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id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersal_and_evolutionary_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersal_and_evolutionary_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dispersal and evolutionary significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersal_and_evolutionary_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complications_and_types_of_fruits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complications_and_types_of_fruits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Complications and types of fruits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complications_and_types_of_fruits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parts_of_the_ovary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_the_ovary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parts of the ovary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_the_ovary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_based_on_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_based_on_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification based on position</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_based_on_position-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification based on position subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_based_on_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Superior_ovary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superior_ovary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Superior ovary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superior_ovary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Half-inferior_ovary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Half-inferior_ovary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Half-inferior ovary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Half-inferior_ovary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inferior_ovary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inferior_ovary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Inferior ovary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inferior_ovary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ovary (botany)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrugbeginsel" title="Vrugbeginsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vrugbeginsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Завязь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Завязь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruchtknopf" title="Fruchtknopf – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fruchtknopf" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajnik_(botanika)" title="Jajnik (botanika) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jajnik (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovari_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Ovari (botànica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ovari (botànica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen%C3%ADk" title="Semeník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Semeník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruchtknoten" title="Fruchtknoten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fruchtknoten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82odnik" title="Płodnik – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Płodnik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigimik" title="Sigimik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sigimik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovario_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Ovario (botánica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ovario (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovario_(planto)" title="Ovario (planto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ovario (planto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obulutegi_(botanika)" title="Obulutegi (botanika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Obulutegi (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C)" title="تخمدان (گیاهی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخمدان (گیاهی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovaire_(botanique)" title="Ovaire (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ovaire (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovario_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Ovario (botánica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ovario (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%94%A8%EB%B0%A9" title="씨방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="씨방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82%C3%B3dnik" title="Płódnik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Płódnik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal_buah" title="Bakal buah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakal buah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggleg" title="Eggleg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eggleg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovario_(botanica)" title="Ovario (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ovario (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ნასკვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნასკვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%A8" title="Ovè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ovè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarium_(botanice)" title="Ovarium (botanice) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ovarium (botanice)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezgin%C4%97" title="Mezginė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mezginė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%A0re_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Ovàre (botànica) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ovàre (botànica)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="അണ്ഡാശയം (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണ്ഡാശയം (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vruchtbeginsel" title="Vruchtbeginsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vruchtbeginsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%88%BF" title="子房 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="子房" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruktknute" title="Fruktknute – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fruktknute" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruktknute" title="Fruktknute – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fruktknute" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zal%C4%85%C5%BCnia" title="Zalążnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zalążnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%A1rio_(bot%C3%A2nica)" title="Ovário (botânica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ovário (botânica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovar_(botanic%C4%83)" title="Ovar (botanică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ovar (botanică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Завязь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Завязь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenn%C3%ADk_(botanika)" title="Semenník (botanika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Semenník (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="ھێلکەدان (ڕوەکناسی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێلکەدان (ڕوەکناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siki%C3%A4in" title="Sikiäin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sikiäin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81)" title="అండాశయం (మొక్కలు) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అండాశయం (మొక్కలు)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k_(bitki)" title="Yumurtalık (bitki) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yumurtalık (bitki)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Зав'язь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зав'язь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A7u_nh%E1%BB%A5y" title="Bầu nhụy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bầu nhụy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flowering plant reproductive part</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femalesquash3747.