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href="#Involvement_in_the_Belarusian_national_movement_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Involvement in the Belarusian national movement and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_the_Belarusian_national_movement_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Soviet_Belarus_and_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Soviet_Belarus_and_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Return to Soviet Belarus and persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Soviet_Belarus_and_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution_and_posthumous_exoneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_and_posthumous_exoneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Execution and posthumous exoneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_and_posthumous_exoneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A6%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Аляксандар Цьвікевіч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар Цьвікевіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%83" title="الياكساندار كڤيكيڤيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الياكساندار كڤيكيڤيك" 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Tsvikievich</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belarusian politician (1888-1937)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alaksandar Ćvikievič</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="be">Аляксандар Цьвікевіч</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cvikevich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cvikevich.jpg/220px-Cvikevich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cvikevich.jpg/330px-Cvikevich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Cvikevich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-06-22</span>)</span>22 June 1888<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brestsky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Brestsky Uyezd">Brestsky Uyezd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_Governorate-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania Governorate-General">Lithuania Governorate-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-12-30)</span> (aged 49)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Executed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data">St. Petersburg University</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Belarusian politician, historian, jurist, philosopher</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Prime-Minister of Belarus (1923-1925)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aliaksandar_Cvikievi%C4%8D" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aliaksandar Cvikievič">Aliaksandar_Cvikievič</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Alaksandar Ćvikievič</b> (also spelled as <b>Alyaksandr Tsvikyevich</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Аляксандар (Іванавіч) Цьвікевіч</span>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Alaksandr Ćwikiewicz</i>; 22 June 1888 – 30 December 1937) was a Belarusian politician, historian, jurist, philosopher, and a victim of <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalin's purges</a>. He served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister of Belarus</a> in exile for two years, from 23 August 1923, until October 1925. His interest featured philosophy and history. He worked as a jurist and lawyer. He was also a professor at the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Belarus" title="National Academy of Sciences of Belarus">National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaksandar_%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ćvikievič was born in June 1888 in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest, Belarus</a> into the family of a paramedic at a local hospital. He received his primary education in Brest.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University and for several years worked as a juror in <a href="/wiki/Pruzhany" title="Pruzhany">Pruzhany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, he was evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a> in Russia, where he was actively involved in the work of a committee for aid to war victims.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_in_the_Belarusian_national_movement_and_exile">Involvement in the Belarusian national movement and exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaksandar_%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Involvement in the Belarusian national movement and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917, Ćvikievič became one of the founders of a Belarusian society in Moscow and later that year participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_All-Belarusian_Congress" title="First All-Belarusian Congress">First All-Belarusian Congress</a>. In January 1918, the executive committee of the Congress sent him and <a href="/wiki/Symon_Rak-Michaj%C5%82o%C5%ADski" title="Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski">Symon Rak-Michajłoŭski</a> to Brest for peace talks. However, they could not secure admission to participate in the talks as a separate Belarusian delegation (admission was blocked by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>) and instead joined a delegation from the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> as advisers. </p><p>In March 1918, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a> as part of a diplomatic mission, during which Ćvikievič resolved open issues of the Belarusian-Ukrainian border, sought recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian statehood</a> and revision of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Brest Peace</a>, and approached diplomatic missions of other countries for financial assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Rada_of_the_Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic">Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>. He was also actively involved in the publication of the Belarusian newspaper "Belarusian Echo" in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and the establishment of a Belarusian chamber of commerce in that city. In May 1918, the Belarusian mission addressed a Russian peace delegation and handed over a note signed by Ćvikievič and <a href="/wiki/Mitrofan_Dovnar-Zapolsky" title="Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky">Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky</a> to the delegation's head <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Rakovsky</a>, urging the Russian Soviet government to recognise the independence of Belarus. In the spring of 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Rada_of_the_Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic">Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> sent Ćvikievič on a diplomatic mission to Berlin and then to Vienna. </p><p>From 1921 to 1923, he held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Rada_of_the_Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic">Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> in exile and chaired the First All-Belarusian Conference in Prague in September 1921. In 1923, he replaced <a href="/wiki/Vaclau_Lastouski" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaclau Lastouski">Vaclaŭ Lastoŭski</a>, as new head of the <a href="/wiki/Rada_of_the_Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic">Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> and was based in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Soviet_Belarus_and_persecution">Return to Soviet Belarus and persecution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaksandar_%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to Soviet Belarus and persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the Second All-Belarusian Conference in Berlin in 1925, influenced