīvpiekļuves atmiņai</a>, tāpēc no tās ir iespējams tiešā veidā izpildīt programmas instrukcijas. Mūsdienās sastopamās lasāmatmiņas ir lēnākas par brīvpiekļuves atmiņām. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lasāmatmiņas_veidi"><span id="Las.C4.81matmi.C5.86as_veidi"></span>Lasāmatmiņas veidi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Las%C4%81matmi%C5%86a&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Lasāmatmiņas veidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Las%C4%81matmi%C5%86a&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Lasāmatmiņas veidi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uz <a href="/wiki/Pusvad%C4%ABt%C4%81ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusvadītāji">pusvadītājiem</a> bāzētās: </p> <ul><li>neprogrammējamās ROM - masveida lasāmatmiņas, kuras ieraksta jau rūpnīcā.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROM" title="PROM">PROM</a> (<i>programmable read only memory</i>) vienreiz ierakstāmas (programmējamas) atmiņas. To veic ar speciālu iekārtu (lietojot palielinātus barošanas spriegumus).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPROM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EPROM (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">EPROM</a> (<i>erasable programmable read only memory</i>), atšķirībā no PROM, var arī izdzēst ar <a href="/wiki/Ultravioletais_starojums" title="Ultravioletais starojums">UV starojumu</a> un pārprogrammēt vēlreiz. Atkārtota dzēšana (vairāk par 1000 reižu) ierīci ar laiku sagrauj.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EEPROM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EEPROM (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">EEPROM</a> (<i>electrically erasable PROM</i>), atšķirībā no EPROM, var dzēst un ierakstīt elektriski (nav nepieciešams UV starojums). Izplatītākās šāda veida atmiņas ir <a href="/wiki/Zibatmi%C5%86a" title="Zibatmiņa">zibatmiņas</a>, kuras dzēš un ieraksta pa lieliem segmentiem. Ir iespējamas arī EEPROM, kur var mainīt katru bitu atsevišķi. Dzēšot EEPROM tās nolietojas, parasti EEPROM iztur ~1000 dzēšanas ciklus (flašatmiņas - līdz 100000).</li></ul> <p>Citu veidu (nosacīti): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kompaktdisks" title="Kompaktdisks">CD-ROM</a> un citi optiskie diski. Tie ir vai nu rūpnieciski ierakstīti (CD-ROM) (analogs rūpnieciski programmētām PROM), vienrez ierakstāmi (CD-R) (analogs ierakstāmām PROM) vai pārrakstāmi (CD-RW) (analogs EPROM un EEPROM).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diožu</a> matricu atmiņa, kuru lietoja <a href="/wiki/1960._gadi" title="1960. gadi">1960. gados</a>. To programmēja, izvietojot attiecīgajās vietās pusvadītāju diodes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezistors" title="Rezistors">Rezistoru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondensators" title="Kondensators">kondensatoru</a> matricu atmiņa, kuras lietoja līdz <a href="/wiki/1970._gadi" title="1970. gadi">1970. gadiem</a>. Pēc uzbūves līdzīga PROM, tikai būvēta no atsevišķiem komponentiem (nevis vienā mikroshēmā). Šo iemeslu dēļ tai ir ļoti mazs informācijas blīvums taču to var mehāniski izmainīt.</li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Autoritat%C4%ABv%C4%81_vad%C4%ABba" title="Autoritatīvā vadība">Autoritatīvā vadība</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-111639">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongresa_bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Kongresa bibliotēka">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/sh85111639">sh85111639</a></span></li> <li>GND: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4121596-5">4121596-5</a></span></li> <li>BNF: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119903445">cb119903445</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119903445">(data)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lasāmatmiņa&oldid=3756706">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lasāmatmiņa&oldid=3756706</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Datoratmi%C5%86a" title="Kategorija:Datoratmiņa">Datoratmiņa</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2023. gada 4. janvāris plkst. 09.41.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci</a>; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. 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