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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关發展歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-發展歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-初期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#初期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>初期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-初期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-冷戰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#冷戰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>冷戰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-冷戰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-未來發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#未來發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>未來發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-未來發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">坦克炮</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。19种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="مدفع دبابة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدفع دبابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_topu" title="Tank topu – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tank topu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%B3_de_tanc" title="Canó de tanc – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canó de tanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n" title="Tankový kanón – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tankový kanón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tank gun" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_tanque" title="Cañón de tanque – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cañón de tanque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panssarivaunukanuuna" title="Panssarivaunukanuuna – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panssarivaunukanuuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%97_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="תותח טנק – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תותח טנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam_tank" title="Meriam tank – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meriam tank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannone_da_carro_armato" title="Cannone da carro armato – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cannone da carro armato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E8%BB%8A%E7%A0%B2" title="戦車砲 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦車砲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%B0%A8%ED%8F%AC" title="전차포 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전차포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankin%C4%97_patranka" title="Tankinė patranka – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tankinė patranka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriam_kereta_kebal" title="Meriam kereta kebal – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Meriam kereta kebal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitankgeschut" title="Antitankgeschut – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antitankgeschut" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_czo%C5%82gowa" title="Armata czołgowa – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armata czołgowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Танковое вооружение – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танковое вооружение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_topu" title="Tank topu – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tank topu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Танкова гармата – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Танкова гармата" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3241267#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon 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data-noteta-code="zh-cn:中型坦克;zh-tw:中戰車;zh-hk:中型坦克;zh-mo:中型坦克;"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leclerc-IMG_1715.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Leclerc-IMG_1715.jpg/250px-Leclerc-IMG_1715.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Leclerc-IMG_1715.jpg/375px-Leclerc-IMG_1715.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Leclerc-IMG_1715.jpg/500px-Leclerc-IMG_1715.