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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prehistoric Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ancient Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hattians_and_Hurrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hattians_and_Hurrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Hattians and Hurrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hattians_and_Hurrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hittite_Anatolia_(18th–12th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hittite_Anatolia_(18th–12th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th century BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hittite_Anatolia_(18th–12th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Hittite_Anatolia_(12th–6th_century_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Hittite_Anatolia_(12th–6th_century_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th century BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Hittite_Anatolia_(12th–6th_century_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Classical Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Early Christian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ecoregions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatolia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anatolië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinasien" title="Kleinasien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kleinasien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B6%E1%88%8A%E1%8B%AB" title="አናቶሊያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አናቶሊያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6sse_Asia" title="Læsse Asia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Læsse Asia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%84" title="الأناضول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأناضول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_d%27Anatolia" title="Peninsula d'Anatolia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peninsula d'Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܢܛܘܠܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܢܛܘܠܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%84%D6%80_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Փոքր Ասիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոքր Ասիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A7ik_Asiya" title="Kiçik Asiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kiçik Asiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="آنادولو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنادولو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আনাতোলিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আনাতোলিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кесе Азия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кесе Азия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анатолія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анатолія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Малая Азія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малая Азія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Анадол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анадол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨན་ན་ཐོའོ་ལི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨན་ན་ཐོའོ་ལི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolija" title="Anadolija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anadolija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B2lia" title="Anatòlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anatòlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Анатоли çурутравĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анатоли çурутравĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolya" title="Anatolya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Anatolya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Asie" title="Malá Asie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Malá Asie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatulia" title="Anatulia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Anatulia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asia Leiaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolien" title="Anatolien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anatolien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinasien" title="Kleinasien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kleinasien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoolia" title="Anatoolia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anatoolia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μικρά Ασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μικρά Ασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolio" title="Anatolio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anatolio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_d%27Anat%C3%B3lia" title="Península d'Anatólia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Península d'Anatólia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آناتولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آناتولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anatolie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoalje" title="Anatoalje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Anatoalje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Anat%C3%B3il" title="An Anatóil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Anatóil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisia_Bheag" title="Aisia Bheag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aisia Bheag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="ЗӀамига Ази – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀамига Ази" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia_Pan-t%C3%B3" title="Anatolia Pan-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Anatolia Pan-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%82%98%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="아나톨리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아나톨리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Անատոլիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անատոլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आनातोलिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आनातोलिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolija" title="Anatolija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anatolija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Чысыл Ази – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чысыл Ази" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3l%C3%ADa" title="Anatólía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Anatólía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אסיה הקטנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסיה הקטנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಏಷ್ಯ ಮೈನರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏಷ್ಯ ಮೈನರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანატოლია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანატოლია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кіші Азия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кіші Азия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolya" title="Anatolya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anatolya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%BA%D1%81%D3%A9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Анадолу бөксө тоосу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анадолу бөксө тоосу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_Menor" title="Asya Menor – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Asya Menor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor" title="Asia Minor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asia Minor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolija" title="Anatolija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anatolija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolien" title="Anatolien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anatolien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%BEoji_Azija" title="Mažoji Azija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mažoji Azija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Anatolië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3lia" title="Anatólia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anatólia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мала Азија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мала Азија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B4lia" title="Anatôlia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anatôlia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BC" title="ഏഷ്യാമൈനർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏഷ്യാമൈനർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अनातोलिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनातोलिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანატოლია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანატოლია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%89" title="اسيا الصغرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسيا الصغرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آناتولی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آناتولی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%93u_%C4%80-s%C3%A1%CC%A4-%C4%81" title="Siēu Ā-sá̤-ā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siēu Ā-sá̤-ā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Бага Ази – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бага Ази" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အနာတိုလီယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနာတိုလီယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anatolië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="アナトリア半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アナトリア半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Жима Ази – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жима Ази" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesleasia" title="Vesleasia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vesleasia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27tite_%C3%82sie" title="P'tite Âsie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="P'tite Âsie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onado%CA%BBli" title="Onadoʻli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Onadoʻli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਅਨਾਤੋਲੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨਾਤੋਲੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اناطولیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اناطولیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اناټولیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اناټولیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCttasien" title="Lüttasien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lüttasien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B3lia" title="Anatólia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anatólia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliya" title="Anatoliya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Anatoliya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu" title="Anadolu – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Anadolu" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мала Азія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мала Азія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Малая Азия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Малая Азия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B2lia" title="Anatòlia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Anatòlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolie" title="Anatolie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anatolie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littik_Asien" title="Littik Asien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Littik Asien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolli" title="Anadolli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anadolli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اناطوليا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اناطوليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_%C3%81zia" title="Malá Ázia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Malá Ázia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolija" title="Anatolija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anatolija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatooliya" title="Anatooliya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Anatooliya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86%DA%B5" title="ئەنادۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنادۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Анадолија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анадолија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolija" title="Anadolija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anadolija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolien" title="Anatolien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anatolien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_Menor" title="Asya Menor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asya Menor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அனத்தோலியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனத்தோலியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%E1%B8%8Dul" title="Anaḍul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anaḍul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кече Азия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кече Азия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อานาโตเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อานาโตเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Осиёи Хурд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осиёи Хурд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu" title="Anadolu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anadolu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli%C3%BDa" title="Anatoliýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Anatoliýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пичи Азия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пичи Азия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анатолія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анатолія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اناطولیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اناطولیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئاناتولىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاناتولىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat%C3%B2lia" title="Anatòlia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Anatòlia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_%C3%81" title="Tiểu Á – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu Á" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Anatolië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anatolia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="安那托利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安那托利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אנאטאליע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנאטאליע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="安那托利亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安那托利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliye" title="Anatoliye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Anatoliye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%BEuoj%C4%97_Az%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mažuojė Azėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mažuojė Azėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anatolia&params=39_N_35_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peninsula of Turkey in Western Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anatolia (disambiguation)">Anatolia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Asia Minor" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Asia Minor (disambiguation)">Asia Minor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Anatolia<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Asia Minor</span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Anadolu</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatolia_composite_NASA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anatolia_composite_NASA.png/260px-Anatolia_composite_NASA.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anatolia_composite_NASA.png/390px-Anatolia_composite_NASA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anatolia_composite_NASA.png/520px-Anatolia_composite_NASA.