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id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Linear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_vane_motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_vane_motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rotary vane motors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_vane_motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbine_motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbine_motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Turbine motors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbine_motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_in_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_in_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History in transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_in_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torpedoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torpedoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Torpedoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torpedoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Automotive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Automotive subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Energine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EngineAir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EngineAir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>EngineAir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EngineAir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-K'Airmobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K'Airmobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>K'Airmobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K'Airmobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>MDI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quasiturbine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quasiturbine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Quasiturbine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quasiturbine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regusci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regusci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Regusci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regusci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Team_Psycho-Active" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Team_Psycho-Active"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Team Psycho-Active</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Team_Psycho-Active-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_air_engine_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_air_engine_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Defunct air engine designs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defunct_air_engine_designs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Defunct air engine designs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defunct_air_engine_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conger_motor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conger_motor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Conger motor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conger_motor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="محرك هوائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك هوائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_pneum%C3%A0tic" title="Motor pneumàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor pneumàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatick%C3%BD_motor" title="Pneumatický motor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pneumatický motor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasexpansionsmotor" title="Gasexpansionsmotor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gasexpansionsmotor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumomootor" title="Pneumomootor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pneumomootor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_neum%C3%A1tico" title="Motor neumático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motor neumático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="موتور پنوماتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتور پنوماتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_%C3%A0_air_comprim%C3%A9" title="Moteur à air comprimé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur à air comprimé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B6%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Պնևմատիկ շարժիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պնևմատիկ շարժիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatski_motor" title="Pneumatski motor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pneumatski motor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_udara" title="Mesin udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motore_pneumatico" title="Motore pneumatico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motore pneumatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Пневмомотор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пневмомотор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneimatiskais_dzin%C4%93js" title="Pneimatiskais dzinējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pneimatiskais dzinējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sl%C3%A9gmotor" title="Préslégmotor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Préslégmotor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatische_motor" title="Pneumatische motor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pneumatische motor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%97%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="空気エンジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="空気エンジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Пневмодвигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пневмодвигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnevmatski_motor" title="Pnevmatski motor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pnevmatski motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatski_motor" title="Pneumatski motor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pneumatski motor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatisk_motor" title="Pneumatisk motor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pneumatisk motor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Пневматичний двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пневматичний двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%A8%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE" title="气动马达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="气动马达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q906480#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_motor" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pneumatic_motor" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compressed-air engine</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Tatin_aeroplane_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Victor_Tatin_aeroplane_1879.jpg/220px-Victor_Tatin_aeroplane_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Victor_Tatin_aeroplane_1879.jpg/330px-Victor_Tatin_aeroplane_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Victor_Tatin_aeroplane_1879.jpg/440px-Victor_Tatin_aeroplane_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_Tatin" title="Victor Tatin">Victor Tatin</a>'s 1879 <i>Aéroplane</i> used a compressed-air engine for propulsion. Original craft, at <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_et_de_l%27Espace" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace">Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg/220px-Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg/330px-Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg/440px-Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>The first mechanically powered <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, the 1863 <i><a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur" title="French submarine Plongeur">French submarine Plongeur</a></i>, used a compressed-air engine. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_(Rochefort)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de la Marine (Rochefort)">Musée de la Marine (Rochefort)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pneumatic motor</b> (<b>air motor</b>), or <b>compressed-air engine</b>, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">motor</a> which does <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">mechanical work</a> by expanding <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a>. Pneumatic motors generally convert the compressed-air energy to mechanical work through either linear or rotary motion. Linear motion can come from either a diaphragm or piston actuator, while rotary motion is supplied by either a vane type air motor, piston air motor, air turbine or gear type motor. </p><p>Pneumatic motors have existed in many forms over the past two centuries, ranging in size from hand-held motors to engines of up to several hundred horsepower. Some types rely on pistons and cylinders; others on slotted rotors with vanes (vane motors) and others use turbines. Many compressed-air engines improve their performance by heating the incoming air or the engine itself. Pneumatic motors have found widespread success in the hand-held tool industry,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are also used stationary in a wide range of industrial applications. Continual attempts are being made to expand their use to the transportation industry. However, pneumatic motors must overcome inefficiencies before being seen as a viable option in the transportation industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear">Linear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Linear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to achieve linear motion from compressed air, a system of pistons is most commonly used. The compressed air is fed into an air-tight chamber that houses the shaft of the piston. Also inside this chamber a spring is coiled around the shaft of the piston in order to hold the chamber completely open when air is not being pumped into the chamber. As air is fed into the chamber the force on the piston shaft begins to overcome the force being exerted on the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-engineersedge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engineersedge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As more air is fed into the chamber, the pressure increases and the piston begins to move down the chamber. When it reaches its maximum length the air pressure is released from the chamber and the spring completes the cycle by closing off the chamber to return to its original position. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine#Common_features_in_all_types" title="Reciprocating engine">Piston motors</a> are the most commonly used in hydraulic systems. Essentially, piston motors are the same as <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_motor" title="Hydraulic motor">hydraulic motors</a> except they are used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> energy.<sup id="cite_ref-vane_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vane-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piston motors are often used in series of two, three, four, five, or six cylinders that are enclosed in a housing. This allows for more power to be delivered by the pistons because several motors are in sync with each other at certain times of their cycle. </p><p>The practical mechanical efficiencies attained by a piston air motor are between 40–50%.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_Party_Europa_Dia_2_(4523750986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Campus_Party_Europa_Dia_2_%284523750986%29.jpg/220px-Campus_Party_Europa_Dia_2_%284523750986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Campus_Party_Europa_Dia_2_%284523750986%29.jpg/330px-Campus_Party_Europa_Dia_2_%284523750986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Campus_Party_Europa_Dia_2_%284523750986%29.jpg/440px-Campus_Party_Europa_Dia_2_%284523750986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The Robot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robothespian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robothespian (page does not exist)">Robothespian</a> with linear motors in its biceps</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_vane_motors">Rotary vane motors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rotary vane motors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vane-type-motor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vane-type-motor.svg/220px-Vane-type-motor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vane-type-motor.svg/330px-Vane-type-motor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vane-type-motor.svg/440px-Vane-type-motor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Vane-type-motor</figcaption></figure> <p>A type of pneumatic motor, known as a rotary vane motor, uses air to produce rotational motion to a shaft. The rotating element is a slotted rotor which is mounted on a drive shaft. Each slot of the rotor is fitted with a freely sliding rectangular vane.