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="勒克萊爾主戰坦克">勒克萊爾主戰坦克</a>使用的120毫米戰車炮特寫</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M1-A1_Abrams_Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/M1-A1_Abrams_Fire.jpg/250px-M1-A1_Abrams_Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/M1-A1_Abrams_Fire.jpg/375px-M1-A1_Abrams_Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/M1-A1_Abrams_Fire.jpg/500px-M1-A1_Abrams_Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>美國<a href="/wiki/M1%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="M1艾布蘭">M1A1戰車</a>使用的120毫米戰車炮射擊特寫</figcaption></figure> <p><b>坦克炮</b>（英語：Tank gun，又稱战车炮）是指安装在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="坦克">坦克</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="火炮">火炮</a>，是坦克的最主要的火力來源。坦克炮与<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%84%E7%82%AE" title="高射炮">高射炮</a>同屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%9C%E7%82%AE" title="加农炮">加農炮</a>，因此兩者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="彈道">弹道</a>亦類似，追求高初速以及彈道平直以求迅速打擊目標。戰車炮主要使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E7%94%B2%E5%BC%B9" title="穿甲弹">穿甲弹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%86%E5%BC%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="高爆弹">高爆弹</a>攻击对方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="坦克">坦克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%85%E7%94%B2%E8%BD%A6%E8%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="装甲车辆">装甲车辆</a>和为<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" title="步兵">步兵</a>提供火力支援。 </p><p>除了高炮口初速與準確性之外，戰車炮還需要能夠在狹小空間（炮塔）內安裝與操作，而為了戰鬥中避免冒險打開車員出入的艙蓋排煙，所以在大部分現代坦克主炮中有一節加粗的部分，便是安裝了專用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%85%99%E5%99%A8" title="排煙器">排煙器</a>，以保障發射後的火藥煙氣不會倒流回車體內。大多數的戰車炮使用彈頭與發射藥一體成型的設計，以便利彈藥裝填與維持發射速率。 </p><p>坦克炮主要分为<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="滑膛炮">滑膛式</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="線膛炮">线膛式</a>两类。在坦克上多装在可以360度回转的装甲<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AE%E5%A1%94" class="mw-redirect" title="炮塔">炮塔</a>内以获得最大的攻擊效能，並配備<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="裝甲">裝甲</a>防护，与观瞄火控设备、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E8%A3%85%E5%BC%B9%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自动装弹机">自动装弹机</a>和炮塔回转机构组成坦克的武器系统。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展歷史"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>發展歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：發展歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="初期"><span id=".E5.88.9D.E6.9C.9F"></span>初期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：初期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>世界上第一门坦克炮是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>装配在1916年生产的I型坦克的“雄性”型号上的兩門57毫米炮<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这一时期的坦克是用于支援步兵行动，突破<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%91%E5%A3%95%E6%88%98" title="堑壕战">堑壕</a>防御并摧毁机枪阵地的。它们的主要武器包括重机枪和发射高爆弹的小口径火炮，后者通常是直接安装到战车上的野战炮或海军用炮。1916年的英国<a href="/wiki/Mark_I_%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="Mark I 坦克">Mark I 坦克</a>使用了海军的57毫米哈奇开斯QF 6磅炮，每辆坦克装备了两门炮，安装在车体两侧的炮塔里。这些火炮炮管过长，经常撞上障碍物或不平的地面，导致1917年的新式 Mark VII 坦克不得不换上炮管削短的 6 磅炮。这种特殊的火炮可以视为最早的坦克炮。德国的第一辆坦克<a href="/wiki/A7V%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="A7V坦克">A7V</a>使用从俄国掳获的比利时制 57mm 诺典飞尔德要塞炮。每辆坦克装备一门炮，安装在正前方。法国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E8%80%90%E5%BE%B7CA1%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="施耐德CA1坦克">施耐德CA1坦克</a>在车左侧安装一门75mm短管迫击炮，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%B2%99%E8%92%99%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="圣沙蒙坦克">圣查蒙德坦克</a>则在车头安装一门<a href="/wiki/M1897%E5%BC%8F75mm%E9%87%8E%E6%88%98%E7%82%AE" title="M1897式75mm野战炮">75mm野战炮</a>。一战时期的坦克受引擎功率所限，无法装备厚重的装甲，因此上述的火炮都足以对付其他坦克。话虽如此，一战里的德国仅仅部署了少数坦克，所以协约国的坦克得以专注于反步兵和火力支援工作。 </p><p>用坦克支援步兵的思维流行到<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>之初。当时大多数的坦克仍然装备野战炮改装而成的坦克炮，用来打击带轻装甲或不带装甲的目标。同时，某些专门用来支援步兵的重型坦克则装备了射程短的大口径重炮。这些发射高爆弹的火炮是用来对付工事和要塞的，但是在短距离内也能有效打击敌方坦克。<a href="/wiki/B1%E9%87%8D%E5%9E%8B%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="B1重型坦克">B1重型坦克</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="丘吉爾坦克">丘吉尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/M3%E6%9D%8E%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="M3李坦克">M3 李将军</a>等等坦克甚至同时装备两门炮——在车体上安装重炮，并在炮塔里分别安装另一門小口径火炮。 </p><p>然而，有一些将领构思了新的装甲战模式，并意识到由己方坦克消灭敌方坦克的重要性。因此，新式的反坦克炮在改装之后也安装到了坦克上面。这些火炮口径更小，但初速高，射击精准度高，更有利于击穿装甲。1930年代末期的英国巡航坦克多数装备了这种轻型火炮，例如<a href="/wiki/QF_2%E7%A3%85%E7%82%AE" title="QF 2磅炮">QF 2磅炮</a>。虽然这类坦克炮无法发射高爆弹，不能有效打击敌方步兵和工事，但足以对付同一时期的坦克。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>時期武器和军事科技飞速进步。各交战国吸收实战教训后，采用了更具杀伤力的新式武器。