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="449" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Satellite imagery centred on Anatolia, which accounts for the bulk of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_geographic_region_of_Anatolia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_the_geographic_region_of_Anatolia.png/260px-Map_of_the_geographic_region_of_Anatolia.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_the_geographic_region_of_Anatolia.png/390px-Map_of_the_geographic_region_of_Anatolia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Map_of_the_geographic_region_of_Anatolia.png/520px-Map_of_the_geographic_region_of_Anatolia.png 2x" data-file-width="4929" data-file-height="2316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Anatolia (dark green), which is delineated by an imprecise line from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alexandretta" title="Gulf of Alexandretta">Gulf of Alexandretta</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><sup id="cite_ref-anatolia_definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatolia_definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data">"The East" (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀνατολή</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Anatolḗ</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anatolia&params=39_N_35_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Island#Types_of_islands" title="Island">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">537,886 km<sup>2</sup> (207,679 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (pop. 5,803,482)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Anatolian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Others:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurdish</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Majority: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a><sup id="cite_ref-World_Factbook_People_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook_People-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KONDA_2006_17_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006_17-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Minority: <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">other peoples</a><sup id="cite_ref-World_Factbook_People_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook_People-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KONDA_2006_17_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KONDA_2006_17-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anatolia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Anadolu</i>), also known as <b>Asia Minor</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a peninsula in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> that makes up the majority of the land area of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It is the westernmost protrusion of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and is geographically bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> to the northwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the north. The eastern and southeastern limits have been expanded either to the entirety of Asiatic Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-anatolia_definition_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatolia_definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to an imprecise line from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alexandretta" title="Gulf of Alexandretta">Gulf of Alexandretta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topographically, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> connects the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, and separates Anatolia from <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, Anatolia was an early centre for the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of farming">development of farming</a> after it originated in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. Beginning around 9,000 years ago, there was a major migration of <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic_Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic Farmers">Anatolian Neolithic Farmers</a> into <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a>, with their descendants coming to dominate the continent as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia</a>, who were neither <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>, were gradually absorbed by the incoming Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a>, who spoke the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>. The major Anatolian languages included <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a>; other local languages, albeit poorly attested, included <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian languages</a> were spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> in the southeast, while <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic language</a>, was spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> in the central peninsula. Among the other peoples who established a significant presence in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">ancient Anatolia</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, as well as some of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">ancient Greek tribes</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolians</a>. In the era of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a>), the Anatolian languages were largely replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, which came to further dominate the region during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman period</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a> saw the decline of Greek influence throughout the peninsula as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Byzantine–Seljuk wars">Byzantine–Seljuk wars</a> enabled the incoming <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> to establish a foothold in the region. Thus, the process of Anatolia's <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> began under the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> in the late 11th century and continued under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until the early 20th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I#Ottoman_Empire" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a>. Between 1894 and 1924, millions of non-<a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christians</a> were suppressed and <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">removed by the Ottoman Turkish authorities</a> from the bulk of the area of modern-day Turkey. Nonetheless, a variety of non-<a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> continue to be spoken by ethnic minorities in Anatolia today, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, and Greek. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weichsel-W%C3%BCrm-Glaciation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Weichsel-W%C3%BCrm-Glaciation.png/220px-Weichsel-W%C3%BCrm-Glaciation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Weichsel-W%C3%BCrm-Glaciation.png/330px-Weichsel-W%C3%BCrm-Glaciation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Weichsel-W%C3%BCrm-Glaciation.png/440px-Weichsel-W%C3%BCrm-Glaciation.png 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, c. 20,000 years ago. Anatolia was connected to the European mainland until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5600 BCE</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Sea_Deluge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Deluge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrov1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrov1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrov2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrov2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the melting <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> to rise around 120 m (390 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrov1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrov1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrov2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrov2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triggering the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Sea_Deluge_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Deluge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrov1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrov1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrov2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrov2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, two former <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Sea_Deluge_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Deluge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were connected to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, which separated Anatolia from Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alexandretta" title="Gulf of Alexandretta">Gulf of Alexandretta</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Niewohner2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niewohner2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coterminous with the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plateau">Anatolian Plateau</a>. This traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Geographical_Dictionary" title="Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this definition, Anatolia is bounded to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> before that river bends to the southeast to enter <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and the Mesopotamian plain.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region#Substitution_with_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">was renamed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia Region</a> by the newly established Turkish government.<sup id="cite_ref-Sahakyan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahakyan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, with the <a href="/wiki/First_Geography_Congress,_Turkey" title="First Geography Congress, Turkey">First Geography Congress</a> which divided Turkey into <a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">seven geographical regions</a> based on differences in climate and landscape, the eastern <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces of Turkey</a> were placed into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia Region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which largely corresponds to the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> (named as such after the division of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Greater Armenia</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (Western Armenia) and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Persia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>) in 387 AD). Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of "Anatolia" to apply to territory in eastern Turkey that was formerly referred to as <i>Armenia</i> (which had a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenian</a> population before the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>) an "ahistorical imposition" and notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as "Eastern Anatolia".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sahakyan_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahakyan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia Region</a> (also the highest peak in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a> (5123 m).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karasu_(Euphrates)" title="Karasu (Euphrates)">Karasu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murat_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Murat river">Murat rivers</a> connect the Armenian Highlands to the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> and the Upper Euphrates Valley. Along with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87oruh" title="Çoruh">Çoruh</a>, these rivers are the longest in the Eastern Anatolia Region.<sup id="cite_ref-palumbi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palumbi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English-language name <i>Anatolia</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀνατολή</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Anatolḗ</i></span>) meaning "the East" and designating (from a Greek point of view) eastern regions in general. The Greek word refers to the direction where the sun rises, coming from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀνατέλλω</span></span> <i>anatello</i> '(Ι) rise up', comparable to terms in other languages such as "<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">levant</a>" from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">levo</i></span> 'to rise', "<a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">orient</a>" from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">orior</i></span> 'to arise, to originate', <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִזְרָח</span></span> <i>mizraḥ</i> 'east' from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">זָרַח</span></span> <i>zaraḥ</i> 'to rise, to shine', <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">מִדְנָח</span></span> <i>midnaḥ</i> from <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">דְּנַח</span></span> <i>denaḥ</i> 'to rise, to shine'.<sup id="cite_ref-etym_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etym-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OED_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of Anatolian designations has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the <a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorian</a> colonies situated along the eastern coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, but also encompassing eastern regions in general. Such use of Anatolian designations was employed during the reign of Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 284–305</span>), who created the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>, known in Greek as the Eastern Diocese, but completely unrelated to the regions of Asia Minor. In their widest territorial scope, Anatolian designations were employed during the reign of Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> (306–337), who created the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture of the East</a>, known in Greek as the Eastern Prefecture, encompassing all eastern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Roman Empire">Late Roman Empire</a> and spanning from <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Thrace</a> to <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p><p>Only after the loss of other eastern regions during the 7th century and the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> eastern domains to Asia Minor, that region became the only remaining part of the <i>Byzantine East</i>, and thus commonly referred to (in Greek) as the Eastern part of the Empire. At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀνατολικὸν θέμα</span></span> / "the Eastern theme") was created, as a province (<i><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a></i>) covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia Region</a>, centered around <a href="/wiki/Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconium">Iconium</a>, but ruled from the city of <a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Thema_1952,_p._59_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Thema_1952,_p._59-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Haldon_2002._Page_32_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Haldon_2002._Page_32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Latinized form "<span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">Anatolia</span></span>", with its <i>-ia</i> ending, is probably a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Turkish form <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Anadolu</i></span> derives directly from the Greek name <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Aνατολή</span></span> (<i>Anatolḗ</i>). The Russian male name <a href="/wiki/Anatoly" title="Anatoly">Anatoly</a>, the French <a href="/wiki/Anatole_(given_name)" title="Anatole (given name)">Anatole</a> and plain <a href="/wiki/Anatol" title="Anatol">Anatol</a>, all stemming from saints <a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius of Laodicea</a> (d. 283) and <a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Anatolius of Constantinople</a> (d. 458; the first <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>), share the same linguistic origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes in Turkey</a></div> <p>The oldest known name for any region within Anatolia is related to its central area, known as the "Land of <a