<sup id="cite_ref-vane_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vane-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vanes are extended to the housing walls using springs, cam action, or air pressure, depending on the motor design. Air is pumped through the motor input which pushes on the vanes creating the rotational motion of the central shaft. Rotation speeds can vary between 100 and 25,000 rpm depending on several factors which include the amount of air pressure at the motor inlet and the diameter of the housing.<sup id="cite_ref-engineersedge_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engineersedge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One application for vane-type air motors is to start large industrial diesel or natural gas engines. Stored energy in the form of compressed air, nitrogen or natural gas enters the sealed motor chamber and exerts pressure against the vanes of a rotor. This causes the rotor to turn at high speed. Because the engine flywheel requires a great deal of torque to start the engine, reduction gears are used. Reduction gears create high torque levels with the lower amounts of energy input. These reduction gears allow for sufficient torque to be generated by the engine flywheel while it is engaged by the pinion gear of the air motor or air starter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbine_motors">Turbine motors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turbine motors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> spin the <a href="/wiki/Burr_(cutter)" title="Burr (cutter)">burr</a> in high-speed dental <a href="/wiki/Dental_drill#High-speed_handpiece" title="Dental drill">handpieces</a>, at speeds over 180,000 rpm, but with limited <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> is small enough to fit in the tip of a handpiece without adding to the weight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A widespread application of pneumatic motors is in hand-held tools, impact wrenches, pulse tools, screwdrivers, nut runners, drills, grinders, sanders and so on. Pneumatic motors are also used stationary in a wide range of industrial applications. Though overall <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_efficiency" title="Mechanical efficiency">energy efficiency</a> of pneumatics tools is low and they require access to a compressed-air source, there are several advantages over electric tools. They offer greater power density (a smaller pneumatic motor can provide the same amount of power as a larger electric motor), do not require an auxiliary speed controller (adding to its compactness), generate less heat, and can be used in more volatile atmospheres as they do not require electric power <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and do not create sparks. They can be loaded to stop with full torque without damage.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The efficiency of a rotary piston engine is highly dependent on mechanical energy losses. The value of mechanical losses, according to various estimates, can be 20% of the energy supplied to the engine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time it was experimentally shown that efficiency of a motor can be increased by the usage of anti-friction additives to the lubricating oil.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, many individuals have tried to apply pneumatic motors to the transportation industry. Guy Negre, CEO and founder of Zero Pollution Motors, has pioneered this field since the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently Engineair has also developed a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary motor">rotary motor</a> for use in automobiles. Engineair places the motor immediately beside the wheel of the vehicle and uses no intermediate parts to transmit motion which means almost all of the motor's energy is used to rotate the wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_in_transportation">History in transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History in transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pneumatic motor was first applied to the field of transportation in the mid-19th century. Though little is known about the first recorded compressed-air vehicle, it is said that the Frenchmen Andraud and Tessie of Motay ran a car powered by a pneumatic motor on a test track in Chaillot, France, on 9 July 1840. Although the car test was reported to have been successful, the pair did not explore further expansion of the design.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first successful application of the pneumatic motor in transportation was the <a href="/wiki/Mekarski_system" title="Mekarski system">Mekarski system</a> air engine used in locomotives. Mekarski's innovative engine overcame cooling that accompanies air expansion by heating air in a small boiler prior to use. The <a href="/wiki/Tramway_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramway de Nantes">Tramway de Nantes</a>, located in Nantes, France, was noted for being the first to use Mekarski engines to power their fleet of locomotives. The tramway began operation on December 13, 1879, and continues to operate today, although the pneumatic trams were replaced in 1917 by more efficient and modern electrical trams. </p><p>American Charles Hodges also found success with pneumatic motors in the locomotive industry. In 1911 he designed a pneumatic locomotive and sold the patent to the <a href="/wiki/H.K._Porter,_Inc." title="H.K. Porter, Inc.">H.K. Porter Company</a> in Pittsburgh for use in coal mines.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because pneumatic motors do not use combustion they were a much safer option in the coal industry.