CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html data-n-head-ssr lang="en" data-n-head="%7B%22lang%22:%7B%22ssr%22:%22en%22%7D%7D"> <head > <link data-n-head="ssr" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_16-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png"> <link data-n-head="ssr" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_32-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png"> <link data-n-head="ssr" rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="180x180" href="https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_180-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png"> <title>Frontiers | Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO2 System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin</title><meta data-n-head="ssr" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="charset" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="mobile-web-app-capable" name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="apple-mobile-web-app-title" name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Frontiers | Articles"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="theme-color" name="theme-color" content="#0C4DED"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="description" property="description" name="description" content="The seasonal variability of the carbonate system in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) was investigated based on discrete total alkalinity (AT), total diss..."><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:title" property="og:title" name="title" content="Frontiers | Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO2 System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:description" property="og:description" name="description" content="The seasonal variability of the carbonate system in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) was investigated based on discrete total alkalinity (AT), total diss..."><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="keywords" name="keywords" content="Carbonate system,Mediterranean Sea,acidification,CO2 fluxes,Levantine Sea,Inorganic carbon"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:site_name" property="og:site_name" name="site_name" content="Frontiers"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:image" property="og:image" name="image" content="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=1200&f=png/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:type" property="og:type" name="type" content="article"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:url" property="og:url" name="url" content="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="twitter:card" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_volume" name="citation_volume" content="8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_journal_title" name="citation_journal_title" content="Frontiers in Marine Science"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_publisher" name="citation_publisher" content="Frontiers"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_journal_abbrev" name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Front. Mar. Sci."><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_issn" name="citation_issn" content="2296-7745"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_doi" name="citation_doi" content="10.3389/fmars.2021.649246"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_firstpage" name="citation_firstpage" content="649246"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_language" name="citation_language" content="English"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_title" name="citation_title" content="Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO2 System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_keywords" name="citation_keywords" content="Carbonate system; Mediterranean Sea; acidification; CO2 fluxes; Levantine Sea; Inorganic carbon"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_abstract" name="citation_abstract" content="<p>The seasonal variability of the carbonate system in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) was investigated based on discrete total alkalinity (A<sub><italic>T</italic></sub>), total dissolved inorganic carbon (C<sub><italic>T</italic></sub>), and pH measurements collected during three cruises around Crete between June 2018 and March 2019. This study presents a detailed description of this new carbonate chemistry dataset in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We show that the North Western Levantine Basin (NWLB) is unique in terms of range of A<sub><italic>T</italic></sub> variation vs. C<sub><italic>T</italic></sub> variation in the upper water column over an annual cycle. The reasons for this singularity of the NWLB can be explained by the interplay between strong evaporation and the concomitant consumption of C<sub><italic>T</italic></sub> by autotrophic processes. The high range of A<sub><italic>T</italic></sub> variations, combined to temperature changes, has a strong impact on the variability of the seawater <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub> (<italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><italic>S</italic><italic>W</italic></sup>). Based on Argo float data, an entire annual cycle for <italic>p</italic>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><italic>S</italic><italic>W</italic></sup> in the NWLB has been reconstructed in order to estimate the temporal sequence of the potential “source” and “sink” of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. By combining this dataset with previous observations in the NWLB, this study shows a significant ocean acidification and a decrease in the oceanic surface pH<sub><italic>T</italic></sub><sup>25</sup> of −0.0024 ± 0.0004 pH<sub><italic>T</italic></sub><sup>25</sup> units.a<sup>–1</sup>. The changes in the carbonate system are driven by the increase of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> but also by unexplained temporal changes in the surface A<sub><italic>T</italic></sub> content. If we consider that the EMed will, in the future, encounter longer, more intense and warmer summer seasons, this study proposes some perspectives on the carbonate system functioning of the “future” EMed.</p>"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_pdf_url" name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/pdf"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_online_date" name="citation_online_date" content="2021/04/09"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_publication_date" name="citation_publication_date" content="2021/05/17"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_0" name="citation_author" content="Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_0" name="citation_author_institution" content="Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_1" name="citation_author" content="Wagener, Thibaut"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_1" name="citation_author_institution" content="Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_2" name="citation_author" content="Álvarez, Marta"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_2" name="citation_author_institution" content="Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Spain"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_3" name="citation_author" content="Moutin, Thierry"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_3" name="citation_author_institution" content="Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_4" name="citation_author" content="Fourrier, Marine"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_4" name="citation_author_institution" content="Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_5" name="citation_author" content="Coppola, Laurent"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_5" name="citation_author_institution" content="Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_6" name="citation_author" content="Niclas-Chirurgien, Laure"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_6" name="citation_author_institution" content="Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_7" name="citation_author" content="Raimbault, Patrick"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_7" name="citation_author_institution" content="Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_8" name="citation_author" content="D’Ortenzio, Fabrizio"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_8" name="citation_author_institution" content="Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_9" name="citation_author" content="Durrieu de Madron, Xavier"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_9" name="citation_author_institution" content="CEFREM, CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_10" name="citation_author" content="Taillandier, Vincent"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_10" name="citation_author_institution" content="Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_11" name="citation_author" content="Dumas, Franck"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_11" name="citation_author_institution" content="Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine—Shom, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_12" name="citation_author" content="Conan, Pascal"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_12" name="citation_author_institution" content="Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_13" name="citation_author" content="Pujo-Pay, Mireille"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_13" name="citation_author_institution" content="Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_14" name="citation_author" content="Lefèvre, Dominique"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="citation_author_institution_14" name="citation_author_institution" content="Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, France"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="dc.identifier" name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.649246"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="manifest" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/manifest.c499fc0a.json" data-hid="manifest"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="canonical" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full"><script data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="newrelic-browser-script" type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info = {"agent":"","beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"598a124f17","applicationID":"588603994","agentToken":null,"applicationTime":2.088113,"transactionName":"MQcDMkECCkNSW0YMWghNIgldDQFTRxd1IGFJTQ==","queueTime":0,"ttGuid":"0e187a34eec4034c"}; (window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"594400880",accountID:"230385",trustKey:"230385",xpid:"VgUHUl5WGwYIXFdSBAgOUg==",licenseKey:"598a124f17",applicationID:"588603994"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/9cc2c68.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/ca2a6ed.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/2e4c4d9.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/9b8d23d.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/c424848.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/92bc9eb.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/51ff06b.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/e5cdfa1.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/e16d0bc.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/82a0061.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/5f5c456.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/d80c00c.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/e261291.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/8eb37ac.js" as="script"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/2e4c4d9.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/c424848.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/e5cdfa1.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/82a0061.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/article-pages/_nuxt/css/d80c00c.css"> <meta property="fb:admins" content="1841006843"> </head> <body > <button class="BypassBlock__firstEl"></button> <a href="#main-content" class="BypassBlock__wrapper"> <span class="BypassBlock__button">Skip to main content</span> </a>  <noscript> <iframe src="https://tag-manager.frontiersin.org/ns.html?id=GTM-M322FV2&gtm_auth=owVbWxfaJr21yQv1fe1cAQ&gtm_preview=env-1&gtm_cookies_win=x" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div data-server-rendered="true" id="__nuxt"><div id="__layout"><div theme="cyan" class="ArticleLayout"><nav class="Ibar"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Top bar navigation</h1> <div class="Ibar__main"><div class="Ibar__wrapper"><button aria-label="Open Menu" data-event="iBar-btn-openMenu" class="Ibar__burger"></button> <div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Ibar__logo__svg"><path d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF" class="Ibar__logo__text"></path> <path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path> <path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path> <path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path> <path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path> <path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path> <path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path> <path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path> <path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path> <path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div> <a aria-label="Frontiers in Marine Science" href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science" data-event="iBar-a-journalHome" class="Ibar__journalName"><div logoClass="Ibar__logo--mixed" class="Ibar__journalName__container"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img src="" class="Ibar__journal__logo"></div> <div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Frontiers in</span> <span> Marine Science</span></div></div></a> <div parent-data-event="iBar" class="Ibar__dropdown Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About us </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About us </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.orgabout/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals" class="Ibar__link">All journals</a><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles" class="Ibar__link">All articles</a> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit?domainid=1&fieldid=45&specialtyid=0&entitytype=2&entityid=655" data-event="iBar-a-submit" class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit">Submit your research</a> <div class="Ibar__spacer"></div> <a href="/search" aria-label="Search" data-event="iBar-a-search" class="Ibar__icon Ibar__icon--search"><span>Search</span></a>    <div class="Ibar__userArea"></div></div></div> <div class="Ibar__menu Ibar__menu--journal"><div class="Ibar__menu__header"><div class="Ibar__logo"><div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Ibar__logo__svg"><path d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF" class="Ibar__logo__text"></path> <path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path> <path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path> <path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path> <path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path> <path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path> <path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path> <path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path> <path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path> <path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Menu" data-event="iBarMenu-btn-closeMenu" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__menu__wrapper"><div class="Ibar__menu__journal"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science" data-event="iBarMenu-a-journalHome"><div class="Ibar__journalName__container"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img src="" class="Ibar__journal__logo"></div> <div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Frontiers in</span> <span> Marine Science</span></div></div></a> <div parent-data-event="iBarMenu" class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> Sections </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> Sections </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <ul class="Ibar__dropdown__sections"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/aquatic-microbiology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_313">Aquatic Microbiology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/aquatic-physiology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_230">Aquatic Physiology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/coastal-ocean-processes" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_962">Coastal Ocean Processes</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/coral-reef-research" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_958">Coral Reef Research</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/deep-sea-environments-and-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_832">Deep-Sea Environments and Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/discoveries" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_3472">Discoveries</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/global-change-and-the-future-ocean" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_780">Global Change and the Future Ocean</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-affairs-and-policy" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_742">Marine Affairs and Policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biogeochemistry" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_743">Marine Biogeochemistry</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1539">Marine Biology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biotechnology-and-bioproducts" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_764">Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-conservation-and-sustainability" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_761">Marine Conservation and Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-ecosystem-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_747">Marine Ecosystem Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-evolutionary-biology-biogeography-and-species-diversity" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_760">Marine Evolutionary Biology, Biogeography and Species Diversity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-fisheries-aquaculture-and-living-resources" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1091">Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture and Living Resources</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-megafauna" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_793">Marine Megafauna</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-molecular-biology-and-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_737">Marine Molecular Biology and Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-pollution" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_766">Marine Pollution</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/microbial-symbioses" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_314">Microbial Symbioses</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/ocean-observation" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1185">Ocean Observation</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/ocean-solutions" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_794">Ocean Solutions</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/physical-oceanography" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1453">Physical Oceanography</a></li></ul></div></div> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles" data-event="iBar-a-articles" class="Ibar__link">Articles</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/research-topics" data-event="iBar-a-researchTopics" class="Ibar__link">Research Topics</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/editors" data-event="iBar-a-editorialBoard" class="Ibar__link">Editorial board</a> <div parent-data-event="iBarMenu" class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About journal </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About journal </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Scope</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-editors" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Field chief editors</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-scope" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Mission & scope</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-facts" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Facts</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-submission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Journal sections</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-open" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Open access statement</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#copyright-statement" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Copyright statement</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-quality" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Quality</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">For authors</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/why-submit" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Why submit?</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/article-types" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Article types</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Author guidelines</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Editor guidelines</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/publishing-fees" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Publishing fees</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/submission-checklist" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Submission checklist</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/contact-editorial-office" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Contact editorial office</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div parent-data-event="iBarMenu" class="Ibar__dropdown Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About us </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About us </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.orgabout/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals" class="Ibar__link">All journals</a><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles" class="Ibar__link">All articles</a>    <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit?domainid=1&fieldid=45&specialtyid=0&entitytype=2&entityid=655" data-event="iBarMenu-a-submit" class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit">Submit your research</a></div></div> <div class="Ibar__journal"><div class="Ibar__wrapper Ibar__wrapper--journal"><a aria-label="Frontiers in Marine Science" href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science" data-event="iBarJournal-a-journalHome" class="Ibar__journalName"><div class="Ibar__journalName__container"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img src="" class="Ibar__journal__logo"></div> <div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Frontiers in</span> <span> Marine Science</span></div></div></a> <div parent-data-event="iBarJournal" class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> Sections </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> Sections </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <ul class="Ibar__dropdown__sections"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/aquatic-microbiology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_313">Aquatic Microbiology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/aquatic-physiology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_230">Aquatic Physiology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/coastal-ocean-processes" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_962">Coastal Ocean Processes</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/coral-reef-research" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_958">Coral Reef Research</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/deep-sea-environments-and-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_832">Deep-Sea Environments and Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/discoveries" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_3472">Discoveries</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/global-change-and-the-future-ocean" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_780">Global Change and the Future Ocean</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-affairs-and-policy" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_742">Marine Affairs and Policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biogeochemistry" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_743">Marine Biogeochemistry</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1539">Marine Biology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biotechnology-and-bioproducts" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_764">Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-conservation-and-sustainability" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_761">Marine Conservation and Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-ecosystem-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_747">Marine Ecosystem Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-evolutionary-biology-biogeography-and-species-diversity" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_760">Marine Evolutionary Biology, Biogeography and Species Diversity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-fisheries-aquaculture-and-living-resources" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1091">Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture and Living Resources</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-megafauna" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_793">Marine Megafauna</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-molecular-biology-and-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_737">Marine Molecular Biology and Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-pollution" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_766">Marine Pollution</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/microbial-symbioses" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_314">Microbial Symbioses</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/ocean-observation" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1185">Ocean Observation</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/ocean-solutions" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_794">Ocean Solutions</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/physical-oceanography" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1453">Physical Oceanography</a></li></ul></div></div> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles" data-event="iBar-a-articles" class="Ibar__link">Articles</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/research-topics" data-event="iBar-a-researchTopics" class="Ibar__link">Research Topics</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/editors" data-event="iBar-a-editorialBoard" class="Ibar__link">Editorial board</a> <div parent-data-event="iBarJournal" class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About journal </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About journal </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Scope</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-editors" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Field chief editors</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-scope" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Mission & scope</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-facts" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Facts</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-submission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Journal sections</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-open" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Open access statement</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#copyright-statement" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Copyright statement</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-quality" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Quality</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">For authors</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/why-submit" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Why submit?</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/article-types" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Article types</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Author guidelines</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Editor guidelines</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/publishing-fees" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Publishing fees</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/submission-checklist" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Submission checklist</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/contact-editorial-office" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Contact editorial office</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="Ibar__spacer"></div></div></div> <div class="Ibar__journal Ibar__journal--mix"><div class="Ibar__wrapper Ibar__wrapper--journal"><div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Ibar__logo__svg"><path d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF" class="Ibar__logo__text"></path> <path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path> <path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path> <path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path> <path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path> <path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path> <path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path> <path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path> <path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path> <path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div> <a aria-label="Frontiers in Marine Science" href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science" data-event="iBarJournal-a-journalHome" class="Ibar__journalName"><div logoClass="Ibar__logo--mixed" class="Ibar__journalName__container"><div class="Ibar__journal__maskLogo" style="display:none;"><img src="" class="Ibar__journal__logo"></div> <div class="Ibar__journalName"><span>Frontiers in</span> <span> Marine Science</span></div></div></a> <div class="Ibar__spacer"></div> <div parent-data-event="iBarJournal" class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> Sections </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> Sections </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <ul class="Ibar__dropdown__sections"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/aquatic-microbiology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_313">Aquatic Microbiology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/aquatic-physiology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_230">Aquatic Physiology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/coastal-ocean-processes" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_962">Coastal Ocean Processes</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/coral-reef-research" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_958">Coral Reef Research</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/deep-sea-environments-and-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_832">Deep-Sea Environments and Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/discoveries" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_3472">Discoveries</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/global-change-and-the-future-ocean" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_780">Global Change and the Future Ocean</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-affairs-and-policy" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_742">Marine Affairs and Policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biogeochemistry" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_743">Marine Biogeochemistry</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1539">Marine Biology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-biotechnology-and-bioproducts" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_764">Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-conservation-and-sustainability" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_761">Marine Conservation and Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-ecosystem-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_747">Marine Ecosystem Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-evolutionary-biology-biogeography-and-species-diversity" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_760">Marine Evolutionary Biology, Biogeography and Species Diversity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-fisheries-aquaculture-and-living-resources" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1091">Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture and Living Resources</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-megafauna" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_793">Marine Megafauna</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-molecular-biology-and-ecology" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_737">Marine Molecular Biology and Ecology</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/marine-pollution" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_766">Marine Pollution</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/microbial-symbioses" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_314">Microbial Symbioses</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/ocean-observation" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1185">Ocean Observation</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/ocean-solutions" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_794">Ocean Solutions</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__sections__item"><a href="/journals/marine-science/sections/physical-oceanography" data-event="iBarJournal-sections-a_id_1453">Physical Oceanography</a></li></ul></div></div> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles" data-event="iBar-a-articles" class="Ibar__link">Articles</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/research-topics" data-event="iBar-a-researchTopics" class="Ibar__link">Research Topics</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/editors" data-event="iBar-a-editorialBoard" class="Ibar__link">Editorial board</a> <div parent-data-event="iBarJournal" class="Ibar__dropdown"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"> About journal </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About journal </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Scope</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-editors" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Field chief editors</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-scope" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Mission & scope</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-facts" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Facts</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-submission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Journal sections</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-open" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Open access statement</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#copyright-statement" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Copyright statement</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/about#about-quality" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_0-a_scope">Quality</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">For authors</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/why-submit" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Why submit?</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/article-types" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Article types</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Author guidelines</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Editor guidelines</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/publishing-fees" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Publishing fees</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/submission-checklist" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Submission checklist</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/for-authors/contact-editorial-office" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutJournal_1-a_forAuthors">Contact editorial office</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="Ibar__spacer"></div> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit?domainid=1&fieldid=45&specialtyid=0&entitytype=2&entityid=655" data-event="iBarJournal-a-submit" class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit"><span>Submit</span> <span> your research</span></a> <a href="/search" aria-label="Search" data-event="iBar-a-search" class="Ibar__icon Ibar__icon--search"><span>Search</span></a>    <div class="Ibar__userArea"></div></div></div></nav> <div class="ArticlePage"><div><div class="Layout Layout--withAside Layout--withIbarMix ArticleDetails"> <aside class="Layout__aside"><div class="ArticleDetails__wrapper"><div class="ArticleDetails__aside"><div class="ArticleDetails__aside__responsiveButtons"><div id="FloatingButtonsEl" class="ActionsDropDown"><button aria-label="Open dropdown" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-toggle" class="ActionsDropDown__button ActionsDropDown__button--type ActionsDropDown__button--icon"><span class="ActionsDropDown__button__label">Download article</span></button> <div class="ActionsDropDown__menuWrapper"> <ul class="ActionsDropDown__menu"><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-pdf" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> Download PDF </a></li><li><a href="http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-readCube" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> ReadCube </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/epub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-epub" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> EPUB </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/xml/nlm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-nlmXml" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> XML (NLM) </a></li></ul> <button aria-label="Close modal" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-close" class="ActionsDropDown__mobileClose"></button></div></div> <div class="ArticleDetails__aside__responsiveButtons__items"> <div class="ArticleDetailsShare__responsive"><button aria-label="Open share options" class="ArticleDetailsShare__trigger"></button> <div class="ArticleDetailsShare"><h5 class="ArticleDetailsShare__title">Share on</h5> <ul class="ArticleDetailsShare__list"><li class="ArticleDetailsShare__item"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/share?url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full" target="_blank" title="Share on X" aria-label="Share on X" class="ArticleDetailsShare__link ArticleDetailsShare__link--x"></a></li><li class="ArticleDetailsShare__item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/share?url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full" target="_blank" title="Share on Linkedin" aria-label="Share on Linkedin" class="ArticleDetailsShare__link ArticleDetailsShare__link--linkedin"></a></li><li class="ArticleDetailsShare__item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="ArticleDetailsShare__link ArticleDetailsShare__link--facebook"></a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="ActionsDropDown"><button aria-label="Open dropdown" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-toggle" class="ActionsDropDown__button ActionsDropDown__button--typeIconButton ActionsDropDown__button--iconQuote"></button> <div class="ActionsDropDown__menuWrapper"><div class="ActionsDropDown__mobileTitle"> Export citation </div> <ul class="ActionsDropDown__menu"><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/endNote" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-endNote" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> EndNote </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/reference" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-referenceManager" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> Reference Manager </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/text" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-simpleTextFile" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> Simple Text file </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/bibTex" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-bibTex" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> BibTex </a></li></ul> <button aria-label="Close modal" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-close" class="ActionsDropDown__mobileClose"></button></div></div></div></div> <div class="TotalViews"><div class="TotalViews__data"><div class="TotalViews__data__metrics"><div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__number"> 3,2K </div> <div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__text"><div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__label">Total views</div></div></div> <div class="TotalViews__data__metrics"><div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__number"> 754 </div> <div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__text"><div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__label">Downloads</div></div></div> <div class="TotalViews__data__metrics"><div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__number"> 13 </div> <div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__text"><div class="TotalViews__data__metrics__label">Citations</div></div></div> <div class="ImpactMetricsInfoPopover"><button aria-label="Open impact metrics info" class="ImpactMetricsInfoPopover__button"></button> <div class="ImpactMetricsInfoPopover__tooltip"><button aria-label="Close impact metrics info" class="ImpactMetricsInfoPopover__tooltip__closeButton"></button> <div class="ImpactMetricsInfoPopover__tooltip__text"> Citation numbers are available from Dimensions </div></div></div></div> <div class="TotalViews__viewImpactLink"><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="View article impact" href="http://loop-impact.frontiersin.org/impact/article/649246#totalviews/views" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_viewArticleImpact" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right"><span>View article impact</span></a></span></div> <div class="TotalViews__altmetric"><div data-badge-popover="bottom" data-badge-type="donut" data-doi="10.3389/fmars.2021.649246" data-condensed="true" data-link-target="new" class="altmetric-embed"></div> <span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="View altmetric score" href="https://www.altmetric.com/details/doi/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246" target="_blank" data-event="customLink-link-a_viewAltmetricScore" class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right"><span>View altmetric score</span></a></span></div></div> <div class="ArticleDetailsShare"><h5 class="ArticleDetailsShare__title">Share on</h5> <ul class="ArticleDetailsShare__list"><li class="ArticleDetailsShare__item"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/share?url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full" target="_blank" title="Share on X" aria-label="Share on X" class="ArticleDetailsShare__link ArticleDetailsShare__link--x"></a></li><li class="ArticleDetailsShare__item"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/share?url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full" target="_blank" title="Share on Linkedin" aria-label="Share on Linkedin" class="ArticleDetailsShare__link ArticleDetailsShare__link--linkedin"></a></li><li class="ArticleDetailsShare__item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="ArticleDetailsShare__link ArticleDetailsShare__link--facebook"></a></li></ul></div> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors"><div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__editors"><div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__title">Edited by</div> <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/143285/overview" data-event="editorInfo-a-gotzonBasterretxea" class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo"><figure class="Avatar Avatar--size-32"><img src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/143285/32" alt="Gotzon Basterretxea" class="Avatar__img is-inside-mask"></figure> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__info"><div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__name"> Gotzon Basterretxea </div> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__affiliation"> Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain </div></div></a></div></div> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors"><div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__editors"><div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__title">Reviewed by</div> <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/559374/overview" data-event="editorInfo-a-anneWillemOmta" class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo"><figure class="Avatar Avatar--size-32"><img src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/559374/32" alt="Anne Willem Omta" class="Avatar__img is-inside-mask"></figure> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__info"><div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__name"> Anne Willem Omta </div> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__affiliation"> Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States </div></div></a><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/469872/overview" data-event="editorInfo-a-sivKariLauvset" class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo"><figure class="Avatar Avatar--size-32"><img src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/469872/32" alt="Siv Kari Lauvset" class="Avatar__img is-inside-mask"></figure> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__info"><div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__name"> Siv Kari Lauvset </div> <div class="ArticleDetailsEditors__ediorInfo__affiliation"> Norwegian Research Institute (NORCE), Norway </div></div></a></div></div> <div class="ArticleDetailsGlossary ArticleDetailsGlossary--open"><button class="ArticleDetailsGlossary__header"><div class="ArticleDetailsGlossary__header__title">Table of contents</div> <div class="ArticleDetailsGlossary__header__arrow"></div></button> <div class="ArticleDetailsGlossary__content"><ul class="flyoutJournal"> <li><a href="#h1">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="#h2">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="#h3">Materials and Methods</a></li> <li><a href="#h4">Descriptive Carbonate Chemistry in the Context of the Perle Cruises</a></li> <div class="DottedLine"></div><li><a href="#h5">Atypical Drivers of the Seasonal Dynamics of the Carbonate Chemistry Within the Mixed Layer of the North Western Levantine Basin</a></li> <li><a href="#h6">Long Term Temporal Changes in Carbonate Chemistry in the North Western Levantine Basin</a></li> <li><a href="#h7">Conclusion</a></li> <li><a href="#h8">Data Availability Statement</a></li> <li><a href="#h9">Author Contributions</a></li> <li><a href="#fun1">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="#conf1">Conflict of Interest</a></li> <li><a href="#ack1">Acknowledgments</a></li> <li><a href="#S11">Supplementary Material</a></li> <li><a href="#refer1">References</a></li> </ul> </div></div>  <div class="ActionsDropDown"><button aria-label="Open dropdown" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-toggle" class="ActionsDropDown__button ActionsDropDown__button--typeOutline ActionsDropDown__button--iconQuote"><span class="ActionsDropDown__button__label">Export citation</span></button> <div class="ActionsDropDown__menuWrapper"> <ul class="ActionsDropDown__menu"><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/endNote" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-endNote" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> EndNote </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/reference" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-referenceManager" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> Reference Manager </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/text" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-simpleTextFile" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> Simple Text file </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/bibTex" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-bibTex" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> BibTex </a></li></ul> <button aria-label="Close modal" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-close" class="ActionsDropDown__mobileClose"></button></div></div> <div class="CheckForUpdates"><button data-target="crossmark" data-event="checkForUpdates-btn-openModal" class="CheckForUpdates__link"><img src="/article-pages/_nuxt/img/crossmark.5c8ec60.svg" alt="Crossmark icon" class="CheckForUpdates__link__img"> <div class="CheckForUpdates__link__text">Check for updates</div></button></div>  </div>  <div><div class="FloatingButtons"> <div class="ActionsDropDown"><button aria-label="Open dropdown" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-toggle" class="ActionsDropDown__button ActionsDropDown__button--type ActionsDropDown__button--iconDownload"><span class="ActionsDropDown__button__label">Download article</span></button> <div class="ActionsDropDown__menuWrapper"><div class="ActionsDropDown__mobileTitle"> Download </div> <ul class="ActionsDropDown__menu"><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-pdf" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> Download PDF </a></li><li><a href="http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-readCube" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> ReadCube </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/epub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-epub" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> EPUB </a></li><li><a href="/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/xml/nlm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-event="actionsDropDown-a-nlmXml" class="ActionsDropDown__option"> XML (NLM) </a></li></ul> <button aria-label="Close modal" data-event="actionsDropDown-button-close" class="ActionsDropDown__mobileClose"></button></div></div></div> </div></div></aside> <main class="Layout__main"> <section class="ArticleDetails__main"><div class="ArticleLayoutHeader"><div class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info"><h2 class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__title">ORIGINAL RESEARCH article</h2> <div class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__journalDate"><span>Front. Mar. Sci.</span><span>, 17 May 2021</span></div> <div class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__journalDate"> Sec. Marine Biogeochemistry </div> <div class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doiVolume"><span> Volume 8 - 2021 | </span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246" class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi"> https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246 </a></div> </div>  </div> <div class="ArticleDetails__main__content"><div class="ArticleDetails__main__content__main ArticleDetails__main__content__main--fullArticle"><div class="JournalAbstract"><div class="JournalAbstract__titleWrapper"><h1>Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO<sub>2</sub> System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin</h1> </div> </div> <div class="JournalFullText"><div class="JournalAbstract"> <a id="h1" name="h1"></a> <div class="authors"><span class="author-wrapper"> <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1088441" class="user-id-1088441"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/1088441/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="\r\nCathy Wimart-Rousseau*">Cathy Wimart-Rousseau</a><sup>1*</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1019707" class="user-id-1019707"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/1019707/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Thibaut Wagener">Thibaut Wagener</a><sup>1</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/144153" class="user-id-144153"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/144153/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Marta lvarez">Marta Álvarez</a><sup>2</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/256222" class="user-id-256222"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/256222/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Thierry Moutin">Thierry Moutin</a><sup>1</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/921946" class="user-id-921946"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/921946/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Marine Fourrier">Marine Fourrier</a><sup>3</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/546425" class="user-id-546425"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/546425/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Laurent Coppola,">Laurent Coppola</a><sup>3,4</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1313056" class="user-id-1313056"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/1313056/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Laure Niclas-Chirurgien">Laure Niclas-Chirurgien</a><sup>1</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/519202" class="user-id-519202"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/519202/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Patrick Raimbault">Patrick Raimbault</a><sup>1</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/625285" class="user-id-625285"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/625285/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Fabrizio D&#x;Ortenzio">Fabrizio D’Ortenzio</a><sup>3</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1126353" class="user-id-1126353"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/1126353/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Xavier Durrieu de Madron">Xavier Durrieu de Madron</a><sup>5</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/396062" class="user-id-396062"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/396062/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Vincent Taillandier">Vincent Taillandier</a><sup>3</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1137802" class="user-id-1137802"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/1137802/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Franck Dumas">Franck Dumas</a><sup>6</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/204475" class="user-id-204475"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/204475/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Pascal Conan">Pascal Conan</a><sup>7</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/719808" class="user-id-719808"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/719808/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Mireille Pujo-Pay">Mireille Pujo-Pay</a><sup>7</sup></span><span class="author-wrapper"><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/835557" class="user-id-835557"><img class="pr5" src="https://loop.frontiersin.org/images/profile/835557/74" onerror="this.onerror=null;this.src='https://loop.frontiersin.org/cdn/images/profile/default_32.jpg';" alt="Dominique Lefvre">Dominique Lefèvre</a><sup>1</sup></span></div> <ul class="notes"> <li><span><sup>1</sup></span>Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, Marseille, France</li> <li><span><sup>2</sup></span>Instituto Español de Oceanografia, A Coruña, Spain</li> <li><span><sup>3</sup></span>Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France</li> <li><span><sup>4</sup></span>Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France</li> <li><span><sup>5</sup></span>CEFREM, CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France</li> <li><span><sup>6</sup></span>Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine—Shom, Brest, France</li> <li><span><sup>7</sup></span>Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France</li> </ul> <p class="mb0">The seasonal variability of the carbonate system in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) was investigated based on discrete total alkalinity (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>), total dissolved inorganic carbon (C<sub><i>T</i></sub>), and pH measurements collected during three cruises around Crete between June 2018 and March 2019. This study presents a detailed description of this new carbonate chemistry dataset in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We show that the North Western Levantine Basin (NWLB) is unique in terms of range of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variation vs. C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variation in the upper water column over an annual cycle. The reasons for this singularity of the NWLB can be explained by the interplay between strong evaporation and the concomitant consumption of C<sub><i>T</i></sub> by autotrophic processes. The high range of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variations, combined to temperature changes, has a strong impact on the variability of the seawater <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>). Based on Argo float data, an entire annual cycle for <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> in the NWLB has been reconstructed in order to estimate the temporal sequence of the potential “source” and “sink” of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. By combining this dataset with previous observations in the NWLB, this study shows a significant ocean acidification and a decrease in the oceanic surface pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> of −0.0024 ± 0.0004 pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> units.a<sup>–1</sup>. The changes in the carbonate system are driven by the increase of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> but also by unexplained temporal changes in the surface A<sub><i>T</i></sub> content. If we consider that the EMed will, in the future, encounter longer, more intense and warmer summer seasons, this study proposes some perspectives on the carbonate system functioning of the “future” EMed.</p> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <div class="JournalFullText"> <a id="h2" name="h2"></a><h2>Introduction</h2> <p class="mb15">Since the beginning of the industrial era, the rise in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> due to anthropogenic activities is considered to be the main factor responsible for current climate change (<a href="#B46">IPCC, 2018</a>). The ocean plays a significant role in modulating atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> as it has sequestrated <i>ca</i>. 31% of the global anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the past few decade (<a href="#B38">Gruber et al., 2019</a>). Between 2009 and 2018, the ocean CO<sub>2</sub> sink was estimated to be equal to 2.5 ± 0.6 PgC.a<sup>–1</sup> (<a href="#B34">Friedlingstein et al., 2019</a>). Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> uptake induces an increase in hydronium ion concentration (<i>i.e.</i>, a decrease in oceanic pH) commonly referred as ocean acidification (<a href="#B27">Doney et al., 2009</a>). This ocean acidification represents a significant threat to marine organisms (<a href="#B49">Kroeker et al., 2013</a>) and is likely to affect marine ecosystems (<a href="#B32">Feely et al., 2004</a>).</p> <p class="mb15">The marginal Mediterranean Sea (MedSea) is a singular oceanic basin in terms of carbonate chemistry and deserves specific study. Due to the relatively short residence time of its water masses, this semi-enclosed, basin is considered to be more reactive to external forcing than other oceanic areas (<a href="#B29">Durrieu de Madron et al., 2011</a>). The warm and highly alkaline waters absorb CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere and transport it to the interior by active overturning circulation (<a href="#B75">Schneider et al., 2010</a>; <a href="#B1">Álvarez et al., 2014</a>). Indeed, while representing only 0.3% of the global oceanic volume, the anthropogenic carbon content of the MedSea was estimated to represent 1.1% of the world’s ocean content in 1994 (<a href="#B75">Schneider et al., 2010</a>; <a href="#B52">Lee et al., 2011</a>). Moreover, several studies have reported a marked decline in the pH of the MedSea over the last few decades (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#B83">Touratier and Goyet, 2011</a>; <a href="#B42">Hassoun et al., 2015b</a>; <a href="#B68">Palmiéri et al., 2015</a>; <a href="#B33">Flecha et al., 2019</a>).</p> <p class="mb15">Detailed descriptions of the circulation and water masses of the MedSea can be found in <a href="#B57">Millot and Taupier-Letage (2005)</a>, <a href="#B6">Bergamasco and Malanotte-Rizzoli (2010)</a>, and <a href="#B29">Durrieu de Madron et al. (2011)</a>. The water masses of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) are warmer, more haline, more oxygenated and more alkaline than those in the Western Mediterranean Sea (WMed) (<a href="#B1">Álvarez et al., 2014</a>). The EMed water column can be schematically divided into three layers: (1) The surface layer, filled with Modified Atlantic Waters (MAW) with specific regional and seasonal characteristics [<i>e.g.</i>, Levantine Surface Waters (LSW)]; (2) Intermediate waters characterised, in the presence of MAW, by a local salinity maximum and generally described by the generic name Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW); (3) The Eastern Mediterranean Deep Waters (EMDW), mostly retained in the EMed, consisting of a mixture of Adriatic Deep Waters (AdDW) and Aegean Deep Waters (AeDW). EMDW have undergone drastic changes over the last few decades (known as the Eastern Mediterranean Transient; <a href="#B73">Roether et al., 1996</a>).</p> <p class="mb15">The MedSea is already exhibiting a consistent ocean acidification trend as a direct consequence to oceanic CO<sub>2</sub> uptake. It is therefore important to observe carbonate chemistry over sustained time-series to understand the long-term changes in ocean chemistry. The seasonal dynamics of the carbonate system, crucial in understanding the variability in the air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchanges, also requires these important time-series observations. When compared to other oceanic areas, including the WMed, the oligotrophic EMed (<a href="#B70">Pujo-Pay et al., 2011</a>) is characterised by low primary production rates (<a href="#B59">Moutin and Raimbault, 2002</a>). This low productivity reduces the vertical gradients of dissolved inorganic carbon, making the detection and understanding of decadal and seasonal changes in the carbonate system particularly challenging in this area. Over the last few decades, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the EMed (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#B75">Schneider et al., 2010</a>; <a href="#B1">Álvarez et al., 2014</a>; <a href="#B42">Hassoun et al., 2015b</a>; <a href="#B39">Hainbucher et al., 2019</a>), however, these cruises do not cover a full seasonal cycle leading to biased observations. Most of the time-series measurements recorded in the MedSea have been taken in the coastal (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#B20">De Carlo et al., 2013</a>; <a href="#B44">Ingrosso et al., 2016</a>; <a href="#B47">Kapsenberg et al., 2017</a>) and oceanic WMed (<a href="#B53">Lefèvre, 2010</a>; <a href="#B13">Coppola et al., 2018</a>). In the EMed, time-series measurements are scarce and mostly based in the Cretan Sea (<a href="#B69">Petihakis et al., 2018</a>) or coastal sites such as the Lebanese coast (<a href="#B40">Hassoun et al., 2019</a>) or the Israeli coast (<a href="#B78">Sisma-Ventura et al., 2017</a>), precluding a rigorous description of the temporal variability of the carbonate system in the open-ocean EMed. In the MedSea open-ocean, studies based on data derived from satellite observations have been conducted to decipher, over a seasonal and interannual scale, the variations in <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> (<a href="#B16">D’Ortenzio et al., 2008</a>; <a href="#B81">Taillandier et al., 2012</a>). Nonetheless, understanding the variability in the seasonal carbonate system in the EMed is required to evaluate the effects of the increasing threats in this area, such as warming (<a href="#B60">Nykjaer, 2009</a>) and ocean acidification.</p> <p class="mb0">In the frame of the PERLE project (the Pelagic Ecosystem Response to deep water formation in the Levant Experiment), an intense <i>in situ</i> survey of the Levantine area was carried out during 2018–2019 (<a href="#B18">D’Ortenzio et al., 2020</a>). This study reports on a new oceanic inorganic carbon dataset acquired over three different periods of the year in the South Cretan area (described as the North Western Levantine Basin or NWLB hereafter) (<a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>).</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 1</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg" name="figure1" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g001.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F1" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Map of the “PERLE area.” Stations visited during PERLE0 are in red, during PERLE1 in blue and during PERLE2 in green. Diamonds represent stations with carbonate chemistry. Stations from the CARIMED database with A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> measurements are shown by small yellow dots. Grey dots show the WMO 6902913 Argo profiler positions from October 2018 to July 2020. Arrows show the main surface water mass pathways (see acronyms in the text). The North Western Levantine Basin area (NWLB) is defined by the dotted insert.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">This study gives a detailed description of this new dataset and the oceanographical context (section “Descriptive Carbonate Chemistry in the Context of the PERLE Cruises”). In section “Atypical Drivers of the Seasonal Dynamics of the Carbonate Chemistry Within the Mixed Layer of the North Western Levantine Basin,” using these new annual observations in the NWLB, the physical and biological drivers explaining the seasonal variability of the carbonate parameters in the upper water column will be investigated and the impact of the variations on air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes will be discussed. In section “Long Term Temporal Changes in Carbonate Chemistry in the North Western Levantine Basin,” the main drivers of carbonate chemistry changes will be considered on longer timescales, based on the estimated trends in the surface carbonate chemistry of the NWLB derived from existing data over the last 20 years. Some hypotheses on the future of the carbonate system functioning of the EMed will be discussed.