href="/wiki/Hatti_(land_of_the_Hattians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatti (land of the Hattians)">Hatti</a>" – a designation that was initially used for the land of ancient <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, but later became the most common name for the entire territory under the rule of ancient <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009297–98_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009297–98-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula, though not particularly popular at the time, was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἀσία">Ἀσία</a> (<i>Asía</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps from an Akkadian expression for the "sunrise" or possibly echoing the name of the <a href="/wiki/Assuwa_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Assuwa league">Assuwa league</a> in western Anatolia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Romans used it as the name of their <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">province</a>, comprising the west of the peninsula plus the nearby <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>. As the name "Asia" broadened its scope to apply to the vaster region east of the Mediterranean, some Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> came to use the name Asia Minor (Μικρὰ Ἀσία, <i>Mikrà Asía</i>), meaning "Lesser Asia" to refer to present-day Anatolia, whereas the administration of the Empire preferred the description Ἀνατολή (<i>Anatolḗ</i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the East</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> Ῥωμανία (<i>Rōmanía</i> "the land of the Romans, i.e. the Eastern Roman Empire") was understood as another name for the province by the invading <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Turks">Seljuq Turks</a>, who founded a <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Sultanate of Rûm</a> in 1077. Thus (land of the) <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rûm</a> became another name for Anatolia. By the 12th century Europeans had started referring to Anatolia as <i>Turchia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordreference_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordreference-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the era of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, many mapmakers referred to the mountainous plateau in eastern Anatolia as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Other contemporary sources called the same area <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suny_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographers have used <i><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anatolian plateau">East Anatolian plateau</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian plateau">Armenian plateau</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></i> to refer to the region; the former two largely overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Handbook_p466_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_p466-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a standard definition of Anatolia refers to the entire Asian side of Turkey, according to archaeologist Lori Khatchadourian, this difference in terminology "primarily result[s] from the shifting political fortunes and cultural trajectories of the region since the nineteenth century".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Handbook_p466_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_p466-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey's <a href="/wiki/First_Geography_Congress,_Turkey" title="First Geography Congress, Turkey">First Geography Congress</a> in 1941 created two <a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">geographical regions of Turkey</a> to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun-Black Sea line, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia Region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">Southeastern Anatolia Region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yigit_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yigit-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenian Highlands, the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard Hovannisian</a>, this changing of toponyms was "necessary to obscure all evidence" of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> presence as part of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a> embarked upon by the newly established Turkish government and what Hovannisian calls its "foreign collaborators".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_Anatolia">Prehistoric Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistoric Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6beklitepe_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/G%C3%B6beklitepe_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6beklitepe_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/G%C3%B6beklitepe_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6beklitepe_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/G%C3%B6beklitepe_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6beklitepe_%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henges</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> were erected as far back as 9600 BC.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></div> <p>Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neolithic settlements include <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevali_Cori" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevali Cori">Nevali Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boncuklu_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Boncuklu Höyük">Boncuklu Höyük</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nor%C5%9Funtepe" title="Norşuntepe">Norşuntepe</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Köşk Höyük">Köşk Höyük</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yumuktepe" title="Yumuktepe">Yumuktepe</a>. Çatalhöyük (7.000 BCE) is considered the most advanced of these.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent advances in archaeogenetics have confirmed that the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">spread of agriculture</a> from the Middle East to Europe was strongly correlated with the <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">migration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">early farmers from Anatolia</a> about 9,000 years ago, and was not just a cultural exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatolian Neolithic farmers derived most of their ancestry from local <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hunter-gatherers" title="Anatolian hunter-gatherers">Anatolian hunter-gatherers</a>, suggesting that agriculture was adopted in site by these hunter-gatherers and not spread by <a href="/wiki/Demic_diffusion" title="Demic diffusion">demic diffusion</a> into the region.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatolian derived Neolithic Farmers would subsequently spread across Europe, as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the British Isles,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most modern Europeans derive a significant part of their ancestry from these Neolithic Anatolian farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Anatolia has been <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">proposed</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">homeland</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>, although linguists tend to favour a <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">later origin</a> in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is clear that the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian languages</a>, the earliest attested branch of Indo-European, have been spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Anatolia">Ancient Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Ancient regions of Anatolia">Ancient regions of Anatolia</a></div> <p>The earliest historical data related to Anatolia appear during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and continue throughout the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The most ancient period in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">history of Anatolia</a> spans from the emergence of ancient <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a>, up to the conquest of Anatolia by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in the 6th century BCE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hattians_and_Hurrians">Hattians and Hurrians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hattians and Hurrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></div> <p>The earliest historically attested populations of Anatolia were the <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a> in central Anatolia, and <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a> further to the east. The Hattians were an indigenous people, whose main center was the city of <a href="/wiki/Hattush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattush">Hattush</a>. Affiliation of <a href="/wiki/Hattian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattian language">Hattian language</a> remains unclear, while <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a> belongs to a distinctive family of <a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian languages</a>. All of those languages are extinct; relationships with indigenous <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a> have been proposed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce200512_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce200512-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are not generally accepted. The region became famous for exporting raw materials. Organized trade between Anatolia and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> started to emerge during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, and was continued and intensified during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a>, between the 21st and the 18th centuries BCE. Assyrian traders were bringing tin and textiles in exchange for copper, silver or gold. Cuneiform records, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 20th century BCE</span>, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kanesh</a>, use an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkurgal2001-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarjamovic2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarjamovic2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hittite_Anatolia_(18th–12th_century_BCE)"><span id="Hittite_Anatolia_.2818th.E2.80.9312th_century_BCE.29"></span>Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th century BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hittite Anatolia (18th–12th century BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Gate,_Hattusa_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/220px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/330px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/440px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Sphinx Gate in <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the Akkadians and Assyrians, whose Anatolian trading posts were peripheral to their core lands in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> were centered at <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> (modern Boğazkale) in north-central Anatolia by the 17th century BCE. They were speakers of an Indo-European language, the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite language</a>, or <i>nesili</i> (the language of Nesa) in Hittite. The Hittites originated from local ancient cultures that grew in Anatolia, in addition to the arrival of Indo-European languages. Attested for the first time in the Assyrian tablets of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Nesa</a> around 2000 BCE, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BCE, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurrian-speaking populations. According to the widely accepted <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan theory">Kurgan theory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a>, however, the Hittites (along with the other Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Anatolians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Anatolians">ancient Anatolians</a>) were themselves relatively recent <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">immigrants</a> to Anatolia from the north. However, they did not necessarily displace the population genetically; they assimilated into the former peoples' culture, preserving the Hittite language. </p><p>The Hittites adopted the Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>. In the Late Bronze Age, <a href="/wiki/Hittites#New_Kingdom" title="Hittites">Hittite New Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650 BCE</span>) was founded, becoming an empire in the 14th century BCE after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> in the south-east and the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Assuwa_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Assuwa league">Assuwa league</a> in western Anatolia. The empire reached its height in the 13th century BCE, controlling much of Asia Minor, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and northwest upper Mesopotamia. However, the Hittite advance toward the Black Sea coast was halted by the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal <a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskians</a>, a non-Indo-European people who had earlier displaced the <a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic-speaking</a> Indo-Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the history of the Hittite Empire concerned war with the rival empires of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roux_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roux-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the Hittites and becoming wary of the power of Assyria, which had destroyed the Mitanni Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Roux_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roux-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assyrians and Hittites were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatolia and colonial territories in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. The Assyrians had better success than the Egyptians, annexing much Hittite (and Hurrian) territory in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Georges_Roux_1966_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georges_Roux_1966-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Hittite_Anatolia_(12th–6th_century_BCE)"><span id="Post-Hittite_Anatolia_.2812th.E2.80.936th_century_BCE.29"></span>Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th century BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-Hittite Anatolia (12th–6th century BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_theatre_of_ancient_Halicarnassus,_built_in_the_4th_century_BC_during_the_reign_of_King_Mausolos_and_enlarged_in_the_2nd_century_AD,_the_original_capacity_of_the_theatre_was_10,000,_Bodrum,_Turkey_(16456817694).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_theatre_of_ancient_Halicarnassus%2C_built_in_the_4th_century_BC_during_the_reign_of_King_Mausolos_and_enlarged_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_the_original_capacity_of_the_theatre_was_10%2C000%2C_Bodrum%2C_Turkey_%2816456817694%29.jpg/230px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_theatre_of_ancient_Halicarnassus%2C_built_in_the_4th_century_BC_during_the_reign_of_King_Mausolos_and_enlarged_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_the_original_capacity_of_the_theatre_was_10%2C000%2C_Bodrum%2C_Turkey_%2816456817694%29.jpg/345px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_theatre_of_ancient_Halicarnassus%2C_built_in_the_4th_century_BC_during_the_reign_of_King_Mausolos_and_enlarged_in_the_2nd_century_AD%2C_the_original_capacity_of_the_theatre_was_10%2C000%2C_Bodrum%2C_Turkey_%2816456817694%29.jpg/460px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4817" data-file-height="3190" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_at_Halicarnassus" title="Theatre at Halicarnassus">Theatre at Halicarnassus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a>) was built in the 4th century BC by <a href="/wiki/Mausolus" title="Mausolus">Mausolus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> (governor) of <a href="/wiki/Caria#Persian_satrapy" title="Caria">Caria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seven_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seven-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/230px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/345px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/460px-Ephesus_Celsus_Library_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9163" data-file-height="7100" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> was built by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> in 114–117.