Effects of expanding electric vehicle charging stations in California on the housing market

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Wider electric vehicle (EV) adoption relies on the deployment of EV charging stations (EVCSs). However, the local benefits associated with offering more charging opportunities to nearby residents remain unexplored. Here we provide empirical evidence on the impacts of proximate EVCSs on housing prices in California. We apply a hedonic property value approach using the EVCS data combined with about 14 million housing transaction records during 1993–2021. Our results show that access to charging infrastructure can be capitalized into property values. The average price premium for houses with EVCSs within 1 km is about 3.3% (or US$17,212) compared with homes without proximate EVCSs. The largest effect is a 5.8% increase for houses with EVCSs within 0.4–0.5 km compared with houses without proximate EVCSs. We find different results across neighbourhoods with diverse socio-demographic characteristics. Proximity to EVCSs increases traffic flows by 0.3–0.5% and lowers particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions level by 1.3–2.2%. The increased property value after EVCS installation can incentivize the private real estate sector to expand the availability of charging services. More information on the housing price premium should be provided to facilitate the deployment of this sustainable infrastructure. The effects of expanding electric vehicle charging stations on housing values are unknown. This study fills the gap with data for California and finds that properties near charging stations show a higher price, while traffic slightly increases and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions decrease.","datePublished":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"549","pageEnd":"558","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5","keywords":["Energy economics","Energy policy","Sustainability","Sustainable Development"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig4_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature Sustainability","issn":["2398-9629"],"volumeNumber":"6","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Jing Liang","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6160-9376","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University","address":{"name":"School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"jl3231@princeton.edu","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Yueming (Lucy) Qiu","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9233-4996","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland College Park","address":{"name":"School of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"yqiu16@umd.edu","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Pengfei Liu","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rhode Island","address":{"name":"Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Pan He","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University","address":{"name":"School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Denise L. Mauzerall","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-1798","affiliation":[{"name":"Princeton University","address":{"name":"School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Princeton University","address":{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, USA","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-01058-5"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41893"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Effects of expanding electric vehicle charging stations in California on the housing market"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature Sustainability 2023 6:5"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-01-19"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Vehicle electrification is critical to enabling countries to develop more sustainably. Wider electric vehicle (EV) adoption relies on the deployment of EV charging stations (EVCSs). However, the local benefits associated with offering more charging opportunities to nearby residents remain unexplored. Here we provide empirical evidence on the impacts of proximate EVCSs on housing prices in California. We apply a hedonic property value approach using the EVCS data combined with about 14 million housing transaction records during 1993–2021. Our results show that access to charging infrastructure can be capitalized into property values. The average price premium for houses with EVCSs within 1 km is about 3.3% (or US$17,212) compared with homes without proximate EVCSs. The largest effect is a 5.8% increase for houses with EVCSs within 0.4–0.5 km compared with houses without proximate EVCSs. We find different results across neighbourhoods with diverse socio-demographic characteristics. Proximity to EVCSs increases traffic flows by 0.3–0.5% and lowers particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions level by 1.3–2.2%. The increased property value after EVCS installation can incentivize the private real estate sector to expand the availability of charging services. More information on the housing price premium should be provided to facilitate the deployment of this sustainable infrastructure. The effects of expanding electric vehicle charging stations on housing values are unknown. This study fills the gap with data for California and finds that properties near charging stations show a higher price, while traffic slightly increases and particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions decrease."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2398-9629"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature Sustainability"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-01-19"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="6"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="5"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="549"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="558"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-01058-5"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-01058-5.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-01058-5"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature Sustainability"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nat Sustain"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2398-9629"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Effects of expanding electric vehicle charging stations in California on the housing market"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="6"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/05"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/01/19"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="549"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="558"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5"/> <meta name="size" content="185181"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Vehicle electrification is critical to enabling countries to develop more sustainably. Wider electric vehicle (EV) adoption relies on the deployment of EV charging stations (EVCSs). However, the local benefits associated with offering more charging opportunities to nearby residents remain unexplored. Here we provide empirical evidence on the impacts of proximate EVCSs on housing prices in California. We apply a hedonic property value approach using the EVCS data combined with about 14 million housing transaction records during 1993–2021. Our results show that access to charging infrastructure can be capitalized into property values. The average price premium for houses with EVCSs within 1 km is about 3.3% (or US$17,212) compared with homes without proximate EVCSs. The largest effect is a 5.8% increase for houses with EVCSs within 0.4–0.5 km compared with houses without proximate EVCSs. We find different results across neighbourhoods with diverse socio-demographic characteristics. Proximity to EVCSs increases traffic flows by 0.3–0.5% and lowers particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions level by 1.3–2.2%. The increased property value after EVCS installation can incentivize the private real estate sector to expand the availability of charging services. More information on the housing price premium should be provided to facilitate the deployment of this sustainable infrastructure. The effects of expanding electric vehicle charging stations on housing values are unknown. 