</p> <a id="h3" name="h3"></a><h2>Materials and Methods</h2> <h3 class="pt0">Cruise and Sampling Strategy</h3> <p class="mb0">This study focuses on three PERLE cruises: PERLE0, PERLE1, and PERLE2 (<a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>). These cruises were carried out in the EMed between 2018 and 2019. At all stations, a CTD-Rosette was deployed (1) to acquire data with sensors (Conductivity Temperature and Depth–CTD and associated parameters) along vertical profiles and (2) to collect discrete seawater samples from Niskin bottles for chemical analysis. Over the 11, 31, and 125 casts performed during the PERLE0, PERLE1, and PERLE2 cruises, seawater was sampled from 1, 12, and 17 casts, respectively, for carbonate parameter analysis (see <a href="#S11">Supplementary Table 1</a> and <a href="#S11">Supplementary Figure 1</a>). Details for the cruises and parameters measured during each PERLE cruise are summarised in <a href="#T1">Table 1</a>.</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">TABLE 1</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t001.jpg" name="table1" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t001.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t001.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t001.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t001.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t001.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t001.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="T1" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Table 1.</strong> Summary of the cruise information and the parameters measured during each PERLE cruises including availability, number of samples (n) and their associated accuracy.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <h3>Parameters Measured</h3> <h4 class="pt0">CTD and Seawater Sampling</h4> <p class="mb15">A SeaBird<sup>TM</sup> 911+ underwater unit was used to interface a pressure sensor, an external temperature probe (SBE3plus) and an external conductivity cell (SBE4C). Sensors were calibrated by the manufacturer. Additional sensors were interfaced and data from a fluorescence (Chelsea Aqua 3) and an oxygen (SBE43) sensor are used in this study. Fluorescence and oxygen are expressed in A.U. (Arbitrary Unit) and μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, in this study. For vertical profiles, 24 Hz data on the downcast were averaged on 1 dbar bins by the SeaBird<sup>TM</sup> dedicated software. Water samples were collected from CTD-Rosette casts with a carousel equipped with 22 Niskin bottles (12 L). Water was sampled from 10 to 21 depths, from a few meters above the seafloor up to the surface (0–5 dbars). From 0 to 200 dbars, a higher sampling resolution was applied (every <i>ca</i>. 20 dbars) than below 200 dbars (every <i>ca.</i> 200 dbars).</p> <p class="mb0">In addition, the “Real-time” CTD data from the WMO 6902913 Argo float (<a href="#B3">Argo, 2000</a>) deployed during the PERLE1 cruise were used in this study to complete the hydrological data. Data collected from October 2018 to July 2020 were used (<a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>). Because the Argo float considered in this study is still operational, no “Delayed Mode” data were available at this stage. The Argo real-time quality control procedures have been applied by the Coriolis data centre (<a href="#B91">Wong et al., 2020</a>). A visual comparison of the Argo CTD data with collocated PERLE cruise CTD data was carried out on two profiles to exclude major deviations in the Argo data. Salinity measurements (derived from conductivity—SBE41CP sensor, Seabird<sup>TM</sup>) were recorded with an accuracy of 0.005 psu.</p> <h4>Total Alkalinity and Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon</h4> <p class="mb0">Samples for total dissolved inorganic carbon (C<sub><i>T</i></sub>) and total alkalinity (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>) were collected into acid-washed 500 cm<sup>3</sup> borosilicate glass bottles, poisoned with 200 mm<sup>3</sup> of a 36 g.dm<sup>–3</sup> HgCl<sub>2</sub>, as recommended by <a href="#B25">Dickson et al. (2007)</a> and stored in the dark at 4°C. Analyses were performed after 5 months of storage. Measurements of C<sub><i>T</i></sub> and A<sub><i>T</i></sub> were performed simultaneously by potentiometric acid titration using a closed cell following the methods described by <a href="#B30">Edmond (1970)</a> and <a href="#B22">Dickson and Goyet (1994)</a>. Analyses were performed at the National Facility for Analysis of Carbonate System Parameters (SNAPO-CO2, LOCEAN, Sorbonne University—CNRS, France) with a prototype developed at LOCEAN. The average accuracy of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> analysis (estimated from repeated measurements of Certified Reference Material provided by Prof. Dickson’s laboratory from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego) was 1.8 and 2.1 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, for PERLE0 and 4.6 and 4.7 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, for PERLE2. Although A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> measurements were carried out during the PERLE1 cruise, the accuracy of the dataset did not conform to the quality control procedure (see section “Primary Quality Control of the Measured Data”) therefore the measured PERLE1 A<sub><i>T</i></sub>/C<sub><i>T</i></sub> dataset was not used in this study. However, A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values were reconstructed for PERLE1 based on a published A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship (see section “Derived Parameters”).</p> <h4>pH</h4> <p class="mb0">The pH was measured directly on board. Samples for pH measurements were collected in cylindrical optical glass vials and analyses were performed manually using purified m-Cresol Purple (mCP) following the spectrophotometric protocol (at 25°C) described by <a href="#B11">Clayton and Byrne (1993)</a> (see details in <a href="#S11">Supplementary Material</a>). This method is based on the dissociation of the pH-sensitive mCP dye (provided by Prof. Byrne, University of Southern Florida) in the water sample. pH is reported on the total scale at 25°C (pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup>) using the equation by <a href="#B54">Liu et al. (2011)</a>. The reproducibility of measurements was estimated to be ± 0.0009 by measuring replicates from the same Niskin bottle. The accuracy was determined to range within ± 0.007 for PERLE1 and ± 0.003 for PERLE2 by analysing replicates of TRIS solution (provided by Prof. Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego). No direct pH measurements were carried out during the PERLE0 cruise. The effect of the addition of the indicator on the seawater pH was evaluated and corrected (see details in the <a href="#S11">Supplementary Material</a>).</p> <h4>Oxygen</h4> <p class="mb15">For all three PERLE cruises, dissolved oxygen concentrations ([O<sub>2</sub>]<sub><i>mes</i></sub>) were analysed on board following the Winkler method (<a href="#B90">Winkler, 1888</a>; modified <a href="#B9">Carritt and Carpenter, 1966</a>) using photometric endpoint detection (<a href="#B89">Williams and Jenkinson, 1982</a>). The recommendations of <a href="#B50">Langdon (2010)</a> were followed for sampling, reagent preparation and sample analysis. The thiosulfate solution was calibrated by titrating it against a potassium iodate certified standard solution of 0.0100 N (CSK standard solution—WAKO). The reproducibility of measurements, calculated by measuring replicates from the same Niskin bottle, was estimated to be ± 0.86 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup> (<i>n</i> = 42, PERLE2).</p> <p class="mb0">Oxygen measurements from the SBE43 sensor from the CTD rosette were systematically adjusted for all cruises with the “Winkler” values on the whole water column. Based on the raw data processing algorithm (<a href="#B63">Owens and Millard, 1985</a>), 3 calibration coefficients were adjusted (the oxygen signal slope, the voltage at zero oxygen signal and the pressure correction factor) by minimising the sum of the square of the difference between the Winkler oxygen values and oxygen derived from the sensor signal. The accuracy of the SBE43 adjusted values is around ± 2 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>.</p> <h4>Nutrients</h4> <p class="mb0">Samples for dissolved inorganic nutrients were collected from Niskin bottles in 20 mL polyethylene bottles. Samples were analysed directly on board during PERLE2 and frozen before analysis on land for PERLE0 and PERLE1. Analyses were performed after less than a month of storage. All nutrient samples were analysed by a standard colorimetric method on a segmented flow analyser (Autoanalyser II Seal Bran& Luebbe<sup>®</sup>) following <a href="#B2">Aminot and Kerouel (2007)</a>. The relative precision of these analyses ranged from 5 to 10% (<a href="#B2">Aminot and Kerouel, 2007</a>).</p> <h3>Primary Quality Control of the Measured Data</h3> <p class="mb0">Systematic primary quality control of the measured data was performed on each PERLE dataset. No significant problems have been detected for Winkler oxygen and pH measurements. During PERLE1, for a few casts, a CTD pump dysfunction significantly altered the quality of the CTD oxygen: oxygen measurements from these casts were disregarded. A systematic quality control procedure for A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> was conducted based on internal consistency tests between A<sub><i>T</i></sub>, C<sub><i>T</i></sub> and pH<sub><i>T</i></sub> (see details in the <a href="#S11">Supplementary Material</a>). Following these steps, only 15 PERLE2 casts were validated, leading to the loss of <i>ca.</i> 60% of the PERLE2 A<sub><i>T</i></sub>/C<sub><i>T</i></sub> dataset. All the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>/C<sub><i>T</i></sub> PERLE1 dataset was lost. A comparison of the quality controlled PERLE dataset with previously collected data does not reveal systematic biases for A<sub><i>T</i></sub>, C<sub><i>T</i></sub>, or pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> (<a href="#F2">Figure 2A–C</a>).</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 2</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g002.jpg" name="figure2" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g002.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g002.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g002.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g002.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g002.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g002.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F2" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Upper panel: Vertical profiles of total alkalinity (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>–μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>; <b>A</b>), total dissolved inorganic carbon (C<sub>θ</sub>–μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>; <b>B</b>) and pH (measured and calculated) in total scale at 25°C (pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup>; <b>C</b>) for the three PERLE cruises superimposed on the CARIMED data corresponding to the PERLE area (22°–29°E, 33°–36.5°N; grey dots). Lower panel: Θ–S<sub><i>A</i></sub> diagrams for the three PERLE cruises with the name of the main water mass end members for the entire water column. Colored points correspond to A<sub><i>T</i></sub> on <b>(D)</b>, to C<sub><i>T</i></sub> on <b>(E)</b> and to pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup>on <b>(F)</b>. Isopycnal horizons based on potential density referenced to a pressure of 0 dbar (σ<sub>θ</sub>) are represented by grey contour lines. On <b>(D–F)</b>, different dots have been used for each PERLE cruise. Because no A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> data were available for PERLE1 cruise, only pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> data have been represented <b>(C,F)</b>.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <h3>Statistical Tests on the Linear Model</h3> <p class="mb15">Relationships between years and carbonate parameters (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>, C<sub><i>T</i></sub>, and pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup>) and between A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and salinity were computed using a linear regression model. Linear regression statistics, including the standard error of the slope (<i>i.e.</i>, the error of the estimated trend), the coefficient of determination (r<sup>2</sup>) and the significance of the trend (<i>p</i>-value) were calculated using the R software. Linear relationships have been tested using the Pearson coefficient for parametric test (<a href="#B80">Sokal and Rohlf, 1969</a>) with a significance level of 95%.</p> <p class="mb0">Parameters derived from the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S linear relationship were tested against previously published A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationships in the area using a Student’s <i>t</i>-test for the slope and intercept. The null hypothesis, H<sub>0</sub>, was that our observations were not significantly different from these linear models.</p> <h3>Derived Parameters</h3> <p class="mb15">Absolute salinity (S<sub><i>A</i></sub>), conservative temperature (Θ) and potential density (σ<sub>θ</sub>) were derived from practical salinity, temperature and pressure and the geographic position based on the TEOS-10 (The International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater-2010). In this study, following the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (<a href="#B86">Valladares et al., 2011</a>), S<sub><i>A</i></sub> and Θ were used to study the hydrological context (Θ−S<sub><i>A</i></sub> diagrams). Calculations were made with the “oce” R package (<a href="#B48">Kelley et al., 2017</a>). Note that practical salinity (labelled Salinity) and <i>in situ</i> temperature (labelled Temperature) were used in this study to facilitate comparisons with previous studies in particular, for A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationships.</p> <p class="mb15">Apparent Oxygen Utilisation (AOU–μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>) was calculated from the difference between oxygen solubility concentration (at P = 0 dbar) estimated with the “Benson and Krause coefficients” (<a href="#B35">Garcia and Gordon, 1992</a>) and <i>in situ</i> [O<sub>2</sub>]<sub><i>mes</i></sub>.</p> <p class="mb15">A density threshold of 0.03 kg.m<sup>–3</sup> with a reference depth of 10 dbars was used to compute the Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) (<a href="#B17">D’Ortenzio et al., 2005</a>).</p> <p class="mb15">Salinity data were used to reconstruct an A<sub><i>T</i></sub> time-series using the sub-surface A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship proposed by <a href="#B41">Hassoun et al. (2015a)</a> (see discussion in section “Total Alkalinity and Salinity Relationships Within the Mixed Layer”). In this study, the PERLE1 and the Argo float A<sub><i>T</i></sub> datasets were reconstructed following this A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship. Considering the standard deviation of the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship proposed by <a href="#B41">Hassoun et al. (2015a)</a>, the accuracy of the calculated A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values is ± 19 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>.</p> <p class="mb15">Salinity-normalised changes in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) were calculated dividing by <i>in situ</i> salinity and multiplying by 39.3 (<i>i.e.</i>, the mean PERLE salinity above 200 dbars).</p> <p class="mb15">Seawater carbonate system parameters were derived from A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values. Calculations were made with the software program CO2SYS-MATLAB (<a href="#B87">van Heuven et al., 2011</a>) using silicate and phosphate concentrations. When nutrient data was not available, silicate and phosphate mean concentrations for each depth were used. As recommended for the MedSea by <a href="#B1">Álvarez et al. (2014)</a>, the carbonic acid dissociation constants K<sub>1</sub> and K<sub>2</sub> from <a href="#B55">Mehrbach et al. (1973)</a> as refitted by <a href="#B23">Dickson and Millero (1987)</a> and the dissociation constant for HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> from <a href="#B21">Dickson (1990)</a> were used. <a href="#B85">Uppström (1974)</a> was used to calculate the ratio of total boron to salinity and <a href="#B24">Dickson and Riley (1979)</a> to calculate the hydrogen fluoride constant K<sub><i>F</i></sub>.</p> <p class="mb0">The buffer factors γA<sub><i>T</i></sub> (γC<sub><i>T</i></sub>), βA<sub><i>T</i></sub> (βC<sub><i>T</i></sub>) and ωA<sub><i>T</i></sub> (ωC<sub><i>T</i></sub>) provide an estimation of the seawater’s ability to buffer changes in the aqueous CO<sub>2</sub> [CO<sub>2</sub>], protons [H<sup>+</sup>] and the carbonate saturation state (Ω) when A<sub><i>T</i></sub> (C<sub><i>T</i></sub>) changes at constant C<sub><i>T</i></sub> (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>) (<a href="#B31">Egleston et al., 2010</a>). The calculations were performed following the formula proposed by <a href="#B1">Álvarez et al. (2014)</a>.</p> <h3>Quantification of Biological Processes</h3> <p class="mb15">Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) is defined as the sum of biotic and abiotic carbon fluxes in the ecosystem (<a href="#B7">Borges et al., 2008</a>). Net Ecosystem Calcification (NEC) is a measure of the balance between CaCO<sub>3</sub> formation (calcification) and dissolution (<a href="#B79">Smith and Kinsey, 1978</a>). Based on the NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup> and NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup> plot, the reaction path can take on variable slopes depending on the ratio of different processes, such as photosynthesis/respiration, carbonate dissolution/formation and CO<sub>2</sub> release/invasion (<a href="#B92">Zeebe, 2012</a>). Temporal changes in NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup> (ΔNA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) and NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup> (ΔNC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) between each PERLE cruise can be calculated according to NEP and NEC processes as:</p> <div class="equationImageholder pb0"> <math id="S2.E1"> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">△</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mn>39.3</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo rspace="7.5pt">=</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>0.15</mn> <mo>*</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>0.9</mn> <mo>*</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="5em"></mspace><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo></math> </div> <div class="equationImageholder pb0"> <math id="S2.E2"> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">△</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <msubsup> <mi>A</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mn>39.3</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mrow> <mn> 0.02</mn> <mo>*</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.8</mn> <mo>*</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="5em"></mspace><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo></math> </div> <p class="mb15">Following equation (2), NEP can be expressed according to NEC as:</p> <div class="equationImageholder pb0"> <math id="S2.E3"> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <msubsup> <mi>A</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mn>39.3</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.8</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>0.02</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="5em"></mspace><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo></math> </div> <p class="mb15">Then, by replacing the NEP term in equation (1) by equation (3), NEC can be calculated as:</p> <div class="equationImageholder pb0"> <math id="S2.E4"> <mrow> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <msubsup> <mi>C</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mn>39.3</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>0.15</mn> <mo>∗</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mrow> <mo>⁢</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>⁢</mo> <msubsup> <mi>A</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mn>39.3</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>0.02</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mn>14.4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="5em"></mspace><mo stretchy='false'>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo stretchy='false'>)</mo></math> </div> <p class="mb0">NEC and NEP are expressed in μmolC.kg<sup>–1</sup>.d<sup>–1</sup>. Salinity-normalised A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values “exclude” the “precipitation-evaporation” influence in the layer where biological activity is at a maximum. It is assumed that the layers considered (MLD-200 dbars) to estimate the NEP and NEC processes are not influenced by air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, which were therefore not considered.</p> <h3>CARIMED Database</h3> <p class="mb0">CARIMED (CARbon, tracer and ancillary data In the MEDsea) aims to be an internally consistent database containing inorganic carbon data relevant for this basin (Álvarez et al., in preparation). Ancillary (hydrographic, inorganic nutrients and dissolved oxygen), CO<sub>2</sub> (pH, A<sub><i>T</i></sub>, and C<sub><i>T</i></sub>) and transient tracer (CFC-11 and 12, Tritium, SF<sub>6</sub>, Neon, CCl<sub>4</sub>, and ΔHe<sup>3</sup>) data from several cruises in the MedSea from 1976 until 2018 were assembled. Primary and secondary quality control procedures following the GLODAP (Global Ocean Data Analysis Project) philosophy (<a href="#B82">Tanhua et al., 2010</a>) are locally adapted to this marginal sea. This work only uses data collected in the Levantine basin (<a href="#S11">Supplementary Table 2</a>).</p> <a id="h4" name="h4"></a><h2>Descriptive Carbonate Chemistry in the Context of the Perle Cruises</h2> <h3 class="pt0">Carbonate Chemistry Along the Water Column Below the Surface Layer</h3> <p class="mb15">All vertical profiles for A<sub><i>T</i></sub>, C<sub><i>T</i></sub> and pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> measured during the PERLE cruises are presented in <a href="#F2">Figures 2A–C</a>, respectively. All the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> profiles presented maximum values in the surface, minimum values between 500 and 700 dbars and remained almost constant (or slightly decreasing) below 1000 dbars. Most of the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> vertical profiles presented the lowest values in surface waters, reaching maximum values between 500 and 700 dbars and then remaining relatively invariable below 1000 dbars. pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> presented maximum values at the surface (with values around 8.060 measured during PERLE1 cruise), minimum values close to 700 dbars and nearly constant values under 1000 dbars (<a href="#F2">Figure 2C</a>). The main water masses are identified in <a href="#F2">Figures 2D–F</a> and detailed in <a href="#S11">Supplementary Figure 1</a>.</p> <p class="mb15">Intermediate waters (mostly LIW) were located around the 29.0 kg.m<sup>–3</sup> isopycnal layer (<a href="#B51">Lascaratos and Nittis, 1998</a>; see <a href="#S11">Supplementary Figure 1</a>) and were characterised by an A<sub><i>T</i></sub> maximum evolving from 2,600 to 2,640 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup> (<a href="#F2">Figures 2A,D</a>). As observed by <a href="#B1">Álvarez et al. (2014)</a>, the LIW was located above the layer of maximum organic matter mineralisation in the EMed and was associated with low C<sub><i>T</i></sub> concentrations (<i>ca.</i> 2,290 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>) and high pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values (<i>ca.</i> 8.000) in contrast to the deepest water masses. It can be observed that slightly colder, more haline and denser Cretan Intermediate Waters (<a href="#B88">Velaoras et al., 2019</a>) were detected during PERLE2 in the western part of the Cretan Sea with the highest A<sub><i>T</i></sub> value for PERLE2 cruise (<i>ca</i>. 2,660 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>, <a href="#F2">Figure 2A</a>).</p> <p class="mb15">In the deep-water layer (<i>i.e.</i>, EMDW), both AeDW and AdDW presented similar C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values (<a href="#F2">Figure 2E</a>) while slightly higher pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> (<a href="#F2">Figure 2F</a>) and A<sub><i>T</i></sub> (<a href="#F2">Figure 2D</a>) values were measured in the AeDW (see <a href="#S11">Supplementary Figure 2</a>). On the Cretan shelf, deep waters were comprised of dense EMDW with high A<sub><i>T</i></sub> (≈ 2,650 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>) and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values (≈ 2,350 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>). Deep waters of the Cretan Sea were filled with CDW with low pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> (≈ 7.950) values resulting from relatively low A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and high C<sub><i>T</i></sub> content (<a href="#F2">Figures 2D–F</a>).</p> <p class="mb0">This description of the carbonate chemistry in the deep and intermediate water masses in the PERLE area is in good agreement with previous studies (<a href="#B75">Schneider et al., 2010</a>; <a href="#B1">Álvarez et al., 2014</a>). However, the PERLE strategy based on an intense observation period over a year is not appropriate to describe changes in deep-water masses. For the rest of this study, in order to tackle the seasonal dynamics of the surface waters, only data in the NWLB (<a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>) where all three PERLE cruises were conducted, will be discussed further.</p> <h3>Seasonal Variability in the Upper Water Column</h3> <p class="mb0">The highest spatial and temporal variability in carbonate chemistry parameters was encountered in the upper water layer which has been defined to be approximately the first 200 dbars. Discrete pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values (measured and calculated), taken from the southern part of the PERLE sampling area (the NWLB) illustrate the seasonal variability of the carbonate chemistry in the upper layer (<a href="#F3">Figure 3A</a>). The pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> was the most measured carbonate parameter in this study and, when normalised to 25°C, can be considered as an indicator of the carbonate chemistry status by including the changes in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub>. An overview of the upper layer seasonal dynamics is also presented for temperature, salinity, fluorescence, and AOU profiles in <a href="#F3">Figures 3B–E</a>, respectively.</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 3</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g003.jpg" name="figure3" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g003.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g003.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g003.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g003.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g003.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g003.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F3" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 3.</strong> Vertical profiles of pH in total scale at 25°C (pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup>, <b>A</b>), temperature (°C, <b>B</b>), salinity <b>(C)</b>, fluorescence (A.U., <b>D</b>) and AOU concentrations (O<sub>2</sub><sup><i>s</i><i>ol</i></sup>—O<sub>2</sub><sup><i>m</i><i>es</i></sup>; μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>, <b>E</b>) above 350 dbars for all stations in the North Western Levantine Basin during the three PERLE cruises. Horizontal full lines represent the mean Mixed Layer Depth (MLD; dbars). Dotted lines represent the minimum and maximum MLD values, respectively. For PERLE1, a distinction is made between inside (light blue lines) and outside (dark blue lines) the Ierapetra gyre.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">The lowest pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values were encountered in March 2019 during the PERLE2 cruise and correspond to the relatively higher C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values and lower A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values. During this cruise, a significant range in the MLD was encountered with the deepest values observed. This cruise coincided with the abrupt stratification observed in the EMed after the deepening of the MLD from November to February-March (<a href="#B17">D’Ortenzio et al., 2005</a>). Increased fluorescence values were observed in shallow waters at the end of the cruise (in the eastern part of the area) in comparison to the beginning of the cruise (in the western part).</p> <p class="mb15">Intermediate pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values were measured in June 2018 during the PERLE0 cruise corresponding to increased surface alkalinity and a moderate depletion in inorganic carbon. The PERLE0 cruise is an early summer cruise characterised by a shallow MLD. The highest fluorescence values were recorded during this cruise well below the MLD (<i>ca</i>. 90 dbars) and light oxygen supersaturation (AOU ≈ −20 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>) just beneath the MLD.</p> <p class="mb15">Finally, high pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values (>8.000) were measured up to 100 dbars during the PERLE1 cruise, probably in association with a high A<sub><i>T</i></sub> content due to evaporation. During this late summer cruise, the deepest Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) with the lowest fluorescence values but also the deepest negative AOU concentrations were encountered. Moreover, during this cruise, the mesoscale Ierapetra Eddy (IE) was crossed (see <a href="#S11">Supplementary Figure 3</a> and <a href="#B45">Ioannou et al., 2019</a>). The core of this warm and salty eddy (<a href="#F3">Figures 3B,C</a>) was characterised by a deepening of the MLD associated with a deep DCM and negative AOU values. Nonetheless, no clear IE signal was observed on the pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values (<a href="#F3">Figure 3A</a>).</p> <p class="mb0">In the EMed, spring and autumn seasons need to be considered as short transition periods between the summer and winter, which come later than on the continent (<a href="#B65">Özsoy et al., 1989</a>). Moreover, in the EMed, summer is characterised by maximum heat in the surface layer that can remain up until November, whereas winter is identified with minimal heat that can occur until April. Considering each cruise as representative of a period within the annual cycle, the PERLE0 cruise (June 2018) associated with intermediate pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values corresponds to the early summer period with decreasing biological activity associated with the strengthening of stratification. PERLE1 (October 2018) is associated with the highest pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values and corresponds to the end of the summer period characterised by a warm and stratified water column with deep and low fluorescence maximum. PERLE2 (March 2019), associated with the lowest pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> values and shallow fluorescence maximum, corresponds to the end of the winter period, with the beginning of the seasonal stratification of the water column in the eastern part. These features agree with the analysis of the seasonal patterns of surface chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentration (Chl <i>a</i>) (based on remote sensing). The lowest values of surface Chl <i>a</i> were observed during the summer period, whereas an increase in surface Chl <i>a</i> was observed in winter, concomitantly to the deepening of MLD (<a href="#B8">Bosc et al., 2004</a>; <a href="#B15">D’Ortenzio and Ribera d’Alcalà, 2009</a>).</p> <h3>Total Alkalinity and Salinity Relationships Within the Mixed Layer</h3> <p class="mb15">When no A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values were available (see section “Primary Quality Control of the Measured Data”), A<sub><i>T</i></sub> can be estimated based on an A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship. In the MedSea, several linear relationships between A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and salinity in the surface waters have been proposed for different sub-basins (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#B76">Schneider et al., 2007</a>; <a href="#B14">Cossarini et al., 2015</a>; <a href="#B41">Hassoun et al., 2015a</a>; <a href="#B36">Gonzaìlez-Daìvila et al., 2016</a>).</p> <p class="mb0">During the PERLE cruises, in the NWLB, AT was significantly (<i>n</i> = 14, <i>p</i>-value = 0.014, <i>r</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.36) influenced by salinity variations within the mixed layer (<a href="#F4">Figure 4</a>). <a href="#F4">Figure 4</a> also displays the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S distribution in the Cretan Sea (grey dots on <a href="#F4">Figure 4</a>). The mixing of high alkalinity Black Sea waters (values of <i>ca.</i> 2,967 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>; <a href="#B43">Hiscock and Millero, 2006</a>) in the Cretan Sea shifts the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S characteristics of surface waters in agreement with <a href="#B76">Schneider et al. (2007)</a> who demonstrated that freshwater and Black Sea inputs affect the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship. More pronounced deviations from the expected linear A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship are observed for stations with deeper mixed layers (<a href="#F4">Figure 4</a>). This might be the result of the mixing of water masses with different A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationships during winter mixing. As A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values were available only for PERLE0 and PERLE2 cruises, the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S relationship derived for the PERLE cruises in the mixed layer (and in the NWLB) have been based on a very limited number of data. The PERLE A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S linear relationship was tested against the Hassoun A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S linear model (<a href="#B41">Hassoun et al., 2015a</a>). No significant differences were found on either the slope (<i>t</i>-test = 1.86, <i>n</i> = 14, <i>p</i> < 0.05) or the intercept (<i>t</i>-test = 0.27, <i>n</i> = 14, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Therefore, the annual time-series were reconstructed based on the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S linear relationship measured by <a href="#B41">Hassoun et al. (2015a)</a> in the surface waters (0–25 m) of the eastern Mediterranean sub-basin, and A<sub><i>T</i></sub> has been estimated based on this relationship.</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 4</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g004.jpg" name="figure4" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g004.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g004.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g004.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g004.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g004.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g004.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F4" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 4.</strong> A<sub><i>T</i></sub> vs. Salinity during PERLE0 and PERLE2 cruises within the mixed layer for all stations situated in the North Western Levantine Basin. The colour scale corresponds to the mixed layer depth (MLD–dbars). The black line corresponds to the significant linear regression (in the NWLB). The different grey lines correspond to the linear regressions between A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and salinity in the surface EMed reported by <a href="#B76">Schneider et al. (2007)</a>, <a href="#B14">Cossarini et al. (2015)</a>, <a href="#B41">Hassoun et al. (2015a)</a>, and <a href="#B36">Gonzaìlez-Daìvila et al. (2016)</a>. The grey dots correspond to data in the Cretan Sea (not used in the linear regression).</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div><a id="h5" name="h5"></a><h2>Atypical Drivers of the Seasonal Dynamics of the Carbonate Chemistry Within the Mixed Layer of the North Western Levantine Basin</h2> <h3 class="pt0">Seasonal Variations in Total Alkalinity and Total Inorganic Carbon</h3> <p class="mb0">During the PERLE cruises, the NWLB exhibited a greater range in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> than C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values within the mixed layer (see section “Total alkalinity control on the seasonal air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchanges”). A<sub><i>T</i></sub> ranged between 2,610 and 2,693 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup> whereas C<sub><i>T</i></sub> ranged between 2,292 and 2,332 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>. Over an annual scale, the ratio of the range in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variations to the range in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variations (ΔA<sub><i>T</i></sub>/ΔC<sub><i>T</i></sub>) can be used to infer the sensitivity to A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> changes in the upper ocean. Over the period studied, in the NWLB, the ratio ΔA<sub><i>T</i></sub>/ΔC<sub><i>T</i></sub> is equal to 2.1. In the global ocean, long-term time-series ΔA<sub><i>T</i></sub>/ΔC<sub><i>T</i></sub> ratios are lower than 1.0 (<a href="#T2">Table 2</a>).</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">TABLE 2</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t002.jpg" name="table2" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t002.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t002.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t002.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t002.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t002.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t002.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="T2" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Table 2.</strong> Ratios (ΔA<sub><i>T</i></sub>/ΔC<sub><i>T</i></sub>) of the range in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variations (maximum value minus minimum value) to the range in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variations (maximum value minus minimum value) in the upper ocean for the different time-series.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">The reasons for these apparent and rather unique ranges of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> over the year in the NWLB can be attributed to several factors: (1) The main drivers of the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> gradient in the water column are, primary production transforming the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> into organic carbon in the photic layer, and respiration transforming the organic carbon into C<sub><i>T</i></sub>. As the EMed is an area of low productivity (<a href="#B59">Moutin and Raimbault, 2002</a>), the vertical C<sub><i>T</i></sub> gradient is lower than in other oceanic areas. Consequently, the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> range in surface waters, driven by C<sub><i>T</i></sub> consumption during the stratified period and replenishment via vertical mixing with sub-surface waters enriched in C<sub><i>T</i></sub>, is greatly reduced. (2) The high levels of evaporation that affect the MAW in the EMed during the summer season increases salinity by nearly 1 g.kg<sup>–1</sup> (<a href="#F2">Figure 2</a>) between the end of winter (PERLE2) and the end of summer (PERLE1). The A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> parameters should be equally affected by evaporation in a closed system. However, when reported on a A<sub><i>T</i></sub>/C<sub><i>T</i></sub> diagram (with normalised axes—see <a href="#F5">Figure 5</a>), a higher range of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variation compared to C<sub><i>T</i></sub> is observed. This indicates that when salinity increases in surface waters, a concomitant consumption of C<sub><i>T</i></sub> must occur to compensate for the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> increase due to evaporation to maintain an apparent stability in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> concentrations. The biological consumption of C<sub><i>T</i></sub> will be discussed in the next section as a possible mechanism to explain this low C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variability.</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 5</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g005.jpg" name="figure5" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g005.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g005.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g005.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g005.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g005.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g005.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F5" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 5.</strong> Salinity-normalised A<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) vs. salinity-normalised C<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) during the three PERLE cruise in the upper 200 dbars for all stations situated in the North Western Levantine Basin. The layer of 0-200 dbars has been chosen as having the highest AOU variability because of the biological signal. Salinity-normalised values have been calculated with the mean PERLE salinity above 200 dbars (<i>i.e.</i>, 39.3). Empty and full dots represent data within and below the mixed layer, respectively. Circled crosses and circled stars represent the barycentre of data below and within the mixed layer, respectively. Black vectors reflect theoretical impacts of various processes (photosynthesis/respiration, carbonate dissolution/formation and CO<sub>2</sub> release/invasion) on A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub>. Grey isolines indicate levels of constant pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> as a function of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub>.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <h3>Impact of Biological Processes on Variations in Seasonal Carbonate Parameters</h3> <p class="mb15">To understand the overall impact of biological processes on the seasonal variations in the carbonate system in the NWLB, changes in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> need to be considered independently from the changes induced by dilution and evaporation. For this purpose, salinity-normalised changes of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> in the upper 200 dbars are plotted in <a href="#F5">Figure 5</a>. To differentiate waters affected by air-sea exchanges from sub-surface waters, the upper 200 dbars of water column has been divided into two layers: within and below the mixed layer (0 dbars—MLD and MLD—200 dbars). The barycentre of all observational points, defined as the coordinate of the mean A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values during each cruise, is reported and considered to be representative of the “season” sampled.</p> <p class="mb15">The barycentres are spread along the photosynthesis-respiration line between the three cruises, reflecting the effects of biological processes on the carbonate system over the year. From the early summer period (PERLE0—red dots on <a href="#F5">Figure 5</a>) to the end of the summer period (PERLE1—blue dots on <a href="#F5">Figure 5</a>), for both layers, the barycentre shift was a signature for increased photosynthetic processes compared to respiration processes. The deepening of the DCM observed between the PERLE0 and PERLE1 cruises and the negative AOU values recorded during these cruises supported this observation. The deepening of the DCM is a signature to the downward displacement of primary producers related to surface nutrient depletion (<a href="#B77">Sigman and Hain, 2012</a>), and negative AOU values reflect oxygen production. All these elements indicate that autotrophic processes dominate the upper water column between early and late summer. Based on these assumptions, between the end of the summer period (PERLE1) and the end of the winter period (PERLE2—green dots on <a href="#F5">Figure 5</a>), the barycentre shift indicates that heterotrophic processes were dominant in the upper water column. Whilst observations cannot be time related, it can be assumed that between the late winter period of PERLE2 and the early summer period of PERLE0, the “theoretical” shift of the barycentre indicates a balance in favor of autotrophic processes during this period. When considered together, these seasonal changes in normalised A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> confirm that during periods of high evaporation, autotrophic processes are consuming C<sub><i>T</i></sub> and increasing A<sub><i>T</i></sub>. This can explain the apparent C<sub><i>T</i></sub> stability and the important change in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> over an annual cycle.</p> <p class="mb15">Based on the assumption that, below the mixed layer, the PERLE sampling area is a closed system (unimpacted by air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes), the temporal evolution in NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup> and NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup> was used to calculate NEP and NEC fluxes. From the end of the bloom period (PERLE0) to the end of the summer period (PERLE1), daily NEP and NEC values of 0.53 and 0.01 μmolC.kg<sup>–1</sup>.d<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, were estimated whereas from the end of the summer period (PERLE1) to the start of the bloom period (PERLE2), negative daily NEP and NEC values of −1.02 and −0.04 μmolC.kg<sup>–1</sup>.d<sup>–1</sup>, respectively, were estimated. In the MedSea, the MLD seasonal variability is characterised by a deepening from November to February-March (<a href="#B17">D’Ortenzio et al., 2005</a>). Therefore, it can be assumed that the water masses below the mixed layer remain isolated from surface CO<sub>2</sub> inputs between the PERLE0 and PERLE1 cruises. However, due to the late winter deepening of the MLD (<a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>), between the end of the summer period (PERLE1) and the late winter period (PERLE2), NEC and NEP could be biased by air-sea exchanges.</p> <p class="mb0">The seasonal NEP values estimated in this study confirm previous estimations based on oxygen concentration changes monitored with short-time incubations during the stratified period. In June 2006, <a href="#B71">Regaudie-de-Gioux et al. (2009)</a> reported a positive NEP value of 0.22 ± 1.30 mmol O<sub>2.</sub>m<sup>–3</sup>d<sup>–1</sup> in waters above 100 meters in the EMed and in summer 2008, <a href="#B10">Christaki et al. (2011)</a> reported positive NEP values of 4 ± 14 mmol O<sub>2.</sub>m<sup>–2</sup>d<sup>–1</sup>. As previously observed by <a href="#B76">Schneider et al. (2007)</a>, the contribution of calcification and dissolution processes to variations in the carbonate system could be assumed to have a minor role in the MedSea. The NEC values calculated in the NWLB confirm this. The spreading of PERLE2 data points along the CaCO<sub>3</sub> formation/dissolution line in <a href="#F5">Figure 5</a> (green dots) might be associated to the spatial changes in alkalinity content across the geographical distribution of sampling sites during this cruise rather than to calcification and dissolution processes.</p> <h3>Total Alkalinity Control on the Seasonal Air-Sea CO<sub>2</sub> Exchanges</h3> <p class="mb0">To address the question of the control of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> changes on the “source” (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> > <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>ATM</i></sup>) or “sink” (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> < <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>ATM</i></sup>) of CO<sub>2</sub> in the NWLB, PERLE’s A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values are reported in <a href="#F6">Figure 6</a>. The temperature range in the area has been used to draw the red and blue “iso <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>-lines” as representative of the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> values encountered during the winter and summer PERLE cruises. Considering a mean atmospheric partial pressure (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>ATM</i></sup>) value of 403 μatm (recorded at Lampedusa site from October 2018 to December 2019; <a href="#B26">Dlugokencky et al., 2021</a>), the upper seawaters encountered at the warm end of summer with high alkalinity (PERLE1) were a “source” of CO<sub>2</sub>. In contrast, the cold and low alkalinity end of winter (PERLE2) surface waters were a “sink” of CO<sub>2</sub> with <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>.</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 6</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g006.jpg" name="figure6" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g006.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g006.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g006.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g006.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g006.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g006.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F6" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 6.</strong> Total alkalinity (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>) vs. total dissolved inorganic carbon (C<sub><i>T</i></sub>) within the MLD for all stations situated in the North Western Levantine Basin during the three PERLE cruises. Red and blue isolines indicate levels of constant <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> as a function of A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> at 26°C and 15°C, respectively.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">Although the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> content remained almost stable between the PERLE cruises, the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variability was noticeable with the lowest A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values measured at the end of the winter period (PERLE2) and the highest A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values estimated during PERLE1, at the end of the summer period. When considering the large <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> variations due to the temperature variability represented by the shift between the red and blue isolines, the high alkalinity seawater at the end of summer (PERLE1–blue dots on <a href="#F6">Figure 6</a>) induces low <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> values when seawater starts to cool and therefore highlights the potential for surface waters to absorb atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. In the NWLB, the variability of the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> content of the surface waters over an annual cycle impacts the air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchanges. The “classical” vision that the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> variability is not driven by temperature change but by the biological control on C<sub><i>T</i></sub>, must be largely revisited in light of the important effect that variations in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> have on the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> regulation capability in the EMed.</p> <p class="mb0">In order to estimate the effect of the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variability on the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> over an annual cycle, alkalinity was derived from salinity data from an Argo float that cycled in the NWLB for over a year. The temperature and total alkalinity (derived from salinity) values recorded by the float in the upper 20 dbars of the water column representative of the surface mixed layer affected by air-sea exchanges are presented in <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>. The cruise data within the mixed layer are also reported. In <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>, the red “iso <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>-line” indicates the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> equilibrium between the ocean and the atmosphere. This isoline was derived at constant C<sub><i>T</i></sub>, based on the assumption that the <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> is, apart from temperature, controlled by A<sub><i>T</i></sub> rather than by C<sub><i>T</i></sub> in the NWLB. The distribution of data above and below this line highlights the “source” or “sink” status of the NWLB for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, respectively.</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 7</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g007.jpg" name="figure7" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g007.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g007.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g007.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g007.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g007.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g007.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F7" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 7.</strong> Total alkalinity (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>) vs. temperature in the upper 20 dbars during the three PERLE cruises and for the WMO 6902913 float data from October 2018 to July 2020 [A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values have been estimated from the float salinity following the A<sub><i>T</i></sub>-S sub-surface relationship proposed by <a href="#B41">Hassoun et al. (2015a)</a>]. The colour bar corresponds to the “month of the year.” The red “iso <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>-line” corresponds to the mean <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>ATM</i></sup> value at Lampedusa site (estimated from the mean mole fraction of CO<sub>2</sub> in ppm) calculated with the mean C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values for all PERLE cruises (= 403 μatm). The two others grey isolines correspond to the same constant <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> with the minimum and maximum C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values (from PERLE cruises) (2,292 and 2,332 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>, respectively). Arrows reflect the theoretical changes in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and temperature throughout the year. The coloured area represents the error associated to the red “iso <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>-line” deduced by combining the uncertainty associated to the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values (<i>i.e.</i>, ± 19 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>) with the default standard uncertainties from the constants (<a href="#B62">Orr et al., 2018</a>).</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">The float derived data agreed with data measured during the PERLE cruises and indicate a penetration of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> into the EMed from December to April, and a release of CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere from May to November. It must be noted that these estimates are sensitive to the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> value used. Indeed, by considering a high C<sub><i>T</i></sub> content (grey isoline labelled “C<sub><i>T</i></sub> max” in <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>), the period of CO<sub>2</sub> “sink” for the atmosphere will be shorter (from February to April). Conversely, if the lowest C<sub><i>T</i></sub> mean value is considered (black isoline labelled “C<sub><i>T</i></sub> min” in <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>), the area will act as a “sink” from December to May. The observed “iso <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>-lines” shift (grey and black isolines in <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>) from the “iso <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>-line” at mean C<sub><i>T</i></sub> (red isoline in <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>) due to the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variability over a year induces a temporal change in the status of “source” or “sink” of the upper water masses. Moreover, by considering the accuracy of ± 19 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup> associated to the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> estimation (according to <a href="#B41">Hassoun et al., 2015a</a>), the uncertainty of the estimated <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> has been calculated (<a href="#B62">Orr et al., 2018</a>) and ranged between the two “iso <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>-lines” deduced from the maximum and minimum C<sub><i>T</i></sub> values (red area on <a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>). Although the displacement of the air-sea <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> equilibrium might shift considering the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> uncertainty, the temporal succession of the “sink” or “source” status for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> throughout a year in the NWLB is evidenced. It confirms that the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> content of the surface waters is a significant driver of the air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in the NWLB.</p> <p class="mb0">These are, to the best of our knowledge, the first estimates of the succession of the “sink” and “source” status in the NWLB based on <i>in situ</i> data. Previous estimates based on satellite observations of sea surface properties, and on a model characterising the evolution of the mixed layer <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> (<a href="#B16">D’Ortenzio et al., 2008</a>; <a href="#B81">Taillandier et al., 2012</a>) are confirmed by this study. Moreover, coastal observations in the South eastern Levantine basin close to the Israeli shelf have also reported a CO<sub>2</sub> source for the atmosphere in summer (from May to December) and a sink of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in winter (from January to April) (<a href="#B78">Sisma-Ventura et al., 2017</a>).</p> <a id="h6" name="h6"></a><h2>Long Term Temporal Changes in Carbonate Chemistry in the North Western Levantine Basin</h2> <h3 class="pt0">Decadal Carbonate Chemistry Trends in Surface Waters in the NWLB</h3> <p class="mb0">Based on historical observations from the CARIMED dataset and observations from the PERLE cruises, temporal changes in carbonate chemistry between 2001 and 2019 in the surface NWLB have been assessed to study the mechanisms that could explain the carbonate system changes over the last twenty years (<a href="#F8">Figure 8</a>). The surface layer has been defined to a depth of 50 dbars to include sufficient data. Due to the seasonal changes in surface salinity in the EMed (<a href="#B37">Grodsky et al., 2019</a>), salinity-normalised A<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>) were used to facilitate the comparison between the different datasets across space and time. Indeed, due to the strong salinity dependency of alkalinity, by normalising by salinity, a significant part of the seasonal signal for alkalinity is removed.</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">FIGURE 8</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g008.jpg" name="figure8" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g008.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g008.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g008.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g008.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g008.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-g008.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="F8" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Figure 8.</strong> Temporal evolution in the North Western Levantine Basin of total dissolved inorganic carbon (C<sub><i>T</i></sub>–μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>; <b>A</b>) and salinity-normalised C<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>–μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>; <b>B</b>), total alkalinity (A<sub><i>T</i></sub>–μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>; <b>C</b>) and salinity-normalised A<sub><i>T</i></sub> (NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>–μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>; <b>D</b>) and pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> <b>(E)</b> based on the CARIMED dataset (grey dots) and PERLE cruises. The colour code for the dots is the same as in <a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>. Only data above 50 dbars are used. In <b>(E)</b>, full line and dashed lines correspond to the temporal trends calculated according to all pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> data [measured (full dots—trend framed in full lines) and calculated (crosses—trend framed in dotted lines)]. Estimated trends are obtained from slope values of a linear regression between the studied parameters and time. The confident interval has been added for each trend with the coefficient of determination (r<sup>2</sup>), the number of values used (n) and the significance of the trend (<i>p</i>-value).</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">While being higher (even when salinity-normalised) than the trends observed in the North Western MedSea (<i>i.e.</i>, 1.40 ± 0.15 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>.a<sup>–1</sup>; <a href="#B56">Merlivat et al., 2018</a>), the temporal C<sub><i>T</i></sub> increase in the NWLB surface waters (<a href="#F8">Figure 8A</a>) is consistent with other trends measured in the eastern Levantine basin (<i>i.e.</i>, 5 ± 2 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>.a<sup>–1</sup>; <a href="#B40">Hassoun et al., 2019</a>). However, when compared to other time-series over the global ocean, the trends measured in the surface NWLB waters are 3.7–1.5 times higher (if the NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup> trend is considered) than the global ocean range which lies between 0.78 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>.a<sup>–1</sup> (Munida South Pacific time-series) and 1.89 μmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>.a<sup>–1</sup> (CARIOCA time-series; <a href="#B4">Bates et al., 2014</a>). This suggests that distinct mechanisms explaining the increasing C<sub><i>T</i></sub> trend exist in the NWLB.</p> <p class="mb0">While A<sub><i>T</i></sub> is considered insensitive to atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> penetration (<a href="#B92">Zeebe, 2012</a>), positive trends in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> and negative trends in pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> (<a href="#F8">Figures 8A,E</a>) can be explained, at least partially, by the increase in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. Indeed, between 2006 and 2018, a mean annual increase of 2.2 ± 0.08 ppm.a<sup>–1</sup> in <i>x</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>ATM</i></sup> (mole fraction of CO<sub>2</sub>) was recorded at the Lampedusa site (equivalent to the trend recorded on a global scale; <a href="#B26">Dlugokencky et al., 2021</a>). To estimate the sensitivity of the estimated trends to the increase in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, the increase in <i>x</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>ATM</i></sup> was assumed to be equivalent to a surface ocean increase in <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>. Based on the estimated trends in <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup>, NA<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>, and NC<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>39.3</sup>, annual changes in carbonate chemistry <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>S</i><i>W</i></sup> have been calculated by solving thermodynamic equations (<a href="#T3">Table 3</a>). The observed annual decrease in pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> (<a href="#F8">Figure 8E</a>) and increase in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> (<a href="#F8">Figure 8A</a>) lies between the values estimated with and without an A<sub><i>T</i></sub> increase. This suggests that an A<sub><i>T</i></sub> increase must exist to compensate for the decrease in pH and the increase in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> or, in other words, that the high observed C<sub><i>T</i></sub> trend is the consequence of the observed A<sub><i>T</i></sub> increase. Although a positive A<sub><i>T</i></sub> trend has been observed elsewhere in a coastal site of the MedSea (<a href="#B47">Kapsenberg et al., 2017</a>), it remains unexplained. These changes could be related to changes in riverine inputs or changes in Black Sea water inputs (<a href="#B76">Schneider et al., 2007</a>).</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">TABLE 3</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t003.jpg" name="table3" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t003.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t003.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t003.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t003.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t003.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t003.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="T3" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Table 3.</strong> Projection of annual changes on the carbonate parameters. Considering the temporal trends calculated in section “Decadal carbonate chemistry Trends in Surface Waters in the NWLB,” changes were calculated by adding the trend values to the mean values estimated for the surface layer (0–50 dbars) of the PERLE area.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">It is worth noting that the CARIMED database, by merging data measured over the past 20 years, has a large over-representation of the spring season (<a href="#S11">Supplementary Figure 1</a> and <a href="#S11">Supplementary Table 2</a>). Moreover, the spatial distribution of the sampled stations was different for each cruise. The scarcity of observations in the NWLB precludes the estimation of the seasonal variability on the observed trends. Due to the observed influence of seasonal conditions on the carbonate parameters during the PERLE cruises, time-series that would include observations of the peculiar conditions observed in the late summer (high surface pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup> associated with high A<sub><i>T</i></sub> values during PERLE1—<a href="#F2">Figure 2C</a>) or winter could modulate the observed temporal trends. Nonetheless, when data collected during “not spring” cruises are not considered to estimate the trends, despite shifting the temporal trend values, tendencies remain significant for each parameter. Thus, the conclusion that a decadal A<sub><i>T</i></sub> increase must exist to counterbalance the pH decrease associated to the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> increase remains coherent and valid.