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a> in Ephesus, built by king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in the 6th century BC, was one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>After 1180 BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, the Hittite Empire disintegrated into several independent <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a>, subsequent to losing much territory to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> and being finally overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a>, another Indo-European people who are believed to have migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. The Phrygian expansion into southeast Anatolia was eventually halted by the Assyrians, who controlled that region.<sup id="cite_ref-Georges_Roux_1966_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georges_Roux_1966-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><b>Luwians</b></dd></dl> <p>Another Indo-European people, the <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>, rose to prominence in central and western Anatolia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span> BCE. <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Their language</a> belonged to the same linguistic branch as <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general consensus amongst scholars is that Luwian was spoken across a large area of western Anatolia, including (possibly) <a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>), the Seha River Land (to be identified with the <a href="/wiki/Gediz_River" title="Gediz River">Hermos</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r%C3%A7ay" title="Bakırçay">Kaikos</a> valley), and the kingdom of Mira-Kuwaliya with its core territory of the Maeander valley.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 9th century BCE, Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, all of which had <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Hellenic</a> influence. </p> <dl><dd><b>Arameans</b></dd></dl> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></b> encroached over the borders of south-central Anatolia in the century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire, and some of the Syro-Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of Hittites and Arameans. These became known as <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a>. </p> <dl><dd><b>Neo-Assyrian Empire</b></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uchisar_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Uchisar_Castle.jpg/230px-Uchisar_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Uchisar_Castle.jpg/345px-Uchisar_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Uchisar_Castle.jpg/460px-Uchisar_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Fairy chimneys in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the 10th to late 7th centuries BCE, much of Anatolia (particularly the southeastern regions) fell to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, including all of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and swathes of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>. </p><p>The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, Scythians and their own <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> and his son and regent <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a>. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a>, with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory. </p> <dl><dd><b>Cimmerian and Scythian invasions</b></dd></dl> <p>From the late 8th century BCE, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. The Cimmerians overran <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and the Scythians threatened to do the same to <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, before both were finally checked by the Assyrians. </p> <dl><dd><b>Early Greek presence</b></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:468px;max-width:468px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrodisias_-_Sebasti%C3%B3n_-_Sebasteion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Afrodisias_-_Sebasti%C3%B3n_-_Sebasteion.jpg/280px-Afrodisias_-_Sebasti%C3%B3n_-_Sebasteion.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Afrodisias_-_Sebasti%C3%B3n_-_Sebasteion.jpg/420px-Afrodisias_-_Sebasti%C3%B3n_-_Sebasteion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Afrodisias_-_Sebasti%C3%B3n_-_Sebasteion.jpg/560px-Afrodisias_-_Sebasti%C3%B3n_-_Sebasteion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrapil%C3%B3n_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tetrapil%C3%B3n_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg/180px-Tetrapil%C3%B3n_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tetrapil%C3%B3n_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg/270px-Tetrapil%C3%B3n_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tetrapil%C3%B3n_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg/360px-Tetrapil%C3%B3n_-_Afrodisias_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2602" data-file-height="2720" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Sebasteion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebasteion">Sebasteion</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapylon" title="Tetrapylon">Tetrapylon</a> (right) in <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, which was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List in 2017.</div></div></div></div> <p>The north-western coast of Anatolia was inhabited by Greeks of the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaean</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> culture from the 20th century BCE, related to the Greeks of southeastern Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian Greeks">Ionian Greeks</a>, usurping the area of the related but earlier <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greeks">Mycenaean Greeks</a>. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classical Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>, Anatolia was described by the Ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and later historians as divided into regions that were diverse in culture, language, and religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-yavuz_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yavuz-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern regions included <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>; to the west were <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, and Caria; and <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> belonged to the southern shore. There were also several inland regions: <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yavuz_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yavuz-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages spoken included the late surviving <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolic languages">Anatolic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaurian_language" title="Isaurian language">Isaurian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a>, Greek in western and coastal regions, <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> spoken until the 7th century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local variants of <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> in the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian variant of Gaulish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> until the 6th century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Cappadocian_language" title="Ancient Cappadocian language">Cappadocian</a> in the homonymous region,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> in the northeast. </p><p>Anatolia is known as the birthplace of minted <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a> (as opposed to unminted coinage, which first appears in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> at a much earlier date) as a medium of exchange, some time in the 7th century BCE in Lydia. The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> eras.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 6th century BCE, all of Anatolia was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the Persians having usurped the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">dominant dynasty of Persia</a>. In 499 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> city-states on the west coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule. The <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a>, as it became known, though quelled, initiated the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>, which ended in a Greek victory in 449 BCE, and the Ionian cities regained their independence. By the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a> (387 BCE), which ended the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a>, Persia regained control over Ionia.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 334 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a> Greek king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the Anatolian peninsula from the Achaemenid Persian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander's conquest opened up the interior of Asia Minor to Greek settlement and influence. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemrut_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nemrut_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1_12.jpg/250px-Nemrut_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nemrut_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1_12.jpg/375px-Nemrut_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nemrut_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1_12.jpg/500px-Nemrut_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4953" data-file-height="3302" /></a><figcaption>Sanctuary of the Kings of <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nemrut" title="Mount Nemrut">Mount Nemrut</a> (1st century BCE)</figcaption></figure><p> Following the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a>, Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalids of Pergamum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>, the latter controlling most of Anatolia. A period of peaceful <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> followed, such that the local Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BCE. In 133 BCE the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>; western and central Anatolia came under <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Anatolia" title="Romanization of Anatolia">Roman control</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic culture">Hellenistic culture</a> remained predominant. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a> in northern Anatolia, waged war against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in the year 88 BCE in order to halt the advance of Roman <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> region. Mithridates VI sought to dominate Asia Minor and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region, waging several hard-fought but ultimately unsuccessful wars (the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a>) to break Roman dominion over Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic world">Hellenic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been called the greatest ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further annexations by Rome, in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, brought all of Anatolia under <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Anatolia" title="Romanization of Anatolia">Roman control</a>, except for the southeastern frontier with the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, which remained unstable for centuries, causing a series of military conflicts that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a> (54 BCE – 217 CE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christian_period">Early Christian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early Christian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Christianity as the Roman state religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread of Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/240px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/360px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/480px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b23938; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 117 CE at its greatest extent, at the time of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s death.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d28989; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_churches_of_asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/218px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/328px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/437px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_division_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First division of the Roman Empire">first division of the Roman Empire</a>, Anatolia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, otherwise known as the Byzantine Empire or <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niewöhner_2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1st century CE, Anatolia became <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">one of the first places where Christianity spread</a>, so that by the 4th century CE, western and central Anatolia were overwhelmingly Christian and Greek-speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niewöhner_2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Byzantine Anatolia was one of the wealthiest and most densely populated places in the <a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a>. Anatolia's wealth grew during the 4th and 5th centuries thanks, in part, to the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Road" title="Pilgrim's Road">Pilgrim's Road</a> that ran through the peninsula. Literary evidence about the rural landscape stems from the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Christian hagiographies</a> of the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Sion" title="Nicholas of Sion">Nicholas of Sion</a> and 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Sykeon" title="Theodore of Sykeon">Theodore of Sykeon</a>. Large and prosperous urban centers of Byzantine Anatolia included <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niewöhner_2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-5th century onwards, urbanism was affected negatively and began to decline, while the rural areas reached unprecedented levels of prosperity in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niewöhner_2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians and scholars continue to debate the cause of the urban decline in Byzantine Anatolia between the 6th and 7th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niewöhner_2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> variously attributing it to the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">Plague of Justinian</a> (541), the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War</a> (602–628), and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Arab invasion of the Levant</a> (634–638).<sup id="cite_ref-thonemann_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thonemann-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_late_medieval_Anatolia" title="List of states in late medieval Anatolia">List of states in late medieval Anatolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/300px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/450px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg/600px-Asia_Minor_ca_842_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Byzantine-Arab frontier zone</a> in the mid-9th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 10 years following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> from Central Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia, with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest, and this period marks the start of Anatolia's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking, to predominantly Muslim and Turkish-speaking (although ethnic groups such as Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians remained numerous and retained Christianity and their native languages). In the following century, the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in western and northern Anatolia. Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Rûm">Sultanate of Rûm</a>, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Balyuzi_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balyuzi-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11_13th_century_Asia_Minor_Turkish_Invasions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/11_13th_century_Asia_Minor_Turkish_Invasions.png/220px-11_13th_century_Asia_Minor_Turkish_Invasions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/11_13th_century_Asia_Minor_Turkish_Invasions.png/330px-11_13th_century_Asia_Minor_Turkish_Invasions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/11_13th_century_Asia_Minor_Turkish_Invasions.png/440px-11_13th_century_Asia_Minor_Turkish_Invasions.png 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Settlements and regions affected during the first wave of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Byzantine–Seljuk wars">Turkish invasions</a> in Asia Minor (11th–13th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1255, the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> swept through eastern and central Anatolia, and would remain until 1335. The <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> garrison was stationed near <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balyuzi_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balyuzi-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 to 1353, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>'s legacy in the region was the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eretna_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretna Dynasty">Eretna Dynasty</a> that was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Kadi_Burhan_al-Din" title="Kadi Burhan al-Din">Kadi Burhan al-Din</a> in 1381.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a>. Smyrna fell in 1330, and the last Byzantine stronghold in Anatolia, Philadelphia, fell in 1390. The <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a> Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols, at least nominally, through declining Seljuk sultans.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanids">Ilkhanids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Osmanli" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanli">Osmanli</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s; they bear the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugrul".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>, it can be considered that the Osmanli, or Ottoman Turks, had become formally independent from the Mongol Khans.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/220px-Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/330px-Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg/440px-Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire">Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire</a> between 1359 and 1683</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> leaders, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottomans</a> emerged as great power under <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a> were successively absorbed into the rising <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not well understood how the Osmanlı, or <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>, came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of <a href="/wiki/Halicarnassus" title="Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Saint John">Knights of Saint John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History of Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Historical_Atlas,_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg/220px-The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg/330px-The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg/440px-The_Historical_Atlas%2C_1911_%E2%80%93_Distribution_of_Races_in_the_Balkan_Peninsula_and_Asia_Minor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1905–06</figcaption></figure> <p>With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgian people">Lezgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia. As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> regions and then fragmented during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions, mainly Balkan Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Muslim Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a> from <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a>), were resettled in various parts of Anatolia, mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Polycarp_Kilisesi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Polycarp_Kilisesi_%282%29.jpg/136px-St._Polycarp_Kilisesi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Polycarp_Kilisesi_%282%29.jpg/204px-St._Polycarp_Kilisesi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/St._Polycarp_Kilisesi_%282%29.jpg/271px-St._Polycarp_Kilisesi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>St. Polycarp Kilisesi Church, in modern day <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Izmir</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century, when Greeks from Anatolia, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and Pontus area migrated toward the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>, and also towards the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Latin America, and the rest of Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_and_mosque_wza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ankara_and_mosque_wza.jpg/220px-Ankara_and_mosque_wza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ankara_and_mosque_wza.jpg/330px-Ankara_and_mosque_wza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ankara_and_mosque_wza.jpg/440px-Ankara_and_mosque_wza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the Russo-Persian <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> (1828) and the incorporation of Eastern Armenia into the Russian Empire, another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia, which recorded significant migration rates from Western Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) toward the Russian Empire, especially toward its newly established Armenian provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anatolia remained <a href="/wiki/Multi-ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-ethnic">multi-ethnic</a> until the early 20th century (see the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a>). During World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a> almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> populations in Anatolia and surrounding regions. Following the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_of_1919%E2%80%931922" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922">Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922</a>, most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>. Of the remainder, most have left Turkey since then, leaving fewer than 5,000 Greeks in Anatolia today.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Morris and Ze'evi, 4 million christians were ethnically cleansed from Asia minor by the Turks from 1894 to 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Tuz,_Turkey_(Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lake_Tuz%2C_Turkey_%28Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0%29.jpg/220px-Lake_Tuz%2C_Turkey_%28Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lake_Tuz%2C_Turkey_%28Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0%29.jpg/330px-Lake_Tuz%2C_Turkey_%28Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lake_Tuz%2C_Turkey_%28Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0%29.jpg/440px-Lake_Tuz%2C_Turkey_%28Unsplash_O0uCm1WLnA0%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Salty shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuz" title="Lake Tuz">Lake Tuz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anatolia's terrain is structurally complex. A central <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a> composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded <a href="/wiki/Trough_(geology)" title="Trough (geology)">troughs</a>, covered by recent <a href="/wiki/Deposit_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposit (geology)">deposits</a> and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea coasts. Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kızıl River">Kızıl River</a>, the coastal plains of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Çukurova</a> and the valley floors of the <a href="/wiki/Gediz_River" title="Gediz River">Gediz River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Büyük Menderes River">Büyük Menderes River</a> as well as some interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tuz" title="Lake Tuz">Lake Tuz</a> (Salt Lake) and the <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> Basin (<i>Konya Ovasi</i>). </p><p>There are two mountain ranges in southern Anatolia: the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurus mountains">Taurus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate of Turkey</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Temperatures of Anatolia</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klima_ankara.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara (central Anatolia)"><img alt="Ankara (central Anatolia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Klima_ankara.png/174px-Klima_ankara.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Klima_ankara.png/260px-Klima_ankara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Klima_ankara.png/347px-Klima_ankara.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (central Anatolia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klima_antalya.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Antalya (southern Anatolia)"><img alt="Antalya (southern Anatolia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Klima_antalya.png/174px-Klima_antalya.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Klima_antalya.png/260px-Klima_antalya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Klima_antalya.png/347px-Klima_antalya.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> (southern Anatolia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klima_van.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Van (eastern Anatolia)"><img alt="Van (eastern Anatolia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Klima_van.png/174px-Klima_van.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Klima_van.png/260px-Klima_van.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Klima_van.png/347px-Klima_van.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a> (eastern Anatolia)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Anatolia has a varied range of climates. The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate, with hot summers and cold snowy winters. The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate, with mild rainy winters, and warm dry summers.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero19_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero19-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Black Sea and Marmara coasts have a temperate oceanic climate, with warm, foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecoregions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Blue_Lagoon_-_2014.10_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4286" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> is prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Anatolia_(52397494465).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Central_Anatolia_%2852397494465%29.jpg/220px-Central_Anatolia_%2852397494465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Central_Anatolia_%2852397494465%29.jpg/330px-Central_Anatolia_%2852397494465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Central_Anatolia_%2852397494465%29.jpg/440px-Central_Anatolia_%2852397494465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption>Anatolia's dry central plateau</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities. </p><p>The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experience a humid and mild climate. There are <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate broadleaf, mixed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">coniferous</a> forests. The central and eastern plateau, with its drier <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a>, has deciduous forests and forest steppes. Western and southern Anatolia, which have a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, contain <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub" title="Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub">Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub</a> ecoregions. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euxine-Colchic_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests">Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests</a>: These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia, lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea. They include the enclaves of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate rainforest</a> lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Anatolian_conifer_and_deciduous_forests" title="Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests">Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests</a>: These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia, running east and west between the coastal Euxine-Colchic forests and the drier, continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolian_deciduous_forests" title="Central Anatolian deciduous forests">Central Anatolian deciduous forests</a>: These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolian_steppe" title="Central Anatolian steppe">Central Anatolian steppe</a>: These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia, and include <a href="/wiki/Halophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytic">halophytic</a> (salt tolerant) plant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontic_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pontic_Panorama.jpg/300px-Pontic_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pontic_Panorama.jpg/450px-Pontic_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pontic_Panorama.jpg/600px-Pontic_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7212" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>A panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea Region</a> of northern Anatolia, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_deciduous_forests" title="Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests">Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests</a>: This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia. The drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe-forests dominated by deciduous oaks, with areas of shrubland, montane forest, and valley forest.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_conifer_and_deciduous_mixed_forests" title="Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests">Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests</a>: These forests occupy the western, Mediterranean-climate portion of the Anatolian plateau. Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_and_Western_Turkey_sclerophyllous_and_mixed_forests" title="Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests">Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests</a>: These Mediterranean-climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea. The ecoregion has forests of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish pine">Turkish pine</a> <i>(Pinus brutia)</i>, oak forests and woodlands, and <a href="/wiki/Maquis_shrubland" title="Maquis shrubland">maquis shrubland</a> of Turkish pine and evergreen <a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyllous</a> trees and shrubs, including <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a> <i>(Olea europaea)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">Strawberry Tree</a> <i>(Arbutus unedo)</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arbutus_andrachne" title="Arbutus andrachne">Arbutus andrachne</a></i>, Kermes Oak <i>(<a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a>)</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bay_Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Laurel">Bay Laurel</a> <i>(Laurus nobilis)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Anatolian_montane_conifer_and_deciduous_forests" title="Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests">Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests</a>: These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean-climate <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> of southern Anatolia. Conifer forests are predominant, chiefly Anatolian black pine <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pinus_nigra" title="Pinus nigra">Pinus nigra</a>)</i>, Cedar of Lebanon <i>(<a href="/wiki/Cedrus_libani" title="Cedrus libani">Cedrus libani</a>)</i>, Taurus fir <i>(<a href="/wiki/Abies_cilicica" title="Abies cilicica">Abies cilicica</a>)</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Juniperus_foetidissima" title="Juniperus foetidissima">Juniperus foetidissima</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_excelsa" title="Juniperus excelsa">J. excelsa</a>)</i>. Broadleaf trees include oaks, <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests</a>: This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea. Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands, forests of Aleppo Pine <i>(</i>Pinus halepensis<i>)</i> and Turkish Pine <i>(Pinus brutia)</i>, and dry oak <i>(Quercus</i> spp.) woodlands and steppes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics of Turkey</a></div> <p>The largest cities in Anatolia (aside from the Asian side of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">İzmit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Kahramanmaraş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denizli" title="Denizli">Denizli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla" title="Muğla">Muğla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar" title="Afyonkarahisar">Afyonkarahisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokat" title="Tokat">Tokat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum" title="Çorum">Çorum</a>. All have populations of more than 500,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolianism">Anatolianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian leopard">Anatolian leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plate">Anatolian Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Shepherd">Anatolian Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Asia_Minor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doris (Asia Minor)">Doris (Asia Minor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Anatolia">Saint Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers" title="Seven Sleepers">Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additional alternative names include <b>Asian/Asiatic Turkey</b>, the <b>Anatolian Peninsula</b>, and the <b>Anatolian Plateau</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-anatolia_definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anatolia_definition_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anatolia_definition_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcColl2014">McColl 2014</a>, p. 922: "Thrace, its European area, is about the size of VERMONT at 9,412 square mi (24,378 square km). Its Asian area (Asia Minor) is called Anatolia and covers 291,971 square mi (756,202 square km)"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCohen2008">Cohen 2008</a>, p. 125: "Anatolia, [Gr.=sunrise], Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTocknerUehlingerRobinson2009">Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009</a>: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)"</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#geography">"Turkey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fturkey-turkiye%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span>: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia">"Anatolia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Anatolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAnatolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span>: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSteadmanMcMahon2011">Steadman & McMahon 2011</a>, p. 466</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHoward2016">Howard 2016</a>, p. 7</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Chapin_Metz1995" class="citation web cs1">Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm">"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography"</a>. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+A+Country+Study+%26%23124%3B+Geography&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fturkey%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span>: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)"</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsStaff편집부2001" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Daniel J.; Staff, Merriam-Webster; 편집부 (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&q=anatolia+geographical+dictionary&pg=PA883"><i>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</i></a>. Merriam-Webster. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-546-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128204112/https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&q=anatolia+geographical+dictionary&pg=PA883">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2001</span>. <q>Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-546-9&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft.au=Staff%2C+Merriam-Webster&rft.au=%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91%EB%B6%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo_VIPIJerIC%26q%3Danatolia%2Bgeographical%2Bdictionary%26pg%3DPA883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Mitchell1995" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Mitchell (6 July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libunix.ku.edu.tr/search~S9/?searchtype=t&searcharg=Anatolia%3A+Land%2C+Men%2C+and+Gods+in+Asia+Minor&searchscope=9&SORT=DZ&extended=0&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=tAnatolian+Civilizations+and+Antique+Cities+of+Turkey"><i>Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198150296" title="Special:BookSources/0198150296"><bdi>0198150296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatolia%3A+land%2C+men%2C+and+Gods+in+Asia+Minor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995-07-06&rft.isbn=0198150296&rft.au=Stephen+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibunix.ku.edu.tr%2Fsearch~S9%2F%3Fsearchtype%3Dt%26searcharg%3DAnatolia%253A%2BLand%252C%2BMen%252C%2Band%2BGods%2Bin%2BAsia%2BMinor%26searchscope%3D9%26SORT%3DDZ%26extended%3D0%26SUBMIT%3DSearch%26searchlimits%3D%26searchorigarg%3DtAnatolian%2BCivilizations%2Band%2BAntique%2BCities%2Bof%2BTurkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKONDA2006">KONDA 2006</a>, p. 19</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFComrie2018">Comrie 2018</a>, p. 537</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-World_Factbook_People-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_People_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Factbook_People_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey-turkiye/#people-and-society">"Turkey (Turkiye)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Turkey+%28Turkiye%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fturkey-turkiye%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KONDA_2006_17-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_2006_17_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KONDA_2006_17_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKONDA2006">KONDA 2006</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Sea_Deluge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Deluge_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Deluge_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Deluge_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deluge-NASA.png">"Illustration of the Lake (later Sea) of Marmara and the formation of the Turkish Straits after the Black Sea deluge"</a>. <i>www.ncdc.noaa.gov</i>. 26 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831144627/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deluge-NASA.png">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncdc.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Illustration+of+the+Lake+%28later+Sea%29+of+Marmara+and+the+formation+of+the+Turkish+Straits+after+the+Black+Sea+deluge&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ADeluge-NASA.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimitrov1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrov1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrov1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrov1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitrov P., 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284602641_The_Black_Sea_-_a_Clue_to_the_Secret_of_World_Flood">"The Black Sea – a Clue to the Secret of World Flood"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210521201345/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284602641_The_Black_Sea_-_a_Clue_to_the_Secret_of_World_Flood">Archived</a> 21 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Oceanology</i>, 4, 52–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimitrov2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrov2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrov2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrov2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137_The_Black_Sea_The_Flood_and_the_ancient_myths">The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515095644/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137_The_Black_Sea_The_Flood_and_the_ancient_myths">Archived</a> 15 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Slavena", Varna, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954579335X" title="Special:BookSources/954579335X">954579335X</a>, 91 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.18954.16327">10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niewohner2017-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niewohner2017_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipp_Niewohner2017" class="citation book cs1">Philipp Niewohner (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAUmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190610470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190610470"><bdi>978-0190610470</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200311111958/https://books.google.com/books?id=cAUmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Byzantine+Anatolia%3A+From+the+End+of+Late+Antiquity+until+the+Coming+of+the+Turks&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190610470&rft.au=Philipp+Niewohner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAUmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Mitchell (1995). <i>Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. The Celts in Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule</i>. Clarendon Press, 266 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198150299" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198150299">978-0198150299</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUYtwuve40kC">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329114033/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUYtwuve40kC">Archived</a> 29 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahakyan-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sahakyan_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sahakyan_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahakyan2010" class="citation book cs1">Sahakyan, Lusine (2010). <i>Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey</i>. Montreal: Arod Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0969987970" title="Special:BookSources/978-0969987970"><bdi>978-0969987970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkification+of+the+Toponyms+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Republic+of+Turkey&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Arod+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0969987970&rft.aulast=Sahakyan&rft.aufirst=Lusine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2007" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC"><i>The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies</i></a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412835923" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412835923"><bdi>978-1412835923</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010030024/https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Cultural+and+Ethical+Legacies&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1412835923&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3monyE4CVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2167/irgee216.0">A Comparative Analysis Regarding Pictures Included in Secondary School Geography Textbooks Taught in Turkey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413141440/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2167/irgee216.0">Archived</a> 13 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Okan Yasar and Mehmet Seremet, <i>International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education</i>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vazken Khatchig Davidian, "Imagining Ottoman Armenia: Realism and Allegory in Garabed Nichanian's Provincial Wedding in Moush and Late Ottoman Art Criticism", p. 7 & footnote 34, in <i>Études arméniennes contemporaines</i> volume 6, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFevzi_ÖzgökçeKit_TanVladimir_Stevanović2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fevzi Özgökçe; Kit Tan; Vladimir Stevanović (2005). "A new subspecies of Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae) from East Anatolia, Turkey". <i>Annales Botanici Fennici</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 143–149. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23726860">23726860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Botanici+Fennici&rft.atitle=A+new+subspecies+of+Silene+acaulis+%28Caryophyllaceae%29+from+East+Anatolia%2C+Turkey&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-149&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23726860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Fevzi+%C3%96zg%C3%B6k%C3%A7e&rft.au=Kit+Tan&rft.au=Vladimir+Stevanovi%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palumbi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palumbi_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalumbi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Palumbi, Giulio (5 September 2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195376142-e-9">"The Chalcolithic of Eastern Anatolia"</a>. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia</i>. <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0009">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0009</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512155433/http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195376142-e-9">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.atitle=The+Chalcolithic+of+Eastern+Anatolia&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0009&rft.aulast=Palumbi&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780195376142-e-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etym-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etym_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_George_LiddellRobert_Scott" class="citation web cs1">Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%237638">"ἀνατολή"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526063014/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%237638">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE&rft.au=Henry+George+Liddell&rft.au=Robert+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%25237638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/anatolia">"Anatolia | Origin and meaning of the name Anatolia"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713102500/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anatolia">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Anatolia+%26%23124%3B+Origin+and+meaning+of+the+name+Anatolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fanatolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-First_Thema_1952,_p._59-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-First_Thema_1952,_p._59_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On the First Thema, called Anatolikón. This theme is called Anatolikón or Theme of the Anatolics, not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises, but because it lies to the East of Byzantium and Europe." <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a>, <i>De Thematibus</i>, ed. A. Pertusi. Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, 1952, pp. 59 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Haldon_2002._Page_32-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Haldon_2002._Page_32_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Haldon, <i>Byzantium, a History</i>, 2002, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009297–98-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009297–98_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, pp. 297–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*%29asi%2Fa">Ἀσία</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427042823/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*%29asi%2Fa">Archived</a> 27 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordreference-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordreference_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2018" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-258">"Anatolia"</a>. <i>The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191866326.