<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many companies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claim to be developing <a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car" title="Compressed-air car">compressed-air cars</a>, but none are actually available for purchase or even independent testing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Impact_wrench" title="Impact wrench">Impact wrenches</a>, pulse tools, <a href="/wiki/Torque_wrench" title="Torque wrench">torque wrenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdrivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">grinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Die grinder">die grinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sander" title="Sander">sanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_drill" title="Dental drill">dental drills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tire_changer" title="Tire changer">tire changers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_tool" title="Pneumatic tool">pneumatic tools</a> use a variety of <a href="/wiki/Air_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Air motor">air motors</a>. These include vane type motors, <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> and piston motors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Torpedoes">Torpedoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Torpedoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most successful early forms of self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> used <a href="/wiki/Torpedo#Compressed_air" title="Torpedo">high-pressure compressed air</a>, although this was superseded by internal or external combustion engines, steam engines (driven by the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide), or electric motors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railways">Railways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compressed-air engines were used in trams and shunters, and eventually found a successful niche in mining locomotives, although in the end they were replaced by electric trains, underground.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years designs increased in complexity, resulting in a triple expansion engine with air-to-air reheaters between each stage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more information see <a href="/wiki/Fireless_locomotive" title="Fireless locomotive">Fireless locomotive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mekarski_system" title="Mekarski system">Mekarski system</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Illustration_-_Tramway_M%C3%A9karski_des_Tramways_Nord_(Novembre_1875).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mekarski compressed air tram, 1875"><img alt="Mekarski compressed air tram, 1875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/L_Illustration_-_Tramway_M%C3%A9karski_des_Tramways_Nord_%28Novembre_1875%29.JPG/120px-L_Illustration_-_Tramway_M%C3%A9karski_des_Tramways_Nord_%28Novembre_1875%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/L_Illustration_-_Tramway_M%C3%A9karski_des_Tramways_Nord_%28Novembre_1875%29.JPG/180px-L_Illustration_-_Tramway_M%C3%A9karski_des_Tramways_Nord_%28Novembre_1875%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/L_Illustration_-_Tramway_M%C3%A9karski_des_Tramways_Nord_%28Novembre_1875%29.JPG/240px-L_Illustration_-_Tramway_M%C3%A9karski_des_Tramways_Nord_%28Novembre_1875%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="1723" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mekarski compressed air tram, 1875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CompressedAirLocomotive_Section1_AdolpheBraun1811to1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pneumatic Locomotive with attached pressure container used during the construction of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel 1872-1880.[16]"><img alt="Pneumatic Locomotive with attached pressure container used during the construction of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel 1872-1880.[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CompressedAirLocomotive_Section1_AdolpheBraun1811to1877.jpg/120px-CompressedAirLocomotive_Section1_AdolpheBraun1811to1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CompressedAirLocomotive_Section1_AdolpheBraun1811to1877.jpg/180px-CompressedAirLocomotive_Section1_AdolpheBraun1811to1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CompressedAirLocomotive_Section1_AdolpheBraun1811to1877.jpg/240px-CompressedAirLocomotive_Section1_AdolpheBraun1811to1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="187" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pneumatic Locomotive with attached pressure container used during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Rail_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotthard Rail Tunnel">Gotthard Rail Tunnel</a> 1872-1880.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compressed_Air_Loco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A compressed air locomotive by H.K. Porter, Inc., in use at the Homestake Mine, South Dakota, between 1928 and 1961"><img alt="A compressed air locomotive by H.K. Porter, Inc., in use at the Homestake Mine, South Dakota, between 1928 and 1961" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Compressed_Air_Loco.jpg/120px-Compressed_Air_Loco.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Compressed_Air_Loco.jpg/180px-Compressed_Air_Loco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Compressed_Air_Loco.jpg/240px-Compressed_Air_Loco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A compressed air locomotive by H.K. Porter, Inc., in use at the <a href="/wiki/Homestake_Mine_(South_Dakota)" title="Homestake Mine (South Dakota)">Homestake Mine</a>, South Dakota, between 1928 and 1961</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight">Flight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Water_rocket" title="Water rocket">Water rockets</a> use compressed air to power their water jet and generate thrust, they are used as toys. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Air_Hogs" title="Air Hogs">Air Hogs</a>, a toy brand, also uses compressed air to power piston engines in toy airplanes (and some other toy vehicles). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automotive">Automotive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_vehicle" title="Compressed-air vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></div> <p>There is currently some interest in developing <a href="/wiki/Air_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Air car">air cars</a>. Several engines have been proposed for these, although none have demonstrated the performance and long life needed for personal transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energine">Energine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Energine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Energine Corporation was a South Korean company that claimed to deliver fully assembled cars running on a hybrid compressed air and electric engine. The compressed-air engine is used to activate an <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>, which extends the autonomous operating capacity of the car. The CEO was arrested for fraudulently promoting air motors with false claims.