</p> <h3>Perspectives on the Future Functioning of the Eastern Mediterranean Carbonate System</h3> <p class="mb15">In the projected warmer MedSea (<a href="#B60">Nykjaer, 2009</a>), increased stratification but also reduced nutrient inputs from river discharge caused by more frequent drought periods could increase the oligotrophy of the MedSea (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#B58">Moon et al., 2016</a>; <a href="#B67">Pagès et al., 2019</a>, <a href="#B66">2020</a>). As this study suggests that the magnitude of the annual C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variation in surface waters is reduced in the EMed due to the low C<sub><i>T</i></sub> vertical gradients, all processes that could decrease primary production in the future could reduce the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> contribution to the air-sea exchanges.</p> <p class="mb15">Even if internal thermohaline oscillation needs to be considered to draw solid conclusions about salinity trends, over the past 30 years, a positive long-term trend in salinity for the LSW and LIW has been recorded (<a href="#B64">Ozer et al., 2017</a>). Because of the salinity impact on alkalinity concentrations (<a href="#F4">Figure 4</a>) and of the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> impact on the air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes (<a href="#F7">Figure 7</a>), if the PERLE1 conditions are exacerbated in the future with marine heatwaves extending over longer periods of the year, even more alkaline waters can be expected at the end of the summer. An even greater potential <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><i>ATM</i></sup> sink will result when surface seawaters cool. The gyres (such as the IE), which have a higher A<sub><i>T</i></sub> content due to their saltier waters, might be even more efficient at catching atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> when seawater cools. The control of air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange by alkalinity that is suggested in this study could be enhanced in a future warmer and less productive EMed. However, as C<sub><i>T</i></sub> and A<sub><i>T</i></sub> are equally affected by evaporation and as, in the future less productive EMed, the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> biological consumption will be less efficient, the mechanisms leading to stable inorganic carbon content described in this study might be altered.</p> <p class="mb0">In an attempt to quantify the sensitivity of the carbonate system to future C<sub><i>T</i></sub> and A<sub><i>T</i></sub> changes, estimated buffer factors within the MLD for each PERLE cruise are presented in <a href="#T4">Table 4</a>. At a comparable period of the year (March–April for PERLE2 cruise), the estimated buffer factors are in good agreement with former estimates (<a href="#B1">Álvarez et al., 2014</a>) whereas the estimated buffer factors for PERLE0 and PERLE1 cruises during summer are significantly higher. Higher absolute buffer values imply higher buffering capacity and lower changes in [CO<sub>2</sub>], pH or Ω for a given change in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> or C<sub><i>T</i></sub>. Assuming that the PERLE1 conditions will be exacerbated in the future (<a href="#B19">Darmaraki et al., 2019</a>), the EMed surface water is moving toward an overall increase in its buffering capacity (relative to changes in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub>).</p> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <div class="Imageheaders">TABLE 4</div> <div class="FigureDesc"> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t004.jpg" name="table4" target="_blank"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=480&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t004.jpg" media="(max-width: 563px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=370&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t004.jpg" media="(max-width: 1024px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=290&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t004.jpg" media="(max-width: 1441px)"><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images-provider.frontiersin.org/api/ipx/w=410&f=webp/https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t004.jpg" media=""><source type="image/jpg" srcset="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t004.jpg" media=""> <img src="https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/649246/fmars-08-649246-HTML/image_m/fmars-08-649246-t004.jpg" alt="www.frontiersin.org" id="T4" loading="lazy"> </picture> </a> <p><strong>Table 4.</strong> Mean values and standard deviations of buffer factors (in mmol.kg<sup>–1</sup>) during PERLE cruises.</p> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="DottedLine"></div> <p class="mb15 w100pc float_left mt15">It is worth noting that, when atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> dissolves in seawater, the CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in solution changes due to the carbonate ion buffering effect. The future effects of the decadal trends measured in the NWLB on the buffering capacities of the carbonate ion can be discussed using three different perspectives: (1) By considering the observed decrease in pH<sub><i>T</i></sub><sup>25</sup>, the carbonate ion availability will decrease accordingly, reducing the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> uptake by the MedSea. (2) The greater increase in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> in comparison to the increase in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> will reduce the carbonate ion availability, but, nevertheless, will compensate for the impact of a pH decrease on the carbonate ion content, so allowing the CO<sub>2</sub> uptake into the atmosphere. (3) The positive trend in A<sub><i>T</i></sub>, and its impact on the CO<sub>2</sub> atmospheric uptake and on mitigating the decreasing pH trend, may indirectly increase the C<sub><i>T</i></sub>.</p> <a id="h7" name="h7"></a><h2>Conclusion</h2> <p class="mb15">Based on data collected in the EMed over three different seasons of the year, this study provides for the first time, an annual overview of the seasonal dynamics of the carbonate chemistry in the NWLB. In this area, an atypical seasonal range in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variations compared to the range in C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variations results from the combination of high rates of evaporation and biological processes.</p> <p class="mb0">The high A<sub><i>T</i></sub> content at the “end of summer” period has a strong impact on the air-sea exchanges of CO<sub>2</sub>. In the NWLB, the status of “source” or “sink” for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> is adjusted by the A<sub><i>T</i></sub> variability more than the C<sub><i>T</i></sub> variability. Over longer time scales, and by compiling historical data, the reported increasing trends in A<sub><i>T</i></sub> and C<sub><i>T</i></sub> impact with divergent effects the observed acidification. These “end of summer” conditions will occur more frequently and lasting longer in the future. This ocean warming up will result in an increased buffer capacity that could mitigate the ocean acidification of the EMed.</p> <a id="h8" name="h8"></a><h2>Data Availability Statement</h2> <p class="mb0">The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: <a href="https://mistrals.sedoo.fr/MERMeX/">https://mistrals.sedoo.fr/MERMeX/</a> and <a href="http://www.coriolis.eu.org">http://www.coriolis.eu.org</a>.</p> <a id="h9" name="h9"></a><h2>Author Contributions</h2> <p class="mb0">CW-R, TW, and DL initiated and design the study. MÁ provided the CARIMED database and contributed to carbonate chemistry interpretation. PR helped supervising the study. MP-P and PC provided the nutrients database. MF, LC, TM, LN-C, CW-R, and TW performed on board carbonate parameters and oxygen analytical measurements. VT and FD’O provided CTD and ARGO dataset. FD’O, XD, and PC planned and designed the PERLE Research cruises. CW-R, TW, and DL wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.</p> <a id="fun1" name="fun1"></a><h2>Funding</h2> <p class="mb0">This study takes part of the PERLE (Pelagic Ecosystem Response to the Levantine Experiment) of the MISTRALS-MERMEX project. The project leading to this publication has received funding from European FEDER Fund under project 1166-39417. The SNAPO-CO2 service at LOCEAN was supported by the CNRS-INSU and OSU Ecce-Terra.</p> <a id="conf1" name="conf1"></a><h2>Conflict of Interest</h2> <p class="mb0">The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p> <a id="ack1" name="ack1"></a><h2>Acknowledgments</h2> <p class="mb0">We wish to thank the crew members of the R/V “Téthys II” operated by the DT-INSU, for making the PERLE0 (BIO-ARGO-MED2018) cruise possible. We gratefully acknowledge the Délégation Générale de l’Armement which funded the program Protevs II into which the PROTEVS-PERLE1 campaign was scheduled, the French Naval Hydrologic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM) and the crew of the R/V “L’Atalante” (IFREMER) for their contribution to the PROTEVS-PERLE1 campaign. We acknowledge “Flotte Oceanographique Française”, FOF, and the crew of the R/V “Pourquoi Pas?” (IFREMER) for their help in the PERLE2 sampling. The many researchers responsible for the collection of data and quality control are thanked for their contribution. For seawater sample analyses, we also thank the SNAPO-CO2 at LOCEAN, Paris, and in particular J. Fin and N. Metzl. Argo data were collected and made freely available by the Coriolis project and contributing programmes (<a href="http://www.coriolis.eu.org">http://www.coriolis.eu.org</a>). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. We thank Tracy Lynne Bentley for language editing. The two referees are thanked for helping improve this work.</p> <a id="S11" name="S11"></a><h2>Supplementary Material</h2> <p class="mb0">The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full#supplementary-material">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246/full#supplementary-material</a></p> <a id="refer1" name="refer1"></a><h2>References</h2> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B1" id="B1"></a>Álvarez, M., Sanleón-Bartolomé, H., Tanhua, T., Mintrop, L., Luchetta, A., Cantoni, C., et al. (2014). The CO<sub>2</sub> system in the mediterranean sea: a basin wide perspective. <i>Ocean Sci.</i> 10:6992. doi: 10.5194/os-10-69-2014</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-69-2014" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+CO2+system+in+the+mediterranean+sea%3A+a+basin+wide+perspective%2E&journal=Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Álvarez+M.&author=Sanleón-Bartolomé+H.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Mintrop+L.&author=Luchetta+A.&author=Cantoni+C.&publication_year=2014&volume=10&issue=6992" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B2" id="B2"></a>Aminot, A., and Kerouel, R. (2007). <i>Dosage Automatique des Nutriments Dans les Eaux Marines Methodes en Flux Continued</i>. Versailles-Cedex: Ed Ifremer-Quae, 188.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Dosage+Automatique+des+Nutriments+Dans+les+Eaux+Marines+Methodes+en+Flux+Continued%2E&author=Aminot+A.&author=Kerouel+R.&publication_year=2007" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B3" id="B3"></a>Argo (2000). Argo float data and metadata from global data assembly centre (argo GDAC). <i>SEANOE</i>. doi: 10.17882/42182</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29728563" target="_blank">PubMed Abstract</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.17882/42182" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Argo+float+data+and+metadata+from+global+data+assembly+centre+%28argo+GDAC%29&publication_year=2000" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B4" id="B4"></a>Bates, N. R., Astor, Y. M., Church, M. J., Currie, K., Dore, J. E., González-Dávila, M., et al. (2014). A time-series view of changing ocean chemistry due to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> and ocean acidification. <i>Oceanography</i> 27, 126–141. doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2014.16</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.16" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A+time-series+view+of+changing+ocean+chemistry+due+to+ocean+uptake+of+anthropogenic+CO2+and+ocean+acidification%2E&journal=Oceanography&author=Bates+N.+R.&author=Astor+Y.+M.&author=Church+M.+J.&author=Currie+K.&author=Dore+J.+E.&author=González-Dávila+M.&publication_year=2014&volume=27&pages=126–141" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B5" id="B5"></a>Bates, N. R., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H. (1996). Seasonal and interannual variability of oceanic carbon dioxide species at the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. <i>Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.</i> 43, 347–383. doi: 10.1016/0967-0645(95)00093-3</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00093-3" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+and+interannual+variability+of+oceanic+carbon+dioxide+species+at+the+U%2ES%2E+JGOFS+Bermuda+Atlantic+Time-series+Study+%28BATS%29+site%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Part+II+Top%2E+Stud%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Bates+N.+R.&author=Michaels+A.+F.&author=Knap+A.+H.&publication_year=1996&volume=43&pages=347–383" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B6" id="B6"></a>Bergamasco, A., and Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. (2010). The circulation of the mediterranean sea: a historical review of experimental investigations. <i>Adv. Oceanogr. Limnol.</i> 1:1128. doi: 10.1080/19475721.2010.491656</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19475721.2010.491656" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+circulation+of+the+mediterranean+sea%3A+a+historical+review+of+experimental+investigations%2E&journal=Adv%2E+Oceanogr%2E+Limnol%2E&author=Bergamasco+A.&author=Malanotte-Rizzoli+P.&publication_year=2010&volume=1&issue=1128" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B7" id="B7"></a>Borges, A. V., Ruddick, K., Schiettecatte, L.-S., and Delille, B. (2008). Net ecosystem production and carbon dioxide fluxes in the Scheldt estuarine plume. <i>BMC Ecol.</i> 8:15.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Net+ecosystem+production+and+carbon+dioxide+fluxes+in+the+Scheldt+estuarine+plume%2E&journal=BMC+Ecol%2E&author=Borges+A.+V.&author=Ruddick+K.&author=Schiettecatte+L.-S.&author=Delille+B.&publication_year=2008&volume=8&issue=15" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B8" id="B8"></a>Bosc, E., Bricaud, A., and Antoine, D. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the mediterranean sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations: mediterranean sea biomass and production. <i>Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl.</i> 18:GB1005. doi: 10.1029/2003GB002034</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002034" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+and+interannual+variability+in+algal+biomass+and+primary+production+in+the+mediterranean+sea%2C+as+derived+from+4+years+of+SeaWiFS+observations%3A+mediterranean+sea+biomass+and+production%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Biogeochem%2E+Cycl%2E&author=Bosc+E.&author=Bricaud+A.&author=Antoine+D.&publication_year=2004&volume=18&issue=GB1005" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B9" id="B9"></a>Carritt, D. E., and Carpenter, J. H. (1966). Comparison and evaluation of currently employed modifications of the winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen in seawater; a NASCO report. <i>J. Mar. Res.</i> 24, 286–318.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Comparison+and+evaluation+of+currently+employed+modifications+of+the+winkler+method+for+determining+dissolved+oxygen+in+seawater;+a+NASCO+report%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Res%2E&author=Carritt+D.+E.&author=Carpenter+J.+H.&publication_year=1966&volume=24&pages=286–318" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B10" id="B10"></a>Christaki, U., Van Wambeke, F., Lefevre, D., Lagaria, A., Prieur, L., Pujo-Pay, M., et al. (2011). Microbial food webs and metabolic state across oligotrophic waters of the Mediterranean Sea during summer. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 8, 1839–1852. doi: 10.5194/bg-8-1839-2011</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1839-2011" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Microbial+food+webs+and+metabolic+state+across+oligotrophic+waters+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea+during+summer%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Christaki+U.&author=Van+Wambeke+F.&author=Lefevre+D.&author=Lagaria+A.&author=Prieur+L.&author=Pujo-Pay+M.&publication_year=2011&volume=8&pages=1839–1852" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B11" id="B11"></a>Clayton, T. D., and Byrne, R. H. (1993). Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-Cresol purple and at-Sea results. <i>Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap.</i> 40:211529. doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(93)90048-8</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90048-8" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Spectrophotometric+seawater+pH+measurements%3A+total+hydrogen+ion+concentration+scale+calibration+of+m-Cresol+purple+and+at-Sea+results%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Part+I+Oceanogr%2E+Res%2E+Pap%2E&author=Clayton+T.+D.&author=Byrne+R.+H.&publication_year=1993&volume=40&issue=211529" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B12" id="B12"></a>Coppola, L., Boutin, J., Gattuso, J.-P., Lefèvre, D., and Metzl, N. (2020). “The carbonate system in the Ligurian Sea,” in <i>The Mediterranean Sea in the Era of Global Change (Volume 1),- Evidence From 30 Years of Multidisciplinary Study of the Ligurian Sea</i>, eds C. Migon, A. Sciandra, and P. Nival (London: ISTE Science Publication LTD), 49–78. doi: 10.1002/9781119706960.ch4</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119706960.ch4" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+carbonate+system+in+the+Ligurian+Sea&journal=The+Mediterranean+Sea+in+the+Era+of+Global+Change+%28Volume+1%29%2C-+Evidence+From+30+Years+of+Multidisciplinary+Study+of+the+Ligurian+Sea&author=Coppola+L.&author=Boutin+J.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&author=Lefèvre+D.&author=Metzl+N.+(2020).+“The+carbonate+system+in+the+Ligurian+Sea”+in+The+Mediterranean+Sea+in+the+Era+of+Global+Change+(Volume+1)-+Evidence+From+30+Years+of+Multidisciplinary+Study+of+the+Ligurian+Sea+eds+Migon+C.&author=Sciandra+A.&author=Nival+P.&publication_year=2020&pages=49–78" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B13" id="B13"></a>Coppola, L., Diamond Riquier, E., and Carval, T. (2018). <i>Dyfamed Observatory Data.</i> SEANOE. doi: 10.17882/43749</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.17882/43749" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Dyfamed+Observatory+Data%2E&author=Coppola+L.&author=Diamond+Riquier+E.&author=Carval+T.&publication_year=2018" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B14" id="B14"></a>Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C. (2015). Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 12, 1647–1658. doi: 10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Spatiotemporal+variability+of+alkalinity+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Cossarini+G.&author=Lazzari+P.&author=Solidoro+C.&publication_year=2015&volume=12&pages=1647–1658" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B15" id="B15"></a>D’Ortenzio, F., and Ribera d’Alcalà, M. (2009). On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 6, 139–148. doi: 10.5194/bg-6-139-2009</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-139-2009" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=On+the+trophic+regimes+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%3A+a+satellite+analysis%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Ribera+d’Alcalà+M.&publication_year=2009&volume=6&pages=139–148" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B16" id="B16"></a>D’Ortenzio, F., Antoine, D., and Marullo, S. (2008). Satellite-driven modelling of the upper ocean mixed layer and air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux in the Mediterranean Sea. <i>Deep Sea Res. Pt. I</i> 55, 405–434. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.12.008</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.12.008" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Satellite-driven+modelling+of+the+upper+ocean+mixed+layer+and+air-sea+CO2+flux+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+I&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Antoine+D.&author=Marullo+S.&publication_year=2008&volume=55&pages=405–434" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B17" id="B17"></a>D’Ortenzio, F., Iudicone, D., De, C., de Boyer Montégut, C., Testor, P., Antoine, D., et al. (2005). Seasonal variability of the mixed layer depth in the Mediterranean Sea as derived from in situ profiles. <i>Geophys. Res. Lett.</i> 32, 1–4. doi: 10.1029/2005GL022463</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022463" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+variability+of+the+mixed+layer+depth+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea+as+derived+from+in+situ+profiles%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Iudicone+D.&author=De+C.&author=de+Boyer+Montégut+C.&author=Testor+P.&author=Antoine+D.&publication_year=2005&volume=32&pages=1–4" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B18" id="B18"></a>D’Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Claustre, H., Coppola, L., Conan, P., Dumas, F., et al. (2020). BGC?Argo floats observe nitrate injection and spring phytoplankton increase in the surface layer of Levantine Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). <i>Geophys. Res. Lett.</i> 48:e2020GL091649. doi: 10.1029/2020GL091649</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091649" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=+BGC%B4Argo+floats+observe+nitrate+injection+and+spring+phytoplankton+increase+in+the+surface+layer+of+Levantine+Sea+%28Eastern+Mediterranean%29%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Taillandier+V.&author=Claustre+H.&author=Coppola+L.&author=Conan+P.&author=Dumas+F.&publication_year=2020" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B19" id="B19"></a>Darmaraki, S., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Nabat, P., Cabos Narvaez, W. D., Cavicchia, L., et al. (2019). Future evolution of Marine Heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea. <i>Clim. Dynam.</i> 53, 1371–1392. doi: 10.1007/s00382-019-04661-z</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04661-z" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Future+evolution+of+Marine+Heatwaves+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Clim%2E+Dynam%2E&author=Darmaraki+S.&author=Somot+S.&author=Sevault+F.&author=Nabat+P.&author=Cabos+Narvaez+W.+D.&author=Cavicchia+L.&publication_year=2019&volume=53&pages=1371–1392" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B20" id="B20"></a>De Carlo, E. H., Mousseau, L., Passafiume, O., Drupp, P. S., and Gattuso, J.-P. (2013). Carbonate chemistry and air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux in a NW Mediterranean Bay over a four-year period: 2007–2011. <i>Aquat. Geochem.</i> 19, 399–442. doi: 10.1007/s10498-013-9217-4</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-013-9217-4" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Carbonate+chemistry+and+air–sea+CO2+flux+in+a+NW+Mediterranean+Bay+over+a+four-year+period%3A+2007–2011%2E&journal=Aquat%2E+Geochem%2E&author=De+Carlo+E.+H.&author=Mousseau+L.&author=Passafiume+O.&author=Drupp+P.+S.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&publication_year=2013&volume=19&pages=399–442" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B21" id="B21"></a>Dickson, A. G. (1990). Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s) + 1/2 H<sub>2</sub>(g) = Ag(s) + HCl(aq), and the standard acidity constant of the ion HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>–</sup> in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K. <i>J. Chem. Thermodynam.</i> 22:11327. doi: 10.1016/0021-9614(90)90074-Z</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9614(90)90074-Z" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Standard+potential+of+the+reaction%3A+AgCl%28s%29+%2B+1%2F2+H2%28g%29+%3D+Ag%28s%29+%2B+HCl%28aq%29%2C+and+the+standard+acidity+constant+of+the+ion+HSO4–+in+synthetic+sea+water+from+273%2E15+to+318%2E15+K%2E&journal=J%2E+Chem%2E+Thermodynam%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&publication_year=1990&volume=22&issue=11327" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B22" id="B22"></a>Dickson, A. G., and Goyet, C. (1994). <i>ORNL/CDIAC-74 (Ed.), Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water. Version 2, no 74.</i> Washington, DC: US Department of Energy.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=ORNL%2FCDIAC-74+%28Ed%2E%29%2C+Handbook+of+Methods+for+the+Analysis+of+the+Various+Parameters+of+the+Carbon+Dioxide+System+in+Sea+Water%2E+Version+2%2C+no+74%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Goyet+C.&publication_year=1994" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B23" id="B23"></a>Dickson, A. G., and Millero, F. (1987). A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. <i>Deep Sea Res.</i> 34, 1733–1743. doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(87)90021-5" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A+comparison+of+the+equilibrium+constants+for+the+dissociation+of+carbonic+acid+in+seawater+media%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Millero+F.&publication_year=1987&volume=34&pages=1733–1743" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B24" id="B24"></a>Dickson, A. G., and Riley, J. P. (1979). The estimation of acid dissociation constants in seawater media from potentiometric titrations with strong base, I. The ionic product of water – KW. <i>Mar. Chem.</i> 7, 89–99. doi: 10.1016/0304-4203(79)90001-X</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(79)90001-X" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+estimation+of+acid+dissociation+constants+in+seawater+media+from+potentiometric+titrations+with+strong+base%2C+I%2E+The+ionic+product+of+water+–+KW%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Riley+J.+P.&publication_year=1979&volume=7&pages=89–99" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B25" id="B25"></a>Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R. (eds) (2007). <i>Guide to best practices for Ocean CO<sub>2</sub> Measurements. PICES Special Publication</i>, Vol. 3. Sidney, BC: North Pacific Marine Science Organisation, 191.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Guide+to+best+practices+for+Ocean+CO2+Measurements%2E+PICES+Special+Publication&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Christian+J.+R.+(eds)&publication_year=2007&volume=Vol. 3" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B26" id="B26"></a>Dlugokencky, E. J., Mund, J. W., Crotwell, A. M., Crotwell, M. J., and Thoning, K. W. (2021). <i>Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA GML Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968-2019, Version: 2021-02.</i> doi: 10.15138/wkgj-f215</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.15138/wkgj-f215" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Atmospheric+Carbon+Dioxide+Dry+Air+Mole+Fractions+from+the+NOAA+GML+Carbon+Cycle+Cooperative+Global+Air+Sampling+Network%2C+1968-2019%2C+Version%3A+2021-02%2E&author=Dlugokencky+E.+J.&author=Mund+J.+W.&author=Crotwell+A.+M.&author=Crotwell+M.+J.&author=Thoning+K.+W.&publication_year=2021" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B27" id="B27"></a>Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A. (2009). Ocean acidification: the other CO<sub>2</sub> problem. <i>Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.</i> 1, 169–192. doi: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21141034" target="_blank">PubMed Abstract</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ocean+acidification%3A+the+other+CO2+problem%2E&journal=Annu%2E+Rev%2E+Mar%2E+Sci%2E&author=Doney+S.+C.&author=Fabry+V.+J.&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Kleypas+J.+A.&publication_year=2009&volume=1&pages=169–192" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B28" id="B28"></a>Dore, J. E., Lukas, R., Sadler, D. W., Church, M. J., and Karl, D. M. (2009). Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> 106, 12235–12240. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0906044106</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19666624" target="_blank">PubMed Abstract</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906044106" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Physical+and+biogeochemical+modulation+of+ocean+acidification+in+the+central+North+Pacific%2E&journal=Proc%2E+Natl%2E+Acad%2E+Sci%2E+U%2ES%2EA%2E&author=Dore+J.+E.&author=Lukas+R.&author=Sadler+D.+W.&author=Church+M.+J.&author=Karl+D.+M.&publication_year=2009&volume=106&pages=12235–12240" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B29" id="B29"></a>Durrieu de Madron, X., Guieu, C., Sempéré, R., Conan, P., Cossa, D., D’Ortenzio, F., et al. (2011). Marine ecosystems’ responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean. <i>Progr. Oceanogr.</i> 91, 97–166. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.003</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.003" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Marine+ecosystems’+responses+to+climatic+and+anthropogenic+forcings+in+the+Mediterranean%2E&journal=Progr%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Durrieu+de+Madron+X.&author=Guieu+C.&author=Sempéré+R.&author=Conan+P.&author=Cossa+D.&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&publication_year=2011&volume=91&pages=97–166" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B30" id="B30"></a>Edmond, J. M. (1970). High precision determination of titration alkalinity and total carbon dioxide content of sea water by potentiometric titration. <i>Deep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstract.</i> 17:73750. doi: 10.1016/0011-7471(70)90038-0</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(70)90038-0" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=High+precision+determination+of+titration+alkalinity+and+total+carbon+dioxide+content+of+sea+water+by+potentiometric+titration%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Oceanogr%2E+Abstract%2E&author=Edmond+J.+M.&publication_year=1970&volume=17&issue=73750" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B31" id="B31"></a>Egleston, E. S., Sabine, C. L., and Morel, F. M. M. (2010). Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify the response of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and alkalinity. <i>Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles</i> 24:GB1002. doi: 10.1029/2008GB003407</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003407" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Revelle+revisited%3A+Buffer+factors+that+quantify+the+response+of+ocean+chemistry+to+changes+in+DIC+and+alkalinity%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Biogeochem%2E+Cycles&author=Egleston+E.+S.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Morel+F.+M.+M.&publication_year=2010&volume=24&issue=GB1002" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B32" id="B32"></a>Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V. J., et al. (2004). Impact of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> on the CaCO<sub>3</sub> system in the oceans. <i>Science</i> 305, 362–366. doi: 10.1126/science.1097329</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15256664" target="_blank">PubMed Abstract</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097329" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Impact+of+anthropogenic+CO2+on+the+CaCO3+system+in+the+oceans%2E&journal=Science&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Lee+K.&author=Berelson+W.&author=Kleypas+J.&author=Fabry+V.+J.&publication_year=2004&volume=305&pages=362–366" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B33" id="B33"></a>Flecha, S., Pérez, F. F., Murata, A., Makaoui, A., and Huertas, I. E. (2019). Decadal acidification in Atlantic and mediterranean water masses exchanging at the strait of gibraltar. <i>Sci. Rep.</i> 9:52084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52084-x</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31664139" target="_blank">PubMed Abstract</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52084-x" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Decadal+acidification+in+Atlantic+and+mediterranean+water+masses+exchanging+at+the+strait+of+gibraltar%2E&journal=Sci%2E+Rep%2E&author=Flecha+S.&author=Pérez+F.+F.&author=Murata+A.&author=Makaoui+A.&author=Huertas+I.+E.&publication_year=2019&volume=9&issue=52084" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B34" id="B34"></a>Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M. W., O’Sullivan, M., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Peters, G. P., et al. (2019). Global carbon budget 2019. <i>Earth Syst. Sci. Data</i> 11, 1783–1838. doi: 10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Global+carbon+budget+2019%2E&journal=Earth+Syst%2E+Sci%2E+Data&author=Friedlingstein+P.&author=Jones+M.+W.&author=O’Sullivan+M.&author=Andrew+R.+M.&author=Hauck+J.&author=Peters+G.+P.&publication_year=2019&volume=11&pages=1783–1838" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B35" id="B35"></a>Garcia, H. E., and Gordon, L. I. (1992). Oxygen solubility in seawater: better fitting equations. <i>Limnol. Oceanogr.</i> 37, 1307–1312. doi: 10.4319/lo.1992.37.6.1307</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1992.37.6.1307" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Oxygen+solubility+in+seawater%3A+better+fitting+equations%2E&journal=Limnol%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Garcia+H.+E.&author=Gordon+L.+I.&publication_year=1992&volume=37&pages=1307–1312" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B36" id="B36"></a>Gonzaìlez-Daìvila, M., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Petihakis, G., Ntoumas, M., Suárez de Tangil, M., and Krasakopoulou, E. (2016). Seasonal pH variability in the Saronikos Gulf: a year-study using a new photometric pH sensor. <i>J. Mar. Syst.</i> 162, 37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.03.007</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.03.007" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+pH+variability+in+the+Saronikos+Gulf%3A+a+year-study+using+a+new+photometric+pH+sensor%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Syst%2E&author=Gonzaìlez-Daìvila+M.&author=Santana-Casiano+J.+M.&author=Petihakis+G.&author=Ntoumas+M.&author=Suárez+de+Tangil+M.&author=Krasakopoulou+E.&publication_year=2016&volume=162&pages=37–46" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B37" id="B37"></a>Grodsky, S. A., Reul, N., Bentamy, A., Vandemark, D., and Guimbard, S. (2019). Eastern Mediterranean salinification observed in satellite salinity from SMAP mission. <i>J. Mar. Syst.</i> 198:103190. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103190</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103190" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Eastern+Mediterranean+salinification+observed+in+satellite+salinity+from+SMAP+mission%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Syst%2E&author=Grodsky+S.+A.&author=Reul+N.&author=Bentamy+A.&author=Vandemark+D.&author=Guimbard+S.&publication_year=2019&volume=198&issue=103190" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B38" id="B38"></a>Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., et al. (2019). The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> from 1994 to 2007. <i>Science</i> 363, 1193–1199. doi: 10.1126/science.aau5153</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30872519" target="_blank">PubMed Abstract</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+oceanic+sink+for+anthropogenic+CO2+from+1994+to+2007%2E&journal=Science&author=Gruber+N.&author=Clement+D.&author=Carter+B.+R.&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Van+Heuven+S.&author=Hoppema+M.&publication_year=2019&volume=363&pages=1193–1199" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B39" id="B39"></a>Hainbucher, D., Álvarez, M., Astray, B., Bachi, G., Cardin, V., Celentano, P., et al. (2019). <i>Variability and Trends in Physicial and Biogeochemical Parameters of the Mediterranean Sea, Cruise No. MSM72, March 02, 2018 – April 03, 2019, Iraklion (Greece) – Cádiz (Spain), MED-SHIP2.</i> Bremen: Gutachterpanel Forschungsschiffe, 61. doi: 10.2312/cr_msm72</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2312/cr_msm72" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Variability+and+Trends+in+Physicial+and+Biogeochemical+Parameters+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2C+Cruise+No%2E+MSM72%2C+March+02%2C+2018+–B+April+03%2C+2019%2C+Iraklion+%28Greece%29+–B+CáBdiz+%28Spain%29%2C+MED-SHIP2%2E&author=Hainbucher+D.&author=Álvarez+M.&author=Astray+B.&author=Bachi+G.&author=Cardin+V.&author=Celentano+P.&publication_year=2019" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B40" id="B40"></a>Hassoun, A. E. R., Fakhri, M., Raad, N., Saab, M. A.-A., Gemayel, E., and De Carlo, E. H. (2019). The carbonate system of the eastern-most mediterranean sea, levantine sub-basin: variations and drivers. <i>Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.</i> 164, 54–73. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.008</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.03.008" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+carbonate+system+of+the+eastern-most+mediterranean+sea%2C+levantine+sub-basin%3A+variations+and+drivers%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Part+II+Top%2E+Stud%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Hassoun+A.+E.+R.&author=Fakhri+M.&author=Raad+N.&author=Saab+M.+A.-A.&author=Gemayel+E.&author=De+Carlo+E.+H.&publication_year=2019&volume=164&pages=54–73" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B41" id="B41"></a>Hassoun, A. E. R., Gemayel, E., Krasakopoulou, E., Goyet, C., Saab, M. A.-A., Ziveri, P., et al. (2015a). Modelling of the total alkalinity and the total inorganic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea. <i>J. Water Resourc. Ocean Sci.</i> 4:24. doi: 10.11648/j.wros.20150401.14</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wros.20150401.14" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Modelling+of+the+total+alkalinity+and+the+total+inorganic+carbon+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=J%2E+Water+Resourc%2E+Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Hassoun+A.+E.+R.&author=Gemayel+E.&author=Krasakopoulou+E.&author=Goyet+C.&author=Saab+M.+A.-A.&author=Ziveri+P.&publication_year=2015a&volume=4&issue=24" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B42" id="B42"></a>Hassoun, A. E. R., Gemayel, E., Krasakopoulou, E., Goyet, C., Saab, M. A.-A., Guglielmi, V., et al. (2015b). Acidification of the Mediterranean Sea from anthropogenic carbon penetration. <i>Deep Sea Res. Pt. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap.</i> 102:115. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2015.04.005</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.04.005" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Acidification+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea+from+anthropogenic+carbon+penetration%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+I+Oceanogr%2E+Res%2E+Pap%2E&author=Hassoun+A.+E.+R.&author=Gemayel+E.&author=Krasakopoulou+E.&author=Goyet+C.&author=Saab+M.+A.-A.&author=Guglielmi+V.&publication_year=2015b&volume=102&issue=115" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B43" id="B43"></a>Hiscock, W. T., and Millero, F. J. (2006). Alkalinity of the anoxic waters in the western Black Sea. <i>Deep Sea Res. Pt. II</i> 53, 1787–1801. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.020</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.020" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Alkalinity+of+the+anoxic+waters+in+the+western+Black+Sea%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+II&author=Hiscock+W.+T.&author=Millero+F.+J.&publication_year=2006&volume=53&pages=1787–1801" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B44" id="B44"></a>Ingrosso, G., Giani, M., Comici, C., Kralj, M., Piacentino, S., De Vittor, C., et al. (2016). Drivers of the carbonate system seasonal variations in a Mediterranean gulf. <i>Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.</i> 168, 58–70. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2015.11.001</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.11.001" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Drivers+of+the+carbonate+system+seasonal+variations+in+a+Mediterranean+gulf%2E&journal=Estuar%2E+Coast%2E+Shelf+Sci%2E&author=Ingrosso+G.&author=Giani+M.&author=Comici+C.&author=Kralj+M.&author=Piacentino+S.&author=De+Vittor+C.&publication_year=2016&volume=168&pages=58–70" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B45" id="B45"></a>Ioannou, A., Stegner, A., Tuel, A., LeVu, B., Dumas, F., and Speich, S. (2019). Cyclostrophic corrections of AVISO/DUACS surface velocities and its application to mesoscale eddies in the Mediterranean Sea. <i>J. Geophys. Res. Oceans</i> 124, 8913–8932. doi: 10.1029/2019JC015031</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015031" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cyclostrophic+corrections+of+AVISO%2FDUACS+surface+velocities+and+its+application+to+mesoscale+eddies+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=J%2E+Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Oceans&author=Ioannou+A.&author=Stegner+A.&author=Tuel+A.&author=LeVu+B.&author=Dumas+F.&author=Speich+S.&publication_year=2019&volume=124&pages=8913–8932" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B46" id="B46"></a>IPCC (2018). “Summary for Policymakers,” in <i>Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre-Industrial levels And Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, In The Context Of Strengthening The Global Response To The Threat Of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, And Efforts To Eradicate Poverty</i>, eds V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, et al. (Geneva: World Meteorological Organization), 32.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Summary+for+Policymakers&journal=Global+Warming+of+1%2E5∘BC%2E+An+IPCC+Special+Report+on+the+Impacts+of+Global+Warming+of+1%2E5∘BC+Above+Pre-Industrial+levels+And+Related+Global+Greenhouse+Gas+Emission+Pathways%2C+In+The+Context+Of+Strengthening+The+Global+Response+To+The+Threat+Of+Climate+Change%2C+Sustainable+Development%2C+And+Efforts+To+Eradicate+Poverty&publication_year=2018" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B47" id="B47"></a>Kapsenberg, L., Alliouane, S., Gazeau, F., Mousseau, L., and Gattuso, J.-P. (2017). Coastal ocean acidification and increasing total alkalinity in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. <i>Ocean Sci.</i> 13:41126. doi: 10.5194/os-13-411-2017</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-411-2017" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Coastal+ocean+acidification+and+increasing+total+alkalinity+in+the+Northwestern+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Kapsenberg+L.&author=Alliouane+S.&author=Gazeau+F.&author=Mousseau+L.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&publication_year=2017&volume=13&issue=41126" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B48" id="B48"></a>Kelley, D., Richards, C., and WG127 SCOR/IAPSO (2017). <i>gsw: Gibbs Sea Water Functions</i>. R package version 1.0-5.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=gsw%3A+Gibbs+Sea+Water+Functions%2E+R+package+version+1%2E0-5&publication_year=2017" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B49" id="B49"></a>Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R., Hendriks, I. E., Ramajo, L., Singh, G. S., et al. (2013). Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. <i>Glob. Change Biol.</i> 19, 1884–1896. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12179</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23505245" target="_blank">PubMed Abstract</a> | <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Impacts+of+ocean+acidification+on+marine+organisms%3A+quantifying+sensitivities+and+interaction+with+warming%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Change+Biol%2E&author=Kroeker+K.+J.&author=Kordas+R.+L.&author=Crim+R.&author=Hendriks+I.+E.&author=Ramajo+L.&author=Singh+G.+S.&publication_year=2013&volume=19&pages=1884–1896" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B50" id="B50"></a>Langdon, C. (2010). <i>Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater by Winkler Titration Using the Amperometric Technique, no. 14 in IOCCP Report, ICPO Publication.</i> Available online at: <a href="http://www.go-ship.org/HydroMan.html">www.go-ship.org/HydroMan.html</a> (accessed February 25, 2020).</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Determination+of+Dissolved+Oxygen+in+Seawater+by+Winkler+Titration+Using+the+Amperometric+Technique%2C+no%2E+14+in+IOCCP+Report%2C+ICPO+Publication%2E&author=Langdon+C.&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B51" id="B51"></a>Lascaratos, A., and Nittis, K. (1998). A high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study of intermediate water formation in the Levantine Sea. <i>J. Geophys. Res.</i> 103, 497–511. doi: 10.1029/98JC01196</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/98JC01196" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A+high-resolution+three-dimensional+numerical+study+of+intermediate+water+formation+in+the+Levantine+Sea%2E&journal=J%2E+Geophys%2E+Res%2E&author=Lascaratos+A.&author=Nittis+K.&publication_year=1998&volume=103&pages=497–511" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B52" id="B52"></a>Lee, K., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., Kim, T.-W., Feely, R. A., and Kim, H.-C. (2011). Roles of marginal seas in absorbing and storing fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub>. <i>Ener. Environ. Sci.</i> 4, 1133–1146. doi: 10.1039/C0EE00663G</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00663G" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Roles+of+marginal+seas+in+absorbing+and+storing+fossil+fuel+CO2%2E&journal=Ener%2E+Environ%2E+Sci%2E&author=Lee+K.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Kim+T.-W.&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Kim+H.-C.&publication_year=2011&volume=4&pages=1133–1146" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B53" id="B53"></a>Lefèvre, D. (2010). <i>MOOSE (ANTARES).</i> Available online at: <a href="https://campagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr/series/233/">https://campagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr/series/233/</a></p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=MOOSE+%28ANTARES%29%2E&author=Lefèvre+D.&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B54" id="B54"></a>Liu, X., Patsavas, M. C., Robert, H., and Byrne, R. H. (2011). Purification and characterisation of meta-cresol purple for spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements. <i>Environ. Sci. Technol.</i> 45, 4862–4868. doi: 10.1021/es200665</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/es200665" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification+and+characterisation+of+meta-cresol+purple+for+spectrophotometric+seawater+pH+measurements%2E&journal=Environ%2E+Sci%2E+Technol%2E&author=Liu+X.&author=Patsavas+M.+C.&author=Robert+H.&author=Byrne+R.+H.&publication_year=2011&volume=45&pages=4862–4868" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B55" id="B55"></a>Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M. (1973). Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. <i>Limnol. Oceanogr.</i> 18, 897–907. doi: 10.4319/lo.1973.18.6.0897</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.6.0897" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Measurement+of+the+apparent+dissociation+constants+of+carbonic+acid+in+seawater+at+atmospheric+pressure%2E&journal=Limnol%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Mehrbach+C.&author=Culberson+C.+H.&author=Hawley+J.+E.&author=Pytkowicz+R.+M.&publication_year=1973&volume=18&pages=897–907" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B56" id="B56"></a>Merlivat, L., Boutin, J., Antoine, D., Beaumont, L., Melek Golbol, M., and Vellucci, V. (2018). Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 15, 5653–5662. doi: 10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Increase+of+dissolved+inorganic+carbon+and+decrease+in+pH+in+near-surface+waters+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea+during+the+past+two+decades%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Merlivat+L.&author=Boutin+J.&author=Antoine+D.&author=Beaumont+L.&author=Melek+Golbol+M.&author=Vellucci+V.&publication_year=2018&volume=15&pages=5653–5662" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B57" id="B57"></a>Millot, C., and Taupier-Letage, I. (2005). <i>Circulation in the Mediterranean Sea, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5: Water Pollution, Part K.</i> Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 29–66. doi: 10.1007/b107143</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/b107143" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Circulation+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2C+in+The+Handbook+of+Environmental+Chemistry%2C+Vol%2E+5%3A+Water+Pollution%2C+Part+K%2E&author=Millot+C.&author=Taupier-Letage+I.&publication_year=2005&pages=29–66" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B58" id="B58"></a>Moon, J.-Y., Lee, K., Tanhua, T., Kress, N., and Kim, I.-N. (2016). Temporal nutrient dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea in response to anthropogenic inputs. <i>Geophys. Res. Lett.</i> 43, 5243–5251. doi: 10.1002/2016GL068788</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068788" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Temporal+nutrient+dynamics+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea+in+response+to+anthropogenic+inputs%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=Moon+J.-Y.&author=Lee+K.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Kress+N.&author=Kim+I.-N.&publication_year=2016&volume=43&pages=5243–5251" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B59" id="B59"></a>Moutin, T., and Raimbault, P. (2002). Primary production, carbon export and nutrients availability in western and eastern Mediterranean Sea in early summer 1996 (MINOS cruise). <i>J. Mar. Syst.</i> 3, 273–288. doi: 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00062-3</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00062-3" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Primary+production%2C+carbon+export+and+nutrients+availability+in+western+and+eastern+Mediterranean+Sea+in+early+summer+1996+%28MINOS+cruise%29%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Syst%2E&author=Moutin+T.&author=Raimbault+P.&publication_year=2002&volume=3&pages=273–288" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B60" id="B60"></a>Nykjaer, L. (2009). Mediterranean Sea surface warming 1985-2006. <i>Clim. Res.</i> 39, 11–17. doi: 10.3354/cr00794</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00794" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mediterranean+Sea+surface+warming+1985-2006%2E&journal=Clim%2E+Res%2E&author=Nykjaer+L.&publication_year=2009&volume=39&pages=11–17" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B61" id="B61"></a>Olafsson, J., Olafsdottir, S. R., Benoit-Cattin, A., Danielsen, M., Arnarson, T. S., and Takahashi, T. (2009). Rate of Iceland Sea acidification from time series measurements. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 6, 2661–2668. doi: 10.5194/bg-6-2661-2009</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2661-2009" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Rate+of+Iceland+Sea+acidification+from+time+series+measurements%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Olafsson+J.&author=Olafsdottir+S.+R.&author=Benoit-Cattin+A.&author=Danielsen+M.&author=Arnarson+T.+S.&author=Takahashi+T.&publication_year=2009&volume=6&pages=2661–2668" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B62" id="B62"></a>Orr, J., Epitalon, J.-M., Dickson, A. G., and Gattuso, J.-P. (2018). Routine uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system. <i>Mar. Chem.</i> 207, 84–107. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.006</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2018.10.006" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Routine+uncertainty+propagation+for+the+marine+carbon+dioxide+system%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Orr+J.&author=Epitalon+J.-M.&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&publication_year=2018&volume=207&pages=84–107" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B63" id="B63"></a>Owens, W. B., and Millard, R. C. (1985). A New Algorithm for CTD Oxygen Calibration. <i>J. Phys. Oceanogr.</i> 15, 621–631.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A+New+Algorithm+for+CTD+Oxygen+Calibration%2E&journal=J%2E+Phys%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Owens+W.+B.&author=Millard+R.+C.&publication_year=1985&volume=15&pages=621–631" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B64" id="B64"></a>Ozer, T., Gertman, I., Kress, N., Silverman, J., and Herut, B. (2017). Interannual thermohaline (1979–2014) and nutrient (2002–2014) dynamics in the Levantine surface and intermediate water masses, SE Mediterranean Sea. <i>Glob. Planet. Change</i> 151, 60–67. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.04.001</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.04.001" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Interannual+thermohaline+%281979–2014%29+and+nutrient+%282002–2014%29+dynamics+in+the+Levantine+surface+and+intermediate+water+masses%2C+SE+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Planet%2E+Change&author=Ozer+T.&author=Gertman+I.&author=Kress+N.&author=Silverman+J.&author=Herut+B.&publication_year=2017&volume=151&pages=60–67" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B65" id="B65"></a>Özsoy, E., Hecht, A., and Ünlüata, Ü (1989). Circulation and hydrography of the levantine basin. Results of POEM coordinated experiments 1985–1986. <i>Progr. Oceanogr.</i> 22, 12570. doi: 10.1016/0079-6611(89)90004-9</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(89)90004-9" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Circulation+and+hydrography+of+the+levantine+basin%2E+Results+of+POEM+coordinated+experiments+1985–1986%2E&journal=Progr%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Özsoy+E.&author=Hecht+A.&author=Ünlüata+Ü&publication_year=1989&volume=22&issue=12570" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B66" id="B66"></a>Pagès, R., Baklouti, M., Barrier, N., Ayache, M., Sevault, F., and Moutin, T. (2020). Projected effects of climate-induced changes in hydrodynamics on the biogeochemistry of the mediterranean sea under the RCP 8.5 regional climate scenario. <i>Front. Marine Sci</i>. 7:957. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.563615</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.563615" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Projected+effects+of+climate-induced+changes+in+hydrodynamics+on+the+biogeochemistry+of+the+mediterranean+sea+under+the+RCP+8%2E5+regional+climate+scenario%2E&author=Pagès+R.&author=Baklouti+M.&author=Barrier+N.&author=Ayache+M.&author=Sevault+F.&author=Moutin+T.&publication_year=2020" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B67" id="B67"></a>Pagès, R., Baklouti, M., Barrier, N., Richon, C., Dutay, J.-C., and Moutin, T. (2019). Changes in rivers inputs during the last decades significantly impacted the biogeochemistry of the eastern Mediterranean basin: a modelling study. <i>Progr. Oceanogr.</i> 181:102242. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102242</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102242" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Changes+in+rivers+inputs+during+the+last+decades+significantly+impacted+the+biogeochemistry+of+the+eastern+Mediterranean+basin%3A+a+modelling+study%2E&journal=Progr%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Pagès+R.&author=Baklouti+M.&author=Barrier+N.&author=Richon+C.&author=Dutay+J.-C.&author=Moutin+T.&publication_year=2019&volume=181&issue=102242" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B68" id="B68"></a>Palmiéri, J., Orr, J. C., Dutay, J.-C., Béranger, K., Schneider, A., Beuvier, J., et al. (2015). Simulated Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> Storage and Acidification of the Mediterranean Sea. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 12:781802. doi: 10.5194/bg-12-781-2015</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-781-2015" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Simulated+Anthropogenic+CO2+Storage+and+Acidification+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Palmiéri+J.&author=Orr+J.+C.&author=Dutay+J.-C.&author=Béranger+K.&author=Schneider+A.&author=Beuvier+J.&publication_year=2015&volume=12&issue=781802" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B69" id="B69"></a>Petihakis, G., Perivoliotis, L., Korres, G., Ballas, D., Frangoulis, C., Pagonis, P., et al. (2018). An integrated open-coastal biogeochemistry, ecosystem and biodiversity observatory of the eastern Mediterranean – the Cretan Sea component of the POSEIDON system. <i>Ocean Sci.</i> 14, 1223–1245. doi: 10.5194/os-14-1223-2018</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1223-2018" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An+integrated+open-coastal+biogeochemistry%2C+ecosystem+and+biodiversity+observatory+of+the+eastern+Mediterranean+–+the+Cretan+Sea+component+of+the+POSEIDON+system%2E&journal=Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Petihakis+G.&author=Perivoliotis+L.&author=Korres+G.&author=Ballas+D.&author=Frangoulis+C.&author=Pagonis+P.&publication_year=2018&volume=14&pages=1223–1245" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B70" id="B70"></a>Pujo-Pay, M., Conan, P., Oriol, L., Cornet-Barthaux, V., Falco, C., Ghiglione, J.-F., et al. (2011). Integrated survey of elemental stoichiometry (C, N, P) from the western to eastern Mediterranean Sea. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 8, 883–899. doi: 10.5194/bg-8-883-2011</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-883-2011" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Integrated+survey+of+elemental+stoichiometry+%28C%2C+N%2C+P%29+from+the+western+to+eastern+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Pujo-Pay+M.&author=Conan+P.&author=Oriol+L.&author=Cornet-Barthaux+V.&author=Falco+C.&author=Ghiglione+J.-F.&publication_year=2011&volume=8&pages=883–899" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B71" id="B71"></a>Regaudie-de-Gioux, A., Vaquer-Sunyer, R., and Duarte, C. M. (2009). Patterns in planktonic metabolism in the Mediterranean Sea. <i>Biogeosciences</i> 6, 3081–3089. doi: 10.5194/bg-6-3081-2009</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-3081-2009" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Patterns+in+planktonic+metabolism+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Regaudie-de-Gioux+A.&author=Vaquer-Sunyer+R.&author=Duarte+C.+M.&publication_year=2009&volume=6&pages=3081–3089" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B72" id="B72"></a>Rivaro, P., Messa, R., Massolo, S., and Frache, R. (2010). Distributions of carbonate properties along the water column in the Mediterranean Sea: spatial and temporal variations. <i>Mar. Chem.</i> 121, 236–254. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2010.05.003</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.05.003" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Distributions+of+carbonate+properties+along+the+water+column+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%3A+spatial+and+temporal+variations%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Rivaro+P.&author=Messa+R.&author=Massolo+S.&author=Frache+R.&publication_year=2010&volume=121&pages=236–254" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B73" id="B73"></a>Roether, W., Manca, B. B., Klein, B., Bregant, D., Georgopoulos, D., Beitzel, V., et al. (1996). Recent changes in Eastern Mediterranean Deep Waters. <i>Science</i> 271, 333–335. doi: 10.1126/science.271.5247.333</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5247.333" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Recent+changes+in+Eastern+Mediterranean+Deep+Waters%2E&journal=Science&author=Roether+W.&author=Manca+B.+B.&author=Klein+B.&author=Bregant+D.&author=Georgopoulos+D.&author=Beitzel+V.&publication_year=1996&volume=271&pages=333–335" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B74" id="B74"></a>Santana-Casiano, J., and González-Dávila, M. (2010). “pH decrease and effects on the chemistry of seawater (Chapter 5),” in <i>Oceans and the Atmospheric Carbon Content</i>, ed. D. J. M. Santana-Casiano (Berlin: Springer). doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9821-4_5</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9821-4_5" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=pH+decrease+and+effects+on+the+chemistry+of+seawater+%28Chapter+5%29&journal=Oceans+and+the+Atmospheric+Carbon+Content&author=Santana-Casiano+J.&author=González-Dávila+M.+(2010).+“pH+decrease+and+effects+on+the+chemistry+of+seawater+(Chapter+5)”+in+Oceans+and+the+Atmospheric+Carbon+Content+ed.+Santana-Casiano+D.+J.+M.&publication_year=2010" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B75" id="B75"></a>Schneider, A., Tanhua, T., Körtzinger, A., and Wallace, D. W. R. (2010). High anthropogenic carbon content in the Eastern Mediterranean. <i>J. Geophys. Res.</i> 115:C12. doi: 10.1029/2010JC006171</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006171" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=High+anthropogenic+carbon+content+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%2E&journal=J%2E+Geophys%2E+Res%2E&author=Schneider+A.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Körtzinger+A.&author=Wallace+D.+W.+R.&publication_year=2010&volume=115&issue=C12" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B76" id="B76"></a>Schneider, A., Wallace, D. W. R., and Körtzinger, A. (2007). Alkalinity of the Mediterranean Sea: alkalinity of the Mediterranean Sea. <i>Geophys. Res. Lett.</i> 34:L15608. doi: 10.1029/2006GL028842</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028842" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Alkalinity+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%3A+alkalinity+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=Schneider+A.&author=Wallace+D.+W.+R.&author=Körtzinger+A.&publication_year=2007&volume=34&issue=L15608" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B77" id="B77"></a>Sigman, D. M., and Hain, M. P. (2012). The biological productivity of the Ocean. <i>Nat. Educ. Knowl.</i> 3:21.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+biological+productivity+of+the+Ocean%2E&journal=Nat%2E+Educ%2E+Knowl%2E&author=Sigman+D.+M.&author=Hain+M.+P.&publication_year=2012&volume=3&issue=21" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B78" id="B78"></a>Sisma-Ventura, G., Or, B. M., Yam, R., Herut, B., and Silverman, J. (2017). <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> variability in the surface waters of the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Sea: exploring the air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a fast warming region. <i>Mar. Chem.</i> 196, 13–23. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.006</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.06.006" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=pCO2+variability+in+the+surface+waters+of+the+ultra-oligotrophic+Levantine+Sea%3A+exploring+the+air-sea+CO2+fluxes+in+a+fast+warming+region%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Sisma-Ventura+G.&author=Or+B.+M.&author=Yam+R.&author=Herut+B.&author=Silverman+J.&publication_year=2017&volume=196&pages=13–23" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B79" id="B79"></a>Smith, S. V., and Kinsey, D. W. (1978). “Calcification and organic carbon metabolism as indicated by carbon dioxide,” in <i>Coral Reefs: Research Methods: Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology</i>, ed. D. R. Stoddart (Paris: UNESCO), 469–484.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Calcification+and+organic+carbon+metabolism+as+indicated+by+carbon+dioxide&journal=Coral+Reefs%3A+Research+Methods%3A+Monographs+on+Oceanographic+Methodology&author=Smith+S.+V.&author=Kinsey+D.+W.+(1978).+“Calcification+and+organic+carbon+metabolism+as+indicated+by+carbon+dioxide”+in+Coral+Reefs:+Research+Methods:+Monographs+on+Oceanographic+Methodology+ed.+Stoddart+D.+R.&publication_year=1978&pages=469–484" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B80" id="B80"></a>Sokal, R. R., and Rohlf, F. J. (1969). <i>Biometry. The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research</i>, 2nd Edn. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Biometry%2E+The+Principles+and+Practices+of+Statistics+in+Biological+Research&author=Sokal+R.+R.&author=Rohlf+F.+J.&publication_year=1969" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B81" id="B81"></a>Taillandier, V., D’Ortenzio, F., and Antoine, D. (2012). Carbon fluxes in the mixed layer of the Mediterranea Sea in the 1980s and the 2000s. <i>Deep Sea Res. I</i> 65, 73–84. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2012.03.004</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2012.03.004" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Carbon+fluxes+in+the+mixed+layer+of+the+Mediterranea+Sea+in+the+1980s+and+the+2000s%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+I&author=Taillandier+V.&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Antoine+D.&publication_year=2012&volume=65&pages=73–84" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B82" id="B82"></a>Tanhua, T., van Heuven, S., Key, R. M., Velo, A., Olsen, A., and Schirnick, C. (2010). Quality control procedures and methods of the CARINA database. <i>Earth Syst. Sci. Data</i> 2, 35–49. doi: 10.5194/essd-2-35-2010</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-35-2010" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Quality+control+procedures+and+methods+of+the+CARINA+database%2E&journal=Earth+Syst%2E+Sci%2E+Data&author=Tanhua+T.&author=van+Heuven+S.&author=Key+R.+M.&author=Velo+A.&author=Olsen+A.&author=Schirnick+C.&publication_year=2010&volume=2&pages=35–49" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B83" id="B83"></a>Touratier, F., and Goyet, C. (2011). Impact of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the Distribution of Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> and First Estimate of Acidification for the Mediterranean Sea. <i>Deep Sea Res. Pt. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap.</i> 58:115. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.10.002</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.10.002" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Impact+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+Transient+on+the+Distribution+of+Anthropogenic+CO2+and+First+Estimate+of+Acidification+for+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+I+Oceanogr%2E+Res%2E+Pap%2E&author=Touratier+F.&author=Goyet+C.&publication_year=2011&volume=58&issue=115" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B84" id="B84"></a>Touratier, F., Guglielmi, V., Goyet, C., Prieur, L., Pujo-Pay, M., Conan, P., et al. (2012). Distributions of the carbonate system properties, anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub>, and acidification during the 2008 BOUM cruise (Mediterranean Sea). <i>Biogeosci. Discuss.</i> 9, 2709–2753. doi: 10.5194/bgd-9-2709-2012</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-2709-2012" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Distributions+of+the+carbonate+system+properties%2C+anthropogenic+CO2%2C+and+acidification+during+the+2008+BOUM+cruise+%28Mediterranean+Sea%29%2E&journal=Biogeosci%2E+Discuss%2E&author=Touratier+F.&author=Guglielmi+V.&author=Goyet+C.&author=Prieur+L.&author=Pujo-Pay+M.&author=Conan+P.&publication_year=2012&volume=9&pages=2709–2753" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B85" id="B85"></a>Uppström, L. R. (1974). The boron/chlorinity ratio of deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean. <i>Deep Sea Res.</i> 21, 161–162. doi: 10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(74)90074-6" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The+boron%2Fchlorinity+ratio+of+deep-sea+water+from+the+Pacific+Ocean%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E&author=Uppström+L.+R.&publication_year=1974&volume=21&pages=161–162" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B86" id="B86"></a>Valladares, J., Fennel, W. I., and Morozov, E. G. (2011). Replacement of EOS-80 with the international thermodynamic equation of seawater-2010 (TEOS-10). <i>Deep Sea Res.</i> 58, 978.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Replacement+of+EOS-80+with+the+international+thermodynamic+equation+of+seawater-2010+%28TEOS-10%29%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E&author=Valladares+J.&author=Fennel+W.+I.&author=Morozov+E.+G.&publication_year=2011&volume=58&issue=978" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B87" id="B87"></a>van Heuven, S., Pierrot, D., Rae, J., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D. W. R. (2011). <i>CO2SYS v 1.1, MATLAB Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations. ORNL/CDIAC-105b.</i> Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=CO2SYS+v+1%2E1%2C+MATLAB+Program+Developed+for+CO2+System+Calculations%2E+ORNL%2FCDIAC-105b%2E&author=van+Heuven+S.&author=Pierrot+D.&author=Rae+J.&author=Lewis+E.&author=Wallace+D.+W.+R.&publication_year=2011" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B88" id="B88"></a>Velaoras, D., Papadopoulos, V. P., Kontoyiannis, H., Cardin, V., and Civitarese, G. (2019). Water masses and hydrography during April and June 2016 in the cretan sea and cretan passage (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). <i>Deep Sea Res. Pt II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.</i> 164, 25–40. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.09.005</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.09.005" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Water+masses+and+hydrography+during+April+and+June+2016+in+the+cretan+sea+and+cretan+passage+%28Eastern+Mediterranean+Sea%29%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt+II+Top%2E+Stud%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Velaoras+D.&author=Papadopoulos+V.+P.&author=Kontoyiannis+H.&author=Cardin+V.&author=Civitarese+G.&publication_year=2019&volume=164&pages=25–40" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B89" id="B89"></a>Williams, P. J., and Jenkinson, N. W. (1982). A transportable microprocessor-controlled precise winkler titration suitable for field station and shipboard Use1. <i>Limnol. Oceanogr.</i> 27:57684. doi: 10.4319/lo.1982.27.3.0576</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1982.27.3.0576" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A+transportable+microprocessor-controlled+precise+winkler+titration+suitable+for+field+station+and+shipboard+Use1%2E&journal=Limnol%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Williams+P.+J.&author=Jenkinson+N.+W.&publication_year=1982&volume=27&issue=57684" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B90" id="B90"></a>Winkler, L. W. (1888). Die bestimmung des im wasser gelösten sauerstoffes. <i>Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.</i> 21, 2843–2854. doi: 10.1002/cber.188802102122</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188802102122" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Die+bestimmung+des+im+wasser+gelösten+sauerstoffes%2E&journal=Ber%2E+Dtsch%2E+Chem%2E+Ges%2E&author=Winkler+L.+W.&publication_year=1888&volume=21&pages=2843–2854" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B91" id="B91"></a>Wong, A., Keeley, R., Carval, T., and The Argo Data Management Team (2020). <i>Argo Quality Control Manual for CTD and Trajectory Data.</i> Available online at: <a href="https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00228/33951/">https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00228/33951/</a></p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&journal=Argo+Quality+Control+Manual+for+CTD+and+Trajectory+Data%2E&publication_year=2020" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> <div class="References" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <p class="ReferencesCopy1"><a name="B92" id="B92"></a>Zeebe, R. E. (2012). History of seawater carbonate chemistry, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, and Ocean acidification. <i>Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.</i> 40, 141–165. doi: 10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105521</p> <p class="ReferencesCopy2"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105521" target="_blank">CrossRef Full Text</a> | <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=History+of+seawater+carbonate+chemistry%2C+atmospheric+CO2%2C+and+Ocean+acidification%2E&journal=Annu%2E+Rev%2E+Earth+Planet%2E+Sci%2E&author=Zeebe+R.+E.&publication_year=2012&volume=40&pages=141–165" target="_blank">Google Scholar</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="thinLineM20"></div> <div class="AbstractSummary"> <p><span>Keywords</span>: carbonate system, Mediterranean Sea, acidification, CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes, Levantine Sea, inorganic carbon</p> <p><span>Citation:</span> Wimart-Rousseau C, Wagener T, Álvarez M, Moutin T, Fourrier M, Coppola L, Niclas-Chirurgien L, Raimbault P, D’Ortenzio F, Durrieu de Madron X, Taillandier V, Dumas F, Conan P, Pujo-Pay M and Lefèvre D (2021) Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO<sub>2</sub> System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin. <i>Front. Mar. Sci.</i> 8:649246. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.649246</p> <p id="timestamps"> <span>Received:</span> 04 January 2021; <span>Accepted:</span> 09 April 2021;<br><span>Published:</span> 17 May 2021.</p> <div> <p>Edited by:</p> <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/143285/overview">Gotzon Basterretxea</a>, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spain</div> <div> <p>Reviewed by:</p> <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/469872/overview">Siv Kari Lauvset</a>, Norwegian Research Institute (NORCE), Norway<br> <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/559374/overview">Anne Willem Omta</a>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States</div> <p><span>Copyright</span> © 2021 Wimart-Rousseau, Wagener, Álvarez, Moutin, Fourrier, Coppola, Niclas-Chirurgien, Raimbault, D’Ortenzio, Durrieu de Madron, Taillandier, Dumas, Conan, Pujo-Pay and Lefèvre. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</p> <p><span>*Correspondence:</span> Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, <a id="encmail">Y2F0aHkud2ltYXJ0LXJvdXNzZWF1QG1pby5vc3VweXRoZWFzLmZy</a></p> <div class="clear"></div> </div></div></div> <p class="AbstractSummary__disclaimer"><span>Disclaimer: </span> All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. </p></div></section></main></div> <div></div></div></div>  <footer class="Footer"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Footer</h1> <div class="Footer__wrapper"><div class="Footer__sections"><ul class="Accordion"><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Guidelines</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_authorGuidelines">Author guidelines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_editorGuidelines">Editor guidelines</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_policiesAndPublicationE">Policies and publication ethics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_feePolicy">Fee policy</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Explore</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_articles">Articles</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_researchTopics">Research Topics </a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_journals">Journals</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_howWePublish">How we publish</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Outreach</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForum">Frontiers Forum </a></li><li><a href="https://policylabs.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPolicyLabs">Frontiers Policy Labs </a></li><li><a href="https://kids.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForYoungMinds">Frontiers for Young Minds</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPlanetPrize">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"> <div class="Accordion__title">Connect</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0px;"><ul><li><a href="https://helpcenter.frontiersin.org" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_helpCenter">Help center</a></li><li><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/settings/email-preferences?a=publishers" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_emailsAndAlerts">Emails and alerts </a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_contactUs">Contact us </a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_submit">Submit</a></li><li><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_careerOpportunities">Career opportunities</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="Footer__socialLinks"><div class="Footer__socialLinks__title">Follow us</div> <span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/Frontiersin" target="_blank" data-event="footer-facebook-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--facebook Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/frontiersin" target="_blank" data-event="footer-twitter-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--twitter Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers LinkedIn" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/frontiers" target="_blank" data-event="footer-linkedIn-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--linkedin Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/frontiersin_" target="_blank" data-event="footer-instagram-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--instagram Link--right"><span></span></a></span></div></div> <div class="Footer__copyright"><div><span>© 2024 Frontiers Media S.A. All rights reserved</span></div> <div><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy policy</a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions" target="_blank">Terms and conditions</a></div></div></div></footer> <div class="SnackbarWrapper"><ul class="SnackbarContainer"></ul></div></div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,_,$,aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,aA,aB,aC,aD,aE,aF,aG,aH,aI,aJ,aK,aL,aM,aN,aO,aP,aQ,aR,aS,aT,aU,aV,aW,aX,aY,aZ,a_,a$,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,bA,bB,bC,bD,bE,bF,bG,bH,bI,bJ,bK,bL,bM,bN,bO,bP,bQ,bR,bS,bT,bU,bV,bW,bX,bY,bZ,b_,b$,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck,cl,cm,cn,co,cp,cq,cr,cs,ct,cu,cv,cw,cx,cy,cz,cA,cB,cC,cD,cE,cF,cG,cH,cI,cJ,cK,cL,cM,cN,cO,cP,cQ,cR,cS,cT,cU,cV,cW,cX,cY,cZ,c_,c$,da){aL.id=aM;aL.name=aN;aL.slug=aO;aL.specialtyId=1508;return {layout:"ArticleLayout",data:[{}],fetch:{},error:f,state:{currentJournal:{identifier:u,name:p,slug:v,banner:[{id:"AB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43",src:U,name:"FMARS_Main Visual_Cyan_Website",tags:["Megaptera Novaeangliae","Whale","Danita Delimont","Blue","Wildlife","Humpback Whale","RF","Pacific Ocean","Baleen","Breaching","Stuart Westmorland","Lanai","Usa","Hawaii"],type:V,width:5760,height:3840,idHash:"6697d5d20c4e57f6",archive:w,brandId:"22C10171-81B3-4DA6-99342F272A32E8BB",limited:w,fileSize:14818508,isPublic:c,original:"https:\u002F\u002Fbrand.frontiersin.org\u002Fm\u002F6697d5d20c4e57f6\u002Foriginal\u002FFMARS_Main-Visual_Cyan_Website.jpg",copyright:"Copyright © Robin Westmorland \u002F Danita Delimont",extension:["jpg"],thumbnails:{mini:"https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002Fmini-27409EC6-0151-4F4A-953B830157E0F792.png",thul:"https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002Fthul-725E5077-AECB-4796-85B60409AC983F4C.png",webimage:U,Guidelines:"https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002F9C3665D1-80E8-44FC-A115BB703255BBC3\u002FGuidelines-FMARS_Main Visual_Cyan_Website.png",WebsiteJpg_XL:"https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002F9C3665D1-80E8-44FC-A115BB703255BBC3\u002FWebsiteJpg_XL-FMARS_Main Visual_Cyan_Website.jpg",WebsiteWebP_L:"https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002F9C3665D1-80E8-44FC-A115BB703255BBC3\u002FWebsiteWebP_L-FMARS_Main Visual_Cyan_Website.webp",WebsiteWebP_M:"https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002F9C3665D1-80E8-44FC-A115BB703255BBC3\u002FWebsiteWebP_M-FMARS_Main Visual_Cyan_Website.webp",WebsiteWebP_XL:"https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002F9C3665D1-80E8-44FC-A115BB703255BBC3\u002FWebsiteWebP_XL-FMARS_Main Visual_Cyan_Website.webp"},dateCreated:W,description:"Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) near Lanai Island, Hawaii, USA",orientation:"landscape",userCreated:"Caroline Sutter",watermarked:w,dateModified:W,datePublished:"2015-01-15T13:51:43Z",ecsArchiveFiles:[],propertyOptions:["414FB2D4-2283-43FD-BE14E534ECA67928","6C18119B-14BD-4951-B437696F4357BD33","7C692885-DB25-4858-B1FB4FF47B241E9B","D88C0047-EC30-4506-A7DF28A4D765E1CF"],property_Channel:["frontiersin_org"],"property_Sub-Type":["Main_Visual"],property_Asset_Type:["Photography"],activeOriginalFocusPoint:{x:2880,y:z},property_Office_Department:["Publishing"]}],description:"The most cited marine and freshwater biology journal, advancing our understanding of marine systems and addressing global challenges including overfishing, pollution, and climate change.",mission:"\u003Cp\u003EFrontiers in Marine Science is the most cited journal in its field, advancing our understanding of marine species, ecosystems, and processes as well as human interactions with, and impacts on, ocean environments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThe journal is led by Field Chief Editor Prof Carlos M. Duarte (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia) and indexed in Scopus, Web of Science and DOAJ. It welcomes submissions on all aspects of marine biology and ocean systems, on human activities that exploit or affect oceans and marine life, and the protection and restoration of marine ecosystems. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Ecoral reef and deep-sea ecology\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Eglobal change and the future ocean\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Emarine affairs and policy\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Emarine biogeochemistry\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Emarine biology, biogeography, and biodiversity\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Emarine biotechnology and bioproducts\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Emarine conservation and sustainability\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Emarine fisheries, aquaculture, and living resources\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Emarine pollution\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Ephysical oceanography\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n \u003Cli\u003Eocean observation.\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFrontiers in Marine Science particularly welcomes new ideas and approaches for ocean-based solutions and which support and advance the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably SDG 14: life below water. This includes studies on sustainable blue economies, improved forecasting and observational capacities, understanding biodiversity and ecosystem issues at a local and global level, and effective strategies to manage marine resources and maintain ocean health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EManuscripts that do not directly relate to marine environments, such as those focusing primarily on freshwater or terrestrial ecosystems and non-marine-related engineering and technology studies, are also out of scope. Additionally, research that predominately concerns human health, social sciences, or economics, without a clear link to marine science, will not be considered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\u003Cp\u003EFrontiers in Marine Science is committed to advancing our understanding and sustainable use of the world’s oceans and their resources by communicating scientific knowledge to researchers and the public alike, to enable the scientific breakthroughs of the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",palette:"cyan",impactFactor:"3.7",citeScore:"5.2",citations:"121000",showTagline:f,twitter:"@FrontMarineSci",__typename:"Journal"},currentFrontiersJournal:{id:u,name:p,slug:v,printISSN:f,shortName:K,electronicISSN:L,abbreviation:X,specialtyId:f,publicationDate:f,isOnline:h,isOpenForSubmissions:h,spaceId:c,field:{id:Y,domainId:c,__typename:"journal_field"},__typename:a},articleHubSlug:e,articleHubPage:M,currentArticle:{id:649246,doi:Z,title:_,acceptanceDate:"2021-04-09T13:06:36.000Z",receptionDate:"2021-01-04T08:11:31.000Z",publicationDate:"2021-05-17T00:00:00.000Z",isPublished:h,abstract:$,researchTopic:f,articleType:{id:24,name:"Original Research"},stage:{id:N,name:e},keywords:["Carbonate system","Mediterranean Sea","acidification","CO2 fluxes","Levantine Sea","Inorganic carbon"],authors:[{id:aa,firstName:ab,lastName:"Wimart-Rousseau",givenNames:ab,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:aa,affiliations:[{organizationName:q,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:ac,firstName:ad,lastName:"Wagener",givenNames:ad,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:ac,affiliations:[{organizationName:q,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:ae,firstName:af,lastName:"Álvarez",givenNames:af,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:ae,affiliations:[{organizationName:"Instituto Español de Oceanografia",countryName:ag,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:ah,firstName:ai,lastName:"Moutin",givenNames:ai,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:ah,affiliations:[{organizationName:q,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:aj,firstName:ak,lastName:"Fourrier",givenNames:ak,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:aj,affiliations:[{organizationName:A,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:al,firstName:am,lastName:"Coppola",givenNames:am,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:al,affiliations:[{organizationName:A,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e},{organizationName:"Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche",countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:an,firstName:ao,lastName:"Niclas-Chirurgien",givenNames:ao,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:an,affiliations:[{organizationName:q,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:ap,firstName:aq,lastName:"Raimbault",givenNames:aq,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:ap,affiliations:[{organizationName:q,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:ar,firstName:as,lastName:"D’Ortenzio",givenNames:as,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:ar,affiliations:[{organizationName:A,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:at,firstName:au,lastName:"Durrieu de Madron",givenNames:au,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:at,affiliations:[{organizationName:"CEFREM, CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia",countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:av,firstName:aw,lastName:"Taillandier",givenNames:aw,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:av,affiliations:[{organizationName:A,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:ax,firstName:ay,lastName:"Dumas",givenNames:ay,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:ax,affiliations:[{organizationName:"Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine—Shom",countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:az,firstName:aA,lastName:"Conan",givenNames:aA,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:az,affiliations:[{organizationName:aB,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:aC,firstName:aD,lastName:"Pujo-Pay",givenNames:aD,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:aC,affiliations:[{organizationName:aB,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:aE,firstName:aF,lastName:"Lefèvre",givenNames:aF,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:aE,affiliations:[{organizationName:q,countryName:m,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]}],editors:[{id:aG,firstName:aH,lastName:"Basterretxea",givenNames:aH,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:aG,affiliations:[{organizationName:"Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)",countryName:ag,cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]}],reviewers:[{id:aI,firstName:aJ,lastName:"Omta",givenNames:aJ,isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:aI,affiliations:[{organizationName:"Massachusetts Institute of Technology",countryName:"United States",cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]},{id:aK,firstName:"Siv",lastName:"Lauvset",givenNames:"Siv Kari",isCorresponding:j,isProfilePublic:h,userId:aK,affiliations:[{organizationName:"Norwegian Research Institute (NORCE)",countryName:"Norway",cityName:e,stateName:e,zipCode:e}]}],journal:{id:u,slug:v,name:p,shortName:K,electronicISSN:L,field:{id:Y,domainId:c},specialtyId:f,journalSectionPaths:[{section:aL}]},section:aL,impactMetrics:{views:aP,downloads:754,citations:O},volume:aQ,articleVolume:"Volume 8 - 2021",relatedArticles:[],isPublishedV2:j,contents:{fullTextHtml:"\u003Cdiv class=\"JournalAbstract\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h1\" name=\"h1\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch1\u003ESeasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin\u003C\u002Fh1\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"authors\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F1088441\" class=\"user-id-1088441\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F1088441\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003ECathy Wimart-Rousseau\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1*\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F1019707\" class=\"user-id-1019707\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F1019707\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EThibaut Wagener\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F144153\" class=\"user-id-144153\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F144153\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EMarta Álvarez\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F256222\" class=\"user-id-256222\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F256222\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EThierry Moutin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F921946\" class=\"user-id-921946\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F921946\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EMarine Fourrier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F546425\" class=\"user-id-546425\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F546425\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003ELaurent Coppola\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E3,4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F1313056\" class=\"user-id-1313056\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F1313056\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003ELaure Niclas-Chirurgien\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F519202\" class=\"user-id-519202\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F519202\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EPatrick Raimbault\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F625285\" class=\"user-id-625285\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F625285\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EFabrizio D’Ortenzio\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F1126353\" class=\"user-id-1126353\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F1126353\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EXavier Durrieu de Madron\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E5\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F396062\" class=\"user-id-396062\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F396062\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EVincent Taillandier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F1137802\" class=\"user-id-1137802\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F1137802\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EFranck Dumas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E6\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F204475\" class=\"user-id-204475\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F204475\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EPascal Conan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E7\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F719808\" class=\"user-id-719808\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F719808\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EMireille Pujo-Pay\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E7\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002Fu\u002F835557\" class=\"user-id-835557\"\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"pr5\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fimages\u002Fprofile\u002F835557\u002F24\" onerror=\"this.src='http:\u002F\u002F3b76aaf63d1816bb57bf-a34624e694c43cdf8b40aa048a644ca4.r96.cf2.rackcdn.com\u002FDesign\u002FImages\u002Fnewprofile_default_profileimage_new.jpg'\" alt=\"\"\u002F\u003EDominique Lefèvre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cul class=\"notes\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Csup\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003EAix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, Marseille, France\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003EInstituto Español de Oceanografia, A Coruña, Spain\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003ESorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Csup\u003E4\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003ESorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de la Mer de Villefranche, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Csup\u003E5\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003ECEFREM, CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Csup\u003E6\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003EService Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine—Shom, Brest, France\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Csup\u003E7\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003ESorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe seasonal variability of the carbonate system in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) was investigated based on discrete total alkalinity (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E), total dissolved inorganic carbon (C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E), and pH measurements collected during three cruises around Crete between June 2018 and March 2019. This study presents a detailed description of this new carbonate chemistry dataset in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We show that the North Western Levantine Basin (NWLB) is unique in terms of range of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variation vs. C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variation in the upper water column over an annual cycle. The reasons for this singularity of the NWLB can be explained by the interplay between strong evaporation and the concomitant consumption of C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E by autotrophic processes. The high range of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations, combined to temperature changes, has a strong impact on the variability of the seawater \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (\u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E). Based on Argo float data, an entire annual cycle for \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E in the NWLB has been reconstructed in order to estimate the temporal sequence of the potential “source” and “sink” of atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. By combining this dataset with previous observations in the NWLB, this study shows a significant ocean acidification and a decrease in the oceanic surface pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E of −0.0024 ± 0.0004 pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E units.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. The changes in the carbonate system are driven by the increase of atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E but also by unexplained temporal changes in the surface A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content. If we consider that the EMed will, in the future, encounter longer, more intense and warmer summer seasons, this study proposes some perspectives on the carbonate system functioning of the “future” EMed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"JournalFullText\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h2\" name=\"h2\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EIntroduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003ESince the beginning of the industrial era, the rise in atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E due to anthropogenic activities is considered to be the main factor responsible for current climate change (\u003Ca href=\"#B46\"\u003EIPCC, 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The ocean plays a significant role in modulating atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E as it has sequestrated \u003Ci\u003Eca\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. 31% of the global anthropogenic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E emissions in the past few decade (\u003Ca href=\"#B38\"\u003EGruber et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Between 2009 and 2018, the ocean CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E sink was estimated to be equal to 2.5 ± 0.6 PgC.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#B34\"\u003EFriedlingstein et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Ocean CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E uptake induces an increase in hydronium ion concentration (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, a decrease in oceanic pH) commonly referred as ocean acidification (\u003Ca href=\"#B27\"\u003EDoney et al., 2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This ocean acidification represents a significant threat to marine organisms (\u003Ca href=\"#B49\"\u003EKroeker et al., 2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and is likely to affect marine ecosystems (\u003Ca href=\"#B32\"\u003EFeely et al., 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EThe marginal Mediterranean Sea (MedSea) is a singular oceanic basin in terms of carbonate chemistry and deserves specific study. Due to the relatively short residence time of its water masses, this semi-enclosed, basin is considered to be more reactive to external forcing than other oceanic areas (\u003Ca href=\"#B29\"\u003EDurrieu de Madron et al., 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The warm and highly alkaline waters absorb CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E from the atmosphere and transport it to the interior by active overturning circulation (\u003Ca href=\"#B75\"\u003ESchneider et al., 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al., 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Indeed, while representing only 0.3% of the global oceanic volume, the anthropogenic carbon content of the MedSea was estimated to represent 1.1% of the world’s ocean content in 1994 (\u003Ca href=\"#B75\"\u003ESchneider et al., 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B52\"\u003ELee et al., 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Moreover, several studies have reported a marked decline in the pH of the MedSea over the last few decades (\u003Ci\u003Ee.g.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B83\"\u003ETouratier and Goyet, 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B42\"\u003EHassoun et al., 2015b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B68\"\u003EPalmiéri et al., 2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B33\"\u003EFlecha et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EDetailed descriptions of the circulation and water masses of the MedSea can be found in \u003Ca href=\"#B57\"\u003EMillot and Taupier-Letage (2005)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B6\"\u003EBergamasco and Malanotte-Rizzoli (2010)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"#B29\"\u003EDurrieu de Madron et al. (2011)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The water masses of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) are warmer, more haline, more oxygenated and more alkaline than those in the Western Mediterranean Sea (WMed) (\u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al., 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The EMed water column can be schematically divided into three layers: (1) The surface layer, filled with Modified Atlantic Waters (MAW) with specific regional and seasonal characteristics [\u003Ci\u003Ee.g.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, Levantine Surface Waters (LSW)]; (2) Intermediate waters characterised, in the presence of MAW, by a local salinity maximum and generally described by the generic name Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW); (3) The Eastern Mediterranean Deep Waters (EMDW), mostly retained in the EMed, consisting of a mixture of Adriatic Deep Waters (AdDW) and Aegean Deep Waters (AeDW). EMDW have undergone drastic changes over the last few decades (known as the Eastern Mediterranean Transient; \u003Ca href=\"#B73\"\u003ERoether et al., 1996\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EThe MedSea is already exhibiting a consistent ocean acidification trend as a direct consequence to oceanic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E uptake. It is therefore important to observe carbonate chemistry over sustained time-series to understand the long-term changes in ocean chemistry. The seasonal dynamics of the carbonate system, crucial in understanding the variability in the air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E exchanges, also requires these important time-series observations. When compared to other oceanic areas, including the WMed, the oligotrophic EMed (\u003Ca href=\"#B70\"\u003EPujo-Pay et al., 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) is characterised by low primary production rates (\u003Ca href=\"#B59\"\u003EMoutin and Raimbault, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This low productivity reduces the vertical gradients of dissolved inorganic carbon, making the detection and understanding of decadal and seasonal changes in the carbonate system particularly challenging in this area. Over the last few decades, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the EMed (\u003Ci\u003Ee.g.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B75\"\u003ESchneider et al., 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al., 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B42\"\u003EHassoun et al., 2015b\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B39\"\u003EHainbucher et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), however, these cruises do not cover a full seasonal cycle leading to biased observations. Most of the time-series measurements recorded in the MedSea have been taken in the coastal (\u003Ci\u003Ee.g.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B20\"\u003EDe Carlo et al., 2013\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B44\"\u003EIngrosso et al., 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B47\"\u003EKapsenberg et al., 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and oceanic WMed (\u003Ca href=\"#B53\"\u003ELefèvre, 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B13\"\u003ECoppola et al., 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In the EMed, time-series measurements are scarce and mostly based in the Cretan Sea (\u003Ca href=\"#B69\"\u003EPetihakis et al., 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) or coastal sites such as the Lebanese coast (\u003Ca href=\"#B40\"\u003EHassoun et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) or the Israeli coast (\u003Ca href=\"#B78\"\u003ESisma-Ventura et al., 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), precluding a rigorous description of the temporal variability of the carbonate system in the open-ocean EMed. In the MedSea open-ocean, studies based on data derived from satellite observations have been conducted to decipher, over a seasonal and interannual scale, the variations in \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#B16\"\u003ED’Ortenzio et al., 2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B81\"\u003ETaillandier et al., 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Nonetheless, understanding the variability in the seasonal carbonate system in the EMed is required to evaluate the effects of the increasing threats in this area, such as warming (\u003Ca href=\"#B60\"\u003ENykjaer, 2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and ocean acidification.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EIn the frame of the PERLE project (the Pelagic Ecosystem Response to deep water formation in the Levant Experiment), an intense \u003Ci\u003Ein situ\u003C\u002Fi\u003E survey of the Levantine area was carried out during 2018–2019 (\u003Ca href=\"#B18\"\u003ED’Ortenzio et al., 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This study reports on a new oceanic inorganic carbon dataset acquired over three different periods of the year in the South Cretan area (described as the North Western Levantine Basin or NWLB hereafter) (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 1\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g001.jpg\" name=\"figure1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g001.gif\" id=\"F1\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Map of the “PERLE area.” Stations visited during PERLE0 are in red, during PERLE1 in blue and during PERLE2 in green. Diamonds represent stations with carbonate chemistry. Stations from the CARIMED database with A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E measurements are shown by small yellow dots. Grey dots show the WMO 6902913 Argo profiler positions from October 2018 to July 2020. Arrows show the main surface water mass pathways (see acronyms in the text). The North Western Levantine Basin area (NWLB) is defined by the dotted insert.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EThis study gives a detailed description of this new dataset and the oceanographical context (section “Descriptive Carbonate Chemistry in the Context of the PERLE Cruises”). In section “Atypical Drivers of the Seasonal Dynamics of the Carbonate Chemistry Within the Mixed Layer of the North Western Levantine Basin,” using these new annual observations in the NWLB, the physical and biological drivers explaining the seasonal variability of the carbonate parameters in the upper water column will be investigated and the impact of the variations on air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E fluxes will be discussed. In section “Long Term Temporal Changes in Carbonate Chemistry in the North Western Levantine Basin,” the main drivers of carbonate chemistry changes will be considered on longer timescales, based on the estimated trends in the surface carbonate chemistry of the NWLB derived from existing data over the last 20 years. Some hypotheses on the future of the carbonate system functioning of the EMed will be discussed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h3\" name=\"h3\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EMaterials and Methods\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3 class=\"pt0\"\u003ECruise and Sampling Strategy\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThis study focuses on three PERLE cruises: PERLE0, PERLE1, and PERLE2 (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). These cruises were carried out in the EMed between 2018 and 2019. At all stations, a CTD-Rosette was deployed (1) to acquire data with sensors (Conductivity Temperature and Depth–CTD and associated parameters) along vertical profiles and (2) to collect discrete seawater samples from Niskin bottles for chemical analysis. Over the 11, 31, and 125 casts performed during the PERLE0, PERLE1, and PERLE2 cruises, seawater was sampled from 1, 12, and 17 casts, respectively, for carbonate parameter analysis (see \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Table 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Figure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Details for the cruises and parameters measured during each PERLE cruise are summarised in \u003Ca href=\"#T1\"\u003ETable 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003ETABLE 1\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t001.jpg\" name=\"table1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t001.gif\" id=\"T1\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETable 1.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Summary of the cruise information and the parameters measured during each PERLE cruises including availability, number of samples (n) and their associated accuracy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003EParameters Measured\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Ch4 class=\"pt0\"\u003ECTD and Seawater Sampling\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EA SeaBird\u003Csup\u003ETM\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E 911+ underwater unit was used to interface a pressure sensor, an external temperature probe (SBE3plus) and an external conductivity cell (SBE4C). Sensors were calibrated by the manufacturer. Additional sensors were interfaced and data from a fluorescence (Chelsea Aqua 3) and an oxygen (SBE43) sensor are used in this study. Fluorescence and oxygen are expressed in A.U. (Arbitrary Unit) and μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, respectively, in this study. For vertical profiles, 24 Hz data on the downcast were averaged on 1 dbar bins by the SeaBird\u003Csup\u003ETM\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E dedicated software. Water samples were collected from CTD-Rosette casts with a carousel equipped with 22 Niskin bottles (12 L). Water was sampled from 10 to 21 depths, from a few meters above the seafloor up to the surface (0–5 dbars). From 0 to 200 dbars, a higher sampling resolution was applied (every \u003Ci\u003Eca\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. 20 dbars) than below 200 dbars (every \u003Ci\u003Eca.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 200 dbars).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EIn addition, the “Real-time” CTD data from the WMO 6902913 Argo float (\u003Ca href=\"#B3\"\u003EArgo, 2000\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) deployed during the PERLE1 cruise were used in this study to complete the hydrological data. Data collected from October 2018 to July 2020 were used (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Because the Argo float considered in this study is still operational, no “Delayed Mode” data were available at this stage. The Argo real-time quality control procedures have been applied by the Coriolis data centre (\u003Ca href=\"#B91\"\u003EWong et al., 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). A visual comparison of the Argo CTD data with collocated PERLE cruise CTD data was carried out on two profiles to exclude major deviations in the Argo data. Salinity measurements (derived from conductivity—SBE41CP sensor, Seabird\u003Csup\u003ETM\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) were recorded with an accuracy of 0.005 psu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch4\u003ETotal Alkalinity and Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003ESamples for total dissolved inorganic carbon (C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) and total alkalinity (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) were collected into acid-washed 500 cm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E borosilicate glass bottles, poisoned with 200 mm\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E of a 36 g.dm\u003Csup\u003E–3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E HgCl\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, as recommended by \u003Ca href=\"#B25\"\u003EDickson et al. (2007)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and stored in the dark at 4°C. Analyses were performed after 5 months of storage. Measurements of C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E were performed simultaneously by potentiometric acid titration using a closed cell following the methods described by \u003Ca href=\"#B30\"\u003EEdmond (1970)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"#B22\"\u003EDickson and Goyet (1994)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Analyses were performed at the National Facility for Analysis of Carbonate System Parameters (SNAPO-CO2, LOCEAN, Sorbonne University—CNRS, France) with a prototype developed at LOCEAN. The average accuracy of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E analysis (estimated from repeated measurements of Certified Reference Material provided by Prof. Dickson’s laboratory from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego) was 1.8 and 2.1 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, respectively, for PERLE0 and 4.6 and 4.7 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, respectively, for PERLE2. Although A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E measurements were carried out during the PERLE1 cruise, the accuracy of the dataset did not conform to the quality control procedure (see section “Primary Quality Control of the Measured Data”) therefore the measured PERLE1 A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E dataset was not used in this study. However, A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values were reconstructed for PERLE1 based on a published A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship (see section “Derived Parameters”).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch4\u003EpH\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe pH was measured directly on board. Samples for pH measurements were collected in cylindrical optical glass vials and analyses were performed manually using purified m-Cresol Purple (mCP) following the spectrophotometric protocol (at 25°C) described by \u003Ca href=\"#B11\"\u003EClayton and Byrne (1993)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (see details in \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This method is based on the dissociation of the pH-sensitive mCP dye (provided by Prof. Byrne, University of Southern Florida) in the water sample. pH is reported on the total scale at 25°C (pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) using the equation by \u003Ca href=\"#B54\"\u003ELiu et al. (2011)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The reproducibility of measurements was estimated to be ± 0.0009 by measuring replicates from the same Niskin bottle. The accuracy was determined to range within ± 0.007 for PERLE1 and ± 0.003 for PERLE2 by analysing replicates of TRIS solution (provided by Prof. Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego). No direct pH measurements were carried out during the PERLE0 cruise. The effect of the addition of the indicator on the seawater pH was evaluated and corrected (see details in the \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch4\u003EOxygen\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EFor all three PERLE cruises, dissolved oxygen concentrations ([O\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E]\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003Emes\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) were analysed on board following the Winkler method (\u003Ca href=\"#B90\"\u003EWinkler, 1888\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; modified \u003Ca href=\"#B9\"\u003ECarritt and Carpenter, 1966\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) using photometric endpoint detection (\u003Ca href=\"#B89\"\u003EWilliams and Jenkinson, 1982\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The recommendations of \u003Ca href=\"#B50\"\u003ELangdon (2010)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were followed for sampling, reagent preparation and sample analysis. The thiosulfate solution was calibrated by titrating it against a potassium iodate certified standard solution of 0.0100 N (CSK standard solution—WAKO). The reproducibility of measurements, calculated by measuring replicates from the same Niskin bottle, was estimated to be ± 0.86 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ci\u003En\u003C\u002Fi\u003E = 42, PERLE2).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EOxygen measurements from the SBE43 sensor from the CTD rosette were systematically adjusted for all cruises with the “Winkler” values on the whole water column. Based on the raw data processing algorithm (\u003Ca href=\"#B63\"\u003EOwens and Millard, 1985\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), 3 calibration coefficients were adjusted (the oxygen signal slope, the voltage at zero oxygen signal and the pressure correction factor) by minimising the sum of the square of the difference between the Winkler oxygen values and oxygen derived from the sensor signal. The accuracy of the SBE43 adjusted values is around ± 2 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch4\u003ENutrients\u003C\u002Fh4\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003ESamples for dissolved inorganic nutrients were collected from Niskin bottles in 20 mL polyethylene bottles. Samples were analysed directly on board during PERLE2 and frozen before analysis on land for PERLE0 and PERLE1. Analyses were performed after less than a month of storage. All nutrient samples were analysed by a standard colorimetric method on a segmented flow analyser (Autoanalyser II Seal Bran& Luebbe\u003Csup\u003E®\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) following \u003Ca href=\"#B2\"\u003EAminot and Kerouel (2007)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The relative precision of these analyses ranged from 5 to 10% (\u003Ca href=\"#B2\"\u003EAminot and Kerouel, 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003EPrimary Quality Control of the Measured Data\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003ESystematic primary quality control of the measured data was performed on each PERLE dataset. No significant problems have been detected for Winkler oxygen and pH measurements. During PERLE1, for a few casts, a CTD pump dysfunction significantly altered the quality of the CTD oxygen: oxygen measurements from these casts were disregarded. A systematic quality control procedure for A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E was conducted based on internal consistency tests between A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (see details in the \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Following these steps, only 15 PERLE2 casts were validated, leading to the loss of \u003Ci\u003Eca.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 60% of the PERLE2 A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E dataset. All the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E PERLE1 dataset was lost. A comparison of the quality controlled PERLE dataset with previously collected data does not reveal systematic biases for A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, or pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2A–C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 2\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g002.jpg\" name=\"figure2\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g002.gif\" id=\"F2\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Upper panel: Vertical profiles of total alkalinity (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E–μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Cb\u003EA\u003C\u002Fb\u003E), total dissolved inorganic carbon (C\u003Csub\u003Eθ\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E–μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Cb\u003EB\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) and pH (measured and calculated) in total scale at 25°C (pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Cb\u003EC\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) for the three PERLE cruises superimposed on the CARIMED data corresponding to the PERLE area (22°–29°E, 33°–36.5°N; grey dots). Lower panel: Θ–S\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003EA\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E diagrams for the three PERLE cruises with the name of the main water mass end members for the entire water column. Colored points correspond to A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E on \u003Cb\u003E(D)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, to C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E on \u003Cb\u003E(E)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E and to pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003Eon \u003Cb\u003E(F)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E. Isopycnal horizons based on potential density referenced to a pressure of 0 dbar (σ\u003Csub\u003Eθ\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) are represented by grey contour lines. On \u003Cb\u003E(D–F)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, different dots have been used for each PERLE cruise. Because no A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E data were available for PERLE1 cruise, only pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E data have been represented \u003Cb\u003E(C,F)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003EStatistical Tests on the Linear Model\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003ERelationships between years and carbonate parameters (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, and pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) and between A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and salinity were computed using a linear regression model. Linear regression statistics, including the standard error of the slope (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, the error of the estimated trend), the coefficient of determination (r\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) and the significance of the trend (\u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003E-value) were calculated using the R software. Linear relationships have been tested using the Pearson coefficient for parametric test (\u003Ca href=\"#B80\"\u003ESokal and Rohlf, 1969\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) with a significance level of 95%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EParameters derived from the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S linear relationship were tested against previously published A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationships in the area using a Student’s \u003Ci\u003Et\u003C\u002Fi\u003E-test for the slope and intercept. The null hypothesis, H\u003Csub\u003E0\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, was that our observations were not significantly different from these linear models.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003EDerived Parameters\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EAbsolute salinity (S\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003EA\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E), conservative temperature (Θ) and potential density (σ\u003Csub\u003Eθ\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) were derived from practical salinity, temperature and pressure and the geographic position based on the TEOS-10 (The International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater-2010). In this study, following the recommendations of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (\u003Ca href=\"#B86\"\u003EValladares et al., 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), S\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003EA\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and Θ were used to study the hydrological context (Θ−S\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003EA\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E diagrams). Calculations were made with the “oce” R package (\u003Ca href=\"#B48\"\u003EKelley et al., 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Note that practical salinity (labelled Salinity) and \u003Ci\u003Ein situ\u003C\u002Fi\u003E temperature (labelled Temperature) were used in this study to facilitate comparisons with previous studies in particular, for A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationships.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EApparent Oxygen Utilisation (AOU–μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) was calculated from the difference between oxygen solubility concentration (at P = 0 dbar) estimated with the “Benson and Krause coefficients” (\u003Ca href=\"#B35\"\u003EGarcia and Gordon, 1992\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and \u003Ci\u003Ein situ\u003C\u002Fi\u003E [O\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E]\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003Emes\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EA density threshold of 0.03 kg.m\u003Csup\u003E–3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E with a reference depth of 10 dbars was used to compute the Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) (\u003Ca href=\"#B17\"\u003ED’Ortenzio et al., 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003ESalinity data were used to reconstruct an A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E time-series using the sub-surface A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship proposed by \u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al. (2015a)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (see discussion in section “Total Alkalinity and Salinity Relationships Within the Mixed Layer”). In this study, the PERLE1 and the Argo float A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E datasets were reconstructed following this A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship. Considering the standard deviation of the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship proposed by \u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al. (2015a)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the accuracy of the calculated A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values is ± 19 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003ESalinity-normalised changes in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) were calculated dividing by \u003Ci\u003Ein situ\u003C\u002Fi\u003E salinity and multiplying by 39.3 (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, the mean PERLE salinity above 200 dbars).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003ESeawater carbonate system parameters were derived from A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values. Calculations were made with the software program CO2SYS-MATLAB (\u003Ca href=\"#B87\"\u003Evan Heuven et al., 2011\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) using silicate and phosphate concentrations. When nutrient data was not available, silicate and phosphate mean concentrations for each depth were used. As recommended for the MedSea by \u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al. (2014)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the carbonic acid dissociation constants K\u003Csub\u003E1\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and K\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E from \u003Ca href=\"#B55\"\u003EMehrbach et al. (1973)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as refitted by \u003Ca href=\"#B23\"\u003EDickson and Millero (1987)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the dissociation constant for HSO\u003Csub\u003E4\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E–\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E from \u003Ca href=\"#B21\"\u003EDickson (1990)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were used. \u003Ca href=\"#B85\"\u003EUppström (1974)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was used to calculate the ratio of total boron to salinity and \u003Ca href=\"#B24\"\u003EDickson and Riley (1979)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to calculate the hydrogen fluoride constant K\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003EF\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe buffer factors γA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (γC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E), βA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (βC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) and ωA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (ωC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) provide an estimation of the seawater’s ability to buffer changes in the aqueous CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E [CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E], protons [H\u003Csup\u003E+\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E] and the carbonate saturation state (Ω) when A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) changes at constant C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) (\u003Ca href=\"#B31\"\u003EEgleston et al., 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The calculations were performed following the formula proposed by \u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al. (2014)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003EQuantification of Biological Processes\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003ENet Ecosystem Production (NEP) is defined as the sum of biotic and abiotic carbon fluxes in the ecosystem (\u003Ca href=\"#B7\"\u003EBorges et al., 2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Net Ecosystem Calcification (NEC) is a measure of the balance between CaCO\u003Csub\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E formation (calcification) and dissolution (\u003Ca href=\"#B79\"\u003ESmith and Kinsey, 1978\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Based on the NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E plot, the reaction path can take on variable slopes depending on the ratio of different processes, such as photosynthesis\u002Frespiration, carbonate dissolution\u002Fformation and CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E release\u002Finvasion (\u003Ca href=\"#B92\"\u003EZeebe, 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Temporal changes in NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (ΔNA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) and NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (ΔNC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) between each PERLE cruise can be calculated according to NEP and NEC processes as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"equationImageholder pb0\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmath id=\"S2.E1\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi mathvariant=\"normal\"\u003E△\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003ET\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo rspace=\"7.5pt\"\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E-\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E0.15\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E0.9\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmspace width=\"5em\"\u002F\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003Cmn\u003E1\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmath\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"equationImageholder pb0\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmath id=\"S2.E2\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi mathvariant=\"normal\"\u003E△\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EA\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003ET\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E 0.02\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E1.8\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E*\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmspace width=\"5em\"\u002F\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003Cmn\u003E2\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmath\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EFollowing equation (2), NEP can be expressed according to NEC as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"equationImageholder pb0\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmath id=\"S2.E3\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EP\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmfrac\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi mathvariant=\"normal\"\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EA\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003ET\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E-\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E1.8\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E∗\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E0.02\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmfrac\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmspace width=\"5em\"\u002F\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003Cmn\u003E3\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmath\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EThen, by replacing the NEP term in equation (1) by equation (3), NEC can be calculated as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"equationImageholder pb0\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmath id=\"S2.E4\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EE\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E=\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmfrac\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi mathvariant=\"normal\"\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EC\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003ET\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E+\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmfrac\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E0.15\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E∗\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi mathvariant=\"normal\"\u003EΔ\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EN\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo\u003E⁢\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003Cmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003EA\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmi\u003ET\u003C\u002Fmi\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmsubsup\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmo stretchy=\"false\"\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E0.02\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmfrac\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmn\u003E14.4\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmfrac\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fmrow\u003E\r\n\u003Cmspace width=\"5em\"\u002F\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E(\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003Cmn\u003E4\u003C\u002Fmn\u003E\u003Cmo stretchy='false'\u003E)\u003C\u002Fmo\u003E\u003C\u002Fmath\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003ENEC and NEP are expressed in μmolC.