by the successes and achievements of the policy of Belarusianisation in the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">BSSR</a>, Ćvikievič decided to recognise Minsk as the only centre of the Belarusian national revival. He resigned as Prime Minister in exile and returned to Soviet Belarus. He worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance and as a scientific secretary at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Belarusian_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Belarusian Culture (page does not exist)">Institute of Belarusian Culture</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="be-tarask:Інстытут беларускай культуры">be-tarask</a>]</span>, predecessor of the Academy of Sciences. </p><p>In July 1930, he was arrested and charged in the <a href="/wiki/Case_of_the_Union_of_Liberation_of_Belarus" title="Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus">Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus</a> and in April 1931 sentenced to 5 years in exile in Russia. He was exiled first to <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Ishim,_Tyumen_Oblast" title="Ishim, Tyumen Oblast">Ishim</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Sarapul" title="Sarapul">Sarapul</a>. In 1935, the term of exile was extended by further 2 years. In December 1937, he was re-arrested and sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution_and_posthumous_exoneration">Execution and posthumous exoneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaksandar_%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Execution and posthumous exoneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ćvikievič was executed in Minsk on 30 December 1937. He was posthumously exonerated from all charges during Gorbachev's <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_publications">Notable publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaksandar_%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ćvikievič authored 6 monographs and brochures, as well as numerous articles, essays, and publications in the Belarusian press during his lifetime. He explored the issues of the Belarusian national revival, the formation of socio-political thought in Belarus and the formation and development of Belarusian statehood and Belarusian national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered "one of the outstanding Belarusian historians".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ćvikievič's most important historical works have been dedicated to studying the idea of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westrussianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westrussianism (page does not exist)">Westrussianism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="be-tarask:Заходнерусізм">be-tarask</a>]</span>, which he described as an instrument of cultural assimilation of Belarusians.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his primary monograph, "Westrussianism: Essays on the History of Public Thought in Belarus in the XIX and early XX centuries" (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Западно-руссизм: Нарысы з гісторыі грамадзкай мысьлі на Беларусі ў XIX і пачатку XX в.</span>; Minsk, 1929), he analysed the ideology and practice of <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a> of Belarus during the Russian Empire. The monograph was banned almost immediately after its publication and almost all its circulation was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cvikevich%CC%9E-BNR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cvikevich%CC%9E-BNR.jpg/220px-Cvikevich%CC%9E-BNR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cvikevich%CC%9E-BNR.jpg/330px-Cvikevich%CC%9E-BNR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cvikevich%CC%9E-BNR.jpg/440px-Cvikevich%CC%9E-BNR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="4556" /></a><figcaption>A Short Essay on the Origin of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>, Kyiv,1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Some other notable publications are: </p> <ul><li>"Korotkii ocherk vozniknoveniia Belorusskoi Narodnoi Respubliki" ("A Short Essay on the Origin of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>"; Kiev 1918)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Ćvikievič gave a brief account of the history of the last stages of the Belarusian national movement and justified the struggle of the Belarusian people for statehood;</li> <li>"Беларусь: палітычны нарыс" ("Belarus: a political essay"; Berlin, 1919);</li> <li>"Вялікае апрашчэньне ці вялікае ўдасканаленьне?" ("Great simplification or great improvement?"; Riga, 1926);</li> <li>"Адраджэньне Беларусі і Польшча" ("Revival of Belarus and Poland"; 1921).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_quotes">Notable quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaksandar_%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The Belarusian national revival should be understood as an evolutionary, cultural process, which until now has been suppressed by violent measures of the [Russian] police state and which now, under the conditions of free democratic statehood, must develop naturally and eventually lead to independent Belarusian culture. This process will take time as it is dependent on the maturity of intellectual forces within our country, which cannot be created by an administrative order of the state authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alaksandar_%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Road to the First Belarusian State: Nation-Building in the Context of the First World War and Revolution by Lizaveta Kasmach, Department of History and Classics University of Alberta (2016), p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pruzhany.net/aliaksandr-tsvikevich.html">"Аляксандр Цвікевіч: працаваў у Пружанах, узначальваў БНР, выслалі, а 30 снежня 1937г. - расстралялі - pruzhany.net" [Aliaksandr Cvikievič: worked in Pružany, headed the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, was sent in exile, and, on 30 September 1937, was executed]. pruzhany.net</a> (in Belarusian). Retrieved 9 January 2022. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcbs-brest.by/tsvikevich">"Цвікевіч Аляксандр Іванавіч"</a> [Aliaksandar Ivanavič Cvikievič]. <i>gcbs-brest.by</i> (in Belarusian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108155441/https://gcbs-brest.by/tsvikevich">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcbs-brest.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcbs-brest.by%2Ftsvikevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlaksandar+%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pruzhany.net/aliaksandr-tsvikevich.html">"Аляксандр Цвікевіч: працаваў у Пружанах, узначальваў БНР, выслалі, а 30 снежня 1937г. - расстралялі - pruzhany.net"</a> [Aliaksandr Cvikievič: worked in Pružany, headed the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, was sent in exile, and, on 30 September 1937, was executed]. <i>pruzhany.net</i> (in Belarusian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108155446/https://pruzhany.net/aliaksandr-tsvikevich.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pruzhany.net&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E+%D1%83+%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%2C+%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E+%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%2C+%D0%B0+30+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F+1937%D0%B3.+-+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96+-+pruzhany.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpruzhany.net%2Faliaksandr-tsvikevich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlaksandar+%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Маракоў, Леанід. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marakou.by/by/davedniki/represavanyya-litaratary/tom-ii?id=19865">Рэпрэсаваныя літаратары, навукоўцы, работнікі асветы, грамадскія і культурныя дзеячы Беларусі. 