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EngineAir">EngineAir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: EngineAir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>EngineAir, an Australian company, is making a <a href="/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">rotary engine</a> powered by compressed air, called The <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Di_Pietro%27s_Rotary_Positive_Displacement_Air_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Di Pietro's Rotary Positive Displacement Air Engine">Di Pietro motor</a>. The Di Pietro motor concept is based on a rotary piston. Different from existing rotary engines, the Di Pietro motor uses a simple cylindrical rotary piston (shaft driver) which rolls, with little friction, inside the cylindrical stator.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can be used in boats, cars, burden carriers and other vehicles. Only 1 <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a> (≈ 6,8 <a href="/wiki/KPa" class="mw-redirect" title="KPa">kPa</a>) of pressure is needed to overcome the friction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine was also featured on the ABC's New Inventors programme in Australia on 24 March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K'Airmobiles"><span id="K.27Airmobiles"></span>K'Airmobiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: K'Airmobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>K'Airmobiles vehicles were intended to be commercialized from a project developed in France in 2006–2007 by a small group of researchers. However, the project has not been able to gather the necessary funds. </p><p>People should note that, meantime, the team has recognized the physical impossibility to use on-board stored compressed air due to its poor energy capacity and the thermal losses resulting from the expansion of the gas. </p><p>These days, using the patent pending 'K'Air Generator', converted to work as a compressed-gas motor, the project should be launched in 2010, thanks to a North American group of investors, but for the purpose of developing first a green energy power system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MDI">MDI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: MDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motor_Development_International" title="Motor Development International">Motor Development International</a></div> <p>In the original <a href="/wiki/Guy_N%C3%A8gre" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Nègre">Nègre</a> air engine, one piston compresses air from the atmosphere to mix with the stored compressed air (which will cool drastically as it expands). This mixture drives the second piston, providing the actual engine power. MDI's engine works with constant torque, and the only way to change the torque to the wheels is to use a pulley transmission of constant variation, losing some efficiency. When vehicle is stopped, MDI's engine had to be on and working, losing energy. In 2001–2004 MDI switched to a design similar to that described in Regusci's patents (see below), which date back to 1990. </p><p>It has been reported in 2008 that Indian car manufacturer Tata was looking at an MDI compressed-air engine as an option on its low priced Nano automobiles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tata announced in 2009 that the compressed-air car was proving difficult to develop due to its low range and problems with low engine temperatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quasiturbine">Quasiturbine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Quasiturbine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quasiturbine" title="Quasiturbine">Quasiturbine</a></div> <p>The <b>Pneumatic Quasiturbine</b> engine is a <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed-air</a> <a href="/wiki/Pistonless_rotary_engine" title="Pistonless rotary engine">pistonless rotary engine</a> using a rhomboidal-shaped <a href="/wiki/Rotor_(engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotor (engine)">rotor</a> whose sides are hinged at the vertices. </p><p>The Quasiturbine has demonstrated as a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> engine using stored compressed air.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can also take advantage of the energy amplification possible from using available external heat, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quasiturbine rotates from pressure as low as 0.1 atm (1.47psi). </p><p>Since the Quasiturbine is a pure expansion engine, while the <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a> and most other rotary engines are not, it is well-suited as a compressed fluid engine, air engine or air motor.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regusci">Regusci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regusci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armando Regusci's version of the air engine couples the transmission system directly to the wheel, and has variable torque from zero to the maximum, enhancing efficiency. Regusci's patents date from 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Team_Psycho-Active">Team Psycho-Active</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Team Psycho-Active"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psycho-Active is developing a multi-fuel/air-hybrid chassis which is intended to serve as the foundation for a line of automobiles. Claimed performance is 50 hp/litre. The compressed air motor they use is called the DBRE or Ducted Blade Rotary Engine.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defunct_air_engine_designs">Defunct air engine designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Defunct air engine designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conger_motor">Conger motor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Conger motor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milton M. Conger in 1881 patented and supposedly built a motor that ran off compressed air or steam that using a <b>flexible tubing</b> which will form a wedge-shaped or inclined wall or abutment in the rear of the tangential bearing of the wheel, and propel it with greater or less speed according to the pressure of the propelling medium.