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.d\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. Salinity-normalised A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values “exclude” the “precipitation-evaporation” influence in the layer where biological activity is at a maximum. It is assumed that the layers considered (MLD-200 dbars) to estimate the NEP and NEC processes are not influenced by air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E fluxes, which were therefore not considered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003ECARIMED Database\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003ECARIMED (CARbon, tracer and ancillary data In the MEDsea) aims to be an internally consistent database containing inorganic carbon data relevant for this basin (Álvarez et al., in preparation). Ancillary (hydrographic, inorganic nutrients and dissolved oxygen), CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (pH, A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) and transient tracer (CFC-11 and 12, Tritium, SF\u003Csub\u003E6\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, Neon, CCl\u003Csub\u003E4\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, and ΔHe\u003Csup\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) data from several cruises in the MedSea from 1976 until 2018 were assembled. Primary and secondary quality control procedures following the GLODAP (Global Ocean Data Analysis Project) philosophy (\u003Ca href=\"#B82\"\u003ETanhua et al., 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) are locally adapted to this marginal sea. This work only uses data collected in the Levantine basin (\u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Table 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h4\" name=\"h4\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EDescriptive Carbonate Chemistry in the Context of the Perle Cruises\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3 class=\"pt0\"\u003ECarbonate Chemistry Along the Water Column Below the Surface Layer\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EAll vertical profiles for A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E measured during the PERLE cruises are presented in \u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigures 2A–C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, respectively. All the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E profiles presented maximum values in the surface, minimum values between 500 and 700 dbars and remained almost constant (or slightly decreasing) below 1000 dbars. Most of the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E vertical profiles presented the lowest values in surface waters, reaching maximum values between 500 and 700 dbars and then remaining relatively invariable below 1000 dbars. pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E presented maximum values at the surface (with values around 8.060 measured during PERLE1 cruise), minimum values close to 700 dbars and nearly constant values under 1000 dbars (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The main water masses are identified in \u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigures 2D–F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and detailed in \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Figure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EIntermediate waters (mostly LIW) were located around the 29.0 kg.m\u003Csup\u003E–3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E isopycnal layer (\u003Ca href=\"#B51\"\u003ELascaratos and Nittis, 1998\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; see \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Figure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and were characterised by an A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E maximum evolving from 2,600 to 2,640 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigures 2A,D\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). As observed by \u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al. (2014)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the LIW was located above the layer of maximum organic matter mineralisation in the EMed and was associated with low C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E concentrations (\u003Ci\u003Eca.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 2,290 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) and high pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values (\u003Ci\u003Eca.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 8.000) in contrast to the deepest water masses. It can be observed that slightly colder, more haline and denser Cretan Intermediate Waters (\u003Ca href=\"#B88\"\u003EVelaoras et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) were detected during PERLE2 in the western part of the Cretan Sea with the highest A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E value for PERLE2 cruise (\u003Ci\u003Eca\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. 2,660 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EIn the deep-water layer (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, EMDW), both AeDW and AdDW presented similar C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) while slightly higher pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2D\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) values were measured in the AeDW (see \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Figure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). On the Cretan shelf, deep waters were comprised of dense EMDW with high A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (≈ 2,650 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values (≈ 2,350 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E). Deep waters of the Cretan Sea were filled with CDW with low pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (≈ 7.950) values resulting from relatively low A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and high C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigures 2D–F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThis description of the carbonate chemistry in the deep and intermediate water masses in the PERLE area is in good agreement with previous studies (\u003Ca href=\"#B75\"\u003ESchneider et al., 2010\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al., 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However, the PERLE strategy based on an intense observation period over a year is not appropriate to describe changes in deep-water masses. For the rest of this study, in order to tackle the seasonal dynamics of the surface waters, only data in the NWLB (\u003Ca href=\"#F1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) where all three PERLE cruises were conducted, will be discussed further.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003ESeasonal Variability in the Upper Water Column\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe highest spatial and temporal variability in carbonate chemistry parameters was encountered in the upper water layer which has been defined to be approximately the first 200 dbars. Discrete pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values (measured and calculated), taken from the southern part of the PERLE sampling area (the NWLB) illustrate the seasonal variability of the carbonate chemistry in the upper layer (\u003Ca href=\"#F3\"\u003EFigure 3A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E was the most measured carbonate parameter in this study and, when normalised to 25°C, can be considered as an indicator of the carbonate chemistry status by including the changes in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. An overview of the upper layer seasonal dynamics is also presented for temperature, salinity, fluorescence, and AOU profiles in \u003Ca href=\"#F3\"\u003EFigures 3B–E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, respectively.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 3\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g003.jpg\" name=\"figure3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g003.gif\" id=\"F3\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Vertical profiles of pH in total scale at 25°C (pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Cb\u003EA\u003C\u002Fb\u003E), temperature (°C, \u003Cb\u003EB\u003C\u002Fb\u003E), salinity \u003Cb\u003E(C)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, fluorescence (A.U., \u003Cb\u003ED\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) and AOU concentrations (O\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003Es\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003Eol\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E—O\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003Em\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003Ees\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, \u003Cb\u003EE\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) above 350 dbars for all stations in the North Western Levantine Basin during the three PERLE cruises. Horizontal full lines represent the mean Mixed Layer Depth (MLD; dbars). Dotted lines represent the minimum and maximum MLD values, respectively. For PERLE1, a distinction is made between inside (light blue lines) and outside (dark blue lines) the Ierapetra gyre.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EThe lowest pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values were encountered in March 2019 during the PERLE2 cruise and correspond to the relatively higher C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values and lower A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values. During this cruise, a significant range in the MLD was encountered with the deepest values observed. This cruise coincided with the abrupt stratification observed in the EMed after the deepening of the MLD from November to February-March (\u003Ca href=\"#B17\"\u003ED’Ortenzio et al., 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Increased fluorescence values were observed in shallow waters at the end of the cruise (in the eastern part of the area) in comparison to the beginning of the cruise (in the western part).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EIntermediate pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values were measured in June 2018 during the PERLE0 cruise corresponding to increased surface alkalinity and a moderate depletion in inorganic carbon. The PERLE0 cruise is an early summer cruise characterised by a shallow MLD. The highest fluorescence values were recorded during this cruise well below the MLD (\u003Ci\u003Eca\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. 90 dbars) and light oxygen supersaturation (AOU ≈ −20 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) just beneath the MLD.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EFinally, high pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values (>8.000) were measured up to 100 dbars during the PERLE1 cruise, probably in association with a high A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content due to evaporation. During this late summer cruise, the deepest Deep Chlorophyll Maximum (DCM) with the lowest fluorescence values but also the deepest negative AOU concentrations were encountered. Moreover, during this cruise, the mesoscale Ierapetra Eddy (IE) was crossed (see \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Figure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"#B45\"\u003EIoannou et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The core of this warm and salty eddy (\u003Ca href=\"#F3\"\u003EFigures 3B,C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) was characterised by a deepening of the MLD associated with a deep DCM and negative AOU values. Nonetheless, no clear IE signal was observed on the pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values (\u003Ca href=\"#F3\"\u003EFigure 3A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EIn the EMed, spring and autumn seasons need to be considered as short transition periods between the summer and winter, which come later than on the continent (\u003Ca href=\"#B65\"\u003EÖzsoy et al., 1989\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Moreover, in the EMed, summer is characterised by maximum heat in the surface layer that can remain up until November, whereas winter is identified with minimal heat that can occur until April. Considering each cruise as representative of a period within the annual cycle, the PERLE0 cruise (June 2018) associated with intermediate pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values corresponds to the early summer period with decreasing biological activity associated with the strengthening of stratification. PERLE1 (October 2018) is associated with the highest pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values and corresponds to the end of the summer period characterised by a warm and stratified water column with deep and low fluorescence maximum. PERLE2 (March 2019), associated with the lowest pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values and shallow fluorescence maximum, corresponds to the end of the winter period, with the beginning of the seasonal stratification of the water column in the eastern part. These features agree with the analysis of the seasonal patterns of surface chlorophyll \u003Ci\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fi\u003E concentration (Chl \u003Ci\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fi\u003E) (based on remote sensing). The lowest values of surface Chl \u003Ci\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fi\u003E were observed during the summer period, whereas an increase in surface Chl \u003Ci\u003Ea\u003C\u002Fi\u003E was observed in winter, concomitantly to the deepening of MLD (\u003Ca href=\"#B8\"\u003EBosc et al., 2004\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B15\"\u003ED’Ortenzio and Ribera d’Alcalà, 2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003ETotal Alkalinity and Salinity Relationships Within the Mixed Layer\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EWhen no A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values were available (see section “Primary Quality Control of the Measured Data”), A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E can be estimated based on an A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship. In the MedSea, several linear relationships between A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and salinity in the surface waters have been proposed for different sub-basins (\u003Ci\u003Ee.g.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B76\"\u003ESchneider et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B14\"\u003ECossarini et al., 2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al., 2015a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B36\"\u003EGonzaìlez-Daìvila et al., 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EDuring the PERLE cruises, in the NWLB, AT was significantly (\u003Ci\u003En\u003C\u002Fi\u003E = 14, \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003E-value = 0.014, \u003Ci\u003Er\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E = 0.36) influenced by salinity variations within the mixed layer (\u003Ca href=\"#F4\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). \u003Ca href=\"#F4\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also displays the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S distribution in the Cretan Sea (grey dots on \u003Ca href=\"#F4\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The mixing of high alkalinity Black Sea waters (values of \u003Ci\u003Eca.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 2,967 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B43\"\u003EHiscock and Millero, 2006\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) in the Cretan Sea shifts the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S characteristics of surface waters in agreement with \u003Ca href=\"#B76\"\u003ESchneider et al. (2007)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E who demonstrated that freshwater and Black Sea inputs affect the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship. More pronounced deviations from the expected linear A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship are observed for stations with deeper mixed layers (\u003Ca href=\"#F4\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This might be the result of the mixing of water masses with different A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationships during winter mixing. As A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values were available only for PERLE0 and PERLE2 cruises, the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S relationship derived for the PERLE cruises in the mixed layer (and in the NWLB) have been based on a very limited number of data. The PERLE A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S linear relationship was tested against the Hassoun A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S linear model (\u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al., 2015a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). No significant differences were found on either the slope (\u003Ci\u003Et\u003C\u002Fi\u003E-test = 1.86, \u003Ci\u003En\u003C\u002Fi\u003E = 14, \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003E < 0.05) or the intercept (\u003Ci\u003Et\u003C\u002Fi\u003E-test = 0.27, \u003Ci\u003En\u003C\u002Fi\u003E = 14, \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003E < 0.05). Therefore, the annual time-series were reconstructed based on the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S linear relationship measured by \u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al. (2015a)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the surface waters (0–25 m) of the eastern Mediterranean sub-basin, and A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E has been estimated based on this relationship.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 4\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g004.jpg\" name=\"figure4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g004.gif\" id=\"F4\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E vs. Salinity during PERLE0 and PERLE2 cruises within the mixed layer for all stations situated in the North Western Levantine Basin. The colour scale corresponds to the mixed layer depth (MLD–dbars). The black line corresponds to the significant linear regression (in the NWLB). The different grey lines correspond to the linear regressions between A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and salinity in the surface EMed reported by \u003Ca href=\"#B76\"\u003ESchneider et al. (2007)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B14\"\u003ECossarini et al. (2015)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al. (2015a)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"#B36\"\u003EGonzaìlez-Daìvila et al. (2016)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The grey dots correspond to data in the Cretan Sea (not used in the linear regression).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Ca id=\"h5\" name=\"h5\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EAtypical Drivers of the Seasonal Dynamics of the Carbonate Chemistry Within the Mixed Layer of the North Western Levantine Basin\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3 class=\"pt0\"\u003ESeasonal Variations in Total Alkalinity and Total Inorganic Carbon\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EDuring the PERLE cruises, the NWLB exhibited a greater range in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E than C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values within the mixed layer (see section “Total alkalinity control on the seasonal air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E exchanges”). A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E ranged between 2,610 and 2,693 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E whereas C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E ranged between 2,292 and 2,332 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. Over an annual scale, the ratio of the range in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations to the range in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations (ΔA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FΔC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) can be used to infer the sensitivity to A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E changes in the upper ocean. Over the period studied, in the NWLB, the ratio ΔA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FΔC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E is equal to 2.1. In the global ocean, long-term time-series ΔA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FΔC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E ratios are lower than 1.0 (\u003Ca href=\"#T2\"\u003ETable 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003ETABLE 2\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t002.jpg\" name=\"table2\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t002.gif\" id=\"T2\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETable 2.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Ratios (ΔA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FΔC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) of the range in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations (maximum value minus minimum value) to the range in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations (maximum value minus minimum value) in the upper ocean for the different time-series.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EThe reasons for these apparent and rather unique ranges of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E over the year in the NWLB can be attributed to several factors: (1) The main drivers of the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E gradient in the water column are, primary production transforming the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E into organic carbon in the photic layer, and respiration transforming the organic carbon into C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. As the EMed is an area of low productivity (\u003Ca href=\"#B59\"\u003EMoutin and Raimbault, 2002\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the vertical C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E gradient is lower than in other oceanic areas. Consequently, the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E range in surface waters, driven by C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E consumption during the stratified period and replenishment via vertical mixing with sub-surface waters enriched in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, is greatly reduced. (2) The high levels of evaporation that affect the MAW in the EMed during the summer season increases salinity by nearly 1 g.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) between the end of winter (PERLE2) and the end of summer (PERLE1). The A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E parameters should be equally affected by evaporation in a closed system. However, when reported on a A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u002FC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E diagram (with normalised axes—see \u003Ca href=\"#F5\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), a higher range of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variation compared to C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E is observed. This indicates that when salinity increases in surface waters, a concomitant consumption of C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E must occur to compensate for the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase due to evaporation to maintain an apparent stability in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E concentrations. The biological consumption of C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E will be discussed in the next section as a possible mechanism to explain this low C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variability.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 5\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g005.jpg\" name=\"figure5\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g005.gif\" id=\"F5\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 5.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Salinity-normalised A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) vs. salinity-normalised C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) during the three PERLE cruise in the upper 200 dbars for all stations situated in the North Western Levantine Basin. The layer of 0-200 dbars has been chosen as having the highest AOU variability because of the biological signal. Salinity-normalised values have been calculated with the mean PERLE salinity above 200 dbars (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, 39.3). Empty and full dots represent data within and below the mixed layer, respectively. Circled crosses and circled stars represent the barycentre of data below and within the mixed layer, respectively. Black vectors reflect theoretical impacts of various processes (photosynthesis\u002Frespiration, carbonate dissolution\u002Fformation and CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E release\u002Finvasion) on A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. Grey isolines indicate levels of constant pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E as a function of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003EImpact of Biological Processes on Variations in Seasonal Carbonate Parameters\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003ETo understand the overall impact of biological processes on the seasonal variations in the carbonate system in the NWLB, changes in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E need to be considered independently from the changes induced by dilution and evaporation. For this purpose, salinity-normalised changes of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E in the upper 200 dbars are plotted in \u003Ca href=\"#F5\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. To differentiate waters affected by air-sea exchanges from sub-surface waters, the upper 200 dbars of water column has been divided into two layers: within and below the mixed layer (0 dbars—MLD and MLD—200 dbars). The barycentre of all observational points, defined as the coordinate of the mean A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values during each cruise, is reported and considered to be representative of the “season” sampled.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EThe barycentres are spread along the photosynthesis-respiration line between the three cruises, reflecting the effects of biological processes on the carbonate system over the year. From the early summer period (PERLE0—red dots on \u003Ca href=\"#F5\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) to the end of the summer period (PERLE1—blue dots on \u003Ca href=\"#F5\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), for both layers, the barycentre shift was a signature for increased photosynthetic processes compared to respiration processes. The deepening of the DCM observed between the PERLE0 and PERLE1 cruises and the negative AOU values recorded during these cruises supported this observation. The deepening of the DCM is a signature to the downward displacement of primary producers related to surface nutrient depletion (\u003Ca href=\"#B77\"\u003ESigman and Hain, 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), and negative AOU values reflect oxygen production. All these elements indicate that autotrophic processes dominate the upper water column between early and late summer. Based on these assumptions, between the end of the summer period (PERLE1) and the end of the winter period (PERLE2—green dots on \u003Ca href=\"#F5\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the barycentre shift indicates that heterotrophic processes were dominant in the upper water column. Whilst observations cannot be time related, it can be assumed that between the late winter period of PERLE2 and the early summer period of PERLE0, the “theoretical” shift of the barycentre indicates a balance in favor of autotrophic processes during this period. When considered together, these seasonal changes in normalised A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E confirm that during periods of high evaporation, autotrophic processes are consuming C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and increasing A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. This can explain the apparent C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E stability and the important change in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E over an annual cycle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EBased on the assumption that, below the mixed layer, the PERLE sampling area is a closed system (unimpacted by air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E fluxes), the temporal evolution in NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E and NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E was used to calculate NEP and NEC fluxes. From the end of the bloom period (PERLE0) to the end of the summer period (PERLE1), daily NEP and NEC values of 0.53 and 0.01 μmolC.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.d\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, respectively, were estimated whereas from the end of the summer period (PERLE1) to the start of the bloom period (PERLE2), negative daily NEP and NEC values of −1.02 and −0.04 μmolC.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.d\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, respectively, were estimated. In the MedSea, the MLD seasonal variability is characterised by a deepening from November to February-March (\u003Ca href=\"#B17\"\u003ED’Ortenzio et al., 2005\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Therefore, it can be assumed that the water masses below the mixed layer remain isolated from surface CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E inputs between the PERLE0 and PERLE1 cruises. However, due to the late winter deepening of the MLD (\u003Ca href=\"#F3\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), between the end of the summer period (PERLE1) and the late winter period (PERLE2), NEC and NEP could be biased by air-sea exchanges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe seasonal NEP values estimated in this study confirm previous estimations based on oxygen concentration changes monitored with short-time incubations during the stratified period. In June 2006, \u003Ca href=\"#B71\"\u003ERegaudie-de-Gioux et al. (2009)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reported a positive NEP value of 0.22 ± 1.30 mmol O\u003Csub\u003E2.\u003C\u002Fsub\u003Em\u003Csup\u003E–3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003Ed\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E in waters above 100 meters in the EMed and in summer 2008, \u003Ca href=\"#B10\"\u003EChristaki et al. (2011)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reported positive NEP values of 4 ± 14 mmol O\u003Csub\u003E2.\u003C\u002Fsub\u003Em\u003Csup\u003E–2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003Ed\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. As previously observed by \u003Ca href=\"#B76\"\u003ESchneider et al. (2007)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the contribution of calcification and dissolution processes to variations in the carbonate system could be assumed to have a minor role in the MedSea. The NEC values calculated in the NWLB confirm this. The spreading of PERLE2 data points along the CaCO\u003Csub\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E formation\u002Fdissolution line in \u003Ca href=\"#F5\"\u003EFigure 5\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (green dots) might be associated to the spatial changes in alkalinity content across the geographical distribution of sampling sites during this cruise rather than to calcification and dissolution processes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003ETotal Alkalinity Control on the Seasonal Air-Sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E Exchanges\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003ETo address the question of the control of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E changes on the “source” (\u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E > \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003EATM\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) or “sink” (\u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E < \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003EATM\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E in the NWLB, PERLE’s A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values are reported in \u003Ca href=\"#F6\"\u003EFigure 6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The temperature range in the area has been used to draw the red and blue “iso \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E-lines” as representative of the \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values encountered during the winter and summer PERLE cruises. Considering a mean atmospheric partial pressure (\u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003EATM\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) value of 403 μatm (recorded at Lampedusa site from October 2018 to December 2019; \u003Ca href=\"#B26\"\u003EDlugokencky et al., 2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the upper seawaters encountered at the warm end of summer with high alkalinity (PERLE1) were a “source” of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. In contrast, the cold and low alkalinity end of winter (PERLE2) surface waters were a “sink” of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E with \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 6\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g006.jpg\" name=\"figure6\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g006.gif\" id=\"F6\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 6.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Total alkalinity (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) vs. total dissolved inorganic carbon (C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) within the MLD for all stations situated in the North Western Levantine Basin during the three PERLE cruises. Red and blue isolines indicate levels of constant \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E as a function of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E at 26°C and 15°C, respectively.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EAlthough the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content remained almost stable between the PERLE cruises, the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variability was noticeable with the lowest A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values measured at the end of the winter period (PERLE2) and the highest A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values estimated during PERLE1, at the end of the summer period. When considering the large \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E variations due to the temperature variability represented by the shift between the red and blue isolines, the high alkalinity seawater at the end of summer (PERLE1–blue dots on \u003Ca href=\"#F6\"\u003EFigure 6\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) induces low \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E values when seawater starts to cool and therefore highlights the potential for surface waters to absorb atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. In the NWLB, the variability of the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content of the surface waters over an annual cycle impacts the air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E exchanges. The “classical” vision that the \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E variability is not driven by temperature change but by the biological control on C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, must be largely revisited in light of the important effect that variations in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E have on the \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E regulation capability in the EMed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EIn order to estimate the effect of the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variability on the \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E over an annual cycle, alkalinity was derived from salinity data from an Argo float that cycled in the NWLB for over a year. The temperature and total alkalinity (derived from salinity) values recorded by the float in the upper 20 dbars of the water column representative of the surface mixed layer affected by air-sea exchanges are presented in \u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The cruise data within the mixed layer are also reported. In \u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the red “iso \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E-line” indicates the \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E equilibrium between the ocean and the atmosphere. This isoline was derived at constant C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, based on the assumption that the \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E is, apart from temperature, controlled by A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E rather than by C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E in the NWLB. The distribution of data above and below this line highlights the “source” or “sink” status of the NWLB for atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, respectively.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 7\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g007.jpg\" name=\"figure7\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g007.gif\" id=\"F7\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 7.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Total alkalinity (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) vs. temperature in the upper 20 dbars during the three PERLE cruises and for the WMO 6902913 float data from October 2018 to July 2020 [A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values have been estimated from the float salinity following the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E-S sub-surface relationship proposed by \u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al. (2015a)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E]. The colour bar corresponds to the “month of the year.” The red “iso \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E-line” corresponds to the mean \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003EATM\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E value at Lampedusa site (estimated from the mean mole fraction of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E in ppm) calculated with the mean C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values for all PERLE cruises (= 403 μatm). The two others grey isolines correspond to the same constant \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E with the minimum and maximum C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values (from PERLE cruises) (2,292 and 2,332 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, respectively). Arrows reflect the theoretical changes in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and temperature throughout the year. The coloured area represents the error associated to the red “iso \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E-line” deduced by combining the uncertainty associated to the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, ± 19 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) with the default standard uncertainties from the constants (\u003Ca href=\"#B62\"\u003EOrr et al., 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EThe float derived data agreed with data measured during the PERLE cruises and indicate a penetration of atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E into the EMed from December to April, and a release of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E into the atmosphere from May to November. It must be noted that these estimates are sensitive to the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E value used. Indeed, by considering a high C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content (grey isoline labelled “C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E max” in \u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the period of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E “sink” for the atmosphere will be shorter (from February to April). Conversely, if the lowest C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E mean value is considered (black isoline labelled “C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E min” in \u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the area will act as a “sink” from December to May. The observed “iso \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E-lines” shift (grey and black isolines in \u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) from the “iso \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E-line” at mean C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (red isoline in \u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) due to the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variability over a year induces a temporal change in the status of “source” or “sink” of the upper water masses. Moreover, by considering the accuracy of ± 19 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E associated to the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E estimation (according to \u003Ca href=\"#B41\"\u003EHassoun et al., 2015a\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the uncertainty of the estimated \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E has been calculated (\u003Ca href=\"#B62\"\u003EOrr et al., 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and ranged between the two “iso \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E-lines” deduced from the maximum and minimum C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values (red area on \u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Although the displacement of the air-sea \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E equilibrium might shift considering the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E uncertainty, the temporal succession of the “sink” or “source” status for atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E throughout a year in the NWLB is evidenced. It confirms that the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content of the surface waters is a significant driver of the air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E fluxes in the NWLB.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThese are, to the best of our knowledge, the first estimates of the succession of the “sink” and “source” status in the NWLB based on \u003Ci\u003Ein situ\u003C\u002Fi\u003E data. Previous estimates based on satellite observations of sea surface properties, and on a model characterising the evolution of the mixed layer \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#B16\"\u003ED’Ortenzio et al., 2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B81\"\u003ETaillandier et al., 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) are confirmed by this study. Moreover, coastal observations in the South eastern Levantine basin close to the Israeli shelf have also reported a CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E source for the atmosphere in summer (from May to December) and a sink of atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E in winter (from January to April) (\u003Ca href=\"#B78\"\u003ESisma-Ventura et al., 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h6\" name=\"h6\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ELong Term Temporal Changes in Carbonate Chemistry in the North Western Levantine Basin\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3 class=\"pt0\"\u003EDecadal Carbonate Chemistry Trends in Surface Waters in the NWLB\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EBased on historical observations from the CARIMED dataset and observations from the PERLE cruises, temporal changes in carbonate chemistry between 2001 and 2019 in the surface NWLB have been assessed to study the mechanisms that could explain the carbonate system changes over the last twenty years (\u003Ca href=\"#F8\"\u003EFigure 8\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The surface layer has been defined to a depth of 50 dbars to include sufficient data. Due to the seasonal changes in surface salinity in the EMed (\u003Ca href=\"#B37\"\u003EGrodsky et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), salinity-normalised A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) were used to facilitate the comparison between the different datasets across space and time. Indeed, due to the strong salinity dependency of alkalinity, by normalising by salinity, a significant part of the seasonal signal for alkalinity is removed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003EFIGURE 8\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g008.jpg\" name=\"figure8\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g008.gif\" id=\"F8\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFigure 8.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Temporal evolution in the North Western Levantine Basin of total dissolved inorganic carbon (C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E–μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Cb\u003EA\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) and salinity-normalised C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E–μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Cb\u003EB\u003C\u002Fb\u003E), total alkalinity (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E–μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Cb\u003EC\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) and salinity-normalised A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E–μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Cb\u003ED\u003C\u002Fb\u003E) and pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E \u003Cb\u003E(E)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E based on the CARIMED dataset (grey dots) and PERLE cruises. The colour code for the dots is the same as in \u003Ca href=\"#F1\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Only data above 50 dbars are used. In \u003Cb\u003E(E)\u003C\u002Fb\u003E, full line and dashed lines correspond to the temporal trends calculated according to all pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E data [measured (full dots—trend framed in full lines) and calculated (crosses—trend framed in dotted lines)]. Estimated trends are obtained from slope values of a linear regression between the studied parameters and time. The confident interval has been added for each trend with the coefficient of determination (r\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E), the number of values used (n) and the significance of the trend (\u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003E-value).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EWhile being higher (even when salinity-normalised) than the trends observed in the North Western MedSea (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, 1.40 ± 0.15 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B56\"\u003EMerlivat et al., 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the temporal C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase in the NWLB surface waters (\u003Ca href=\"#F8\"\u003EFigure 8A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) is consistent with other trends measured in the eastern Levantine basin (\u003Ci\u003Ei.e.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, 5 ± 2 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B40\"\u003EHassoun et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However, when compared to other time-series over the global ocean, the trends measured in the surface NWLB waters are 3.7–1.5 times higher (if the NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E trend is considered) than the global ocean range which lies between 0.78 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (Munida South Pacific time-series) and 1.89 μmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (CARIOCA time-series; \u003Ca href=\"#B4\"\u003EBates et al., 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). This suggests that distinct mechanisms explaining the increasing C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E trend exist in the NWLB.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EWhile A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E is considered insensitive to atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E penetration (\u003Ca href=\"#B92\"\u003EZeebe, 2012\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), positive trends in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and negative trends in pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F8\"\u003EFigures 8A,E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) can be explained, at least partially, by the increase in atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. Indeed, between 2006 and 2018, a mean annual increase of 2.2 ± 0.08 ppm.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E in \u003Ci\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003EATM\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (mole fraction of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E) was recorded at the Lampedusa site (equivalent to the trend recorded on a global scale; \u003Ca href=\"#B26\"\u003EDlugokencky et al., 2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). To estimate the sensitivity of the estimated trends to the increase in atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, the increase in \u003Ci\u003Ex\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003EATM\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E was assumed to be equivalent to a surface ocean increase in \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. Based on the estimated trends in \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, NA\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, and NC\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E39.3\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, annual changes in carbonate chemistry \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003ES\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003Ci\u003EW\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E have been calculated by solving thermodynamic equations (\u003Ca href=\"#T3\"\u003ETable 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The observed annual decrease in pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F8\"\u003EFigure 8E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and increase in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"#F8\"\u003EFigure 8A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) lies between the values estimated with and without an A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase. This suggests that an A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase must exist to compensate for the decrease in pH and the increase in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E or, in other words, that the high observed C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E trend is the consequence of the observed A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase. Although a positive A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E trend has been observed elsewhere in a coastal site of the MedSea (\u003Ca href=\"#B47\"\u003EKapsenberg et al., 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), it remains unexplained. These changes could be related to changes in riverine inputs or changes in Black Sea water inputs (\u003Ca href=\"#B76\"\u003ESchneider et al., 2007\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003ETABLE 3\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t003.jpg\" name=\"table3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t003.gif\" id=\"T3\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETable 3.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Projection of annual changes on the carbonate parameters. Considering the temporal trends calculated in section “Decadal carbonate chemistry Trends in Surface Waters in the NWLB,” changes were calculated by adding the trend values to the mean values estimated for the surface layer (0–50 dbars) of the PERLE area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EIt is worth noting that the CARIMED database, by merging data measured over the past 20 years, has a large over-representation of the spring season (\u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Figure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Table 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Moreover, the spatial distribution of the sampled stations was different for each cruise. The scarcity of observations in the NWLB precludes the estimation of the seasonal variability on the observed trends. Due to the observed influence of seasonal conditions on the carbonate parameters during the PERLE cruises, time-series that would include observations of the peculiar conditions observed in the late summer (high surface pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E associated with high A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E values during PERLE1—\u003Ca href=\"#F2\"\u003EFigure 2C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) or winter could modulate the observed temporal trends. Nonetheless, when data collected during “not spring” cruises are not considered to estimate the trends, despite shifting the temporal trend values, tendencies remain significant for each parameter. Thus, the conclusion that a decadal A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase must exist to counterbalance the pH decrease associated to the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E increase remains coherent and valid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ch3\u003EPerspectives on the Future Functioning of the Eastern Mediterranean Carbonate System\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EIn the projected warmer MedSea (\u003Ca href=\"#B60\"\u003ENykjaer, 2009\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), increased stratification but also reduced nutrient inputs from river discharge caused by more frequent drought periods could increase the oligotrophy of the MedSea (\u003Ci\u003Ee.g.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B58\"\u003EMoon et al., 2016\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; \u003Ca href=\"#B67\"\u003EPagès et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"#B66\"\u003E2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). As this study suggests that the magnitude of the annual C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variation in surface waters is reduced in the EMed due to the low C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E vertical gradients, all processes that could decrease primary production in the future could reduce the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E contribution to the air-sea exchanges.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EEven if internal thermohaline oscillation needs to be considered to draw solid conclusions about salinity trends, over the past 30 years, a positive long-term trend in salinity for the LSW and LIW has been recorded (\u003Ca href=\"#B64\"\u003EOzer et al., 2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Because of the salinity impact on alkalinity concentrations (\u003Ca href=\"#F4\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) and of the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E impact on the air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E fluxes (\u003Ca href=\"#F7\"\u003EFigure 7\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), if the PERLE1 conditions are exacerbated in the future with marine heatwaves extending over longer periods of the year, even more alkaline waters can be expected at the end of the summer. An even greater potential \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ci\u003EATM\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E sink will result when surface seawaters cool. The gyres (such as the IE), which have a higher A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content due to their saltier waters, might be even more efficient at catching atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E when seawater cools. The control of air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E exchange by alkalinity that is suggested in this study could be enhanced in a future warmer and less productive EMed. However, as C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E are equally affected by evaporation and as, in the future less productive EMed, the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E biological consumption will be less efficient, the mechanisms leading to stable inorganic carbon content described in this study might be altered.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EIn an attempt to quantify the sensitivity of the carbonate system to future C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E changes, estimated buffer factors within the MLD for each PERLE cruise are presented in \u003Ca href=\"#T4\"\u003ETable 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At a comparable period of the year (March–April for PERLE2 cruise), the estimated buffer factors are in good agreement with former estimates (\u003Ca href=\"#B1\"\u003EÁlvarez et al., 2014\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) whereas the estimated buffer factors for PERLE0 and PERLE1 cruises during summer are significantly higher. Higher absolute buffer values imply higher buffering capacity and lower changes in [CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E], pH or Ω for a given change in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E or C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. Assuming that the PERLE1 conditions will be exacerbated in the future (\u003Ca href=\"#B19\"\u003EDarmaraki et al., 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), the EMed surface water is moving toward an overall increase in its buffering capacity (relative to changes in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"Imageheaders\"\u003ETABLE 4\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"FigureDesc\"\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t004.jpg\" name=\"table4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_t\u002Ffmars-08-649246-t004.gif\" id=\"T4\" alt=\"www.frontiersin.org\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETable 4.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E Mean values and standard deviations of buffer factors (in mmol.kg\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E) during PERLE cruises.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15 w100pc float_left mt15\"\u003EIt is worth noting that, when atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E dissolves in seawater, the CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E concentration in solution changes due to the carbonate ion buffering effect. The future effects of the decadal trends measured in the NWLB on the buffering capacities of the carbonate ion can be discussed using three different perspectives: (1) By considering the observed decrease in pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E, the carbonate ion availability will decrease accordingly, reducing the atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E uptake by the MedSea. (2) The greater increase in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E in comparison to the increase in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E will reduce the carbonate ion availability, but, nevertheless, will compensate for the impact of a pH decrease on the carbonate ion content, so allowing the CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E uptake into the atmosphere. (3) The positive trend in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, and its impact on the CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E atmospheric uptake and on mitigating the decreasing pH trend, may indirectly increase the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h7\" name=\"h7\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EConclusion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb15\"\u003EBased on data collected in the EMed over three different seasons of the year, this study provides for the first time, an annual overview of the seasonal dynamics of the carbonate chemistry in the NWLB. In this area, an atypical seasonal range in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations compared to the range in C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations results from the combination of high rates of evaporation and biological processes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe high A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content at the “end of summer” period has a strong impact on the air-sea exchanges of CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. In the NWLB, the status of “source” or “sink” for atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E is adjusted by the A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variability more than the C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variability. Over longer time scales, and by compiling historical data, the reported increasing trends in A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Ci\u003ET\u003C\u002Fi\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E impact with divergent effects the observed acidification. These “end of summer” conditions will occur more frequently and lasting longer in the future. This ocean warming up will result in an increased buffer capacity that could mitigate the ocean acidification of the EMed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h8\" name=\"h8\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EData Availability Statement\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository\u002Frepositories and accession number(s) can be found below: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmistrals.sedoo.fr\u002FMERMeX\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fmistrals.sedoo.fr\u002FMERMeX\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.coriolis.eu.org\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.coriolis.eu.org\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"h9\" name=\"h9\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EAuthor Contributions\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003ECW-R, TW, and DL initiated and design the study. MÁ provided the CARIMED database and contributed to carbonate chemistry interpretation. PR helped supervising the study. MP-P and PC provided the nutrients database. MF, LC, TM, LN-C, CW-R, and TW performed on board carbonate parameters and oxygen analytical measurements. VT and FD’O provided CTD and ARGO dataset. FD’O, XD, and PC planned and designed the PERLE Research cruises. CW-R, TW, and DL wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"fun1\" name=\"fun1\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EFunding\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThis study takes part of the PERLE (Pelagic Ecosystem Response to the Levantine Experiment) of the MISTRALS-MERMEX project. The project leading to this publication has received funding from European FEDER Fund under project 1166-39417. The SNAPO-CO2 service at LOCEAN was supported by the CNRS-INSU and OSU Ecce-Terra.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"conf1\" name=\"conf1\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EConflict of Interest\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"ack1\" name=\"ack1\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EWe wish to thank the crew members of the R\u002FV “Téthys II” operated by the DT-INSU, for making the PERLE0 (BIO-ARGO-MED2018) cruise possible. We gratefully acknowledge the Délégation Générale de l’Armement which funded the program Protevs II into which the PROTEVS-PERLE1 campaign was scheduled, the French Naval Hydrologic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM) and the crew of the R\u002FV “L’Atalante” (IFREMER) for their contribution to the PROTEVS-PERLE1 campaign. We acknowledge “Flotte Oceanographique Française”, FOF, and the crew of the R\u002FV “Pourquoi Pas?” (IFREMER) for their help in the PERLE2 sampling. The many researchers responsible for the collection of data and quality control are thanked for their contribution. For seawater sample analyses, we also thank the SNAPO-CO2 at LOCEAN, Paris, and in particular J. Fin and N. Metzl. Argo data were collected and made freely available by the Coriolis project and contributing programmes (\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.coriolis.eu.org\"\u003Ehttp:\u002F\u002Fwww.coriolis.eu.org\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. We thank Tracy Lynne Bentley for language editing. The two referees are thanked for helping improve this work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"S11\" name=\"S11\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ESupplementary Material\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"mb0\"\u003EThe Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246\u002Ffull#supplementary-material\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246\u002Ffull#supplementary-material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca id=\"refer1\" name=\"refer1\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EReferences\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B1\" id=\"B1\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EÁlvarez, M., Sanleón-Bartolomé, H., Tanhua, T., Mintrop, L., Luchetta, A., Cantoni, C., et al. (2014). The CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E system in the mediterranean sea: a basin wide perspective. \u003Ci\u003EOcean Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 10:6992. doi: 10.5194\u002Fos-10-69-2014\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fos-10-69-2014\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+CO2+system+in+the+mediterranean+sea%3A+a+basin+wide+perspective%2E&journal=Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Álvarez+M.