1794-1991: ЦВІКЕВІЧ Аляксандр Іванавіч</a>" [Repressed writers, scientists, educators, public and cultural figures of Belarus. 1794-1991: Aliaksandr Cvikievič, by <a href="/wiki/Leanid_Marakou" title="Leanid Marakou">Leanid Marakou</a>]. <i>www.marakou.by</i> (in Belarusian). Retrieved 2021-07-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.arche.by/authors/1940">"Цвікевіч Аляксандр"</a> [Aliaksandar Cvikievič]. <i>store.arche.by</i> (in Belarusian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108155440/https://store.arche.by/authors/1940">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=store.arche.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.arche.by%2Fauthors%2F1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlaksandar+%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilitskiZaprudnik2007" class="citation book cs1">Silitski, Vitalʹ; Zaprudnik, Jan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859155463"><i>The A to Z of Belarus</i></a>. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3174-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3174-0"><bdi>978-1-4617-3174-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859155463">859155463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Belarus&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859155463&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3174-0&rft.aulast=Silitski&rft.aufirst=Vital%CA%B9&rft.au=Zaprudnik%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F859155463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlaksandar+%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radabnr.org/en/selected-bibliography-of-works-on-the-struggle-for-belarusian-independence-1900-1921-in-the-francis-skaryna-belarusian-library-in-london/">"Selected Bibliography of works on the struggle for Belarusian Independence 1900-1921 in the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library in London – Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic"</a>. 16 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Bibliography+of+works+on+the+struggle+for+Belarusian+Independence+1900-1921+in+the+Francis+Skaryna+Belarusian+Library+in+London+%E2%80%93+Rada+of+the+Belarusian+Democratic+Republic&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radabnr.org%2Fen%2Fselected-bibliography-of-works-on-the-struggle-for-belarusian-independence-1900-1921-in-the-francis-skaryna-belarusian-library-in-london%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlaksandar+%C4%86vikievi%C4%8D" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kas.de/be/web/belarus/veranstaltungsberichte/detail/-/content/belarus-und-belarussen-unter-den-nachbarn-historische-stereotypen-und-politische-konstrukte">Беларусь і беларусы сярод суседзяў: гістарычныя стэрэатыпы і палітычныя канструкты</a> [Belarus and Belarusians among neighbours: historical stereotypes and political constructs], Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e. V. Foundation Office Belarus, 2013</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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title="List of Prime Ministers of Belarus">Prime ministers of Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_People%E2%80%99s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People’s Republic">Belarusian National Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1919)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belarusian National Republic"><img alt="Belarusian National Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Belarusian National Republic</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazep_Varonka" title="Jazep Varonka">Yazep Varonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Skirmunt" title="Raman Skirmunt">Raman Skirmunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Sierada" title="Jan Sierada">Jan Syerada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Luckievich" title="Anton Luckievich">Anton Lutskyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatslaw_Lastowski" title="Vatslaw Lastowski">Vatslaw Lastowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyaksandr_Tsvikievich" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyaksandr Tsvikievich">Alyaksandr Tsvikyevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Zacharka" title="Vasil Zacharka">Vasil Zakharka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikola_Abramchyk" title="Mikola Abramchyk">Mikola Abramchyk</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"></ul> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></span></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919–1991)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byelorussian SSR"><img alt="Byelorussian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Byelorussian SSR</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chervyakov" title="Alexander Chervyakov">Alexander Chervyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Adamovich" title="Iosif Adamovich">Iosif Adamovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Goloded" title="Nikolay Goloded">Nikolay Goloded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_Volkovich" title="Daniil Volkovich">Daniil Volkovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Kovalyov" title="Afanasy Kovalyov">Afanasy Kovalyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Kiselyov" title="Kuzma Kiselyov">Kuzma Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bylinsky" title="Ivan Bylinsky">Ivan Bylinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kleshchev" title="Aleksey Kleshchev">Aleksey Kleshchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Avkhimovich" title="Nikolai Avkhimovich">Nikolai Avkhimovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Aksyonov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Aksyonov (politician)">Aleksandr Aksyonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Brovikov" title="Vladimir Brovikov">Vladimir Brovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kovalyov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Kovalyov (politician)">Mikhail Kovalyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Kebich" title="Vyacheslav Kebich">Vyacheslav Kebich</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991%E2%80%931995).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/25px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/38px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/50px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Belarus</figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Kebich" title="Vyacheslav Kebich">Vyacheslav Kebich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chigir" title="Mikhail Chigir">Mikhail Chigir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Ling" title="Sergey Ling">Sergey Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Yermoshin" title="Vladimir Yermoshin">Vladimir Yermoshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Novitsky" title="Gennady Novitsky">Gennady Novitsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Sidorsky" title="Sergei Sidorsky">Sergei Sidorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Myasnikovich" title="Mikhail Myasnikovich">Mikhail Myasnikovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kobyakov" title="Andrei Kobyakov">Andrei Kobyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syarhey_Rumas" title="Syarhey Rumas">Syarhey Rumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Golovchenko" title="Roman Golovchenko">Roman Golovchenko</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309860479">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cvìkevìč, Aljaksandr Ìvanavìč"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2013786969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000201962&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810571930705606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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