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Di_Pietro_(inventor)" title="Angelo Di Pietro (inventor)">Angelo Di Pietro (inventor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_energy_storage" title="Compressed-air energy storage">Compressed-air energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li>Proe's <a href="/wiki/Ericsson_cycle" title="Ericsson cycle">Ericsson cycle engine</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variation of a compressed-air motor that uses a fuel to compress the air which is then immediately injected to the motor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pneumatic" title="Chicago Pneumatic">Chicago Pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ingersoll" title="Simon Ingersoll">Simon Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Copco" title="Atlas Copco">Atlas Copco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumatic_motor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directindustry.com/cat/motors-geared-motors-motion-control/pneumatic-motors-D-77.html">"Motors and Motor Control, Pneumatic motors - All industrial manufacturers in this category - Videos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129004608/http://www.directindustry.com/cat/motors-geared-motors-motion-control/pneumatic-motors-D-77.html">Archived</a> from the original on 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircaraccess.com%2Fimages%2F3stage%25201.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Braun, Adolphe</b>: Luftlokomotive in "Photographische Ansichten der Gotthardbahn", Dornach im Elsass, ca. 1875</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Compressed-air_car#Energine" title="Compressed-air car">Compressed-air car#Energine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005161858/http://www.engineair.com.au/airmotor.htm">"Engineair"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineair.com.au/airmotor.htm">the original</a> on 2010-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineair.com.au%2Fairmotor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414225522/http://www.engineair.com.au/applications.htm">"Engineair"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineair.com.au/applications.htm">the original</a> on 2008-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineair.com.au%2Fapplications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineair.com.au/">"Engine Air"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625150355/http://www.engineair.com.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engine+Air&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineair.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/newinventors/txt/s1072065.htm">"New Inventors: Rotary Piston Engine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909030016/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/newinventors/txt/s1072065.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=New+Inventors%3A+Rotary+Piston+Engine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fnewinventors%2Ftxt%2Fs1072065.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kair-energy.com/index.php">"K°Air Energy Inc"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215231323/http://kair-energy.com/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C2%B0Air+Energy+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkair-energy.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojdyla2008" class="citation web cs1">Wojdyla, Ben (9 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/398180/tata-nano-to-offer-compressed-air-engine-optional-make-electric-cars-look-silly">"Tata Nano To Offer Compressed Air Engine Optional, Make Electric Cars Look Silly"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016153410/http://jalopnik.com/398180/tata-nano-to-offer-compressed-air-engine-optional-make-electric-cars-look-silly">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tata+Nano+To+Offer+Compressed+Air+Engine+Optional%2C+Make+Electric+Cars+Look+Silly&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft.aulast=Wojdyla&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2F398180%2Ftata-nano-to-offer-compressed-air-engine-optional-make-electric-cars-look-silly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quasiturbine Low RPM High Torque Pressure Driven Turbine for Top Efficiency Power Modulation. Peers reviewed paper - Published in The Proceeding of Turbo Expo 2007 of the IGTI (International Gas Turbine Institute) and ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quasiturbine.com/QTPapiers/ASME2007QTMontreal.pdf">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061113144212/http://www.quasiturbine.com/QTPapiers/ASME2007QTMontreal.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quasiturbine.com/Presse/QTASME2007.htm">info</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca/ETypePneumatic.htm">"Quasiturbine> Type> Pneumatic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920045657/http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca/ETypePneumatic.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quasiturbine%3E+Type%3E+Pneumatic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquasiturbine.promci.qc.ca%2FETypePneumatic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regusciair.com/index.html">"REGUSCIAIR - Home"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307085856/http://regusciair.com/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REGUSCIAIR+-+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regusciair.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psycho-active.org/">"Psycho-Active Contenders for the Automotive X-Prize"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191029/http://www.psycho-active.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psycho-Active+Contenders+for+the+Automotive+X-Prize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psycho-active.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psycho-active.org/dbre.html">"THOUGHTFLOW DESIGN'S DUCTED-BLADE ROTARY ENGINE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042320/http://www.psycho-active.org/dbre.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THOUGHTFLOW+DESIGN%27S+DUCTED-BLADE+ROTARY+ENGINE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psycho-active.org%2Fdbre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714014658/http://www.machine-history.com/Conger%20Air%20Powered%20Flex%20Tube%20Motor%201881">"Conger's Air Powered Flex Tube Motor 1881 | Machine-History.Com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.machine-history.com/Conger%20Air%20Powered%20Flex%20Tube%20Motor%201881">the original</a> on 2011-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conger%27s+Air+Powered+Flex+Tube+Motor+1881+%26%23124%3B+Machine-History.Com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.machine-history.com%2FConger%2520Air%2520Powered%2520Flex%2520Tube%2520Motor%25201881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumatic+motor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proepowersystems.com/">"Proe Ericsson Cycle Engine"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429160829/http://www.proepowersystems.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-29.</cite><span 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title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a 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