&author=Sanleón-Bartolomé+H.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Mintrop+L.&author=Luchetta+A.&author=Cantoni+C.&publication_year=2014&volume=10&issue=6992\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B2\" id=\"B2\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EAminot, A., and Kerouel, R. (2007). \u003Ci\u003EDosage Automatique des Nutriments Dans les Eaux Marines Methodes en Flux Continued\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. Versailles-Cedex: Ed Ifremer-Quae, 188.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Dosage+Automatique+des+Nutriments+Dans+les+Eaux+Marines+Methodes+en+Flux+Continued%2E&author=Aminot+A.&author=Kerouel+R.&publication_year=2007\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B3\" id=\"B3\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EArgo (2000). Argo float data and metadata from global data assembly centre (argo GDAC). \u003Ci\u003ESEANOE\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. doi: 10.17882\u002F42182\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29728563\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPubMed Abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.17882\u002F42182\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Argo+float+data+and+metadata+from+global+data+assembly+centre+%28argo+GDAC%29&publication_year=2000\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B4\" id=\"B4\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EBates, N. R., Astor, Y. M., Church, M. J., Currie, K., Dore, J. E., González-Dávila, M., et al. (2014). A time-series view of changing ocean chemistry due to ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and ocean acidification. \u003Ci\u003EOceanography\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 27, 126–141. doi: 10.5670\u002Foceanog.2014.16\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5670\u002Foceanog.2014.16\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=A+time-series+view+of+changing+ocean+chemistry+due+to+ocean+uptake+of+anthropogenic+CO2+and+ocean+acidification%2E&journal=Oceanography&author=Bates+N.+R.&author=Astor+Y.+M.&author=Church+M.+J.&author=Currie+K.&author=Dore+J.+E.&author=González-Dávila+M.&publication_year=2014&volume=27&pages=126–141\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B5\" id=\"B5\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EBates, N. R., Michaels, A. F., and Knap, A. H. (1996). Seasonal and interannual variability of oceanic carbon dioxide species at the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 43, 347–383. doi: 10.1016\u002F0967-0645(95)00093-3\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0967-0645(95)00093-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+and+interannual+variability+of+oceanic+carbon+dioxide+species+at+the+U%2ES%2E+JGOFS+Bermuda+Atlantic+Time-series+Study+%28BATS%29+site%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Part+II+Top%2E+Stud%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Bates+N.+R.&author=Michaels+A.+F.&author=Knap+A.+H.&publication_year=1996&volume=43&pages=347–383\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B6\" id=\"B6\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EBergamasco, A., and Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. (2010). The circulation of the mediterranean sea: a historical review of experimental investigations. \u003Ci\u003EAdv. Oceanogr. Limnol.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 1:1128. doi: 10.1080\u002F19475721.2010.491656\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F19475721.2010.491656\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+circulation+of+the+mediterranean+sea%3A+a+historical+review+of+experimental+investigations%2E&journal=Adv%2E+Oceanogr%2E+Limnol%2E&author=Bergamasco+A.&author=Malanotte-Rizzoli+P.&publication_year=2010&volume=1&issue=1128\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B7\" id=\"B7\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EBorges, A. V., Ruddick, K., Schiettecatte, L.-S., and Delille, B. (2008). Net ecosystem production and carbon dioxide fluxes in the Scheldt estuarine plume. \u003Ci\u003EBMC Ecol.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 8:15.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Net+ecosystem+production+and+carbon+dioxide+fluxes+in+the+Scheldt+estuarine+plume%2E&journal=BMC+Ecol%2E&author=Borges+A.+V.&author=Ruddick+K.&author=Schiettecatte+L.-S.&author=Delille+B.&publication_year=2008&volume=8&issue=15\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B8\" id=\"B8\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EBosc, E., Bricaud, A., and Antoine, D. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the mediterranean sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations: mediterranean sea biomass and production. \u003Ci\u003EGlob. Biogeochem. Cycl.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 18:GB1005. doi: 10.1029\u002F2003GB002034\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2003GB002034\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+and+interannual+variability+in+algal+biomass+and+primary+production+in+the+mediterranean+sea%2C+as+derived+from+4+years+of+SeaWiFS+observations%3A+mediterranean+sea+biomass+and+production%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Biogeochem%2E+Cycl%2E&author=Bosc+E.&author=Bricaud+A.&author=Antoine+D.&publication_year=2004&volume=18&issue=GB1005\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B9\" id=\"B9\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ECarritt, D. E., and Carpenter, J. H. (1966). Comparison and evaluation of currently employed modifications of the winkler method for determining dissolved oxygen in seawater; a NASCO report. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Mar. Res.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 24, 286–318.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Comparison+and+evaluation+of+currently+employed+modifications+of+the+winkler+method+for+determining+dissolved+oxygen+in+seawater;+a+NASCO+report%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Res%2E&author=Carritt+D.+E.&author=Carpenter+J.+H.&publication_year=1966&volume=24&pages=286–318\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B10\" id=\"B10\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EChristaki, U., Van Wambeke, F., Lefevre, D., Lagaria, A., Prieur, L., Pujo-Pay, M., et al. (2011). Microbial food webs and metabolic state across oligotrophic waters of the Mediterranean Sea during summer. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 8, 1839–1852. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-8-1839-2011\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-8-1839-2011\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Microbial+food+webs+and+metabolic+state+across+oligotrophic+waters+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea+during+summer%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Christaki+U.&author=Van+Wambeke+F.&author=Lefevre+D.&author=Lagaria+A.&author=Prieur+L.&author=Pujo-Pay+M.&publication_year=2011&volume=8&pages=1839–1852\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B11\" id=\"B11\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EClayton, T. D., and Byrne, R. H. (1993). Spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements: total hydrogen ion concentration scale calibration of m-Cresol purple and at-Sea results. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 40:211529. doi: 10.1016\u002F0967-0637(93)90048-8\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0967-0637(93)90048-8\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Spectrophotometric+seawater+pH+measurements%3A+total+hydrogen+ion+concentration+scale+calibration+of+m-Cresol+purple+and+at-Sea+results%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Part+I+Oceanogr%2E+Res%2E+Pap%2E&author=Clayton+T.+D.&author=Byrne+R.+H.&publication_year=1993&volume=40&issue=211529\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B12\" id=\"B12\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ECoppola, L., Boutin, J., Gattuso, J.-P., Lefèvre, D., and Metzl, N. (2020). “The carbonate system in the Ligurian Sea,” in \u003Ci\u003EThe Mediterranean Sea in the Era of Global Change (Volume 1),- Evidence From 30 Years of Multidisciplinary Study of the Ligurian Sea\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, eds C. Migon, A. Sciandra, and P. Nival (London: ISTE Science Publication LTD), 49–78. doi: 10.1002\u002F9781119706960.ch4\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F9781119706960.ch4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+carbonate+system+in+the+Ligurian+Sea&journal=The+Mediterranean+Sea+in+the+Era+of+Global+Change+%28Volume+1%29%2C-+Evidence+From+30+Years+of+Multidisciplinary+Study+of+the+Ligurian+Sea&author=Coppola+L.&author=Boutin+J.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&author=Lefèvre+D.&author=Metzl+N.+(2020).+“The+carbonate+system+in+the+Ligurian+Sea”+in+The+Mediterranean+Sea+in+the+Era+of+Global+Change+(Volume+1)-+Evidence+From+30+Years+of+Multidisciplinary+Study+of+the+Ligurian+Sea+eds+Migon+C.&author=Sciandra+A.&author=Nival+P.&publication_year=2020&pages=49–78\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B13\" id=\"B13\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ECoppola, L., Diamond Riquier, E., and Carval, T. (2018). \u003Ci\u003EDyfamed Observatory Data.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E SEANOE. doi: 10.17882\u002F43749\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.17882\u002F43749\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Dyfamed+Observatory+Data%2E&author=Coppola+L.&author=Diamond+Riquier+E.&author=Carval+T.&publication_year=2018\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B14\" id=\"B14\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ECossarini, G., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C. (2015). Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 12, 1647–1658. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-12-1647-2015\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-12-1647-2015\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Spatiotemporal+variability+of+alkalinity+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Cossarini+G.&author=Lazzari+P.&author=Solidoro+C.&publication_year=2015&volume=12&pages=1647–1658\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B15\" id=\"B15\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ED’Ortenzio, F., and Ribera d’Alcalà, M. (2009). On the trophic regimes of the Mediterranean Sea: a satellite analysis. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 6, 139–148. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-6-139-2009\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-6-139-2009\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=On+the+trophic+regimes+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%3A+a+satellite+analysis%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Ribera+d’Alcalà+M.&publication_year=2009&volume=6&pages=139–148\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B16\" id=\"B16\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ED’Ortenzio, F., Antoine, D., and Marullo, S. (2008). Satellite-driven modelling of the upper ocean mixed layer and air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E flux in the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Pt. I\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 55, 405–434. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2007.12.008\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2007.12.008\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Satellite-driven+modelling+of+the+upper+ocean+mixed+layer+and+air-sea+CO2+flux+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+I&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Antoine+D.&author=Marullo+S.&publication_year=2008&volume=55&pages=405–434\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B17\" id=\"B17\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ED’Ortenzio, F., Iudicone, D., De, C., de Boyer Montégut, C., Testor, P., Antoine, D., et al. (2005). Seasonal variability of the mixed layer depth in the Mediterranean Sea as derived from in situ profiles. \u003Ci\u003EGeophys. Res. Lett.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 32, 1–4. doi: 10.1029\u002F2005GL022463\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2005GL022463\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+variability+of+the+mixed+layer+depth+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea+as+derived+from+in+situ+profiles%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Iudicone+D.&author=De+C.&author=de+Boyer+Montégut+C.&author=Testor+P.&author=Antoine+D.&publication_year=2005&volume=32&pages=1–4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B18\" id=\"B18\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ED’Ortenzio, F., Taillandier, V., Claustre, H., Coppola, L., Conan, P., Dumas, F., et al. (2020). BGC?Argo floats observe nitrate injection and spring phytoplankton increase in the surface layer of Levantine Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). \u003Ci\u003EGeophys. Res. Lett.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 48:e2020GL091649. doi: 10.1029\u002F2020GL091649\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2020GL091649\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=+BGC%B4Argo+floats+observe+nitrate+injection+and+spring+phytoplankton+increase+in+the+surface+layer+of+Levantine+Sea+%28Eastern+Mediterranean%29%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Taillandier+V.&author=Claustre+H.&author=Coppola+L.&author=Conan+P.&author=Dumas+F.&publication_year=2020\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B19\" id=\"B19\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDarmaraki, S., Somot, S., Sevault, F., Nabat, P., Cabos Narvaez, W. D., Cavicchia, L., et al. (2019). Future evolution of Marine Heatwaves in the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EClim. Dynam.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 53, 1371–1392. doi: 10.1007\u002Fs00382-019-04661-z\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00382-019-04661-z\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Future+evolution+of+Marine+Heatwaves+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Clim%2E+Dynam%2E&author=Darmaraki+S.&author=Somot+S.&author=Sevault+F.&author=Nabat+P.&author=Cabos+Narvaez+W.+D.&author=Cavicchia+L.&publication_year=2019&volume=53&pages=1371–1392\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B20\" id=\"B20\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDe Carlo, E. H., Mousseau, L., Passafiume, O., Drupp, P. S., and Gattuso, J.-P. (2013). Carbonate chemistry and air–sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E flux in a NW Mediterranean Bay over a four-year period: 2007–2011. \u003Ci\u003EAquat. Geochem.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 19, 399–442. doi: 10.1007\u002Fs10498-013-9217-4\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10498-013-9217-4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Carbonate+chemistry+and+air–sea+CO2+flux+in+a+NW+Mediterranean+Bay+over+a+four-year+period%3A+2007–2011%2E&journal=Aquat%2E+Geochem%2E&author=De+Carlo+E.+H.&author=Mousseau+L.&author=Passafiume+O.&author=Drupp+P.+S.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&publication_year=2013&volume=19&pages=399–442\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B21\" id=\"B21\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDickson, A. G. (1990). Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s) + 1\u002F2 H\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E(g) = Ag(s) + HCl(aq), and the standard acidity constant of the ion HSO\u003Csub\u003E4\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E–\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E in synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Chem. Thermodynam.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 22:11327. doi: 10.1016\u002F0021-9614(90)90074-Z\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0021-9614(90)90074-Z\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Standard+potential+of+the+reaction%3A+AgCl%28s%29+%2B+1%2F2+H2%28g%29+%3D+Ag%28s%29+%2B+HCl%28aq%29%2C+and+the+standard+acidity+constant+of+the+ion+HSO4–+in+synthetic+sea+water+from+273%2E15+to+318%2E15+K%2E&journal=J%2E+Chem%2E+Thermodynam%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&publication_year=1990&volume=22&issue=11327\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B22\" id=\"B22\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDickson, A. G., and Goyet, C. (1994). \u003Ci\u003EORNL\u002FCDIAC-74 (Ed.), Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water. Version 2, no 74.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E Washington, DC: US Department of Energy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=ORNL%2FCDIAC-74+%28Ed%2E%29%2C+Handbook+of+Methods+for+the+Analysis+of+the+Various+Parameters+of+the+Carbon+Dioxide+System+in+Sea+Water%2E+Version+2%2C+no+74%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Goyet+C.&publication_year=1994\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B23\" id=\"B23\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDickson, A. G., and Millero, F. (1987). A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 34, 1733–1743. doi: 10.1016\u002F0198-0149(87)90021-5\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0198-0149(87)90021-5\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=A+comparison+of+the+equilibrium+constants+for+the+dissociation+of+carbonic+acid+in+seawater+media%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Millero+F.&publication_year=1987&volume=34&pages=1733–1743\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B24\" id=\"B24\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDickson, A. G., and Riley, J. P. (1979). The estimation of acid dissociation constants in seawater media from potentiometric titrations with strong base, I. The ionic product of water – KW. \u003Ci\u003EMar. Chem.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 7, 89–99. doi: 10.1016\u002F0304-4203(79)90001-X\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0304-4203(79)90001-X\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+estimation+of+acid+dissociation+constants+in+seawater+media+from+potentiometric+titrations+with+strong+base%2C+I%2E+The+ionic+product+of+water+–+KW%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Riley+J.+P.&publication_year=1979&volume=7&pages=89–99\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B25\" id=\"B25\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R. (eds) (2007). \u003Ci\u003EGuide to best practices for Ocean CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E Measurements. PICES Special Publication\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, Vol. 3. Sidney, BC: North Pacific Marine Science Organisation, 191.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Guide+to+best+practices+for+Ocean+CO2+Measurements%2E+PICES+Special+Publication&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Christian+J.+R.+(eds)&publication_year=2007&volume=Vol. 3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B26\" id=\"B26\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDlugokencky, E. J., Mund, J. W., Crotwell, A. M., Crotwell, M. J., and Thoning, K. W. (2021). \u003Ci\u003EAtmospheric Carbon Dioxide Dry Air Mole Fractions from the NOAA GML Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968-2019, Version: 2021-02.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E doi: 10.15138\u002Fwkgj-f215\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15138\u002Fwkgj-f215\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Atmospheric+Carbon+Dioxide+Dry+Air+Mole+Fractions+from+the+NOAA+GML+Carbon+Cycle+Cooperative+Global+Air+Sampling+Network%2C+1968-2019%2C+Version%3A+2021-02%2E&author=Dlugokencky+E.+J.&author=Mund+J.+W.&author=Crotwell+A.+M.&author=Crotwell+M.+J.&author=Thoning+K.+W.&publication_year=2021\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B27\" id=\"B27\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDoney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., and Kleypas, J. A. (2009). Ocean acidification: the other CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E problem. \u003Ci\u003EAnnu. Rev. Mar. Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 1, 169–192. doi: 10.1146\u002Fannurev.marine.010908.163834\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F21141034\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPubMed Abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.marine.010908.163834\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Ocean+acidification%3A+the+other+CO2+problem%2E&journal=Annu%2E+Rev%2E+Mar%2E+Sci%2E&author=Doney+S.+C.&author=Fabry+V.+J.&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Kleypas+J.+A.&publication_year=2009&volume=1&pages=169–192\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B28\" id=\"B28\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDore, J. E., Lukas, R., Sadler, D. W., Church, M. J., and Karl, D. M. (2009). Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. \u003Ci\u003EProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 106, 12235–12240. doi: 10.1073\u002Fpnas.0906044106\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F19666624\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPubMed Abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.0906044106\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Physical+and+biogeochemical+modulation+of+ocean+acidification+in+the+central+North+Pacific%2E&journal=Proc%2E+Natl%2E+Acad%2E+Sci%2E+U%2ES%2EA%2E&author=Dore+J.+E.&author=Lukas+R.&author=Sadler+D.+W.&author=Church+M.+J.&author=Karl+D.+M.&publication_year=2009&volume=106&pages=12235–12240\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B29\" id=\"B29\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EDurrieu de Madron, X., Guieu, C., Sempéré, R., Conan, P., Cossa, D., D’Ortenzio, F., et al. (2011). Marine ecosystems’ responses to climatic and anthropogenic forcings in the Mediterranean. \u003Ci\u003EProgr. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 91, 97–166. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.pocean.2011.02.003\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.pocean.2011.02.003\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Marine+ecosystems’+responses+to+climatic+and+anthropogenic+forcings+in+the+Mediterranean%2E&journal=Progr%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Durrieu+de+Madron+X.&author=Guieu+C.&author=Sempéré+R.&author=Conan+P.&author=Cossa+D.&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&publication_year=2011&volume=91&pages=97–166\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B30\" id=\"B30\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EEdmond, J. M. (1970). High precision determination of titration alkalinity and total carbon dioxide content of sea water by potentiometric titration. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Oceanogr. Abstract.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 17:73750. doi: 10.1016\u002F0011-7471(70)90038-0\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0011-7471(70)90038-0\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=High+precision+determination+of+titration+alkalinity+and+total+carbon+dioxide+content+of+sea+water+by+potentiometric+titration%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Oceanogr%2E+Abstract%2E&author=Edmond+J.+M.&publication_year=1970&volume=17&issue=73750\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B31\" id=\"B31\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EEgleston, E. S., Sabine, C. L., and Morel, F. M. M. (2010). Revelle revisited: Buffer factors that quantify the response of ocean chemistry to changes in DIC and alkalinity. \u003Ci\u003EGlob. Biogeochem. Cycles\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 24:GB1002. doi: 10.1029\u002F2008GB003407\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2008GB003407\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Revelle+revisited%3A+Buffer+factors+that+quantify+the+response+of+ocean+chemistry+to+changes+in+DIC+and+alkalinity%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Biogeochem%2E+Cycles&author=Egleston+E.+S.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Morel+F.+M.+M.&publication_year=2010&volume=24&issue=GB1002\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B32\" id=\"B32\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EFeely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Berelson, W., Kleypas, J., Fabry, V. J., et al. (2004). Impact of anthropogenic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E on the CaCO\u003Csub\u003E3\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E system in the oceans. \u003Ci\u003EScience\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 305, 362–366. doi: 10.1126\u002Fscience.1097329\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F15256664\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPubMed Abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.1097329\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Impact+of+anthropogenic+CO2+on+the+CaCO3+system+in+the+oceans%2E&journal=Science&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Lee+K.&author=Berelson+W.&author=Kleypas+J.&author=Fabry+V.+J.&publication_year=2004&volume=305&pages=362–366\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B33\" id=\"B33\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EFlecha, S., Pérez, F. F., Murata, A., Makaoui, A., and Huertas, I. E. (2019). Decadal acidification in Atlantic and mediterranean water masses exchanging at the strait of gibraltar. \u003Ci\u003ESci. Rep.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 9:52084. doi: 10.1038\u002Fs41598-019-52084-x\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31664139\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPubMed Abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1038\u002Fs41598-019-52084-x\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Decadal+acidification+in+Atlantic+and+mediterranean+water+masses+exchanging+at+the+strait+of+gibraltar%2E&journal=Sci%2E+Rep%2E&author=Flecha+S.&author=Pérez+F.+F.&author=Murata+A.&author=Makaoui+A.&author=Huertas+I.+E.&publication_year=2019&volume=9&issue=52084\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B34\" id=\"B34\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EFriedlingstein, P., Jones, M. W., O’Sullivan, M., Andrew, R. M., Hauck, J., Peters, G. P., et al. (2019). Global carbon budget 2019. \u003Ci\u003EEarth Syst. Sci. Data\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 11, 1783–1838. doi: 10.5194\u002Fessd-11-1783-2019\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fessd-11-1783-2019\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Global+carbon+budget+2019%2E&journal=Earth+Syst%2E+Sci%2E+Data&author=Friedlingstein+P.&author=Jones+M.+W.&author=O’Sullivan+M.&author=Andrew+R.+M.&author=Hauck+J.&author=Peters+G.+P.&publication_year=2019&volume=11&pages=1783–1838\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B35\" id=\"B35\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EGarcia, H. E., and Gordon, L. I. (1992). Oxygen solubility in seawater: better fitting equations. \u003Ci\u003ELimnol. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 37, 1307–1312. doi: 10.4319\u002Flo.1992.37.6.1307\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4319\u002Flo.1992.37.6.1307\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Oxygen+solubility+in+seawater%3A+better+fitting+equations%2E&journal=Limnol%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Garcia+H.+E.&author=Gordon+L.+I.&publication_year=1992&volume=37&pages=1307–1312\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B36\" id=\"B36\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EGonzaìlez-Daìvila, M., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Petihakis, G., Ntoumas, M., Suárez de Tangil, M., and Krasakopoulou, E. (2016). Seasonal pH variability in the Saronikos Gulf: a year-study using a new photometric pH sensor. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Mar. Syst.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 162, 37–46. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.jmarsys.2016.03.007\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jmarsys.2016.03.007\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Seasonal+pH+variability+in+the+Saronikos+Gulf%3A+a+year-study+using+a+new+photometric+pH+sensor%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Syst%2E&author=Gonzaìlez-Daìvila+M.&author=Santana-Casiano+J.+M.&author=Petihakis+G.&author=Ntoumas+M.&author=Suárez+de+Tangil+M.&author=Krasakopoulou+E.&publication_year=2016&volume=162&pages=37–46\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B37\" id=\"B37\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EGrodsky, S. A., Reul, N., Bentamy, A., Vandemark, D., and Guimbard, S. (2019). Eastern Mediterranean salinification observed in satellite salinity from SMAP mission. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Mar. Syst.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 198:103190. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.jmarsys.2019.103190\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jmarsys.2019.103190\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Eastern+Mediterranean+salinification+observed+in+satellite+salinity+from+SMAP+mission%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Syst%2E&author=Grodsky+S.+A.&author=Reul+N.&author=Bentamy+A.&author=Vandemark+D.&author=Guimbard+S.&publication_year=2019&volume=198&issue=103190\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B38\" id=\"B38\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EGruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., et al. (2019). The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E from 1994 to 2007. \u003Ci\u003EScience\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 363, 1193–1199. doi: 10.1126\u002Fscience.aau5153\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30872519\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPubMed Abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aau5153\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+oceanic+sink+for+anthropogenic+CO2+from+1994+to+2007%2E&journal=Science&author=Gruber+N.&author=Clement+D.&author=Carter+B.+R.&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Van+Heuven+S.&author=Hoppema+M.&publication_year=2019&volume=363&pages=1193–1199\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B39\" id=\"B39\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EHainbucher, D., Álvarez, M., Astray, B., Bachi, G., Cardin, V., Celentano, P., et al. (2019). \u003Ci\u003EVariability and Trends in Physicial and Biogeochemical Parameters of the Mediterranean Sea, Cruise No. MSM72, March 02, 2018 – April 03, 2019, Iraklion (Greece) – Cádiz (Spain), MED-SHIP2.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E Bremen: Gutachterpanel Forschungsschiffe, 61. doi: 10.2312\u002Fcr_msm72\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2312\u002Fcr_msm72\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Variability+and+Trends+in+Physicial+and+Biogeochemical+Parameters+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2C+Cruise+No%2E+MSM72%2C+March+02%2C+2018+–B+April+03%2C+2019%2C+Iraklion+%28Greece%29+–B+CáBdiz+%28Spain%29%2C+MED-SHIP2%2E&author=Hainbucher+D.&author=Álvarez+M.&author=Astray+B.&author=Bachi+G.&author=Cardin+V.&author=Celentano+P.&publication_year=2019\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B40\" id=\"B40\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EHassoun, A. E. R., Fakhri, M., Raad, N., Saab, M. A.-A., Gemayel, E., and De Carlo, E. H. (2019). The carbonate system of the eastern-most mediterranean sea, levantine sub-basin: variations and drivers. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 164, 54–73. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.dsr2.2019.03.008\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.dsr2.2019.03.008\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+carbonate+system+of+the+eastern-most+mediterranean+sea%2C+levantine+sub-basin%3A+variations+and+drivers%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Part+II+Top%2E+Stud%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Hassoun+A.+E.+R.&author=Fakhri+M.&author=Raad+N.&author=Saab+M.+A.-A.&author=Gemayel+E.&author=De+Carlo+E.+H.&publication_year=2019&volume=164&pages=54–73\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B41\" id=\"B41\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EHassoun, A. E. R., Gemayel, E., Krasakopoulou, E., Goyet, C., Saab, M. A.-A., Ziveri, P., et al. (2015a). Modelling of the total alkalinity and the total inorganic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Water Resourc. Ocean Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 4:24. doi: 10.11648\u002Fj.wros.20150401.14\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.11648\u002Fj.wros.20150401.14\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Modelling+of+the+total+alkalinity+and+the+total+inorganic+carbon+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=J%2E+Water+Resourc%2E+Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Hassoun+A.+E.+R.&author=Gemayel+E.&author=Krasakopoulou+E.&author=Goyet+C.&author=Saab+M.+A.-A.&author=Ziveri+P.&publication_year=2015a&volume=4&issue=24\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B42\" id=\"B42\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EHassoun, A. E. R., Gemayel, E., Krasakopoulou, E., Goyet, C., Saab, M. A.-A., Guglielmi, V., et al. (2015b). Acidification of the Mediterranean Sea from anthropogenic carbon penetration. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Pt. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 102:115. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2015.04.005\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2015.04.005\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Acidification+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea+from+anthropogenic+carbon+penetration%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+I+Oceanogr%2E+Res%2E+Pap%2E&author=Hassoun+A.+E.+R.&author=Gemayel+E.&author=Krasakopoulou+E.&author=Goyet+C.&author=Saab+M.+A.-A.&author=Guglielmi+V.&publication_year=2015b&volume=102&issue=115\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B43\" id=\"B43\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EHiscock, W. T., and Millero, F. J. (2006). Alkalinity of the anoxic waters in the western Black Sea. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Pt. II\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 53, 1787–1801. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.dsr2.2006.05.020\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.dsr2.2006.05.020\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Alkalinity+of+the+anoxic+waters+in+the+western+Black+Sea%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+II&author=Hiscock+W.+T.&author=Millero+F.+J.&publication_year=2006&volume=53&pages=1787–1801\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B44\" id=\"B44\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EIngrosso, G., Giani, M., Comici, C., Kralj, M., Piacentino, S., De Vittor, C., et al. (2016). Drivers of the carbonate system seasonal variations in a Mediterranean gulf. \u003Ci\u003EEstuar. Coast. Shelf Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 168, 58–70. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.ecss.2015.11.001\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.ecss.2015.11.001\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Drivers+of+the+carbonate+system+seasonal+variations+in+a+Mediterranean+gulf%2E&journal=Estuar%2E+Coast%2E+Shelf+Sci%2E&author=Ingrosso+G.&author=Giani+M.&author=Comici+C.&author=Kralj+M.&author=Piacentino+S.&author=De+Vittor+C.&publication_year=2016&volume=168&pages=58–70\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B45\" id=\"B45\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EIoannou, A., Stegner, A., Tuel, A., LeVu, B., Dumas, F., and Speich, S. (2019). Cyclostrophic corrections of AVISO\u002FDUACS surface velocities and its application to mesoscale eddies in the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Geophys. Res. Oceans\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 124, 8913–8932. doi: 10.1029\u002F2019JC015031\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2019JC015031\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Cyclostrophic+corrections+of+AVISO%2FDUACS+surface+velocities+and+its+application+to+mesoscale+eddies+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=J%2E+Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Oceans&author=Ioannou+A.&author=Stegner+A.&author=Tuel+A.&author=LeVu+B.&author=Dumas+F.&author=Speich+S.&publication_year=2019&volume=124&pages=8913–8932\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B46\" id=\"B46\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EIPCC (2018). “Summary for Policymakers,” in \u003Ci\u003EGlobal Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C Above Pre-Industrial levels And Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, In The Context Of Strengthening The Global Response To The Threat Of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, And Efforts To Eradicate Poverty\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, eds V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P. R. Shukla, et al. (Geneva: World Meteorological Organization), 32.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Summary+for+Policymakers&journal=Global+Warming+of+1%2E5∘BC%2E+An+IPCC+Special+Report+on+the+Impacts+of+Global+Warming+of+1%2E5∘BC+Above+Pre-Industrial+levels+And+Related+Global+Greenhouse+Gas+Emission+Pathways%2C+In+The+Context+Of+Strengthening+The+Global+Response+To+The+Threat+Of+Climate+Change%2C+Sustainable+Development%2C+And+Efforts+To+Eradicate+Poverty&publication_year=2018\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B47\" id=\"B47\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EKapsenberg, L., Alliouane, S., Gazeau, F., Mousseau, L., and Gattuso, J.-P. (2017). Coastal ocean acidification and increasing total alkalinity in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EOcean Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 13:41126. doi: 10.5194\u002Fos-13-411-2017\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fos-13-411-2017\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Coastal+ocean+acidification+and+increasing+total+alkalinity+in+the+Northwestern+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Kapsenberg+L.&author=Alliouane+S.&author=Gazeau+F.&author=Mousseau+L.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&publication_year=2017&volume=13&issue=41126\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B48\" id=\"B48\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EKelley, D., Richards, C., and WG127 SCOR\u002FIAPSO (2017). \u003Ci\u003Egsw: Gibbs Sea Water Functions\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. R package version 1.0-5.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=gsw%3A+Gibbs+Sea+Water+Functions%2E+R+package+version+1%2E0-5&publication_year=2017\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B49\" id=\"B49\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EKroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R., Hendriks, I. E., Ramajo, L., Singh, G. S., et al. (2013). Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. \u003Ci\u003EGlob. Change Biol.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 19, 1884–1896. doi: 10.1111\u002Fgcb.12179\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F23505245\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPubMed Abstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fgcb.12179\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Impacts+of+ocean+acidification+on+marine+organisms%3A+quantifying+sensitivities+and+interaction+with+warming%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Change+Biol%2E&author=Kroeker+K.+J.&author=Kordas+R.+L.&author=Crim+R.&author=Hendriks+I.+E.&author=Ramajo+L.&author=Singh+G.+S.&publication_year=2013&volume=19&pages=1884–1896\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B50\" id=\"B50\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ELangdon, C. (2010). \u003Ci\u003EDetermination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater by Winkler Titration Using the Amperometric Technique, no. 14 in IOCCP Report, ICPO Publication.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E Available online at: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.go-ship.org\u002FHydroMan.html\"\u003Ewww.go-ship.org\u002FHydroMan.html\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (accessed February 25, 2020).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Determination+of+Dissolved+Oxygen+in+Seawater+by+Winkler+Titration+Using+the+Amperometric+Technique%2C+no%2E+14+in+IOCCP+Report%2C+ICPO+Publication%2E&author=Langdon+C.&publication_year=2010\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B51\" id=\"B51\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ELascaratos, A., and Nittis, K. (1998). A high-resolution three-dimensional numerical study of intermediate water formation in the Levantine Sea. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Geophys. Res.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 103, 497–511. doi: 10.1029\u002F98JC01196\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F98JC01196\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=A+high-resolution+three-dimensional+numerical+study+of+intermediate+water+formation+in+the+Levantine+Sea%2E&journal=J%2E+Geophys%2E+Res%2E&author=Lascaratos+A.&author=Nittis+K.&publication_year=1998&volume=103&pages=497–511\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B52\" id=\"B52\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ELee, K., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., Kim, T.-W., Feely, R. A., and Kim, H.-C. (2011). Roles of marginal seas in absorbing and storing fossil fuel CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. \u003Ci\u003EEner. Environ. Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 4, 1133–1146. doi: 10.1039\u002FC0EE00663G\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1039\u002FC0EE00663G\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Roles+of+marginal+seas+in+absorbing+and+storing+fossil+fuel+CO2%2E&journal=Ener%2E+Environ%2E+Sci%2E&author=Lee+K.&author=Sabine+C.+L.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Kim+T.-W.&author=Feely+R.+A.&author=Kim+H.-C.&publication_year=2011&volume=4&pages=1133–1146\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B53\" id=\"B53\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ELefèvre, D. (2010). \u003Ci\u003EMOOSE (ANTARES).\u003C\u002Fi\u003E Available online at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcampagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr\u002Fseries\u002F233\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fcampagnes.flotteoceanographique.fr\u002Fseries\u002F233\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=MOOSE+%28ANTARES%29%2E&author=Lefèvre+D.&publication_year=2010\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B54\" id=\"B54\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ELiu, X., Patsavas, M. C., Robert, H., and Byrne, R. H. (2011). Purification and characterisation of meta-cresol purple for spectrophotometric seawater pH measurements. \u003Ci\u003EEnviron. Sci. Technol.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 45, 4862–4868. doi: 10.1021\u002Fes200665\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1021\u002Fes200665\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Purification+and+characterisation+of+meta-cresol+purple+for+spectrophotometric+seawater+pH+measurements%2E&journal=Environ%2E+Sci%2E+Technol%2E&author=Liu+X.&author=Patsavas+M.+C.&author=Robert+H.&author=Byrne+R.+H.&publication_year=2011&volume=45&pages=4862–4868\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B55\" id=\"B55\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EMehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M. (1973). Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure. \u003Ci\u003ELimnol. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 18, 897–907. doi: 10.4319\u002Flo.1973.18.6.0897\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4319\u002Flo.1973.18.6.0897\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Measurement+of+the+apparent+dissociation+constants+of+carbonic+acid+in+seawater+at+atmospheric+pressure%2E&journal=Limnol%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Mehrbach+C.&author=Culberson+C.+H.&author=Hawley+J.+E.&author=Pytkowicz+R.+M.&publication_year=1973&volume=18&pages=897–907\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B56\" id=\"B56\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EMerlivat, L., Boutin, J., Antoine, D., Beaumont, L., Melek Golbol, M., and Vellucci, V. (2018). Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 15, 5653–5662. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-15-5653-2018\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-15-5653-2018\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Increase+of+dissolved+inorganic+carbon+and+decrease+in+pH+in+near-surface+waters+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea+during+the+past+two+decades%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Merlivat+L.&author=Boutin+J.&author=Antoine+D.&author=Beaumont+L.&author=Melek+Golbol+M.&author=Vellucci+V.&publication_year=2018&volume=15&pages=5653–5662\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B57\" id=\"B57\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EMillot, C., and Taupier-Letage, I. (2005). \u003Ci\u003ECirculation in the Mediterranean Sea, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5: Water Pollution, Part K.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 29–66. doi: 10.1007\u002Fb107143\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002Fb107143\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Circulation+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2C+in+The+Handbook+of+Environmental+Chemistry%2C+Vol%2E+5%3A+Water+Pollution%2C+Part+K%2E&author=Millot+C.&author=Taupier-Letage+I.&publication_year=2005&pages=29–66\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B58\" id=\"B58\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EMoon, J.-Y., Lee, K., Tanhua, T., Kress, N., and Kim, I.-N. (2016). Temporal nutrient dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea in response to anthropogenic inputs. \u003Ci\u003EGeophys. Res. Lett.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 43, 5243–5251. doi: 10.1002\u002F2016GL068788\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002F2016GL068788\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Temporal+nutrient+dynamics+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea+in+response+to+anthropogenic+inputs%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=Moon+J.-Y.&author=Lee+K.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Kress+N.&author=Kim+I.-N.&publication_year=2016&volume=43&pages=5243–5251\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B59\" id=\"B59\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EMoutin, T., and Raimbault, P. (2002). Primary production, carbon export and nutrients availability in western and eastern Mediterranean Sea in early summer 1996 (MINOS cruise). \u003Ci\u003EJ. Mar. Syst.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 3, 273–288. doi: 10.1016\u002FS0924-7963(02)00062-3\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002FS0924-7963(02)00062-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Primary+production%2C+carbon+export+and+nutrients+availability+in+western+and+eastern+Mediterranean+Sea+in+early+summer+1996+%28MINOS+cruise%29%2E&journal=J%2E+Mar%2E+Syst%2E&author=Moutin+T.&author=Raimbault+P.&publication_year=2002&volume=3&pages=273–288\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B60\" id=\"B60\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ENykjaer, L. (2009). Mediterranean Sea surface warming 1985-2006. \u003Ci\u003EClim. Res.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 39, 11–17. doi: 10.3354\u002Fcr00794\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3354\u002Fcr00794\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Mediterranean+Sea+surface+warming+1985-2006%2E&journal=Clim%2E+Res%2E&author=Nykjaer+L.&publication_year=2009&volume=39&pages=11–17\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B61\" id=\"B61\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EOlafsson, J., Olafsdottir, S. R., Benoit-Cattin, A., Danielsen, M., Arnarson, T. S., and Takahashi, T. (2009). Rate of Iceland Sea acidification from time series measurements. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 6, 2661–2668. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-6-2661-2009\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-6-2661-2009\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Rate+of+Iceland+Sea+acidification+from+time+series+measurements%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Olafsson+J.&author=Olafsdottir+S.+R.&author=Benoit-Cattin+A.&author=Danielsen+M.&author=Arnarson+T.+S.&author=Takahashi+T.&publication_year=2009&volume=6&pages=2661–2668\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B62\" id=\"B62\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EOrr, J., Epitalon, J.-M., Dickson, A. G., and Gattuso, J.-P. (2018). Routine uncertainty propagation for the marine carbon dioxide system. \u003Ci\u003EMar. Chem.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 207, 84–107. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.marchem.2018.10.006\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.marchem.2018.10.006\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Routine+uncertainty+propagation+for+the+marine+carbon+dioxide+system%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Orr+J.&author=Epitalon+J.-M.&author=Dickson+A.+G.&author=Gattuso+J.-P.&publication_year=2018&volume=207&pages=84–107\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B63\" id=\"B63\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EOwens, W. B., and Millard, R. C. (1985). A New Algorithm for CTD Oxygen Calibration. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Phys. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 15, 621–631.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=A+New+Algorithm+for+CTD+Oxygen+Calibration%2E&journal=J%2E+Phys%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Owens+W.+B.&author=Millard+R.+C.&publication_year=1985&volume=15&pages=621–631\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B64\" id=\"B64\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EOzer, T., Gertman, I., Kress, N., Silverman, J., and Herut, B. (2017). Interannual thermohaline (1979–2014) and nutrient (2002–2014) dynamics in the Levantine surface and intermediate water masses, SE Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EGlob. Planet. Change\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 151, 60–67. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.gloplacha.2016.04.001\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.gloplacha.2016.04.001\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Interannual+thermohaline+%281979–2014%29+and+nutrient+%282002–2014%29+dynamics+in+the+Levantine+surface+and+intermediate+water+masses%2C+SE+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Glob%2E+Planet%2E+Change&author=Ozer+T.&author=Gertman+I.&author=Kress+N.&author=Silverman+J.&author=Herut+B.&publication_year=2017&volume=151&pages=60–67\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B65\" id=\"B65\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EÖzsoy, E., Hecht, A., and Ünlüata, Ü (1989). Circulation and hydrography of the levantine basin. Results of POEM coordinated experiments 1985–1986. \u003Ci\u003EProgr. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 22, 12570. doi: 10.1016\u002F0079-6611(89)90004-9\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0079-6611(89)90004-9\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Circulation+and+hydrography+of+the+levantine+basin%2E+Results+of+POEM+coordinated+experiments+1985–1986%2E&journal=Progr%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Özsoy+E.&author=Hecht+A.&author=Ünlüata+Ü&publication_year=1989&volume=22&issue=12570\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B66\" id=\"B66\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EPagès, R., Baklouti, M., Barrier, N., Ayache, M., Sevault, F., and Moutin, T. (2020). Projected effects of climate-induced changes in hydrodynamics on the biogeochemistry of the mediterranean sea under the RCP 8.5 regional climate scenario. \u003Ci\u003EFront. Marine Sci\u003C\u002Fi\u003E. 7:957. doi: 10.3389\u002Ffmars.2020.563615\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2020.563615\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Projected+effects+of+climate-induced+changes+in+hydrodynamics+on+the+biogeochemistry+of+the+mediterranean+sea+under+the+RCP+8%2E5+regional+climate+scenario%2E&author=Pagès+R.&author=Baklouti+M.&author=Barrier+N.&author=Ayache+M.&author=Sevault+F.&author=Moutin+T.&publication_year=2020\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B67\" id=\"B67\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EPagès, R., Baklouti, M., Barrier, N., Richon, C., Dutay, J.-C., and Moutin, T. (2019). Changes in rivers inputs during the last decades significantly impacted the biogeochemistry of the eastern Mediterranean basin: a modelling study. \u003Ci\u003EProgr. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 181:102242. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.pocean.2019.102242\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.pocean.2019.102242\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Changes+in+rivers+inputs+during+the+last+decades+significantly+impacted+the+biogeochemistry+of+the+eastern+Mediterranean+basin%3A+a+modelling+study%2E&journal=Progr%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Pagès+R.&author=Baklouti+M.&author=Barrier+N.&author=Richon+C.&author=Dutay+J.-C.&author=Moutin+T.&publication_year=2019&volume=181&issue=102242\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B68\" id=\"B68\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EPalmiéri, J., Orr, J. C., Dutay, J.-C., Béranger, K., Schneider, A., Beuvier, J., et al. (2015). Simulated Anthropogenic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E Storage and Acidification of the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 12:781802. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-12-781-2015\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-12-781-2015\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Simulated+Anthropogenic+CO2+Storage+and+Acidification+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Palmiéri+J.&author=Orr+J.+C.&author=Dutay+J.-C.&author=Béranger+K.&author=Schneider+A.&author=Beuvier+J.&publication_year=2015&volume=12&issue=781802\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B69\" id=\"B69\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EPetihakis, G., Perivoliotis, L., Korres, G., Ballas, D., Frangoulis, C., Pagonis, P., et al. (2018). An integrated open-coastal biogeochemistry, ecosystem and biodiversity observatory of the eastern Mediterranean – the Cretan Sea component of the POSEIDON system. \u003Ci\u003EOcean Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 14, 1223–1245. doi: 10.5194\u002Fos-14-1223-2018\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fos-14-1223-2018\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=An+integrated+open-coastal+biogeochemistry%2C+ecosystem+and+biodiversity+observatory+of+the+eastern+Mediterranean+–+the+Cretan+Sea+component+of+the+POSEIDON+system%2E&journal=Ocean+Sci%2E&author=Petihakis+G.&author=Perivoliotis+L.&author=Korres+G.&author=Ballas+D.&author=Frangoulis+C.&author=Pagonis+P.&publication_year=2018&volume=14&pages=1223–1245\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B70\" id=\"B70\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EPujo-Pay, M., Conan, P., Oriol, L., Cornet-Barthaux, V., Falco, C., Ghiglione, J.-F., et al. (2011). Integrated survey of elemental stoichiometry (C, N, P) from the western to eastern Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 8, 883–899. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-8-883-2011\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-8-883-2011\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Integrated+survey+of+elemental+stoichiometry+%28C%2C+N%2C+P%29+from+the+western+to+eastern+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Pujo-Pay+M.&author=Conan+P.&author=Oriol+L.&author=Cornet-Barthaux+V.&author=Falco+C.&author=Ghiglione+J.-F.&publication_year=2011&volume=8&pages=883–899\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B71\" id=\"B71\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ERegaudie-de-Gioux, A., Vaquer-Sunyer, R., and Duarte, C. M. (2009). Patterns in planktonic metabolism in the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosciences\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 6, 3081–3089. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbg-6-3081-2009\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbg-6-3081-2009\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Patterns+in+planktonic+metabolism+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Biogeosciences&author=Regaudie-de-Gioux+A.&author=Vaquer-Sunyer+R.&author=Duarte+C.+M.&publication_year=2009&volume=6&pages=3081–3089\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B72\" id=\"B72\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ERivaro, P., Messa, R., Massolo, S., and Frache, R. (2010). Distributions of carbonate properties along the water column in the Mediterranean Sea: spatial and temporal variations. \u003Ci\u003EMar. Chem.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 121, 236–254. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.marchem.2010.05.003\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.marchem.2010.05.003\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Distributions+of+carbonate+properties+along+the+water+column+in+the+Mediterranean+Sea%3A+spatial+and+temporal+variations%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Rivaro+P.&author=Messa+R.&author=Massolo+S.&author=Frache+R.&publication_year=2010&volume=121&pages=236–254\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B73\" id=\"B73\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ERoether, W., Manca, B. B., Klein, B., Bregant, D., Georgopoulos, D., Beitzel, V., et al. (1996). Recent changes in Eastern Mediterranean Deep Waters. \u003Ci\u003EScience\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 271, 333–335. doi: 10.1126\u002Fscience.271.5247.333\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.271.5247.333\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Recent+changes+in+Eastern+Mediterranean+Deep+Waters%2E&journal=Science&author=Roether+W.&author=Manca+B.+B.&author=Klein+B.&author=Bregant+D.&author=Georgopoulos+D.&author=Beitzel+V.&publication_year=1996&volume=271&pages=333–335\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B74\" id=\"B74\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESantana-Casiano, J., and González-Dávila, M. (2010). “pH decrease and effects on the chemistry of seawater (Chapter 5),” in \u003Ci\u003EOceans and the Atmospheric Carbon Content\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, ed. D. J. M. Santana-Casiano (Berlin: Springer). doi: 10.1007\u002F978-90-481-9821-4_5\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1007\u002F978-90-481-9821-4_5\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=pH+decrease+and+effects+on+the+chemistry+of+seawater+%28Chapter+5%29&journal=Oceans+and+the+Atmospheric+Carbon+Content&author=Santana-Casiano+J.&author=González-Dávila+M.+(2010).+“pH+decrease+and+effects+on+the+chemistry+of+seawater+(Chapter+5)”+in+Oceans+and+the+Atmospheric+Carbon+Content+ed.+Santana-Casiano+D.+J.+M.&publication_year=2010\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B75\" id=\"B75\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESchneider, A., Tanhua, T., Körtzinger, A., and Wallace, D. W. R. (2010). High anthropogenic carbon content in the Eastern Mediterranean. \u003Ci\u003EJ. Geophys. Res.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 115:C12. doi: 10.1029\u002F2010JC006171\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2010JC006171\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=High+anthropogenic+carbon+content+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%2E&journal=J%2E+Geophys%2E+Res%2E&author=Schneider+A.&author=Tanhua+T.&author=Körtzinger+A.&author=Wallace+D.+W.+R.&publication_year=2010&volume=115&issue=C12\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B76\" id=\"B76\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESchneider, A., Wallace, D. W. R., and Körtzinger, A. (2007). Alkalinity of the Mediterranean Sea: alkalinity of the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EGeophys. Res. Lett.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 34:L15608. doi: 10.1029\u002F2006GL028842\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1029\u002F2006GL028842\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Alkalinity+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%3A+alkalinity+of+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Geophys%2E+Res%2E+Lett%2E&author=Schneider+A.&author=Wallace+D.+W.+R.&author=Körtzinger+A.&publication_year=2007&volume=34&issue=L15608\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B77\" id=\"B77\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESigman, D. M., and Hain, M. P. (2012). The biological productivity of the Ocean. \u003Ci\u003ENat. Educ. Knowl.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 3:21.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+biological+productivity+of+the+Ocean%2E&journal=Nat%2E+Educ%2E+Knowl%2E&author=Sigman+D.+M.&author=Hain+M.+P.&publication_year=2012&volume=3&issue=21\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B78\" id=\"B78\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESisma-Ventura, G., Or, B. M., Yam, R., Herut, B., and Silverman, J. (2017). \u003Ci\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fi\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variability in the surface waters of the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Sea: exploring the air-sea CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E fluxes in a fast warming region. \u003Ci\u003EMar. Chem.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 196, 13–23. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.marchem.2017.06.006\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.marchem.2017.06.006\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=pCO2+variability+in+the+surface+waters+of+the+ultra-oligotrophic+Levantine+Sea%3A+exploring+the+air-sea+CO2+fluxes+in+a+fast+warming+region%2E&journal=Mar%2E+Chem%2E&author=Sisma-Ventura+G.&author=Or+B.+M.&author=Yam+R.&author=Herut+B.&author=Silverman+J.&publication_year=2017&volume=196&pages=13–23\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B79\" id=\"B79\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESmith, S. V., and Kinsey, D. W. (1978). “Calcification and organic carbon metabolism as indicated by carbon dioxide,” in \u003Ci\u003ECoral Reefs: Research Methods: Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, ed. D. R. Stoddart (Paris: UNESCO), 469–484.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Calcification+and+organic+carbon+metabolism+as+indicated+by+carbon+dioxide&journal=Coral+Reefs%3A+Research+Methods%3A+Monographs+on+Oceanographic+Methodology&author=Smith+S.+V.&author=Kinsey+D.+W.+(1978).+“Calcification+and+organic+carbon+metabolism+as+indicated+by+carbon+dioxide”+in+Coral+Reefs:+Research+Methods:+Monographs+on+Oceanographic+Methodology+ed.+Stoddart+D.+R.&publication_year=1978&pages=469–484\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B80\" id=\"B80\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ESokal, R. R., and Rohlf, F. J. (1969). \u003Ci\u003EBiometry. The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research\u003C\u002Fi\u003E, 2nd Edn. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Biometry%2E+The+Principles+and+Practices+of+Statistics+in+Biological+Research&author=Sokal+R.+R.&author=Rohlf+F.+J.&publication_year=1969\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B81\" id=\"B81\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ETaillandier, V., D’Ortenzio, F., and Antoine, D. (2012). Carbon fluxes in the mixed layer of the Mediterranea Sea in the 1980s and the 2000s. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. I\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 65, 73–84. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2012.03.004\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2012.03.004\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Carbon+fluxes+in+the+mixed+layer+of+the+Mediterranea+Sea+in+the+1980s+and+the+2000s%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+I&author=Taillandier+V.&author=D’Ortenzio+F.&author=Antoine+D.&publication_year=2012&volume=65&pages=73–84\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B82\" id=\"B82\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ETanhua, T., van Heuven, S., Key, R. M., Velo, A., Olsen, A., and Schirnick, C. (2010). Quality control procedures and methods of the CARINA database. \u003Ci\u003EEarth Syst. Sci. Data\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 2, 35–49. doi: 10.5194\u002Fessd-2-35-2010\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fessd-2-35-2010\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Quality+control+procedures+and+methods+of+the+CARINA+database%2E&journal=Earth+Syst%2E+Sci%2E+Data&author=Tanhua+T.&author=van+Heuven+S.&author=Key+R.+M.&author=Velo+A.&author=Olsen+A.&author=Schirnick+C.&publication_year=2010&volume=2&pages=35–49\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B83\" id=\"B83\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ETouratier, F., and Goyet, C. (2011). Impact of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient on the Distribution of Anthropogenic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E and First Estimate of Acidification for the Mediterranean Sea. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Pt. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 58:115. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2010.10.002\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.dsr.2010.10.002\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Impact+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+Transient+on+the+Distribution+of+Anthropogenic+CO2+and+First+Estimate+of+Acidification+for+the+Mediterranean+Sea%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt%2E+I+Oceanogr%2E+Res%2E+Pap%2E&author=Touratier+F.&author=Goyet+C.