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c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jing-Liang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Jing-Liang-Aff1" data-author-search="Liang, Jing" data-corresp-id="c1">Jing Liang<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6160-9376"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-6160-9376</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yueming__Lucy_-Qiu-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Yueming__Lucy_-Qiu-Aff2" data-author-search="Qiu, Yueming (Lucy)" data-corresp-id="c2">Yueming (Lucy) Qiu<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9233-4996"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9233-4996</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pengfei-Liu-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Pengfei-Liu-Aff3" data-author-search="Liu, Pengfei">Pengfei Liu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pan-He-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Pan-He-Aff4" data-author-search="He, Pan">Pan He</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 5 authors for this article" title="Show all 5 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Denise_L_-Mauzerall-Aff1-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Denise_L_-Mauzerall-Aff1-Aff5" data-author-search="Mauzerall, Denise L.">Denise L. Mauzerall</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-1798"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-1798</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/natsustain" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Sustainability</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 6</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>549–558 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2023</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">4139 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">87 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41893-022-01058-5/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/energy-economics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Energy economics</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/energy-policy" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Energy policy</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/sustainability" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Sustainability</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Vehicle electrification is critical to enabling countries to develop more sustainably. Wider electric vehicle (EV) adoption relies on the deployment of EV charging stations (EVCSs). However, the local benefits associated with offering more charging opportunities to nearby residents remain unexplored. Here we provide empirical evidence on the impacts of proximate EVCSs on housing prices in California. We apply a hedonic property value approach using the EVCS data combined with about 14 million housing transaction records during 1993–2021. Our results show that access to charging infrastructure can be capitalized into property values. The average price premium for houses with EVCSs within 1 km is about 3.3% (or US$17,212) compared with homes without proximate EVCSs. The largest effect is a 5.8% increase for houses with EVCSs within 0.4–0.5 km compared with houses without proximate EVCSs. We find different results across neighbourhoods with diverse socio-demographic characteristics. Proximity to EVCSs increases traffic flows by 0.3–0.5% and lowers particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) emissions level by 1.3–2.2%. The increased property value after EVCS installation can incentivize the private real estate sector to expand the availability of charging services. More information on the housing price premium should be provided to facilitate the deployment of this sustainable infrastructure.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41893-022-01058-5" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0"> <p 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class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1: Distribution of EVCSs in California.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="244" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2: Impacts of vicinity to EVCSs on housing prices.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="137"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3: Heterogeneity of the price premium.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="211"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4: Impacts of proximity to EVCS on housing prices, adding business pattern as a control variable.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="207"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img 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id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>Property transaction data were obtained from Zillow through the Zillow Transaction and Assessment Database (ZTRAX). We are restricted by a non-disclosure agreement and cannot share the Zillow data publicly, but information about the accessibility of this database can be found at <a href="https://www.zillow.com/research/ztrax/">https://www.zillow.com/research/ztrax/</a>. While new applications are not accepted due to Zillow access policy change, aggregating data from other entities may produce similar transaction data. Other data used for this study are all retrieved from publicly available sources and the sources for each variable can be found in the Data section in Methods. The final compiled datasets (excluding the data from Zillow) and source data can be found on GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/jingliang727/evcs_housing_2022">https://github.com/jingliang727/evcs_housing_2022.</a></p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Code availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="code-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="code-availability">Code availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="code-availability-content"> <p>All data processing and analysis were conducted in Stata (15.1) and R (4.1.2). The custom code is available on GitHub at <a href="https://github.com/jingliang727/evcs_housing_2022">https://github.com/jingliang727/evcs_housing_2022.</a></p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Michalek, J. J. et al. Valuation of plug-in vehicle life-cycle air emissions and oil displacement benefits. <i>Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 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Sloan Foundation and Princeton University. We thank the conference participants at AERE and NAREA for their comments and suggestions. The results and conclusions are those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions of the Zillow Group.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jing Liang & Denise L. Mauzerall</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yueming (Lucy) Qiu</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Pengfei Liu</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Pan He</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Denise L. Mauzerall</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Jing-Liang-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jing Liang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Jing%20Liang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jing%20Liang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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Mauzerall</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Denise%20L.%20Mauzerall" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Denise%20L.%20Mauzerall" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Denise%20L.%20Mauzerall%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>J.L., Y.Q. and P.L. conceived and designed the paper, and planned the analysis. J.L. conducted the analysis and drafted the paper. Y.Q., P.L., P.H. and D.M. offered revision comments and edited the paper.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:jl3231@princeton.edu">Jing Liang</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:yqiu16@umd.edu">Yueming (Lucy) Qiu</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Peer review"><div class="c-article-section" id="peer-review-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="peer-review">Peer review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="peer-review-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Peer review information</h3> <p><i>Nature Sustainability</i> thanks Martijn I Dröes, Franz Fuerst and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec17-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec17">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec17-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Notes 1–4, Tables 1–11, Figs. 1–4 and References.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="reporting summary" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41893-022-01058-5/MediaObjects/41893_2022_1058_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Reporting Summary</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p>Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Liang, J., Qiu, Y.(., Liu, P. <i>et al.</i> Effects of expanding electric vehicle charging stations in California on the housing market. <i>Nat Sustain</i> <b>6</b>, 549–558 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41893-022-01058-5?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li 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