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Femalesquash3747.JPG/300px-Femalesquash3747.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Femalesquash3747.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Longitudinal section of female flower of a squash showing <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a> (=ovary+style+stigma), ovules, and petals. The petals and sepals are above the ovary; such a flower is said to have an inferior ovary, or the flower is said to be epigynous.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovary_(botany)_(255_30)_Tulip;_cross-section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ovary_%28botany%29_%28255_30%29_Tulip%3B_cross-section.jpg/220px-Ovary_%28botany%29_%28255_30%29_Tulip%3B_cross-section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ovary_%28botany%29_%28255_30%29_Tulip%3B_cross-section.jpg/330px-Ovary_%28botany%29_%28255_30%29_Tulip%3B_cross-section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ovary_%28botany%29_%28255_30%29_Tulip%3B_cross-section.jpg/440px-Ovary_%28botany%29_%28255_30%29_Tulip%3B_cross-section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3751" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> ovary</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, an <b>ovary</b> is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a>. Specifically, it is the part of the <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a> which holds the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a>(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the <a href="/wiki/Petals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petals">petals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepals">sepals</a>. The pistil may be made up of one <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> or of several fused carpels (e.g. dicarpel or tricarpel), and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of several fused carpels. Above the ovary is the <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> and the stigma, which is where the <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> lands and germinates to grow down through the style to the ovary, and, for each individual <a href="/wiki/Pollen_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollen grain">pollen grain</a>, to fertilize one individual ovule. Some wind pollinated flowers have much reduced and modified ovaries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fruits">Fruits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is the mature, ripened ovary of a flower following <a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">double fertilization</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperm</a>. Because <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> do not have an ovary but reproduce through fertilization of unprotected <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a>, they produce naked <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> that do not have a surrounding fruit, this meaning that <a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">yew</a> "berries" are not fruits, but modified <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cones</a>. Fruits are responsible for the dispersal and protection of seeds in angiosperms and cannot be easily characterized due to the differences in defining culinary and botanical fruits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fruit_Type_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fruit_Type_Diagram.png/290px-Fruit_Type_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fruit_Type_Diagram.png/435px-Fruit_Type_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fruit_Type_Diagram.png/580px-Fruit_Type_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Simple fruits are derived from one ovary of a single flower, while aggregate fruits are derived from many ovaries of one flower. Differently, a multiple fruit is derived from multiple ovaries each from their own individual flowers.</figcaption></figure> <p>After double fertilization and ripening, the ovary becomes the fruit, the ovules inside the ovary become the seeds of that fruit, and the egg within the ovule becomes the <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Double fertilization of the <a href="/wiki/Central_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Central cell">central cell</a> in the ovule produces the nutritious <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> tissue that surrounds the developing zygote within the seed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angiosperm ovaries do not always produce a fruit after the ovary has been fertilized. Problems that can arise during the developmental process of the fruit include genetic issues, harsh environmental conditions, and insufficient energy which may be caused by competition for resources between ovaries; any of these situations may prevent maturation of the ovary.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersal_and_evolutionary_significance">Dispersal and evolutionary significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dispersal and evolutionary significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrangeBloss_wb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/OrangeBloss_wb.jpg/220px-OrangeBloss_wb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/OrangeBloss_wb.jpg/330px-OrangeBloss_wb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/OrangeBloss_wb.jpg/440px-OrangeBloss_wb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>The orange is a simple fruit called a hesperidium. It is the mature ovary of a single orange blossom. Though it seems to have sections when cut open, all of these sections together come from a single ovary that develops into different layers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Fruits are important in the dispersal and protection of seeds, and variation in fruit shape or size results from an evolutionary response that aids in the dispersal of seeds in different environments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the seeds of large fleshy fruits are often dispersed through <a href="/wiki/Endozoochory" class="mw-redirect" title="Endozoochory">endozoochory</a>; this means that animals consume the fleshy fruit and as a result disperse its seeds with their movement.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeds of fruits can be dispersed by endozoochory, gravity, wind, or other means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications_and_types_of_fruits">Complications and types of fruits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Complications and types of fruits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some complications to the definition of a fruit, as not all botanical fruits can be identified as culinary fruits. A ripened ovary may be a fleshy fruit such as a grapefruit or a dry fruit such as a nut. Further complicating this, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (food)">culinary nuts</a> are not always <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a>; some culinary nuts such as the coconut and almond are another type of fruit called a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this same way, not all "fruits" are true fruits. A true fruit only consists of the ripened ovary and its contents. Fruits can be separated into three major categories: <a href="/wiki/Simple_fruit" title="Simple fruit">simple fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate fruits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_fruit" title="Multiple fruit">multiple fruits</a>. Simple fruits like oranges are formed from a single ovary which may or may not consist of multiple parts, while aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from several ovaries together.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggregate fruits like raspberries are the ripened ovaries of one flower that form a single fruit, and multiple fruits like pineapples are formed from the ovaries of separate flowers that are close together.