&publication_year=2011&volume=58&issue=115\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B84\" id=\"B84\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003ETouratier, F., Guglielmi, V., Goyet, C., Prieur, L., Pujo-Pay, M., Conan, P., et al. (2012). Distributions of the carbonate system properties, anthropogenic CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, and acidification during the 2008 BOUM cruise (Mediterranean Sea). \u003Ci\u003EBiogeosci. Discuss.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 9, 2709–2753. doi: 10.5194\u002Fbgd-9-2709-2012\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.5194\u002Fbgd-9-2709-2012\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Distributions+of+the+carbonate+system+properties%2C+anthropogenic+CO2%2C+and+acidification+during+the+2008+BOUM+cruise+%28Mediterranean+Sea%29%2E&journal=Biogeosci%2E+Discuss%2E&author=Touratier+F.&author=Guglielmi+V.&author=Goyet+C.&author=Prieur+L.&author=Pujo-Pay+M.&author=Conan+P.&publication_year=2012&volume=9&pages=2709–2753\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B85\" id=\"B85\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EUppström, L. R. (1974). The boron\u002Fchlorinity ratio of deep-sea water from the Pacific Ocean. \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 21, 161–162. doi: 10.1016\u002F0011-7471(74)90074-6\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002F0011-7471(74)90074-6\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=The+boron%2Fchlorinity+ratio+of+deep-sea+water+from+the+Pacific+Ocean%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E&author=Uppström+L.+R.&publication_year=1974&volume=21&pages=161–162\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B86\" id=\"B86\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EValladares, J., Fennel, W. I., and Morozov, E. G. (2011). Replacement of EOS-80 with the international thermodynamic equation of seawater-2010 (TEOS-10). \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 58, 978.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Replacement+of+EOS-80+with+the+international+thermodynamic+equation+of+seawater-2010+%28TEOS-10%29%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E&author=Valladares+J.&author=Fennel+W.+I.&author=Morozov+E.+G.&publication_year=2011&volume=58&issue=978\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B87\" id=\"B87\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003Evan Heuven, S., Pierrot, D., Rae, J., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D. W. R. (2011). \u003Ci\u003ECO2SYS v 1.1, MATLAB Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations. ORNL\u002FCDIAC-105b.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=CO2SYS+v+1%2E1%2C+MATLAB+Program+Developed+for+CO2+System+Calculations%2E+ORNL%2FCDIAC-105b%2E&author=van+Heuven+S.&author=Pierrot+D.&author=Rae+J.&author=Lewis+E.&author=Wallace+D.+W.+R.&publication_year=2011\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B88\" id=\"B88\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EVelaoras, D., Papadopoulos, V. P., Kontoyiannis, H., Cardin, V., and Civitarese, G. (2019). Water masses and hydrography during April and June 2016 in the cretan sea and cretan passage (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). \u003Ci\u003EDeep Sea Res. Pt II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 164, 25–40. doi: 10.1016\u002Fj.dsr2.2018.09.005\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.dsr2.2018.09.005\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Water+masses+and+hydrography+during+April+and+June+2016+in+the+cretan+sea+and+cretan+passage+%28Eastern+Mediterranean+Sea%29%2E&journal=Deep+Sea+Res%2E+Pt+II+Top%2E+Stud%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Velaoras+D.&author=Papadopoulos+V.+P.&author=Kontoyiannis+H.&author=Cardin+V.&author=Civitarese+G.&publication_year=2019&volume=164&pages=25–40\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B89\" id=\"B89\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EWilliams, P. J., and Jenkinson, N. W. (1982). A transportable microprocessor-controlled precise winkler titration suitable for field station and shipboard Use1. \u003Ci\u003ELimnol. Oceanogr.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 27:57684. doi: 10.4319\u002Flo.1982.27.3.0576\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.4319\u002Flo.1982.27.3.0576\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=A+transportable+microprocessor-controlled+precise+winkler+titration+suitable+for+field+station+and+shipboard+Use1%2E&journal=Limnol%2E+Oceanogr%2E&author=Williams+P.+J.&author=Jenkinson+N.+W.&publication_year=1982&volume=27&issue=57684\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B90\" id=\"B90\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EWinkler, L. W. (1888). Die bestimmung des im wasser gelösten sauerstoffes. \u003Ci\u003EBer. Dtsch. Chem. Ges.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 21, 2843–2854. doi: 10.1002\u002Fcber.188802102122\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1002\u002Fcber.188802102122\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=Die+bestimmung+des+im+wasser+gelösten+sauerstoffes%2E&journal=Ber%2E+Dtsch%2E+Chem%2E+Ges%2E&author=Winkler+L.+W.&publication_year=1888&volume=21&pages=2843–2854\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B91\" id=\"B91\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EWong, A., Keeley, R., Carval, T., and The Argo Data Management Team (2020). \u003Ci\u003EArgo Quality Control Manual for CTD and Trajectory Data.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E Available online at: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Farchimer.ifremer.fr\u002Fdoc\u002F00228\u002F33951\u002F\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Farchimer.ifremer.fr\u002Fdoc\u002F00228\u002F33951\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&journal=Argo+Quality+Control+Manual+for+CTD+and+Trajectory+Data%2E&publication_year=2020\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"References\" style=\"margin-bottom:0.5em;\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy1\"\u003E\u003Ca name=\"B92\" id=\"B92\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003EZeebe, R. E. (2012). History of seawater carbonate chemistry, atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E, and Ocean acidification. \u003Ci\u003EAnnu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 40, 141–165. doi: 10.1146\u002Fannurev-earth-042711-105521\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp class=\"ReferencesCopy2\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-earth-042711-105521\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECrossRef Full Text\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?&title=History+of+seawater+carbonate+chemistry%2C+atmospheric+CO2%2C+and+Ocean+acidification%2E&journal=Annu%2E+Rev%2E+Earth+Planet%2E+Sci%2E&author=Zeebe+R.+E.&publication_year=2012&volume=40&pages=141–165\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"thinLineM20\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"AbstractSummary\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EKeywords\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: carbonate system, Mediterranean Sea, acidification, CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E fluxes, Levantine Sea, inorganic carbon\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECitation:\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Wimart-Rousseau C, Wagener T, Álvarez M, Moutin T, Fourrier M, Coppola L, Niclas-Chirurgien L, Raimbault P, D’Ortenzio F, Durrieu de Madron X, Taillandier V, Dumas F, Conan P, Pujo-Pay M and Lefèvre D (2021) Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin. \u003Ci\u003EFront. Mar. Sci.\u003C\u002Fi\u003E 8:649246. doi: 10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp id=\"timestamps\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cspan\u003EReceived:\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 04 January 2021; \u003Cspan\u003EAccepted:\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 09 April 2021;\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPublished:\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E 17 May 2021.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003EEdited by:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002F143285\u002Foverview\"\u003EGotzon Basterretxea\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), Spain\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003EReviewed by:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002F469872\u002Foverview\"\u003ESiv Kari Lauvset\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Norwegian Research Institute (NORCE), Norway\u003Cbr\u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fpeople\u002F559374\u002Foverview\"\u003EAnne Willem Omta\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECopyright\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E © 2021 Wimart-Rousseau, Wagener, Álvarez, Moutin, Fourrier, Coppola, Niclas-Chirurgien, Raimbault, D’Ortenzio, Durrieu de Madron, Taillandier, Dumas, Conan, Pujo-Pay and Lefèvre. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the \u003Ca rel=\"license\" href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E*Correspondence:\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Cathy Wimart-Rousseau, \u003Ca href=\"mailto:cathy.wimart-rousseau@mio.osupytheas.fr\"\u003Ecathy.wimart-rousseau@mio.osupytheas.fr\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",menuHtml:"\u003Cul class=\"flyoutJournal\"\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h1\"\u003EAbstract\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h2\"\u003EIntroduction\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h3\"\u003EMaterials and Methods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h4\"\u003EDescriptive Carbonate Chemistry in the Context of the Perle Cruises\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cdiv class=\"DottedLine\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h5\"\u003EAtypical Drivers of the Seasonal Dynamics of the Carbonate Chemistry Within the Mixed Layer of the North Western Levantine Basin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h6\"\u003ELong Term Temporal Changes in Carbonate Chemistry in the North Western Levantine Basin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h7\"\u003EConclusion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h8\"\u003EData Availability Statement\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#h9\"\u003EAuthor Contributions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#fun1\"\u003EFunding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#conf1\"\u003EConflict of Interest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#ack1\"\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#S11\"\u003ESupplementary Material\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"#refer1\"\u003EReferences\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\r\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\r\n"},files:[{name:"EPUB.epub",fileServerPackageEntryId:e,type:{code:aR,name:aR}},{name:aS,fileServerPackageEntryId:"fmars-08-649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246.pdf",type:{code:r,name:r}},{name:aS,fileServerPackageEntryId:e,type:{code:r,name:r}},{name:"fmars-08-649246.xml",fileServerPackageEntryId:"fmars-08-649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246.xml",type:{code:"NLM_XML",name:"XML"}},{name:"Provisional PDF.pdf",fileServerPackageEntryId:e,type:{code:r,name:r}}]},currentArticlePageMetaInfo:{title:aT,link:[{rel:"canonical",href:aU}],meta:[{hid:B,property:B,name:B,content:aV},{hid:aW,property:aW,name:"title",content:aT},{hid:aX,property:aX,name:B,content:aV},{hid:aY,name:aY,content:"Carbonate system,Mediterranean Sea,acidification,CO2 fluxes,Levantine Sea,Inorganic carbon"},{hid:aZ,property:aZ,name:"site_name",content:C},{hid:a_,property:a_,name:V,content:"https:\u002F\u002Fimages-provider.frontiersin.org\u002Fapi\u002Fipx\u002Fw=1200&f=png\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Ffiles\u002FArticles\u002F649246\u002Ffmars-08-649246-HTML\u002Fimage_m\u002Ffmars-08-649246-g001.jpg"},{hid:a$,property:a$,name:"type",content:"article"},{hid:ba,property:ba,name:"url",content:aU},{hid:bb,name:bb,content:"summary_large_image"},{hid:bc,name:bc,content:"8"},{hid:bd,name:bd,content:p},{hid:be,name:be,content:C},{hid:bf,name:bf,content:K},{hid:bg,name:bg,content:L},{hid:bh,name:bh,content:Z},{hid:bi,name:bi,content:"649246"},{hid:bj,name:bj,content:"English"},{hid:bk,name:bk,content:_},{hid:bl,name:bl,content:"Carbonate system; Mediterranean Sea; acidification; CO2 fluxes; Levantine Sea; Inorganic carbon"},{hid:bm,name:bm,content:$},{hid:bn,name:bn,content:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246\u002Fpdf"},{hid:bo,name:bo,content:"2021\u002F04\u002F09"},{hid:bp,name:bp,content:"2021\u002F05\u002F17"},{hid:"citation_author_0",name:n,content:"Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_0",name:o,content:s},{hid:"citation_author_1",name:n,content:"Wagener, Thibaut"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_1",name:o,content:s},{hid:"citation_author_2",name:n,content:"Álvarez, Marta"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_2",name:o,content:"Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Spain"},{hid:"citation_author_3",name:n,content:"Moutin, Thierry"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_3",name:o,content:s},{hid:"citation_author_4",name:n,content:"Fourrier, Marine"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_4",name:o,content:D},{hid:"citation_author_5",name:n,content:"Coppola, Laurent"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_5",name:o,content:D},{hid:"citation_author_6",name:n,content:"Niclas-Chirurgien, Laure"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_6",name:o,content:s},{hid:"citation_author_7",name:n,content:"Raimbault, Patrick"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_7",name:o,content:s},{hid:"citation_author_8",name:n,content:"D’Ortenzio, Fabrizio"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_8",name:o,content:D},{hid:"citation_author_9",name:n,content:"Durrieu de Madron, Xavier"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_9",name:o,content:"CEFREM, CNRS-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, France"},{hid:"citation_author_10",name:n,content:"Taillandier, Vincent"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_10",name:o,content:D},{hid:"citation_author_11",name:n,content:"Dumas, Franck"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_11",name:o,content:"Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine—Shom, France"},{hid:"citation_author_12",name:n,content:"Conan, Pascal"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_12",name:o,content:bq},{hid:"citation_author_13",name:n,content:"Pujo-Pay, Mireille"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_13",name:o,content:bq},{hid:"citation_author_14",name:n,content:"Lefèvre, Dominique"},{hid:"citation_author_institution_14",name:o,content:s},{hid:br,name:br,content:"doi:10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246"}],script:[{src:"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com\u002Fpolyfill\u002Fv3\u002Fpolyfill.min.js?features=es6",body:h,async:h},{src:"https:\u002F\u002Fcdnjs.cloudflare.com\u002Fajax\u002Flibs\u002Fmathjax\u002F2.7.1\u002FMathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML",body:h,async:h},{src:"https:\u002F\u002Fd1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net\u002Fassets\u002Faltmetric_badges-f0bc9b243ff5677d05460c1eb71834ca998946d764eb3bc244ab4b18ba50d21e.js",body:h,async:h},{src:"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.altmetric.com\u002Fv1\u002Fdoi\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246?callback=_altmetric.embed_callback&domain=www.frontiersin.org&key=3c130976ca2b8f2e88f8377633751ba1&cache_until=14-15",body:h,async:h},{src:"https:\u002F\u002Fwidgets.figshare.com\u002Fstatic\u002Ffigshare.js",body:h,async:h},{src:"https:\u002F\u002Fcrossmark-cdn.crossref.org\u002Fwidget\u002Fv2.0\u002Fwidget.js",body:h,async:h}]},articleHubArticlesList:[],showCrossmarkWidget:h,hasSupplementalData:j,isPreviewArticlePage:j,settingsFeaturesSwitchers:{displayTitlePillLabels:h,displayRelatedArticlesBox:h,showEditors:h,showReviewers:h,showLoopImpactLink:h},tenantConfig:{spaceId:c,name:C,availableJournalPages:[bs,bt,bu,"volumes","about"]},components:{ibar:{tenantLogo:e,journalLogo:e,aboutUs:[{title:"Who we are",links:[{text:"Mission and values",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fmission",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"History",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fhistory",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Leadership",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fleadership",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Awards",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fawards",target:g,ariaLabel:f}]},{title:"Impact and progress",links:[{text:"Frontiers' impact",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fimpact",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Progress Report 2022",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fprogressreport.frontiersin.org\u002F?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20",target:l,ariaLabel:f},{text:"All progress reports",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fprogress-reports",target:g,ariaLabel:f}]},{title:"Publishing model",links:[{text:bv,url:bw,target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Open access",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fopen-access",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bx,url:by,target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Peer review",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fpeer-review",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Research integrity",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fresearch-integrity",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bz,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fresearch-topics",target:g,ariaLabel:f}]},{title:"Services",links:[{text:"Societies",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fpublishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org\u002F",target:l,ariaLabel:f},{text:"National consortia",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fopen-access-agreements\u002Fconsortia",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Institutional partnerships",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fopen-access-agreements",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Collaborators",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fcollaborators",target:g,ariaLabel:f}]},{title:"More from Frontiers",links:[{text:"Frontiers Forum",url:bA,target:l,ariaLabel:"this link will take you to the Frontiers Forum website"},{text:bB,url:bC,target:l,ariaLabel:bD},{text:"Press office",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fpressoffice.frontiersin.org\u002F",target:l,ariaLabel:"this link will take you to the Frontiers press office website"},{text:"Sustainability",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.orgabout\u002Fsustainability",target:g,ariaLabel:"link to information about Frontiers' sustainability"},{text:bE,url:bF,target:l,ariaLabel:"this link will take you to the Frontiers careers website"},{text:"Contact us",url:bG,target:g,ariaLabel:"this link will take you to the help pages to contact our support team"}]}],submitUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fsubmission\u002Fsubmit?domainid=1&fieldid=45&specialtyid=0&entitytype=2&entityid=655",showSubmitButton:h,journal:{id:u,name:p,slug:v,sections:[{id:313,name:"Aquatic Microbiology",slug:"aquatic-microbiology"},{id:230,name:"Aquatic Physiology",slug:"aquatic-physiology"},{id:962,name:"Coastal Ocean Processes",slug:"coastal-ocean-processes"},{id:958,name:"Coral Reef Research",slug:"coral-reef-research"},{id:832,name:"Deep-Sea Environments and Ecology",slug:"deep-sea-environments-and-ecology"},{id:3472,name:"Discoveries",slug:"discoveries"},{id:780,name:"Global Change and the Future Ocean",slug:"global-change-and-the-future-ocean"},{id:742,name:"Marine Affairs and Policy",slug:"marine-affairs-and-policy"},{id:aM,name:aN,slug:aO},{id:1539,name:"Marine Biology",slug:"marine-biology"},{id:764,name:"Marine Biotechnology and Bioproducts",slug:"marine-biotechnology-and-bioproducts"},{id:761,name:"Marine Conservation and Sustainability",slug:"marine-conservation-and-sustainability"},{id:747,name:"Marine Ecosystem Ecology",slug:"marine-ecosystem-ecology"},{id:760,name:"Marine Evolutionary Biology, Biogeography and Species Diversity",slug:"marine-evolutionary-biology-biogeography-and-species-diversity"},{id:1091,name:"Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture and Living Resources",slug:"marine-fisheries-aquaculture-and-living-resources"},{id:793,name:"Marine Megafauna",slug:"marine-megafauna"},{id:737,name:"Marine Molecular Biology and Ecology",slug:"marine-molecular-biology-and-ecology"},{id:766,name:"Marine Pollution",slug:"marine-pollution"},{id:314,name:"Microbial Symbioses",slug:"microbial-symbioses"},{id:1185,name:"Ocean Observation",slug:"ocean-observation"},{id:794,name:"Ocean Solutions",slug:"ocean-solutions"},{id:1453,name:"Physical Oceanography",slug:"physical-oceanography"}]},sectionTerm:"Sections",aboutJournal:[{title:"Scope",links:[{text:"Field chief editors",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Fabout#about-editors",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Mission & scope",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Fabout#about-scope",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Facts",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Fabout#about-facts",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Journal sections",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Fabout#about-submission",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Open access statement",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Fabout#about-open",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Copyright statement",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Fabout#copyright-statement",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Quality",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Fabout#about-quality",target:g,ariaLabel:f}]},{title:"For authors",links:[{text:"Why submit?",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Ffor-authors\u002Fwhy-submit",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Article types",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Ffor-authors\u002Farticle-types",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bH,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Ffor-authors\u002Fauthor-guidelines",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bI,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Ffor-authors\u002Feditor-guidelines",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Publishing fees",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Ffor-authors\u002Fpublishing-fees",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Submission checklist",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Ffor-authors\u002Fsubmission-checklist",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Contact editorial office",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Ffor-authors\u002Fcontact-editorial-office",target:g,ariaLabel:f}]}],mainLinks:[{text:"All journals",url:bJ,target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"All articles",url:bK,target:g,ariaLabel:f}],journalLinks:[{text:bL,url:bs,target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bz,url:bu,target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Editorial board",url:bt,target:g,ariaLabel:f}],helpCenterLink:{text:E,url:bM,target:l,ariaLabel:E}},footer:{blocks:[{title:"Guidelines",links:[{text:bH,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fguidelines\u002Fauthor-guidelines",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bI,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fguidelines\u002Feditor-guidelines",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Policies and publication ethics",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fguidelines\u002Fpolicies-and-publication-ethics",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bx,url:by,target:g,ariaLabel:f}]},{title:"Explore",links:[{text:bL,url:bK,target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Research Topics ",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fresearch-topics",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:"Journals",url:bJ,target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bv,url:bw,target:g,ariaLabel:f}]},{title:"Outreach",links:[{text:"Frontiers Forum ",url:bA,target:l,ariaLabel:"Frontiers Forum website"},{text:"Frontiers Policy Labs ",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fpolicylabs.frontiersin.org\u002F",target:l,ariaLabel:f},{text:bN,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fkids.frontiersin.org\u002F",target:l,ariaLabel:"Frontiers for Young Minds journal"},{text:bB,url:bC,target:l,ariaLabel:bD}]},{title:"Connect",links:[{text:E,url:bM,target:l,ariaLabel:E},{text:"Emails and alerts ",url:"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org\u002Fsettings\u002Femail-preferences?a=publishers",target:l,ariaLabel:"Subscribe to Frontiers emails"},{text:"Contact us ",url:bG,target:g,ariaLabel:"Subscribe to newsletter"},{text:"Submit",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fsubmission\u002Fsubmit",target:g,ariaLabel:f},{text:bE,url:bF,target:l,ariaLabel:f}]}],socialLinks:[{link:{text:bO,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FFrontiersin",target:l,ariaLabel:bO},type:F,color:G,icon:"Facebook",size:H,hiddenText:h},{link:{text:"Frontiers Twitter",url:"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Ffrontiersin",target:l,ariaLabel:f},type:F,color:G,icon:"Twitter",size:H,hiddenText:h},{link:{text:"Frontiers LinkedIn",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fcompany\u002Ffrontiers",target:l,ariaLabel:f},type:F,color:G,icon:"LinkedIn",size:H,hiddenText:h},{link:{text:"Frontiers Instagram",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Ffrontiersin_",target:l,ariaLabel:f},type:F,color:G,icon:"Instagram",size:H,hiddenText:h}],copyright:"Frontiers Media S.A. All rights reserved",termsAndConditionsUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Flegal\u002Fterms-and-conditions",privacyPolicyUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Flegal\u002Fprivacy-policy"},newsletterComponent:f,snackbarItems:[]},mainHeader:{title:e,image:M,breadcrumbs:[],linksCollection:{total:w,items:[]},metricsCollection:{total:w,items:[]}},user:{loggedUserInfo:M},journals:[{id:bP,name:bQ,slug:bR,abbreviation:bS,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2445,name:bQ,slug:bR,abbreviation:bS,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:z,name:"Test SSPH Journal",slug:"test-ssph-journal",abbreviation:"testjournal",space:{id:t,domainName:I,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:bT,name:"TEST ALF Journal",slug:"test-alf-journal",abbreviation:"talfj",space:{id:x,domainName:P,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:i,name:bU,slug:bV,abbreviation:bW,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2360,name:bU,slug:bV,abbreviation:bW,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:c,name:"Smoke Test Field",slug:"smoke-test-field",abbreviation:"FJST",space:{id:Q,domainName:bX,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:bT,name:bY,slug:bZ,abbreviation:b_,space:{id:t,domainName:I,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2077,name:bY,slug:bZ,abbreviation:b_,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:z,name:b$,slug:ca,abbreviation:cb,space:{id:x,domainName:P,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:z,name:b$,slug:ca,abbreviation:cb,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cc,name:cd,slug:ce,abbreviation:cf,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3776,name:cd,slug:ce,abbreviation:cf,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cg,name:ch,slug:ci,abbreviation:cj,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3765,name:ch,slug:ci,abbreviation:cj,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:14,name:ck,slug:cl,abbreviation:cm,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3414,name:ck,slug:cl,abbreviation:cm,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:20,name:cn,slug:co,abbreviation:cp,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3754,name:cn,slug:co,abbreviation:cp,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:Q,name:cq,slug:cr,abbreviation:cs,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2444,name:cq,slug:cr,abbreviation:cs,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:ct,name:cu,slug:cv,abbreviation:cw,space:{id:t,domainName:I,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:ct,name:cu,slug:cv,abbreviation:cw,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:i,name:"GSL Test",slug:"gsl-test",abbreviation:"gslt",space:{id:y,domainName:R,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2356,name:"Frontiers in the Internet of Things",slug:"the-internet-of-things",abbreviation:"friot",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:656,name:"Frontiers in Zoological Science",slug:"zoological-science",abbreviation:"fzoos",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1720,name:"Frontiers in Zoological Research",slug:"zoological-research",abbreviation:"fzolr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3162,name:"Frontiers in Wound Care",slug:"wound-care",abbreviation:"fwoca",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3136,name:"Frontiers in Worm Science",slug:"worm-science",abbreviation:"fwors",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3583,name:"Frontiers in Wind Energy",slug:"wind-energy",abbreviation:"fwinde",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1451,name:"Frontiers in Water",slug:"water",abbreviation:"frwa",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1561,name:"Frontiers in Virtual Reality",slug:"virtual-reality",abbreviation:"frvir",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2000,name:"Frontiers in Virology",slug:"virology",abbreviation:"fviro",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:649,name:"Frontiers in Veterinary Science",slug:"veterinary-science",abbreviation:"fvets",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2176,name:"Frontiers in Urology",slug:"urology",abbreviation:"fruro",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3099,name:"Frontiers in Tuberculosis",slug:"tuberculosis",abbreviation:"ftubr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1843,name:"Frontiers in Tropical Diseases",slug:"tropical-diseases",abbreviation:"fitd",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2417,name:"Frontiers in Transplantation",slug:"transplantation",abbreviation:"frtra",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:473,name:"Frontiers in Toxicology",slug:"toxicology",abbreviation:"ftox",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2105,name:"Frontiers in Thermal Engineering",slug:"thermal-engineering",abbreviation:"fther",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3190,name:"Frontiers in The Neurobiology of Pain",slug:"the-neurobiology-of-pain",abbreviation:e,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1967,name:"Frontiers in Test_Field_Science_Archive",slug:"testfieldsciencearchive",abbreviation:"fntesc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1347,name:"Frontiers in Test_Field_Humanities_Archive",slug:"testfieldhumanitiesarchive",abbreviation:"fntes",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3573,name:"Frontiers in Taxonomy",slug:"taxonomy",abbreviation:"Front. Taxon.",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:t,name:"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience",slug:"systems-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnsys",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1721,name:"Frontiers in Systems Biology",slug:"systems-biology",abbreviation:"fsysb",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3381,name:"Frontiers in Synthetic Biology",slug:"synthetic-biology",abbreviation:"fsybi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:22,name:"Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience",slug:"synaptic-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnsyn",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2299,name:"Frontiers in Sustainable Tourism",slug:"sustainable-tourism",abbreviation:"frsut",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2483,name:"Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management",slug:"sustainable-resource-management",abbreviation:"fsrma",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1335,name:"Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems",slug:"sustainable-food-systems",abbreviation:"fsufs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2726,name:"Frontiers in Sustainable Energy Policy",slug:"sustainable-energy-policy",abbreviation:"fsuep",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1468,name:"Frontiers in Sustainable Cities",slug:"sustainable-cities",abbreviation:"frsc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1397,name:"Frontiers in Sustainable Business",slug:"sustainable-business",abbreviation:"fisb",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1547,name:"Frontiers in Sustainability",slug:"sustainability",abbreviation:"frsus",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:604,name:"Frontiers in Surgery",slug:"surgery",abbreviation:"fsurg",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2504,name:"Frontiers in Structural Biology",slug:"structural-biology",abbreviation:"frsbi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2497,name:"Frontiers in Stroke",slug:"stroke",abbreviation:"fstro",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3434,name:"Frontiers in Stem Cells",slug:"stem-cells",abbreviation:"fstce",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1482,name:"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living",slug:"sports-and-active-living",abbreviation:"fspor",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1695,name:"Frontiers in Space Technologies",slug:"space-technologies",abbreviation:"frspt",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3519,name:"Frontiers in Solar Energy",slug:"solar-energy",abbreviation:"fsoln",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1718,name:"Frontiers in Soil Science",slug:"soil-science",abbreviation:"fsoil",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2346,name:"Frontiers in Soft Matter",slug:"soft-matter",abbreviation:"frsfm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1213,name:"Frontiers in Sociology",slug:"sociology",abbreviation:"fsoc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:S,name:"Frontiers in Society Journal Archive",slug:"society-journal-archive",abbreviation:T,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2690,name:"Frontiers in Social Psychology",slug:"social-psychology",abbreviation:"frsps",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2819,name:"Frontiers in Smart Grids",slug:"smart-grids",abbreviation:"frsgr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2288,name:"Frontiers in Sleep",slug:"sleep",abbreviation:"frsle",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2552,name:"Frontiers in Skin Cancer",slug:"skin-cancer",abbreviation:"fskcr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1786,name:"Frontiers in Signal Processing",slug:"signal-processing",abbreviation:"frsip",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1704,name:"Frontiers in Sensors",slug:"sensors",abbreviation:"fsens",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:t,name:"Frontiers in Science archive",slug:"science-archive",abbreviation:J,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3737,name:"Frontiers in Science Diplomacy",slug:"science-diplomacy",abbreviation:"fsdip",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2766,name:"Frontiers in Science",slug:"science",abbreviation:"fsci",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:657,name:"Frontiers in Robotics and AI",slug:"robotics-and-ai",abbreviation:"frobt",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1606,name:"Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics",slug:"research-metrics-and-analytics",abbreviation:"frma",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1479,name:"Frontiers in Reproductive Health",slug:"reproductive-health",abbreviation:"frph",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1830,name:"Frontiers in Remote Sensing",slug:"remote-sensing",abbreviation:"frsen",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:659,name:"Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences",slug:"rehabilitation-sciences",abbreviation:"fresc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3550,name:"Frontiers in Regenerative Medicine",slug:"regenerative-medicine",abbreviation:"fregm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1949,name:"Frontiers in Radiology",slug:"radiology",abbreviation:"fradi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3189,name:"Frontiers in RNA Research",slug:"rna-research",abbreviation:"frnar",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2306,name:"Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology",slug:"quantum-science-and-technology",abbreviation:"frqst",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:S,name:"Frontiers in Public Health Archive",slug:"public-health-archive",abbreviation:T,space:{id:t,domainName:I,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:609,name:"Frontiers in Public Health",slug:"public-health",abbreviation:"fpubh",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:36,name:"Frontiers in Psychology",slug:"psychology",abbreviation:"fpsyg",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:71,name:"Frontiers in Psychiatry",slug:"psychiatry",abbreviation:"fpsyt",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3267,name:"Frontiers in Protistology",slug:"protistology",abbreviation:"frpro",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2452,name:"Frontiers in Proteomics",slug:"proteomics",abbreviation:"fprot",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3171,name:"Frontiers in Prosthetics and Orthotics",slug:"prosthetics-and-orthotics",abbreviation:"fpror ",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3643,name:"Frontiers in Polymer Science",slug:"polymer-science",abbreviation:"fplms",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1558,name:"Frontiers in Political Science",slug:"political-science",abbreviation:"fpos",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3615,name:"Frontiers in Polar Science",slug:"polar-science",abbreviation:"fposc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:373,name:"Frontiers in Plant Science",slug:"plant-science",abbreviation:"fpls",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3477,name:"Frontiers in Plant Physiology",slug:"plant-physiology",abbreviation:"fphgy",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3589,name:"Frontiers in Plant Genomics",slug:"plant-genomics",abbreviation:"fpgen",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3579,name:"Frontiers in Plant Ecology",slug:"plant-ecology",abbreviation:"fpley",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:210,name:"Frontiers in Physiology",slug:"physiology",abbreviation:"fphys",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:616,name:"Frontiers in Physics",slug:"physics",abbreviation:"fphy",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1803,name:"Frontiers in Photonics",slug:"photonics",abbreviation:"fphot",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3604,name:"Frontiers in Photobiology",slug:"photobiology",abbreviation:"fphbi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:176,name:"Frontiers in Pharmacology",slug:"pharmacology",abbreviation:"fphar",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3388,name:"Frontiers in Personality Disorders",slug:"personality-disorders",abbreviation:"fprsd",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:606,name:"Frontiers in Pediatrics",slug:"pediatrics",abbreviation:"fped",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2554,name:"Frontiers in Pediatric Dermatology",slug:"pediatric-dermatology",abbreviation:"fpdm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:S,name:"Frontiers in Pathology and Oncology Archive",slug:"pathology-and-oncology-archive",abbreviation:T,space:{id:x,domainName:P,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:610,name:cx,slug:cy,abbreviation:cz,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3351,name:cx,slug:cy,abbreviation:cz,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2705,name:"Frontiers in Parasitology",slug:"parasitology",abbreviation:"fpara",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1727,name:"Frontiers in Pain Research",slug:"pain-research",abbreviation:"fpain",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2679,name:"Frontiers in Organizational Psychology",slug:"organizational-psychology",abbreviation:"forgp",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1702,name:"Frontiers in Oral Health",slug:"oral-health",abbreviation:"froh",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2232,name:"Frontiers in Ophthalmology",slug:"ophthalmology",abbreviation:"fopht",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:451,name:"Frontiers in Oncology",slug:"oncology",abbreviation:"fonc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3123,name:"Frontiers in Ocean Sustainability",slug:"ocean-sustainability",abbreviation:"focsu",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2612,name:"Frontiers in Occupational Therapy",slug:"occupational-therapy",abbreviation:"froct",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:628,name:"Frontiers in Nutrition",slug:"nutrition",abbreviation:"fnut",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2062,name:"Frontiers in Nuclear Medicine",slug:"nuclear-medicine",abbreviation:"fnume",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2172,name:"Frontiers in Nuclear Engineering",slug:"nuclear-engineering",abbreviation:"fnuen",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:c,name:"Frontiers in Neuroscience",slug:"neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnins",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:O,name:"Frontiers in Neurorobotics",slug:"neurorobotics",abbreviation:"fnbot",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3056,name:"Frontiers in Neuropsychiatry",slug:"neuropsychiatry",abbreviation:"fnpsy",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:141,name:"Frontiers in Neurology",slug:"neurology",abbreviation:"fneur",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cA,name:"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics",slug:"neuroinformatics",abbreviation:"fninf",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3283,name:"Frontiers in Neuroinflammation",slug:"neuroinflammation",abbreviation:"fnein",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1973,name:"Frontiers in Neuroimaging",slug:"neuroimaging",abbreviation:"fnimg",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1833,name:"Frontiers in Neuroergonomics",slug:"neuroergonomics",abbreviation:"fnrgo",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:N,name:"Frontiers in Neuroengineering",slug:"neuroengineering",abbreviation:"fneng",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cB,name:"Frontiers in Neuroenergetics",slug:"neuroenergetics",abbreviation:"fnene",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:x,name:"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy",slug:"neuroanatomy",abbreviation:"fnana",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cg,name:"Frontiers in Neural Circuits",slug:"neural-circuits",abbreviation:"fncir",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2021,name:"Frontiers in Network Physiology",slug:"network-physiology",abbreviation:"fnetp",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3130,name:"Frontiers in Network Neuroscience",slug:"network-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnnsc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2357,name:"Frontiers in Nephrology",slug:"nephrology",abbreviation:"fneph",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2320,name:"Frontiers in Natural Products",slug:"natural-products",abbreviation:"fntpr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1528,name:"Frontiers in Nanotechnology",slug:"nanotechnology",abbreviation:"fnano",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2882,name:"Frontiers in Musculoskeletal Disorders",slug:"musculoskeletal-disorders",abbreviation:"fmscd",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3275,name:"Frontiers in Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"multiple-sclerosis",abbreviation:"fmscr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3152,name:"Frontiers in Mollusk Science",slug:"mollusk-science",abbreviation:"fmlsc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2031,name:"Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience",slug:"molecular-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnmol",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2086,name:"Frontiers in Molecular Medicine",slug:"molecular-medicine",abbreviation:"fmmed",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:698,name:"Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences",slug:"molecular-biosciences",abbreviation:"fmolb",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2807,name:"Frontiers in Microbiomes",slug:"microbiomes",abbreviation:"frmbi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:310,name:"Frontiers in Microbiology",slug:"microbiology",abbreviation:"fmicb",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2327,name:"Frontiers in Metals and Alloys",slug:"metals-and-alloys",abbreviation:"ftmal",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2307,name:"Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology",slug:"membrane-science-and-technology",abbreviation:"frmst",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:602,name:"Frontiers in Medicine",slug:"medicine",abbreviation:"fmed",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1573,name:"Frontiers in Medical Technology",slug:"medical-technology",abbreviation:"fmedt",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3135,name:"Frontiers in Medical Engineering",slug:"medical-engineering",abbreviation:"fmede",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:950,name:"Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering",slug:"mechanical-engineering",abbreviation:"fmech",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:608,name:"Frontiers in Materials",slug:"materials",abbreviation:"fmats",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:u,name:p,slug:v,abbreviation:X,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2100,name:"Frontiers in Manufacturing Technology",slug:"manufacturing-technology",abbreviation:"fmtec",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2931,name:"Frontiers in Mammal Science",slug:"mammal-science",abbreviation:"fmamm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2896,name:"Frontiers in Malaria",slug:"malaria",abbreviation:"fmala",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3107,name:"Frontiers in Lupus",slug:"lupus",abbreviation:"flupu",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:435,name:"Frontiers in Linguistics",slug:"linguistics",abbreviation:"fling",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2636,name:"Frontiers in Language Sciences",slug:"language-sciences",abbreviation:"flang",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2670,name:"Frontiers in Lab on a Chip Technologies",slug:"lab-on-a-chip-technologies",abbreviation:"frlct",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cC,name:"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience",slug:"integrative-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnint",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1723,name:"Frontiers in Insect Science",slug:"insect-science",abbreviation:"finsc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3093,name:"Frontiers in Influenza",slug:"influenza",abbreviation:"finfl",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3073,name:"Frontiers in Inflammation",slug:"inflammation",abbreviation:"finmn",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3200,name:"Frontiers in Industrial Microbiology",slug:"industrial-microbiology",abbreviation:"finmi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3291,name:"Frontiers in Industrial Engineering",slug:"industrial-engineering",abbreviation:"fieng",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2765,name:"Frontiers in Impact Journals",slug:"impact-journals",abbreviation:e,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3078,name:"Frontiers in Immunotherapeutics",slug:"immunotherapeutics",abbreviation:"fimms",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:276,name:"Frontiers in Immunology",slug:"immunology",abbreviation:"fimmu",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2379,name:"Frontiers in Imaging",slug:"imaging",abbreviation:"fimag",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:629,name:"Frontiers in ICT",slug:"ict",abbreviation:"fict",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:16,name:"Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences Archive",slug:"humanities-and-social-sciences-archive",abbreviation:J,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3759,name:"Frontiers in Human Rights",slug:"human-rights",abbreviation:e,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1588,name:"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience",slug:"human-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnhum",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1533,name:"Frontiers in Human Dynamics",slug:"human-dynamics",abbreviation:"fhumd",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2733,name:"Frontiers in Horticulture",slug:"horticulture",abbreviation:"fhort",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3316,name:"Frontiers in Histology",slug:"histology",abbreviation:"frhis",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2378,name:"Frontiers in High Performance Computing",slug:"high-performance-computing",abbreviation:"fhpcp",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2456,name:"Frontiers in Hematology",slug:"hematology",abbreviation:"frhem",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2063,name:"Frontiers in Health Services",slug:"health-services",abbreviation:"frhs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:x,name:"Frontiers in Health Archive",slug:"health-archive",abbreviation:J,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3508,name:"Frontiers in Green Chemistry",slug:"green-chemistry",abbreviation:"fgrch",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1728,name:"Frontiers in Global Women's Health",slug:"global-womens-health",abbreviation:"fgwh",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2918,name:"Frontiers in Geochemistry",slug:"geochemistry",abbreviation:"fgeoc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1540,name:"Frontiers in Genome Editing",slug:"genome-editing",abbreviation:"fgeed",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:240,name:"Frontiers in Genetics",slug:"genetics",abbreviation:"fgene",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3496,name:"Frontiers in Genetic Microbiology",slug:"genetic-microbiology",abbreviation:"fgemi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3227,name:"Frontiers in Genetic Disorders",slug:"genetic-disorders",abbreviation:"frged",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2333,name:"Frontiers in Gastroenterology",slug:"gastroenterology",abbreviation:"fgstr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1529,name:"Frontiers in Future Transportation",slug:"future-transportation",abbreviation:"ffutr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1725,name:"Frontiers in Fungal Biology",slug:"fungal-biology",abbreviation:"ffunb",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2826,name:"Frontiers in Fuels",slug:"fuels",abbreviation:"ffuel",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3207,name:"Frontiers in Freshwater Science",slug:"freshwater-science",abbreviation:"ffwsc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1366,name:"Frontiers in Forests and Global Change",slug:"forests-and-global-change",abbreviation:"ffgc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2689,name:"Frontiers in Forensic Science",slug:"forensic-science",abbreviation:e,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2289,name:"Frontiers in Food Science and Technology",slug:"food-science-and-technology",abbreviation:"frfst",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3559,name:"Frontiers in Fluorescence",slug:"fluorescence",abbreviation:"fflur",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2987,name:"Frontiers in Fish Science",slug:"fish-science",abbreviation:"frish",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3489,name:"Frontiers in Fire Science and Technology",slug:"fire-science-and-technology",abbreviation:"firtc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2749,name:"Frontiers in Financial Economics",slug:"financial-economics",abbreviation:"ffecn",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:c,name:"Frontiers in FSHIP Test Journal",slug:"fship-test-journal",abbreviation:"ftest",space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cc,name:"Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience",slug:"evolutionary-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnevo",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2955,name:"Frontiers in Ethology",slug:"ethology",abbreviation:"fetho",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3032,name:"Frontiers in Epigenetics and Epigenomics",slug:"epigenetics-and-epigenomics",abbreviation:"freae",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2394,name:"Frontiers in Epidemiology",slug:"epidemiology",abbreviation:"fepid",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3450,name:"Frontiers in Environmental Toxicology",slug:"environmental-toxicology",abbreviation:"fentx",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:627,name:"Frontiers in Environmental Science",slug:"environmental-science",abbreviation:"fenvs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2888,name:"Frontiers in Environmental Health",slug:"environmental-health",abbreviation:"fenvh",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2851,name:"Frontiers in Environmental Engineering",slug:"environmental-engineering",abbreviation:"fenve",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2547,name:"Frontiers in Environmental Economics",slug:"environmental-economics",abbreviation:"frevc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1697,name:"Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry",slug:"environmental-chemistry",abbreviation:"fenvc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2756,name:"Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology",slug:"environmental-archaeology",abbreviation:"fearc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:15,name:"Frontiers in Engineering archive",slug:"engineering-archive",abbreviation:J,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:626,name:"Frontiers in Energy Research",slug:"energy-research",abbreviation:"fenrg",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3115,name:"Frontiers in Energy Efficiency",slug:"energy-efficiency",abbreviation:"fenef",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:106,name:"Frontiers in Endocrinology",slug:"endocrinology",abbreviation:"fendo",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1696,name:"Frontiers in Electronics",slug:"electronics",abbreviation:"felec",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1800,name:"Frontiers in Electronic Materials",slug:"electronic-materials",abbreviation:"femat",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2998,name:"Frontiers in Educational Psychology",slug:"educational-psychology",abbreviation:"fepys",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1239,name:"Frontiers in Education",slug:"education",abbreviation:"feduc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:625,name:"Frontiers in Economics",slug:"economics",abbreviation:"fecon",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:471,name:"Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution",slug:"ecology-and-evolution",abbreviation:"fevo",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:c,name:"Frontiers in Earth Science Archive",slug:"earth-science-archive",abbreviation:"gslfj",space:{id:y,domainName:R,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:654,name:"Frontiers in Earth Science",slug:"earth-science",abbreviation:"feart",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3309,name:"Frontiers in Earth Observation and Land Monitoring",slug:"earth-observation-and-land-monitoring",abbreviation:"feolm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2161,name:"Frontiers in Drug Safety and Regulation",slug:"drug-safety-and-regulation",abbreviation:"fdsfr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2137,name:"Frontiers in Drug Discovery",slug:"drug-discovery",abbreviation:"fddsv",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2136,name:"Frontiers in Drug Delivery",slug:"drug-delivery",abbreviation:"fddev",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2775,name:"Frontiers in Disaster and Emergency Medicine",slug:"disaster-and-emergency-medicine",abbreviation:"femer",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:788,name:"Frontiers in Digital Humanities",slug:"digital-humanities",abbreviation:"fdigh",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1534,name:"Frontiers in Digital Health",slug:"digital-health",abbreviation:"fdgth",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2999,name:"Frontiers in Developmental Psychology",slug:"developmental-psychology",abbreviation:"fdpys",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2873,name:"Frontiers in Detector Science and Technology",slug:"detector-science-and-technology",abbreviation:"fdest",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3611,name:"Frontiers in Design Engineering",slug:"design-engineering",abbreviation:"fdese",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2550,name:"Frontiers in Dermatological Research",slug:"dermatological-research",abbreviation:"fdmre",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:607,name:"Frontiers in Dental Medicine",slug:"dental-medicine",abbreviation:"fdmed",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2597,name:"Frontiers in Dementia",slug:"dementia",abbreviation:"frdem",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1785,name:"Frontiers in Control Engineering",slug:"control-engineering",abbreviation:"fcteg",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1724,name:"Frontiers in Conservation Science",slug:"conservation-science",abbreviation:"fcosc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3454,name:"Frontiers in Condensed Matter",slug:"condensed-matter",abbreviation:"fconm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1511,name:"Frontiers in Computer Science",slug:"computer-science",abbreviation:"fcomp",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3566,name:"Frontiers in Computational Physiology",slug:"computational-physiology",abbreviation:"fcphy",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:bP,name:"Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience",slug:"computational-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fncom",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:aP,name:"Frontiers in Complex Systems",slug:"complex-systems",abbreviation:"fcpxs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1787,name:"Frontiers in Communications and Networks",slug:"communications-and-networks",abbreviation:"frcmn",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1238,name:"Frontiers in Communication",slug:"communication",abbreviation:"fcomm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2535,name:"Frontiers in Cognition",slug:"cognition",abbreviation:"fcogn",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2857,name:"Frontiers in Coatings, Dyes and Interface Engineering",slug:"coatings-dyes-and-interface-engineering",abbreviation:"frcdi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3222,name:"Frontiers in Clinical Microbiology",slug:"clinical-microbiology",abbreviation:"fclmi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1729,name:"Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare",slug:"clinical-diabetes-and-healthcare",abbreviation:"fcdhc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2551,name:"Frontiers in Clinical Dermatology",slug:"clinical-dermatology",abbreviation:"fcldm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1490,name:"Frontiers in Climate",slug:"climate",abbreviation:"fclim",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3338,name:"Frontiers in Chromosome Research",slug:"chromosome-research",abbreviation:e,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2587,name:"Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry",slug:"child-and-adolescent-psychiatry",abbreviation:"frcha",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:601,name:"Frontiers in Chemistry",slug:"chemistry",abbreviation:"fchem",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1532,name:"Frontiers in Chemical Engineering",slug:"chemical-engineering",abbreviation:"fceng",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3038,name:"Frontiers in Chemical Biology",slug:"chemical-biology",abbreviation:"fchbi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3322,name:"Frontiers in Ceramics",slug:"ceramics",abbreviation:"fceic",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1440,name:"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology",slug:"cellular-and-infection-microbiology",abbreviation:"fcimb",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1523,name:"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience",slug:"cellular-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fncel",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3084,name:"Frontiers in Cellular Immunology",slug:"cellular-immunology",abbreviation:"fcimy",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:403,name:"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology",slug:"cell-and-developmental-biology",abbreviation:"fcell",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3178,name:"Frontiers in Cell Signaling",slug:"cell-signaling",abbreviation:"fcsig",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2655,name:"Frontiers in Cell Death",slug:"cell-death",abbreviation:"fceld",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1901,name:"Frontiers in Catalysis",slug:"catalysis",abbreviation:"fctls",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:755,name:"Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiovascular-medicine",abbreviation:"fcvm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2662,name:"Frontiers in Carbon",slug:"carbon",abbreviation:"frcrb",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3513,name:"Frontiers in Cancer Interception",slug:"cancer-interception",abbreviation:"fcint",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3433,name:"Frontiers in Cancer Control and Society",slug:"cancer-control-and-society",abbreviation:"fcacs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:921,name:"Frontiers in Built Environment",slug:"built-environment",abbreviation:"fbuil",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1418,name:"Frontiers in Blockchain",slug:"blockchain",abbreviation:"fbloc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2971,name:"Frontiers in Bird Science",slug:"bird-science",abbreviation:"fbirs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3300,name:"Frontiers in Biophysics",slug:"biophysics",abbreviation:"frbis",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2222,name:"Frontiers in Biomaterials Science",slug:"biomaterials-science",abbreviation:"fbiom",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1722,name:"Frontiers in Bioinformatics",slug:"bioinformatics",abbreviation:"fbinf",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:452,name:"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology",slug:"bioengineering-and-biotechnology",abbreviation:"fbioe",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1380,name:"Frontiers in Big Data",slug:"big-data",abbreviation:"fdata",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1589,name:"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience",slug:"behavioral-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnbeh",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2432,name:"Frontiers in Behavioral Economics",slug:"behavioral-economics",abbreviation:"frbhe",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2796,name:"Frontiers in Bee Science",slug:"bee-science",abbreviation:"frbee",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3214,name:"Frontiers in Batteries and Electrochemistry",slug:"batteries-and-electrochemistry",abbreviation:"fbael",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3011,name:"Frontiers in Bacteriology",slug:"bacteriology",abbreviation:"fbrio",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3040,name:"Frontiers in Audiology and Otology",slug:"audiology-and-otology",abbreviation:"fauot",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:603,name:"Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences",slug:"astronomy-and-space-sciences",abbreviation:"fspas",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1437,name:"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence",slug:"artificial-intelligence",abbreviation:"frai",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2940,name:"Frontiers in Arachnid Science",slug:"arachnid-science",abbreviation:"frchs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2834,name:"Frontiers in Aquaculture",slug:"aquaculture",abbreviation:"faquc",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:981,name:"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics",slug:"applied-mathematics-and-statistics",abbreviation:"fams",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3417,name:"Frontiers in Applied Environmental Microbiology",slug:"applied-environmental-microbiology",abbreviation:"faemi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2714,name:"Frontiers in Antibiotics",slug:"antibiotics",abbreviation:"frabi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3443,name:"Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Therapies",slug:"anti-cancer-therapies",abbreviation:"facth",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3253,name:"Frontiers in Antennas and Propagation",slug:"antennas-and-propagation",abbreviation:"fanpr",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1719,name:"Frontiers in Animal Science",slug:"animal-science",abbreviation:"fanim",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2513,name:"Frontiers in Anesthesiology",slug:"anesthesiology",abbreviation:"fanes",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1989,name:"Frontiers in Analytical Science",slug:"analytical-science",abbreviation:"frans",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2909,name:"Frontiers in Amphibian and Reptile Science",slug:"amphibian-and-reptile-science",abbreviation:"famrs",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1705,name:"Frontiers in Allergy",slug:"allergy",abbreviation:"falgy",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1541,name:"Frontiers in Agronomy",slug:"agronomy",abbreviation:"fagro",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3631,name:"Frontiers in Agricultural Engineering",slug:"agricultural-engineering",abbreviation:"faeng",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2477,name:"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience",slug:"aging-neuroscience",abbreviation:"fnagi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:1566,name:"Frontiers