坦克炮的口径日益增大，从战前的40mm左右，经过50mm，75mm，88mm，一步步增加到 90mm 和 122mm。1939年的德国坦克多数装备 20mm 或 37mm 的短管火炮，但到了1945年，身管长而初速大的 75mm 或 88mm 坦克炮逐渐成为标准。苏联人更是在列装的<a href="/wiki/IS-3%E9%87%8D%E5%9E%8B%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" title="IS-3重型戰車">IS-3重型坦克</a>家族上安装了122mm坦克炮，與之相對的是納粹德國列裝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E8%99%8E%E5%BC%8F%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" title="獵虎式驅逐戰車">獵虎式驅逐戰車</a>使用的128mm坦克砲。除了火炮口径加大外，新的炮弹应用更高硬度的材料，并在外形上结合了空气动力学考量，实现了更高的穿透力。虽然更先进的坦克炮和炮弹提高了射程和准确度，但是这些武器的载具——坦克自身的重量和体积也不得不逐渐增加。 </p><p>虽然初速大的坦克炮能克制其他坦克，但是大多数英国坦克都装备能发射高爆弹的75mm双用炮；到了战争后期才启用装备了反坦克效果更佳的17磅76mm炮的坦克。 </p><p>战争期间，很多参战国都设计了<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="自行反坦克炮">驱逐战车</a>。这种战车专职对付坦克，并在坦克底盘上安装更强大的火炮。它们主要落入三大范畴：将老旧或掳获的坦克临时改装而成的战车（例如将仅装备机枪的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%99%9F%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="一號坦克">一号坦克</a>改装成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%99%9F%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" title="一號驅逐戰車">一号驱逐战车</a>）：这类战车的设计过程充满偶然性，武器的防护程度弱而且射击角度也很受限制；在开放式炮塔里安装一门大威力反坦克炮的轻装甲战车：这类战车起源自美军将驱逐战车想成专门打坦克的机动预备队，将普通坦克用在支援步兵上的战略思想；在底盘上直接安装火炮使战车外形像低矮的炮台。这种设计有利隐蔽，也有利于安装厚重而倾斜度高的炮盾（例如<a href="/wiki/SU-100%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" title="SU-100驅逐戰車">SU-100</a>）。然而，驱逐战车的火力优势只是相对的。<a href="/wiki/SU-85%E9%A9%85%E9%80%90%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="SU-85驅逐坦克">SU-85</a>是使用<a href="/wiki/T-34%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="T-34坦克">T-34坦克</a>底盘的炮台式驱逐战车，一旦 T-34 的主炮升级到同样的85mm之后（<a href="/wiki/T-34-85" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34-85">T-34-85</a>)，它的火力优势便消失无踪。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="冷戰"><span id=".E5.86.B7.E6.88.B0"></span>冷戰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：冷戰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>到了二战末期，坦克设计变得单一化，催生出<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%98%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="主战坦克">主战坦克</a>的概念。战后坦克的主炮口径的增长放缓了；两代坦克之间的主炮口径仅有些许增加。在西方世界里，高度普及的105毫米<a href="/wiki/L7%E7%B7%9A%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" title="L7線膛炮">L7</a>主炮取代了一些90毫米口径的主炮。这种坦克炮风行了一段时间，直到70-80年代之交才被 120毫米主炮接替。而英国则是早在1960年代后期就引入酋长坦克，率先转型。在东方世界里，100毫米的<a href="/wiki/D-10%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A%E7%A0%B2" title="D-10戰車砲">D-10戰車砲</a>和115毫米的<a href="/wiki/U-5TS%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="U-5TS坦克炮">U-5TS坦克炮</a>迅速取代了85毫米主炮，后来则统一到以125毫米为主炮口径。技术进步大都体现在弹药和火控系统上。 </p><p>1944年面世的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%AE%BC%E7%A9%BF%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%88" title="脫殼穿甲彈">脫殼穿甲彈</a>取代了普通穿甲弹和实心弹，而其自身则被钨芯或贫铀弹芯的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BE%E7%BF%BC%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E8%84%AB%E6%AE%BC%E7%A9%BF%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%88" title="尾翼穩定脫殼穿甲彈">尾翼穩定脫殼穿甲彈</a>所取代。使用化学能的穿甲弹也在同时进行，并催生出<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E7%9D%80%E6%A6%B4%E5%BC%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="黏着榴弹">碎甲弹</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%86%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%BD%88" title="高爆反坦克彈">高爆破甲弹</a>等穿甲能力不受初速和射程所限的弹药。 </p><p>合像测距仪取代了密位测距仪，而光学测距手段则被激光测距仪彻底取代。火控电脑，风速计，以及能够补偿炮管变形，缺陷，升温等因素的炮口参照系统大大提升了现代坦克炮的精准度。红外，夜视和热成像系统使坦克在夜间，恶劣环境，和烟尘中也能正常战斗。 </p><p>坦克炮本身在技术上的进步有限。历史上大多数坦克炮都是线膛炮，但多数现代坦克装备的都是滑膛炮。<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9B%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="膛线">膛线</a>使炮弹作纵轴旋转有利弹道稳定和精准度，但发射新式尾翼稳定脱壳穿甲弹却必须要滑膛炮。这类动能弹，包括更早期的穿甲弹和实心弹，通常是最好的反坦克武器，但它们的穿透力和精准度却会随射程降低。高爆破甲弹能有效对坦克作远程打击，但其精准度也是有限的。如果射程拉得极远，则炮射导弹可能更加准确。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E8%A3%85%E5%BC%B9%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="自动装弹机">自动装弹机</a>仅受某些国家青睐。采用自动装弹机能降低坦克的总体积，也有潜力作为保护成员的手段，将火炮弹药和成员隔开。装备了自动装弹机的<a href="/wiki/T-14%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%9B%E5%A1%94%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%98%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="T-14阿玛塔主战坦克">T-14阿玛塔主战坦克</a>甚至实现了无人炮塔。然而，自动装弹机的可靠性和维护难度依然是未被攻克的技术问题。 </p><p>冷戰後期至現代的坦克炮多以滑膛式为主。西方国家第三代<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%98%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="主战坦克">主战坦克</a>上主要裝備120毫米滑膛炮。其中以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="莱茵金属">莱茵金属公司</a>的<a href="/wiki/Rh-120%E6%BB%91%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" title="Rh-120滑膛炮">Rh120系列</a>最為著名，裝備於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="豹式坦克">豹二</a>主戰坦克。