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from many ripened ovaries together, they are actually <a href="/wiki/Infructescence" title="Infructescence">infructescences</a> or groups of fruits that are arranged together in a structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fruits, like the apple, are <a href="/wiki/Accessory_fruit" title="Accessory fruit">accessory fruits</a> which can include other parts of the flower such as the <a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">hypanthium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">calyx</a> in addition to the mature and ripened ovary.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raspberries_(Rubus_Idaeus).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The raspberry is an aggregate fruit. Each raspberry develops from one flower, but its flower has many ovaries that become the small circular drupes making up the raspberry. There is a seed in each drupe."><img alt="The raspberry is an aggregate fruit. Each raspberry develops from one flower, but its flower has many ovaries that become the small circular drupes making up the raspberry. There is a seed in each drupe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Raspberries_%28Rubus_Idaeus%29.jpg/198px-Raspberries_%28Rubus_Idaeus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Raspberries_%28Rubus_Idaeus%29.jpg/297px-Raspberries_%28Rubus_Idaeus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Raspberries_%28Rubus_Idaeus%29.jpg/395px-Raspberries_%28Rubus_Idaeus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The raspberry is an aggregate fruit. Each raspberry develops from one flower, but its flower has many ovaries that become the small circular <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupes</a> making up the raspberry. There is a seed in each drupe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of a raspberry flower"><img alt="Section of a raspberry flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif/200px-Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif/300px-Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Longitudinal_section_of_raspberry_flower.gif 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of a raspberry flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pineapple_flower_in_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pineapple is a multiple fruit. Each of the purple spikes in this picture are a separate flower, so the whole structure is an inflorescence. This means that the small sections of a pineapple are each a fruit that develop from a separate ovary, and together they make up a multiple fruit."><img alt="The pineapple is a multiple fruit. Each of the purple spikes in this picture are a separate flower, so the whole structure is an inflorescence. This means that the small sections of a pineapple are each a fruit that develop from a separate ovary, and together they make up a multiple fruit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pineapple_flower_in_Thailand.jpg/200px-Pineapple_flower_in_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pineapple_flower_in_Thailand.jpg/300px-Pineapple_flower_in_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pineapple_flower_in_Thailand.jpg/400px-Pineapple_flower_in_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pineapple is a multiple fruit. Each of the purple spikes in this picture are a separate flower, so the whole structure is an <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>. This means that the small sections of a pineapple are each a fruit that develop from a separate ovary, and together they make up a multiple fruit.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts_of_the_ovary">Parts of the ovary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parts of the ovary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locules</a> are chambers within the ovary of the flower and fruits. The locules contain the ovules (seeds), and may or may not be filled with fruit flesh. Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits can be classified as uni-locular (unilocular), bi-locular, tri-locular or multi-locular. Some plants have <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septa</a> between the carpels; the number of locules present in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number of carpels, depending on whether septa are present. </p><p>The ovules are attached to parts of the interior ovary walls called the placentae. Placental areas occur in various positions, corresponding to various parts of the carpels that make up the ovary. See <a href="/wiki/Ovule#Location_within_the_plant" title="Ovule">Ovule#Location within the plant</a>. An obturator is present in the ovary of some plants, near the <a href="/wiki/Micropyle_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropyle (botany)">micropyle</a> of each ovule. It is an outgrowth of the placenta, important in nourishing and guiding <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tubes</a> to the micropyle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ovary of some types of fruit is <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscent</a>; the ovary wall splits into sections called valves. There is no standard correspondence between the valves and the position of the septa; the valves may separate by splitting the septa (septicidal dehiscence), or by spitting between them (loculicidal dehiscence), or the ovary may open in other ways, as through pores or because a cap falls off. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piel_De_Sapo_Melon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The syncarpous ovary of this melon is made up of four carpels, and has one locule."><img alt="The syncarpous ovary of this melon is made up of four carpels, and has one locule." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Piel_De_Sapo_Melon.jpg/200px-Piel_De_Sapo_Melon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Piel_De_Sapo_Melon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The syncarpous ovary of this <a href="/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melon</a> is made up of four carpels, and has one <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locule</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peganum_harmala_Baikonur_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In this Peganum harmala, the ovary of a fruit has split into valves."><img alt="In this Peganum harmala, the ovary of a fruit has split into valves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peganum_harmala_Baikonur_09.jpg/200px-Peganum_harmala_Baikonur_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peganum_harmala_Baikonur_09.jpg/300px-Peganum_harmala_Baikonur_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Peganum_harmala_Baikonur_09.jpg/400px-Peganum_harmala_Baikonur_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="2202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In this <i><a href="/wiki/Peganum_harmala" title="Peganum harmala">Peganum harmala</a></i>, the ovary of a fruit has <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">split</a> into valves.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomatoes_plain_and_sliced.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seeds in a tomato fruit grow from placental areas at the interior of the ovary. (This is axile placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)"><img alt="The seeds in a tomato fruit grow from placental areas at the interior of the ovary. (This is axile placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tomatoes_plain_and_sliced.jpg/80px-Tomatoes_plain_and_sliced.