in Aging",slug:"aging",abbreviation:"fragi",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2449,name:"Frontiers in Aerospace Engineering",slug:"aerospace-engineering",abbreviation:"fpace",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2195,name:"Frontiers in Adolescent Medicine",slug:"adolescent-medicine",abbreviation:"fradm",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3426,name:"Frontiers in Acoustics",slug:"acoustics",abbreviation:"facou",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:979,name:bN,slug:"frontiers-for-young-minds",abbreviation:"frym",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3260,name:"Frontiers In Ocean Engineering",slug:"frontiers-in-ocean-engineering",abbreviation:"focen",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:O,name:"FSHIP Test Journal 2",slug:"fship-test-journal-2",abbreviation:"FTJ2",space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:i,name:cD,slug:cE,abbreviation:cF,space:{id:Q,domainName:bX,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3746,name:cD,slug:cE,abbreviation:cF,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cA,name:cG,slug:cH,abbreviation:cI,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3231,name:cG,slug:cH,abbreviation:cI,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:y,name:cJ,slug:cK,abbreviation:cL,space:{id:y,domainName:R,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2078,name:cJ,slug:cK,abbreviation:cL,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cC,name:cM,slug:cN,abbreviation:cO,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2359,name:cM,slug:cN,abbreviation:cO,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:aQ,name:cP,slug:cQ,abbreviation:cR,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2446,name:cP,slug:cQ,abbreviation:cR,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:10,name:cS,slug:cT,abbreviation:cU,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3230,name:cS,slug:cT,abbreviation:cU,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:y,name:cV,slug:cW,abbreviation:cX,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:2358,name:cV,slug:cW,abbreviation:cX,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3660,name:"Advanced Optical Technologies",slug:"advanced-optical-technologies",abbreviation:"aot",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:cB,name:cY,slug:cZ,abbreviation:c_,space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3659,name:cY,slug:cZ,abbreviation:c_,space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:N,name:c$,slug:da,abbreviation:"abp",space:{id:i,domainName:k,__typename:b},__typename:a},{id:3695,name:c$,slug:da,abbreviation:"ABP",space:{id:c,domainName:d,__typename:b},__typename:a}]},serverRendered:h,routePath:"\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246\u002Ffull",config:{baseUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org",appName:"article-pages-2022",spaceId:c,spaceName:C,domain:d,loopUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Floop.frontiersin.org",ssMainDomain:d,googleRecaptchaKeyName:"FrontiersRecaptchaV2",googleRecaptchaSiteKey:"6LdG3i0UAAAAAOC4qUh35ubHgJotEHp_STXHgr_v",linkedArticleCopyText:"'{\"articleTypeCopyText\":[{\"articleTypeId\":0,\"originalArticleCopyText\":\"Part of this article's content has been mentioned in:\",\"linkedArticleCopyText\":\"This article mentions parts of:\"},{\"articleTypeId\":122,\"originalArticleCopyText\":\"Parts of this article's content have been modified or rectified in:\",\"linkedArticleCopyText\":\"This article is an erratum on:\"},{\"articleTypeId\":129,\"originalArticleCopyText\":\"Parts of this article's content have been modified or rectified in:\",\"linkedArticleCopyText\":\"This article is an addendum to:\"},{\"articleTypeId\":128,\"originalArticleCopyText\":\"A correction has been applied to this article in:\",\"linkedArticleCopyText\":\"This article is a correction to:\"},{\"articleTypeId\":134,\"originalArticleCopyText\":\"A retraction of this article was approved in:\",\"linkedArticleCopyText\":\"This article is a retraction of:\"},{\"articleTypeId\":29,\"originalArticleCopyText\":\"A commentary has been posted on this article:\",\"linkedArticleCopyText\":\"This article is a commentary on:\"},{\"articleTypeId\":30,\"originalArticleCopyText\":\"A commentary has been posted on this article:\",\"linkedArticleCopyText\":\"This article is a commentary on:\"}],\"articleIdCopyText\":[]}'\n",articleTypeConfigurableLabel:"\u003C\u003Carticle-type:uppercase\u003E\u003E article",terminologySettings:"'{\"terms\":[{\"sequenceNumber\":1,\"key\":\"frontiers\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Frontiers\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Frontiers\",\"category\":\"Customer\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":2,\"key\":\"submission_system\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submission system\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submission system\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":3,\"key\":\"public_pages\",\"tenantTerm\":\"public pages\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"public pages\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":4,\"key\":\"my_frontiers\",\"tenantTerm\":\"my frontiers\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"my frontiers\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":5,\"key\":\"digital_editorial_office\",\"tenantTerm\":\"digital editorial office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"digital editorial office\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":6,\"key\":\"deo\",\"tenantTerm\":\"DEO\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"DEO\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":7,\"key\":\"digital_editorial_office_for_chiefs\",\"tenantTerm\":\"digital editorial office for chiefs\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"digital editorial office for chiefs\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":8,\"key\":\"digital_editorial_office_for_eof\",\"tenantTerm\":\"digital editorial office for eof\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"digital editorial office for eof\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":9,\"key\":\"editorial_office\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial office\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":10,\"key\":\"eof\",\"tenantTerm\":\"EOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"EOF\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":11,\"key\":\"research_topic_management\",\"tenantTerm\":\"research topic management\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"research topic management\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":12,\"key\":\"review_forum\",\"tenantTerm\":\"review forum\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"review forum\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":13,\"key\":\"accounting_office\",\"tenantTerm\":\"accounting office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accounting office\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":14,\"key\":\"aof\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AOF\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":15,\"key\":\"publishing_office\",\"tenantTerm\":\"publishing office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"publishing office\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":16,\"key\":\"production_office\",\"tenantTerm\":\"production office forum\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"production office forum\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":17,\"key\":\"pof\",\"tenantTerm\":\"POF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"POF\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":18,\"key\":\"book_office_forum\",\"tenantTerm\":\"book office forum\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"book office forum\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":19,\"key\":\"bof\",\"tenantTerm\":\"BOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"BOF\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":20,\"key\":\"aira\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AIRA\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AIRA\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":21,\"key\":\"editorial_board_management\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial board management\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial board management\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":22,\"key\":\"ebm\",\"tenantTerm\":\"EBM\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"EBM\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":23,\"key\":\"domain\",\"tenantTerm\":\"domain\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"domain\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":24,\"key\":\"journal\",\"tenantTerm\":\"journal\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"journal\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":25,\"key\":\"section\",\"tenantTerm\":\"section\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"section\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":26,\"key\":\"domains\",\"tenantTerm\":\"domains\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"domains\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":27,\"key\":\"specialty_section\",\"tenantTerm\":\"specialty section\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"specialty section\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":28,\"key\":\"specialty_journal\",\"tenantTerm\":\"specialty journal\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"specialty journal\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":29,\"key\":\"journals\",\"tenantTerm\":\"journals\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"journals\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":30,\"key\":\"sections\",\"tenantTerm\":\"sections\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"sections\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":31,\"key\":\"specialty_sections\",\"tenantTerm\":\"specialty sections\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"specialty sections\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":32,\"key\":\"specialty_journals\",\"tenantTerm\":\"specialty journals\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"specialty journals\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":33,\"key\":\"manuscript\",\"tenantTerm\":\"manuscript\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"manuscript\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":34,\"key\":\"manuscripts\",\"tenantTerm\":\"manuscripts\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"manuscripts\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":35,\"key\":\"article\",\"tenantTerm\":\"article\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"article\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":36,\"key\":\"articles\",\"tenantTerm\":\"articles\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"articles\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":37,\"key\":\"article_type\",\"tenantTerm\":\"article type\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"article type\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":38,\"key\":\"article_types\",\"tenantTerm\":\"article types\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"article types\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":39,\"key\":\"author\",\"tenantTerm\":\"author\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"author\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":40,\"key\":\"authors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"authors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"authors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":41,\"key\":\"authoring\",\"tenantTerm\":\"authoring\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"authoring\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":42,\"key\":\"authored\",\"tenantTerm\":\"authored\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"authored\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":43,\"key\":\"accept\",\"tenantTerm\":\"accept\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accept\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":44,\"key\":\"accepted\",\"tenantTerm\":\"accepted\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accepted\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":45,\"key\":\"assistant_field_chief_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Assistant Field Chief Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Assistant Field Chief Editor\",\"description\":\"An editorial role on a Field Journal that a Registered User may hold. This gives them rights to different functionality and parts of the platform\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":46,\"key\":\"assistant_specialty_chief_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Assistant Specialty Chief Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Assistant Specialty Chief Editor\",\"description\":\"An editorial role on a specialty that a Registered User may hold. This gives them rights to different functionality and parts of the platform\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":47,\"key\":\"assistant_specialty_chief_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Assistant Specialty Chief Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Assistant Specialty Chief Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":48,\"key\":\"associate_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Associate Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Associate Editor\",\"description\":\"An editorial role on a specialty that a Registered User may hold. This gives them rights to different functionality and parts of the platform\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":49,\"key\":\"specialty_chief_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Specialty Chief Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Specialty Chief Editor\",\"description\":\"An editorial role on a specialty that a Registered User may hold. This gives them rights to different functionality and parts of the platform\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":50,\"key\":\"specialty_chief_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Specialty Chief Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Specialty Chief Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":51,\"key\":\"chief_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Chief Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Chief Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":52,\"key\":\"chief_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Chief Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Chief Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":53,\"key\":\"call_for_participation\",\"tenantTerm\":\"call for participation\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"call for participation\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":54,\"key\":\"citation\",\"tenantTerm\":\"citation\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"citation\",\"category\":\"Misc.\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":55,\"key\":\"citations\",\"tenantTerm\":\"citations\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"citations\",\"category\":\"Misc.\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":56,\"key\":\"contributor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"contributor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"contributor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":57,\"key\":\"contributors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"contributors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"contributors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":58,\"key\":\"corresponding_author\",\"tenantTerm\":\"corresponding author\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"corresponding author\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":59,\"key\":\"corresponding_authors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"corresponding authors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"corresponding authors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":60,\"key\":\"decline\",\"tenantTerm\":\"decline\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"decline\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":61,\"key\":\"declined\",\"tenantTerm\":\"declined\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"declined\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":62,\"key\":\"reject\",\"tenantTerm\":\"reject\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"reject\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":63,\"key\":\"rejected\",\"tenantTerm\":\"rejected\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"rejected\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":64,\"key\":\"publish\",\"tenantTerm\":\"publish\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"publish\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":65,\"key\":\"published\",\"tenantTerm\":\"published\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"published\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":66,\"key\":\"publication\",\"tenantTerm\":\"publication\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"publication\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":67,\"key\":\"peer_review\",\"tenantTerm\":\"peer review\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"peer review\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":68,\"key\":\"peer_reviewed\",\"tenantTerm\":\"peer reviewed\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"peer reviewed\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":69,\"key\":\"initial_validation\",\"tenantTerm\":\"initial validation\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"initial validation\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":70,\"key\":\"editorial_assignment\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial assignment\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial assignment\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":71,\"key\":\"independent_review\",\"tenantTerm\":\"independent review\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"independent review\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":72,\"key\":\"interactive_review\",\"tenantTerm\":\"interactive review\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"interactive review\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":73,\"key\":\"review\",\"tenantTerm\":\"review\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"review\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":74,\"key\":\"reviewing\",\"tenantTerm\":\"reviewing\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"reviewing\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":75,\"key\":\"reviewer\",\"tenantTerm\":\"reviewer\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"reviewer\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":76,\"key\":\"reviewers\",\"tenantTerm\":\"reviewers\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"reviewers\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":77,\"key\":\"review_finalized\",\"tenantTerm\":\"review finalized\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"review finalized\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":78,\"key\":\"final_decision\",\"tenantTerm\":\"final decision\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"final decision\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":79,\"key\":\"final_validation\",\"tenantTerm\":\"final validation\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"final validation\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":80,\"key\":\"ae_accept_manuscript\",\"tenantTerm\":\"recommend to accept manuscript\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accept manuscript\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":81,\"key\":\"fee\",\"tenantTerm\":\"fee\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"fee\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":82,\"key\":\"fees\",\"tenantTerm\":\"fees\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"fees\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":83,\"key\":\"guest_associate_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Guest Associate Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Guest Associate Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":84,\"key\":\"guest_associate_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Guest Associate Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Guest Associate Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":85,\"key\":\"in_review\",\"tenantTerm\":\"in review\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"in review\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":86,\"key\":\"institutional_member\",\"tenantTerm\":\"institutional partner\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"institutional partner\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":87,\"key\":\"institutional_membership\",\"tenantTerm\":\"institutional partnership\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"institutional partnership\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":88,\"key\":\"article_processing_charge\",\"tenantTerm\":\"article processing charge\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"article processing charge\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":89,\"key\":\"article_processing_charges\",\"tenantTerm\":\"article processing charges\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"article processing charges\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":90,\"key\":\"apcs\",\"tenantTerm\":\"APCs\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"APCs\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":91,\"key\":\"apc\",\"tenantTerm\":\"APC\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"APC\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":92,\"key\":\"received\",\"tenantTerm\":\"received\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"received\",\"description\":\"Date manuscript was received on.\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":93,\"key\":\"transferred\",\"tenantTerm\":\"transferred\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"transferred\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":94,\"key\":\"transfer\",\"tenantTerm\":\"transfer\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"transfer\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":95,\"key\":\"research_topic\",\"tenantTerm\":\"research topic\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"research topic\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":96,\"key\":\"research_topics\",\"tenantTerm\":\"research topics\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"research topics\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":97,\"key\":\"topic_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Topic Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Topic Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":98,\"key\":\"review_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Review Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Review Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":99,\"key\":\"title\",\"tenantTerm\":\"title\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"title\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":100,\"key\":\"running_title\",\"tenantTerm\":\"running title\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"running title\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":101,\"key\":\"submit\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submit\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submit\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":102,\"key\":\"submitted\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submitted\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submitted\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":103,\"key\":\"submitting\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submitting\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submitting\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":104,\"key\":\"t_e\",\"tenantTerm\":\"TE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"TE\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":105,\"key\":\"topic\",\"tenantTerm\":\"topic\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"topic\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":106,\"key\":\"topic_summary\",\"tenantTerm\":\"topic summary\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"topic summary\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":107,\"key\":\"figure\",\"tenantTerm\":\"figure\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"figure\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":108,\"key\":\"figures\",\"tenantTerm\":\"figures\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"figures\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":109,\"key\":\"editorial_file\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial file\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial file\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":110,\"key\":\"editorial_files\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial files\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial files\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":111,\"key\":\"e_book\",\"tenantTerm\":\"e-book\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"e-book\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":112,\"key\":\"organization\",\"tenantTerm\":\"organization\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"organization\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":113,\"key\":\"institution\",\"tenantTerm\":\"institution\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"institution\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":114,\"key\":\"reference\",\"tenantTerm\":\"reference\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"reference\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":115,\"key\":\"references\",\"tenantTerm\":\"references\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"references\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":116,\"key\":\"sce\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SCE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SCE\",\"description\":\"Abbreviation for Specialty Chief Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":117,\"key\":\"submission\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submission\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submission\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":118,\"key\":\"submissions\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submissions\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submissions\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":119,\"key\":\"editing\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editing\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editing\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":120,\"key\":\"in_preparation\",\"tenantTerm\":\"in preparation\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"in preparation\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":121,\"key\":\"country_region\",\"tenantTerm\":\"country\u002Fregion\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"country\u002Fregion\",\"description\":\"Because of political issues, some of the country listings are actually classified as `regions` and we need to include this. However other clients may not want to do this.\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":122,\"key\":\"countries_regions\",\"tenantTerm\":\"countries\u002Fregions\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"countries\u002Fregions\",\"description\":\"Because of political issues, some of the country listings are actually classified as `regions` and we need to include this. However other clients may not want to do this.\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":123,\"key\":\"specialty\",\"tenantTerm\":\"specialty\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"specialty\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":124,\"key\":\"specialties\",\"tenantTerm\":\"specialties\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"specialties\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":125,\"key\":\"associate_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Associate Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Associate Editors\",\"description\":\"An editorial role on a specialty that a Registered User may hold. This gives them rights to different functionality and parts of the platform\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":126,\"key\":\"reviewed\",\"tenantTerm\":\"reviewed\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"reviewed\",\"category\":\"Peer Review Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":127,\"key\":\"institutional_members\",\"tenantTerm\":\"institutional partners\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"institutional partners\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":128,\"key\":\"institutional_memberships\",\"tenantTerm\":\"institutional partnerships\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"institutional partnerships\",\"category\":\"Accounting\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":129,\"key\":\"assistant_field_chief_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Assistant Field Chief Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Assistant Field Chief Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":130,\"key\":\"publications\",\"tenantTerm\":\"publications\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"publications\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":131,\"key\":\"ae_accepted\",\"tenantTerm\":\"recommended acceptance\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accepted\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":132,\"key\":\"field_journal\",\"tenantTerm\":\"field journal\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"field journal\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":133,\"key\":\"field_journals\",\"tenantTerm\":\"field journals\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"field journals\",\"category\":\"Taxonomy\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":134,\"key\":\"program_manager\",\"tenantTerm\":\"program manager\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"program manager\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":135,\"key\":\"journal_manager\",\"tenantTerm\":\"journal manager\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"journal manager\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":136,\"key\":\"journal_specialist\",\"tenantTerm\":\"journal specialist\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"journal specialist\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":137,\"key\":\"program_managers\",\"tenantTerm\":\"program managers\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"program managers\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":138,\"key\":\"journal_managers\",\"tenantTerm\":\"journal managers\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"journal managers\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":139,\"key\":\"journal_specialists\",\"tenantTerm\":\"journal specialists\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"journal specialists\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":140,\"key\":\"cover_letter\",\"tenantTerm\":\"manuscript contribution to the field\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"manuscript contribution to the field\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":141,\"key\":\"ae_accepted_manuscript\",\"tenantTerm\":\"recommended to accept manuscript\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accepted manuscript\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":142,\"key\":\"recommend_for_rejection\",\"tenantTerm\":\"recommend for rejection\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"recommend for rejection\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":143,\"key\":\"recommended_for_rejection\",\"tenantTerm\":\"recommended for rejection\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"recommended for rejection\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":144,\"key\":\"ae\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AE\",\"description\":\"Associate Editor - board member\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":145,\"key\":\"re\",\"tenantTerm\":\"RE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"RE\",\"description\":\"Review Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":146,\"key\":\"rev\",\"tenantTerm\":\"REV\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"REV\",\"description\":\"Reviewer\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":147,\"key\":\"aut\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AUT\",\"description\":\"Author\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":148,\"key\":\"coraut\",\"tenantTerm\":\"CORAUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"CORAUT\",\"description\":\"Corresponding author\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":149,\"key\":\"saut\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SAUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SAUT\",\"description\":\"Submitting author\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":150,\"key\":\"coaut\",\"tenantTerm\":\"COAUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"COAUT\",\"description\":\"co-author\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":151,\"key\":\"tsof\",\"tenantTerm\":\"TSOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"TSOF\",\"description\":\"Typesetter\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":152,\"key\":\"typesetting_office\",\"tenantTerm\":\"typesetting office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"typesetting office\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":153,\"key\":\"config\",\"tenantTerm\":\"CONFIG\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"CONFIG\",\"description\":\"Configuration office role\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":154,\"key\":\"jm\",\"tenantTerm\":\"JM\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"JM\",\"description\":\"Journal Manager\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":155,\"key\":\"rte\",\"tenantTerm\":\"RTE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"RTE\",\"description\":\"Research topic editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":156,\"key\":\"organizations\",\"tenantTerm\":\"organizations\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"organizations\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":157,\"key\":\"publishing\",\"tenantTerm\":\"publishing\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"publishing\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":158,\"key\":\"acceptance\",\"tenantTerm\":\"acceptance\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"acceptance\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":159,\"key\":\"preferred_associate_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"preferred associate editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"preferred associate editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":160,\"key\":\"topic_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Topic Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Topic Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":161,\"key\":\"institutions\",\"tenantTerm\":\"institutions\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"institutions\",\"category\":\"Core\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":162,\"key\":\"author(s)\",\"tenantTerm\":\"author(s)\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"author(s)\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":163,\"key\":\"figure(s)\",\"tenantTerm\":\"figure(s)\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"figure(s)\",\"category\":\"Manuscript Metadata\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":164,\"key\":\"co-authors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"co-authors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"co-authors\",\"description\":\"co-authors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":165,\"key\":\"editorial_board_members\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial board members\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial board members\",\"description\":\"editorial board members\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":166,\"key\":\"editorial_board\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial board\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial board\",\"description\":\"editorial board\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":167,\"key\":\"co-authorship\",\"tenantTerm\":\"co-authorship\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"co-authorship\",\"description\":\"co-authorship\",\"category\":\"Misc.\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":168,\"key\":\"role_id_1\",\"tenantTerm\":\"registration office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"registration office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":169,\"key\":\"role_id_2\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":170,\"key\":\"role_id_7\",\"tenantTerm\":\"field chief editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"field chief editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":171,\"key\":\"role_id_8\",\"tenantTerm\":\"assistant field chief editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"assistant field chief editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":172,\"key\":\"role_id_9\",\"tenantTerm\":\"specialty chief editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"specialty chief editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":173,\"key\":\"role_id_10\",\"tenantTerm\":\"assistant specialty chief editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"assistant specialty chief editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":174,\"key\":\"role_id_11\",\"tenantTerm\":\"associate editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"associate editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":175,\"key\":\"role_id_12\",\"tenantTerm\":\"guest associate editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"guest associate editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":176,\"key\":\"role_id_13\",\"tenantTerm\":\"review editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"review editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":177,\"key\":\"role_id_14\",\"tenantTerm\":\"reviewer\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"reviewer\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":178,\"key\":\"role_id_15\",\"tenantTerm\":\"author\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"author\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":179,\"key\":\"role_id_16\",\"tenantTerm\":\"corresponding author\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"corresponding author\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":180,\"key\":\"role_id_17\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submitting author\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submitting author\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":181,\"key\":\"role_id_18\",\"tenantTerm\":\"co-author\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"co-author\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":182,\"key\":\"role_id_20\",\"tenantTerm\":\"production office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"production office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":183,\"key\":\"role_id_22\",\"tenantTerm\":\"typesetting office (typesetter)\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"typesetting office (typesetter)\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":184,\"key\":\"role_id_24\",\"tenantTerm\":\"registered user\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"registered user\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":185,\"key\":\"role_id_35\",\"tenantTerm\":\"job office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"job office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":186,\"key\":\"role_id_41\",\"tenantTerm\":\"special event administrator\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"special event administrator\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":187,\"key\":\"role_id_42\",\"tenantTerm\":\"special event reviewer\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"special event reviewer\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":188,\"key\":\"role_id_43\",\"tenantTerm\":\"submit abstract\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"submit abstract\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":189,\"key\":\"role_id_52\",\"tenantTerm\":\"events office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"events office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":190,\"key\":\"role_id_53\",\"tenantTerm\":\"event administrator\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"event administrator\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":191,\"key\":\"role_id_89\",\"tenantTerm\":\"content management office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"content management office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":192,\"key\":\"role_id_98\",\"tenantTerm\":\"accounting office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accounting office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":193,\"key\":\"role_id_99\",\"tenantTerm\":\"projects\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"projects\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":194,\"key\":\"role_id_103\",\"tenantTerm\":\"configuration office\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"configuration office\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":195,\"key\":\"role_id_104\",\"tenantTerm\":\"beta user\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"beta user\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":196,\"key\":\"role_id_106\",\"tenantTerm\":\"wfconf\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"wfconf\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":197,\"key\":\"role_id_107\",\"tenantTerm\":\"rt management beta user\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"rt management beta user\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":198,\"key\":\"role_id_108\",\"tenantTerm\":\"deo beta user\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"deo beta user\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":199,\"key\":\"role_id_109\",\"tenantTerm\":\"search beta user\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"search beta user\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":200,\"key\":\"role_id_110\",\"tenantTerm\":\"journal manager\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"journal manager\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":201,\"key\":\"role_id_111\",\"tenantTerm\":\"myfrontiers beta user\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"myfrontiers beta user\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":202,\"key\":\"role_id_21\",\"tenantTerm\":\"copy editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"copy editor\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":203,\"key\":\"role_id_1_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"ROF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"ROF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":204,\"key\":\"role_id_2_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"EOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"EOF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":205,\"key\":\"role_id_7_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"FCE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"FCE\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":206,\"key\":\"role_id_8_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AFCE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AFCE\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":207,\"key\":\"role_id_9_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SCE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SCE\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":208,\"key\":\"role_id_10_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"ASCE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"ASCE\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":209,\"key\":\"role_id_11_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AE\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":210,\"key\":\"role_id_12_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"GAE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"GAE\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":211,\"key\":\"role_id_13_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"RE\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"RE\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":212,\"key\":\"role_id_14_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"REV\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"REV\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":213,\"key\":\"role_id_15_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AUT\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":214,\"key\":\"role_id_16_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"CORAUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"CORAUT\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":215,\"key\":\"role_id_17_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SAUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SAUT\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":216,\"key\":\"role_id_18_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"COAUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"COAUT\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":217,\"key\":\"role_id_20_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"POF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"POF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":218,\"key\":\"role_id_22_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"TSOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"TSOF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":219,\"key\":\"role_id_24_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"RU\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"RU\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":220,\"key\":\"role_id_35_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"JOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"JOF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":221,\"key\":\"role_id_41_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SE-ADM\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SE-ADM\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":222,\"key\":\"role_id_42_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SE-REV\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SE-REV\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":223,\"key\":\"role_id_43_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SE-AUT\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SE-AUT\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":224,\"key\":\"role_id_52_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"EVOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"EVOF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":225,\"key\":\"role_id_53_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"EV-ADM\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"EV-ADM\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":226,\"key\":\"role_id_89_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"COMOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"COMOF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":227,\"key\":\"role_id_98_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"AOF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"AOF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":228,\"key\":\"role_id_99_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Projects\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Projects\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":229,\"key\":\"role_id_103_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"CONFIG\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"CONFIG\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":230,\"key\":\"role_id_104_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"BETA\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"BETA\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":231,\"key\":\"role_id_106_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"WFCONF\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"WFCONF\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":232,\"key\":\"role_id_107_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"RTBETA\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"RTBETA\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":233,\"key\":\"role_id_108_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"DEOBETA\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"DEOBETA\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":234,\"key\":\"role_id_109_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"SEARCHBETA\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"SEARCHBETA\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":235,\"key\":\"role_id_110_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"JM\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"JM\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":236,\"key\":\"role_id_111_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"MFBETA\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"MFBETA\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":237,\"key\":\"role_id_21_abr\",\"tenantTerm\":\"COPED\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"COPED\",\"category\":\"User Role\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":238,\"key\":\"reviewer_editorial_board\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial board\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editorial board\",\"description\":\"This is the label for the review editorial board\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":239,\"key\":\"field_chief_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Field Chief Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Field Chief Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":240,\"key\":\"field_chief_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Field Chief Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Field Chief Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":241,\"key\":\"editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":242,\"key\":\"editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":243,\"key\":\"board\",\"tenantTerm\":\"board\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"board\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":244,\"key\":\"boards\",\"tenantTerm\":\"boards\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"boards\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":245,\"key\":\"article_collection\",\"tenantTerm\":\"article collection\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"article collection\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":246,\"key\":\"article_collections\",\"tenantTerm\":\"article collections\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"article collections\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":247,\"key\":\"handling_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"handling editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"associate editor\",\"description\":\"This terminology key is for the person assigned to edit a manuscript. It is a label for the temporary handling editor assignment.\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":248,\"key\":\"handling_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"handling editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"associate editors\",\"description\":\"This terminology key is for the person assigned to edit a manuscript. It is a label for the temporary handling editor assignment.\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":249,\"key\":\"ae_accept\",\"tenantTerm\":\"recommend acceptance\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"accept\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":250,\"key\":\"rtm\",\"tenantTerm\":\"RTM\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"RTM\",\"category\":\"Product\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":251,\"key\":\"frontiers_media_sa\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Frontiers Media S.A\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Frontiers Media S.A\",\"category\":\"Customer\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":252,\"key\":\"review_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Review Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Review Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":253,\"key\":\"journal_card_chief_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Chief Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Chief Editor\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":254,\"key\":\"journal_card_chief_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Chief Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Chief Editors\",\"category\":\"Label (Role)\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":255,\"key\":\"call_for_papers\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Call for papers\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Call for papers\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":256,\"key\":\"calls_for_papers\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Calls for papers\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Calls for papers\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":257,\"key\":\"supervising_editor\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Supervising Editor\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Supervising Editor\",\"description\":\"A Chief or Assistant Chief editor who is assigned to a manuscript to supervise.\",\"category\":\"Role\",\"externalKey\":\"supervising_editor\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":258,\"key\":\"supervising_editors\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Supervising Editors\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Supervising Editors\",\"description\":\"A Chief or Assistant Chief editor who is assigned to a manuscript to supervise.\",\"category\":\"Role\",\"externalKey\":\"supervising_editors\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":259,\"key\":\"reviewer_endorse\",\"tenantTerm\":\"endorse\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"endorse\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":260,\"key\":\"reviewer_endorsed\",\"tenantTerm\":\"endorsed\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"endorsed\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":261,\"key\":\"reviewer_endorse_publication\",\"tenantTerm\":\"endorse publication\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"endorse publication\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":262,\"key\":\"reviewer_endorsed_publication\",\"tenantTerm\":\"endorsed publication\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"endorsed publication\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":263,\"key\":\"editor_role\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editor role\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Editor Role\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":264,\"key\":\"editor_roles\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editor roles\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Editor Roles\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":265,\"key\":\"editorial_role\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial role\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Editorial Role\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":266,\"key\":\"editorial_roles\",\"tenantTerm\":\"editorial roles\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Editorial Roles\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":267,\"key\":\"call_for_paper\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Call for paper\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Call for paper\",\"category\":\"Label\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":268,\"key\":\"research_topic_abstract\",\"tenantTerm\":\"manuscript summary\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"manuscript summary\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":269,\"key\":\"research_topic_abstracts\",\"tenantTerm\":\"manuscript summaries\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"manuscript summaries\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":270,\"key\":\"submissions_team_manager\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Content Manager\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Content Manager\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":271,\"key\":\"submissions_team\",\"tenantTerm\":\"Content Team\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"Content Team\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":272,\"key\":\"topic_coordinator\",\"tenantTerm\":\"topic coordinator\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"topic coordinator\",\"category\":\"Process\"},{\"sequenceNumber\":273,\"key\":\"topic_coordinators\",\"tenantTerm\":\"topic coordinators\",\"frontiersDefaultTerm\":\"topic coordinators\",\"category\":\"Process\"}]}'\n",gtmId:"GTM-M322FV2",gtmAuth:"owVbWxfaJr21yQv1fe1cAQ",gtmServerUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Ftag-manager.frontiersin.org",gtmPreview:"env-1",faviconSize512:"https:\u002F\u002Fbrand.frontiersin.org\u002Fm\u002Fed3f9ce840a03d7\u002Ffavicon_512-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png",socialMediaImg:"https:\u002F\u002Fbrand.frontiersin.org\u002Fm\u002F1c8bcb536c789e11\u002FGuidelines-Frontiers_Logo_1200x628_1-91to1.png",_app:{basePath:"\u002F",assetsPath:"\u002Farticle-pages\u002F_nuxt\u002F",cdnURL:f}},apollo:{contentfulJournalsDelivery:Object.create(null),contentfulJournalsPreview:Object.create(null),contentfulHomeDelivery:Object.create(null),contentfulHomePreview:Object.create(null),frontiersGraph:Object.create(null)}}}("journal_journal","public_space",1,"frontiersin.org","",null,"_self",true,3,false,"frontierspartnerships.org","_blank","France","citation_author","citation_author_institution","Frontiers in Marine Science","Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110","PDF","Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, France",5,655,"marine-science",0,4,2,1920,"Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche","description","Frontiers","Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France","Help center","Link","Grey","Medium","ssph-journal.org","fship","Front. Mar. Sci.","2296-7745",void 0,18,13,"por-journal.com",7,"escubed.org",1918,"fipp","https:\u002F\u002Fd2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net\u002Fmedia\u002FE32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3\u002FAB731B5E-557C-4DEA-88680B655CE21F43\u002Fwebimage-1EF4D612-84E1-4D62-93F35B2F4CEA3949.png","image","2022-06-27T10:00:00Z","fmars",45,"10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246","Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO2 System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin","\u003Cp\u003EThe seasonal variability of the carbonate system in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) was investigated based on discrete total alkalinity (A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E), total dissolved inorganic carbon (C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E), and pH measurements collected during three cruises around Crete between June 2018 and March 2019. This study presents a detailed description of this new carbonate chemistry dataset in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We show that the North Western Levantine Basin (NWLB) is unique in terms of range of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variation vs. C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variation in the upper water column over an annual cycle. The reasons for this singularity of the NWLB can be explained by the interplay between strong evaporation and the concomitant consumption of C\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E by autotrophic processes. The high range of A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E variations, combined to temperature changes, has a strong impact on the variability of the seawater \u003Citalic\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E (\u003Citalic\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ES\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003Citalic\u003EW\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E). Based on Argo float data, an entire annual cycle for \u003Citalic\u003Ep\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003ECO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ES\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003Citalic\u003EW\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E in the NWLB has been reconstructed in order to estimate the temporal sequence of the potential “source” and “sink” of atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E. By combining this dataset with previous observations in the NWLB, this study shows a significant ocean acidification and a decrease in the oceanic surface pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E of −0.0024 ± 0.0004 pH\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E\u003Csup\u003E25\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E units.a\u003Csup\u003E–1\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E. The changes in the carbonate system are driven by the increase of atmospheric CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E but also by unexplained temporal changes in the surface A\u003Csub\u003E\u003Citalic\u003ET\u003C\u002Fitalic\u003E\u003C\u002Fsub\u003E content. If we consider that the EMed will, in the future, encounter longer, more intense and warmer summer seasons, this study proposes some perspectives on the carbonate system functioning of the “future” EMed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",1088441,"Cathy",1019707,"Thibaut",144153,"Marta","Spain",256222,"Thierry",921946,"Marine",546425,"Laurent",1313056,"Laure",519202,"Patrick",625285,"Fabrizio",1126353,"Xavier",396062,"Vincent",1137802,"Franck",204475,"Pascal","Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique",719808,"Mireille",835557,"Dominique",143285,"Gotzon",559374,"Anne Willem",469872,{},743,"Marine Biogeochemistry","marine-biogeochemistry",3234,8,"EPUB","fmars-08-649246.pdf","Frontiers | Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the CO2 System in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: A Case Study in the North Western Levantine Basin","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fmarine-science\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffmars.2021.649246\u002Ffull","The seasonal variability of the carbonate system in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMed) was investigated based on discrete total alkalinity (AT), total diss...","og:title","og:description","keywords","og:site_name","og:image","og:type","og:url","twitter:card","citation_volume","citation_journal_title","citation_publisher","citation_journal_abbrev","citation_issn","citation_doi","citation_firstpage","citation_language","citation_title","citation_keywords","citation_abstract","citation_pdf_url","citation_online_date","citation_publication_date","Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, France","dc.identifier","articles","editors","research-topics","How we publish","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fhow-we-publish","Fee policy","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Ffee-policy","Research Topics","https:\u002F\u002Fforum.frontiersin.org\u002F","Frontiers Planet Prize","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersplanetprize.org\u002F","this link will take you to the Frontiers Planet Prize website","Career opportunities","https:\u002F\u002Fcareers.frontiersin.org\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fabout\u002Fcontact","Author guidelines","Editor guidelines","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Fjournals","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles","Articles","https:\u002F\u002Fhelpcenter.frontiersin.org","Frontiers for Young Minds","Frontiers Facebook",9,"Transplant International","transplant-international","ti",1921,"Spanish Journal of Soil Science","spanish-journal-of-soil-science","sjss","ebm-journal.org","Public Health Reviews","public-health-reviews","phrs","Pathology and Oncology Research","pathology-and-oncology-research","pore",21,"Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice","pastoralism-research-policy-and-practice","past",11,"Oncology Reviews","oncology-reviews","or","Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences","journal-of-pharmacy-pharmaceutical-sciences","jpps","Journal of Cutaneous Immunology and Allergy","journal-of-cutaneous-immunology-and-allergy","JCIA","Journal of Abdominal Wall Surgery","journal-of-abdominal-wall-surgery","jaws",1919,"International Journal of Public Health","international-journal-of-public-health","ijph","Frontiers in Pathology","pathology","fpath",12,17,6,"Experimental Biology and Medicine","experimental-biology-and-medicine","EBM","European Journal of Cultural Management and Policy","european-journal-of-cultural-management-and-policy","ejcmp","Earth Science, Systems and Society","earth-science-systems-and-society","esss","Dystonia","dystonia","dyst","British Journal of Biomedical Science","british-journal-of-biomedical-science","bjbs","Aerospace Research Communications","aerospace-research-communications","arc","Advances in Drug and Alcohol Research","advances-in-drug-and-alcohol-research","adar","Acta Virologica","acta-virologica","av","Acta Biochimica Polonica","acta-biochimica-polonica"));</script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/9cc2c68.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/51ff06b.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/e16d0bc.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/5f5c456.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/e261291.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/8eb37ac.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/ca2a6ed.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/9b8d23d.js" defer></script><script src="/article-pages/_nuxt/92bc9eb.js" defer></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/polyfill/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=es6" data-body="true" async></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML" data-body="true" async></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/altmetric_badges-f0bc9b243ff5677d05460c1eb71834ca998946d764eb3bc244ab4b18ba50d21e.js" data-body="true" async></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://api.altmetric.com/v1/doi/10.3389/fmars.2021.649246?callback=_altmetric.embed_callback&domain=www.frontiersin.org&key=3c130976ca2b8f2e88f8377633751ba1&cache_until=14-15" data-body="true" async></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://widgets.figshare.com/static/figshare.js" data-body="true" async></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/widget.js" data-body="true" async></script> </body> </html>