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="美國陸軍">美國陸軍</a>引進該系列成為<a href="/wiki/Rh-120%E6%BB%91%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" title="Rh-120滑膛炮">M256型</a>，裝備在<a href="/wiki/M1%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%9B%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="M1主力戰車">M1主力戰車</a>之上，此炮與Rh120的炮彈和零件多有相通之處。日本、南韓、土耳其都引進了Rh120的生產線。法國、以色列、瑞士、中國等國家都有發展自身120毫米滑膛戰車炮或反戰車炮（<a href="/wiki/PTZ-89%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="PTZ-89自行反坦克炮">89式反戰車自走炮</a>）系列。然而，英國在西方國家的主力戰車大規模裝備120<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="滑膛炮">滑膛炮</a>時，獨自發展120毫米<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="線膛炮">線膛</a>戰車炮，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B5%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0L11A5%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="皇家兵工廠L11A5坦克炮">L11型</a>（裝備於<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="酋長式">酋長式</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%91%E6%88%B0%E8%80%851%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="挑戰者1戰車">挑戰者1式</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B5%E5%B7%A5%E5%BB%A0L30%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="皇家兵工廠L30坦克炮">L30型</a>（裝備於<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%91%E6%88%B0%E8%80%852%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="挑戰者2式戰車">挑戰者2式</a>），以維持自身陸軍<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="裝甲兵">裝甲兵</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AE%E5%BD%88" title="炮彈">炮彈</a>多樣性。另外，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>為自身坦克研製的<a href="/wiki/2A46%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="2A46坦克炮">2A46型</a>125毫米<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E8%86%9B%E6%A7%8D%E7%82%AE" title="滑膛槍炮">滑膛式</a>戰車炮，搭配自動裝彈機，並可發射砲射反坦克飛彈，裝備於<a href="/wiki/T-64" class="mw-redirect" title="T-64">T-64</a>（後期型號）、<a href="/wiki/T-72" class="mw-redirect" title="T-72">T-72</a>、<a href="/wiki/T-80" class="mw-redirect" title="T-80">T-80</a>、<a href="/wiki/T-90" class="mw-redirect" title="T-90">T-90</a>等型號。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="中国人民解放军">中國解放軍</a>亦仿制了蘇聯的125毫米炮，命名為<a href="/wiki/ZPT-98%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="ZPT-98坦克炮">ZPT-98坦克炮</a>，並裝備在<a href="/wiki/ZTZ-96%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%98%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="ZTZ-96主战坦克">96式</a>和<a href="/wiki/ZTZ-99%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%98%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="ZTZ-99主战坦克">99式</a>坦克之上。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="未來發展"><span id=".E6.9C.AA.E4.BE.86.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>未來發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：未來發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>冷戰後期以至後冷戰時期，各國開始發展更大口徑的戰車炮。其中美國、德國、英國及中國等都傳出有關140毫米戰車炮的相關研究和試驗的消息。美國曾在<a href="/wiki/M1%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="M1艾布蘭">M1</a>底盤上加裝低輪廓炮塔和自動裝彈機，配合140毫米試驗型主炮進行測試。蘇聯及至俄羅斯甚至有計劃研發152毫米的戰車炮。但是，此兩型戰車炮現時仍在理論或試驗階段，短期內不會進入現役。經過2008年金融海嘯以及2010年代前期的歐洲債務危機等衝擊，大部分國家凍結或刪減軍費開支。因而緩減更新主戰坦克的速度，現役的坦克炮口徑將不會有太大改變。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="滑膛炮">滑膛炮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E8%86%9B%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="線膛炮">線膛炮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%86%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%82%AE" title="電熱化學炮">電熱化學炮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE" title="反坦克炮">反坦克炮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%86%9C%E7%82%AE" title="加农炮">加農炮</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">David Porter; 翻譯：卡米柚子. 鋼鐵雄師 : 西線盟軍坦克. 臺北縣板橋市: 楓書坊文化. 2010: 18. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-6326-28-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-6326-28-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-6326-28-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%82%AE&rft.au=David+Porter&rft.btitle=%E9%8B%BC%E9%90%B5%E9%9B%84%E5%B8%AB+%3A+%E8%A5%BF%E7%B7%9A%E7%9B%9F%E8%BB%8D%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-986-6326-28-8&rft.pages=18&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3%E6%9D%BF%E6%A9%8B%E5%B8%82&rft.pub=%E6%A5%93%E6%9B%B8%E5%9D%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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