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tomatoes_plain_and_sliced.jpg/120px-Tomatoes_plain_and_sliced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tomatoes_plain_and_sliced.jpg/160px-Tomatoes_plain_and_sliced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seeds in a tomato fruit grow from placental areas at the interior of the ovary. (This is axile placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunaria_annua_fruto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The placentae in Lunaria are along the margins of the fruit, where two carpels fuse. (This is parietal placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)"><img alt="The placentae in Lunaria are along the margins of the fruit, where two carpels fuse. (This is parietal placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lunaria_annua_fruto.jpg/150px-Lunaria_annua_fruto.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lunaria_annua_fruto.jpg/225px-Lunaria_annua_fruto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lunaria_annua_fruto.jpg/300px-Lunaria_annua_fruto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The placentae in <i><a href="/wiki/Lunaria" title="Lunaria">Lunaria</a></i> are along the margins of the fruit, where two carpels fuse. (This is parietal placentation in a bi-locular fruit.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustard_seeds_of_some_sort_(5207615492).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The valves of Lunaria fruit fall to reveal a septum that was between the two carpels of the ovary."><img alt="The valves of Lunaria fruit fall to reveal a septum that was between the two carpels of the ovary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mustard_seeds_of_some_sort_%285207615492%29.jpg/200px-Mustard_seeds_of_some_sort_%285207615492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mustard_seeds_of_some_sort_%285207615492%29.jpg/300px-Mustard_seeds_of_some_sort_%285207615492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mustard_seeds_of_some_sort_%285207615492%29.jpg/400px-Mustard_seeds_of_some_sort_%285207615492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The valves of <i>Lunaria</i> fruit fall to reveal a septum that was between the two carpels of the ovary.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_based_on_position">Classification based on position</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification based on position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovary_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ovary_position.svg/220px-Ovary_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ovary_position.svg/330px-Ovary_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ovary_position.svg/440px-Ovary_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Ovary insertion: I) superior; II) half-inferior; III) inferior. <i>a</i> androecium <i>g</i> gynoecium <i>p</i> petals <i>s</i> sepals <i>r</i> receptacle. The insertion point is where <i>a</i>, <i>p</i>, and <i>s</i> converge.</figcaption></figure> <p>The terminology of the positions of ovaries is determined by the <b>insertion point</b>, where the other floral parts (<a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androecium" class="mw-redirect" title="Androecium">androecium</a>) come together and attach to the surface of the ovary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the ovary is situated above the insertion point, it is superior; if below, inferior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superior_ovary">Superior ovary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Superior ovary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>superior ovary</b> is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">true berries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupes</a>, etc. A flower with this arrangement is described as <b>hypogynous</b>. Examples of this ovary type include the legumes (beans and peas and their relatives). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="perigynous"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Half-inferior_ovary">Half-inferior ovary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Half-inferior ovary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>half-inferior ovary</b> (also known as “half-superior”, “subinferior,” or “partially inferior,”) is embedded or surrounded by the receptacle.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs in flowers of the family <a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Crape_myrtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crape myrtle">crape myrtles</a>. Such flowers are termed <b>perigynous</b> or <b>half-epigynous</b>. In some classifications, half-inferior ovaries are not recognized and are instead grouped with either the superior or inferior ovaries. </p><p>More specifically, a half-inferior ovary has nearly equal portions of ovary above and below the insertion point. Other varying degrees of inferiority can be described by other fractions. For instance, a "one-fifth inferior ovary" has approximately one fifth of its length under the insertion point. Likewise, only one quarter portion of a "three-quarters inferior ovary" is above the insertion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inferior_ovary">Inferior ovary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Inferior ovary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>inferior ovary</b> lies below the attachment of other floral parts. A <a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">pome</a> is a type of fleshy fruit that is often cited as an example, but close inspection of some pomes (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pyracantha" title="Pyracantha">Pyracantha</a></i>) will show that it is really a half-inferior ovary. Flowers with inferior ovaries are termed <b>epigynous</b>. Some examples of flowers with an inferior ovary are <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> (inferior capsule), <i><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia" title="Fuchsia">Fuchsia</a></i> (inferior berry), banana (inferior berry), <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> (inferior achene-like fruit, called a <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae#Fruits_and_seeds" title="Asteraceae">cypsela</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Pepo_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepo (botany)">pepo</a> of the squash, melon and gourd family, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Fruit anatomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovary_(botany)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Raghavan, V. 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(2001), <i>The Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+Glossary+of+Botanical+Terms&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Hickey%2C+M.&rft.au=King%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvary+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltisFishbeinKuzoff2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Soltis, Douglas E.</a>; Fishbein, Mark; Kuzoff, Robert K. (2003). "Evolution of Epigyny". <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>164</b> (S5): S251–S264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F376876">10.1086/376876</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83871403">83871403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Epigyny&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=S5&rft.pages=S251-S264&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F376876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83871403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Soltis&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft.au=Fishbein%2C+Mark&rft.au=Kuzoff%2C+Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvary+%28botany%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltisHufford2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. 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"Ovary Position Diversity in Saxifragaceae". <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i>. <b>163</b> (2): 277–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F324528">10.1086/324528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85947971">85947971</a>.</cite><span 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title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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(W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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