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191866326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191866326"><bdi>978-0191866326</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102228/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191866326.001.0001/acref-9780191866326-e-258">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatolia&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191866326.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0191866326&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191866326.001.0001%2Facref-9780191866326-e-258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suny-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suny_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). <i><span></span>'They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else': A History of the Armenian Genocide</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400865581" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400865581"><bdi>978-1400865581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%27%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1400865581&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Handbook_p466-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Handbook_p466_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Handbook_p466_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteadmanMcMahon2011">Steadman & McMahon 2011</a>, p. 466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yigit-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yigit_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali Yiğit, "Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye'yi Bölgelere Ayıran Çalışmalar ve Yapılması Gerekenler", <i>Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, IV. Ulural Coğrafya Sempozyumu, "Avrupa Birliği Sürecindeki Türkiye'de Bölgesel Farklılıklar"</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fka.org.tr/SayfaDownload/bildiri_nihan_atay.pdf">pp. 34–35</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109013737/http://www.fka.org.tr/SayfaDownload/bildiri_nihan_atay.pdf">Archived</a> 9 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1998" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiBHkRtRmIIC&pg=PA204"><i>Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814327777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814327777"><bdi>978-0814327777</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310025218/https://books.google.com/books?id=kiBHkRtRmIIC&pg=PA204">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Temple+of+Artemis+at+Ephesus%3A+The+Un-Greek+Temple+and+Wonder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melchert 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkins 1994; id. 1995:144–51; Starke 1997; Melchert 2003; for the geography Hawkins 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Roebuck, <i>The World of Ancient Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yavuz-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yavuz_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yavuz_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYavuz2010" class="citation book cs1">Yavuz, Mehmet Fatih (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-61">"Anatolia"</a>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170726" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170726"><bdi>978-0195170726</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102239/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001/acref-9780195170726-e-61">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatolia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0195170726&rft.aulast=Yavuz&rft.aufirst=Mehmet+Fatih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195170726.001.0001%2Facref-9780195170726-e-61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2016" class="citation book cs1">Honey, Linda (5 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5geoDQAAQBAJ&q=isaurian%20personal%20names&pg=PT64">"Justifiably Outraged or Simply Outrageous? The Isaurian Incident of Ammianus Marcellinus"</a>. <i>Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices</i>. Routledge. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351875745" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351875745"><bdi>978-1351875745</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519052917/https://books.google.com/books?id=5geoDQAAQBAJ&q=isaurian%20personal%20names&pg=PT64">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Justifiably+Outraged+or+Simply+Outrageous%3F+The+Isaurian+Incident+of+Ammianus+Marcellinus&rft.btitle=Violence+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Perceptions+and+Practices&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1351875745&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5geoDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaurian%2520personal%2520names%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwainAdamsJanse2002" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). <i>Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199245061" title="Special:BookSources/0199245061"><bdi>0199245061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+in+Ancient+Society%3A+Language+Contact+and+the+Written+Word&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=246-66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0199245061&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+Maxwell&rft.au=Janse%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, Philip, <i>The Galatian Language</i>, Edwin Mellen, 2001, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clackson, James. "Language maintenance and language shift in the Mediterranean world during the Roman Empire." Multilingualism in the Graeco-Roman Worlds (2012): 36–57. p. 46: The second testimonium for the late survival of Galatian appears in the Life of Saint Euthymius, who died in ad 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/402/1/TOM%20NORTON.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102201528/http://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/402/1/TOM%20NORTON.pdf">Archived</a> 2 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> | A question of identity: who were the Galatians?. University of Wales. p. 62: The final reference to Galatian comes two hundred years later in the sixth century CE when Cyril of Scythopolis attests that Galatian was still being spoken eight hundred years after the Galatians arrived in Asia Minor. Cyril tells of the temporary possession of a monk from Galatia by Satan and rendered speechless, but when he recovered he spoke only in his native Galatian when questioned: 'If he were pressed, he spoke only in Galatian'.180 After this, the rest is silence, and further archaeological or literary discoveries are awaited to see if Galatian survived any later. In this regard, the example of Crimean Gothic is instructive. It was presumed to have died out in the fifth century CE, but the discovery of a small corpus of the language dating from the sixteenth century altered this perception.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Eric Cooper, Michael J. Decker, <i>Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230361064" title="Special:BookSources/0230361064">0230361064</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowgego1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Howgego" title="Christopher Howgego">Howgego, C. J.</a> (1995). <i>Ancient History from Coins</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415089920" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415089920"><bdi>978-0415089920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+from+Coins&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0415089920&rft.aulast=Howgego&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/">Asia Minor Coins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317151148/https://www.asiaminorcoins.com/">Archived</a> 17 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – an index of Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor (ancient Anatolia)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamaev1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Dandamayev" title="Muhammad Dandamayev">Dandamaev, M. A.</a> (1989). <i>A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire</i>. Brill. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004091726" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004091726"><bdi>978-9004091726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-9004091726&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, R.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/artaxerxes-ii-achaemenid-king">"ARTAXERXES II"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6</i>. pp. 656–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409011010/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/artaxerxes-ii-achaemenid-king">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARTAXERXES+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+6&rft.pages=656-58&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fartaxerxes-ii-achaemenid-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC"><i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405179362" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405179362"><bdi>978-1405179362</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416185650/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1405179362&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mithradates-VI-Eupator">Mithradates VI Eupator</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Hewsen, Robert H. (2009). "Armenians on the Black Sea: The Province of Trebizond". In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). <i>Armenian Pontus: The Trebizond-Black Sea Communities</i>. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, Inc. pp. 41, 37–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-155-1"><bdi>978-1-56859-155-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenians+on+the+Black+Sea%3A+The+Province+of+Trebizond&rft.btitle=Armenian+Pontus%3A+The+Trebizond-Black+Sea+Communities&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+CA&rft.pages=41%2C+37-66&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-155-1&rft.aulast=Hewsen&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_Julian1997" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Julian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qk_tofvS8EsC"><i>Trajan: Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16524-2"><bdi>978-0-415-16524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Optimus+Princeps+%3A+a+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16524-2&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqk_tofvS8EsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span>. Fig. 1. Regions east of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river were held only in the years 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niewöhner_2017-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niewöhner_2017_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewöhner2017" class="citation book cs1">Niewöhner, Philipp (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cgUmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">"Chapter 3: Urbanism – The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia"</a>. In Niewöhner, Philipp (ed.). <i>The Archaeology of Byzantine Anatolia: From the End of Late Antiquity until the Coming of the Turks</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 39–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190610463.003.0004">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190610463.003.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190610487" title="Special:BookSources/9780190610487"><bdi>9780190610487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Urbanism+%E2%80%93+The+Archaeology+of+Byzantine+Anatolia&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Byzantine+Anatolia%3A+From+the+End+of+Late+Antiquity+until+the+Coming+of+the+Turks&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=39-59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190610463.003.0004&rft.isbn=9780190610487&rft.aulast=Niew%C3%B6hner&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcgUmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thonemann-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thonemann_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThonemann2018" class="citation book cs1">Thonemann, Peter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-241">"Anatolia"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198662778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198662778"><bdi>978-0198662778</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102258/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-241">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatolia&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0198662778&rft.aulast=Thonemann&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngold1997" class="citation book cs1">Angold, Michael (1997). <i>The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204</i>. Longman. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582294684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582294684"><bdi>978-0582294684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire+1025%E2%80%931204&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0582294684&rft.aulast=Angold&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balyuzi-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balyuzi_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balyuzi_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. M. Balyuzi <i>Muḥammad and the course of Islám</i>, p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Freely <i>Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey</i>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser-The origins of the Ottoman Empire, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Partner <i>God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam</i>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire</i>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artuk – <i>Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu</i>, 27f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pamuk – <i>A Monetary History</i>, pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I">"Osman I | Ottoman sultan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424073731/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Osman-I">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osman+I+%7C+Ottoman+sultan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOsman-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orhan">"Orhan | Ottoman sultan"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310140006/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orhan">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orhan+%7C+Ottoman+sultan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOrhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet2010" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, Kate (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-history-of-islam/rise-of-the-ottomans/015D10BC98EA8A2D69B29D54AC7241CC">"The rise of the Ottomans"</a>. <i>The rise of the Ottomans (Chapter 11) – The New Cambridge History of Islam</i>. Cambridge Core. pp. 313–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521839570.013">10.1017/CHOL9780521839570.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139056151" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139056151"><bdi>978-1139056151</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071602/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/new-cambridge-history-of-islam/rise-of-the-ottomans/015D10BC98EA8A2D69B29D54AC7241CC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+Ottomans&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+the+Ottomans+%28Chapter+11%29+%E2%80%93+The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=313-31&rft.pub=Cambridge+Core&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521839570.013&rft.isbn=978-1139056151&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fnew-cambridge-history-of-islam%2Frise-of-the-ottomans%2F015D10BC98EA8A2D69B29D54AC7241CC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA5"><i>Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465008506" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465008506"><bdi>978-0465008506</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102002603/http://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0465008506&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cTHyUQoTyUC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenito2012" class="citation web cs1">Genito, Bruno (1 March 2012) [15 December 2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/halicarnassus">"Halicarnassus"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071811/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/halicarnassus">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Halicarnassus&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Genito&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhalicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Swietochowski, Tadeusz</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ&q=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game:+travelogues+and+orientalism"><i>Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 69, 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+A+Borderland+in+Transition&rft.pages=69%2C+133&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07068-3&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfRYRwAACAAJ%26q%3DRussia%2Band%2BIran%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bgreat%2Bgame%3A%2Btravelogues%2Band%2Borientalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230907151019/https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/09/07/the-uncertain-future-of-greeks-in-turkey#selection-1030.0-1030.1">"The uncertain future of Greeks in Turkey"</a>. <i>archive.is</i>. 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.is&rft.atitle=The+uncertain+future+of+Greeks+in+Turkey&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20230907151019%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feurope%2F2023%2F09%2F07%2Fthe-uncertain-future-of-greeks-in-turkey%23selection-1030.0-1030.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisZe’evi2019" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny; Ze’evi, Dror (24 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THSPDwAAQBAJ&q=Benny+Morris+the+thirty+year+genocide"><i>The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91645-6"><bdi>978-0-674-91645-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty-Year+Genocide%3A+Turkey%27s+Destruction+of+Its+Christian+Minorities%2C+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91645-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Ze%E2%80%99evi%2C+Dror&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHSPDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBenny%2BMorris%2Bthe%2Bthirty%2Byear%2Bgenocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiley-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiley_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCemenYilmaz2017" class="citation book cs1">Cemen, Ibrahim; Yilmaz, Yucel (2017). <i>Active Global Seismology: Neotectonics and Earthquake Potential of the Eastern Mediterranean Region</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118945018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118945018"><bdi>978-1118945018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Active+Global+Seismology%3A+Neotectonics+and+Earthquake+Potential+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+Region&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1118945018&rft.aulast=Cemen&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft.au=Yilmaz%2C+Yucel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero19-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero19_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, W.G. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/19/"><i>Anatolia</i></a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102025925/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/19/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatolia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11766%2Fview%2F1%2F19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa0422">"Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Euxine-Colchic+deciduous+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa0422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa0515">"Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Northern+Anatolian+conifer+and+deciduous+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa0515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa0410">"Central Anatolian deciduous forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Central+Anatolian+deciduous+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa0410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa0803">"Central Anatolian steppe"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Central+Anatolian+steppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa0803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa0420">"Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Eastern+Anatolian+deciduous+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa0420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1202">"Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Anatolian+conifer+and+deciduous+mixed+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa1202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1201">"Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Aegean+and+Western+Turkey+sclerophyllous+and+mixed+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa1201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1220">"Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Southern+Anatolian+montane+conifer+and+deciduous+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa1220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1207">"Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Eastern+Mediterranean+conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fpa1207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkurgal2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Akurgal" title="Ekrem Akurgal">Akurgal, Ekrem</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1tAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations</i></a>. Ankara: Ministry of Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9751727565" title="Special:BookSources/978-9751727565"><bdi>978-9751727565</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428164117/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ1tAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hattian+and+Hittite+Civilizations&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9751727565&rft.aulast=Akurgal&rft.aufirst=Ekrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ1tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarjamovic2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gojko_Barjamovic" title="Gojko Barjamovic">Barjamovic, Gojko</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB9feN_sbx4C"><i>A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period</i></a>. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8763536455" title="Special:BookSources/978-8763536455"><bdi>978-8763536455</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428164116/https://books.google.com/books?id=hB9feN_sbx4C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Geography+of+Anatolia+in+the+Old+Assyrian+Colony+Period&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8763536455&rft.aulast=Barjamovic&rft.aufirst=Gojko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhB9feN_sbx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. Bryce">Bryce, Trevor R.</a> (2005) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HMHmCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Kingdom of the Hittites</i></a> (2nd revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199279081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199279081"><bdi>978-0199279081</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505123630/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMHmCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Hittites&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199279081&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHMHmCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. Bryce">Bryce, Trevor R.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C"><i>The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire</i></a>. London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134159079" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134159079"><bdi>978-1134159079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia%3A+The+Near+East+from+the+Early+Bronze+Age+to+the+fall+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1134159079&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwwNS0diXP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Saul B., ed. (2008). <i>The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G</i> (2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1"><bdi>978-0-231-14554-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212893637">212893637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Gazetteer+of+the+World%3A+Volume+1+A+to+G&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212893637&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14554-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie2018" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (2018). Comrie, Bernard (ed.). <i>The World's Major Languages</i> (3rd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315644936">10.4324/9781315644936</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506511-4"><bdi>978-0-19-506511-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315644936&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506511-4&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Douglas A. (2016). <i>The History of Turkey</i> (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3466-0"><bdi>978-1-4408-3466-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Turkey&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3466-0&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcColl2014" class="citation book cs1">McColl, R. W. (2014). <i>Encyclopedia of World Geography</i>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7229-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-7229-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Geography&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3&rft.aulast=McColl&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteadmanMcMahon2011" class="citation book cs1">Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia:(10,000–323 BCE)</i>. Oxford University Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F51311">11693/51311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195376142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195376142"><bdi>978-0195376142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia%3A%2810%2C000%E2%80%93323+BCE%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F51311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0195376142&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=Sharon+R.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocknerUehlingerRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC"><i>Rivers of Europe</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091908-9"><bdi>978-0-08-091908-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+Europe&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-091908-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDmX5XKkQCcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKONDA2006" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215004933/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf">Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy">KONDA Research and Consultancy</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Toplumsal+Yap%C4%B1+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1+2006&rft.pub=KONDA+Research+and+Consultancy&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.konda.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fraporlar%2F2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatolia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Anatolia</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anatolia&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anatolia">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anatolia&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Akat, Yücel, Neşe Özgünel, and Aynur Durukan. 1991. <i>Anatolia: A World Heritage</i>. Ankara: Kültür Bakanliǧi.</li> <li>Brewster, Harry. 1993. <i>Classical Anatolia: The Glory of Hellenism</i>. London: I. B. Tauris.</li> <li>Donbaz, Veysel, and Şemsi Güner. 1995. <i>The Royal Roads of Anatolia</i>. Istanbul: Dünya.</li> <li>Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. 2013. <i>Empire, Authority, and Autonomy In Achaemenid Anatolia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Gates, Charles, Jacques Morin, and Thomas Zimmermann. 2009. <i>Sacred Landscapes In Anatolia and Neighboring Regions</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress.</li> <li>Mikasa, Takahito, ed. 1999. <i>Essays On Ancient Anatolia</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</li> <li>Takaoğlu, Turan. 2004. <i>Ethnoarchaeological Investigations In Rural Anatolia</i>. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.</li> <li>Taracha, Piotr. 2009. <i>Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</li> <li>Taymaz, Tuncay, Y. Yilmaz, and Yildirim Dilek. 2007. <i>The Geodynamics of the Aegean and Anatolia</i>. London: Geological Society.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anatolia" 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width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language_reform" title="Turkish language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Peninsulas_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peninsulas_of_Turkey" title="Template:Peninsulas of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peninsulas_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Peninsulas of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peninsulas_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peninsulas of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Peninsulas_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_peninsulas_of_Turkey" title="List of peninsulas of Turkey">Peninsulas of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main peninsulas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anadolu (Anatolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Trakya (Thrace)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peninsulas in Thrace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalca_Peninsula" title="Çatalca Peninsula">Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gelibolu (Gallipoli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peninsulas in Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boztepe_Peninsula" title="Boztepe Peninsula">Boztepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Peninsula" title="Kocaeli Peninsula">Kocaeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armutlu_Peninsula" title="Armutlu Peninsula">Armutlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1da%C4%9F_Peninsula" title="Kapıdağ Peninsula">Kapıdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_Peninsula" title="Biga Peninsula">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaburun_Peninsula,_Turkey" title="Karaburun Peninsula, Turkey">Karaburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCvercin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Güvercin Island">Güvercin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilek_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilek Peninsula">Dilek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodrum_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodrum Peninsula (page does not exist)">Bodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dat%C3%A7a_Peninsula" title="Datça Peninsula">Datça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1da%C4%9F_Peninsula_(Mu%C4%9Fla_Province)" title="Kapıdağ Peninsula (Muğla Province)">Kapıdağ (Muğla)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozburun_Peninsula" title="Bozburun Peninsula">Bozburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurba%C4%9F_Peninsula" title="Çukurbağ Peninsula">Çukurbağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_Peninsula" title="Teke Peninsula">Teke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related geographical features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capes_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Capes of Turkey">Capes of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfs_of_Turkey" title="Gulfs of Turkey">Bays of Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51614#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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