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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Elite paramilitary wing of the Imperial Aid Association</div> <p>The <b>Yokusan Sonendan</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大日本翼賛壮年団</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Imperial Rule Assistance Young Men's Corps</i></i></span>)</span> was an elite <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> youth branch of the <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> of wartime <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> established in January 1942, and based on the model of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (stormtroopers; SA).<sup id="cite_ref-Shillony_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillony-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members received a deep <a href="/wiki/Political_indoctrination" class="mw-redirect" title="Political indoctrination">political indoctrination</a> and basic <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">military training</a>. Their responsibilities included forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">home guard</a> to assist in matters of <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a> under the direction of official local authorities. They were issued mostly obsolete weapons provided to the organization under orders from their Director-General <a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Kingoro Hashimoto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shillony_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillony-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were expected to assist local firefighting efforts following <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">air raids</a>, distribute emergency supplies and render basic <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>. The most advanced pupils were earmarked for eventual enrollment in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy" title="Imperial Japanese Army Academy">Imperial Japanese Army Academy</a>, or for a future role as elected local politicians within the <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Taisei Yokusankai</a></i> organization.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to its civil defence and paramilitary role, the Yokusan Sonendan was also tasked with assisting local <i><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">tonarigumi</a></i> neighborhood civil defense organizations and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kenpeitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenpeitai">Kenpeitai</a></i> military police by watching for signs of subversives in their area and reporting any anti-war or anti-government activities. </p><p>In the last stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, members received additional military training in the use of <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-tank</a> weapons and light <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, for transfer into <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">reserve combat units</a> to support Japan's remaining troops against the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">expected Allied invasion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Home_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Home Islands">Japanese home islands</a>. The group suffered heavy combat casualties during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a>. The Yokusan Sonendan was disbanded on 30 May 1945<sup id="cite_ref-Shillony_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillony-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its membership merged into the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Fighting_Corps" title="Volunteer Fighting Corps">Volunteer Fighting Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yokusan_Sonendan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shillony-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shillony_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shillony_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shillony_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShillony1981" class="citation book cs1">Shillony, Ben-Ami (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PN1VOByJjE8C&dq=young+mens+corps+japan&pg=PA23"><i>Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–33, 71–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820260-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820260-1"><bdi>0-19-820260-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Culture+in+Wartime+Japan&rft.pages=23-33%2C+71-75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-19-820260-1&rft.aulast=Shillony&rft.aufirst=Ben-Ami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPN1VOByJjE8C%26dq%3Dyoung%2Bmens%2Bcorps%2Bjapan%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYokusan+Sonendan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1996" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9wHNrF7nFecC&dq=young+mens+corps+japan&pg=RA1-PA335"><i>A History of Fascism, 1914-1945</i></a>. Routledge. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-595-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-595-6"><bdi>1-85728-595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914-1945&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85728-595-6&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9wHNrF7nFecC%26dq%3Dyoung%2Bmens%2Bcorps%2Bjapan%26pg%3DRA1-PA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYokusan+Sonendan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwnqPgAACAAJ&dq=Downfall,+the+End+of+the+Japanese+Empire&cd=1">Frank, <i>Downfall, the End of the Japanese Empire</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrea1998" class="citation book cs1">Drea, Edward J. (1998). "Japanese Preparations for the Defense of the Homeland & Intelligence Forecasting for the Invasion of Japan". <i>In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0"><bdi>0-8032-1708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+Preparations+for+the+Defense+of+the+Homeland+%26+Intelligence+Forecasting+for+the+Invasion+of+Japan&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8032-1708-0&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYokusan+Sonendan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Richard B (1999). <i>Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41424-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41424-X"><bdi>0-679-41424-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downfall%3A+The+End+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-679-41424-X&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYokusan+Sonendan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkates1994" class="citation book cs1">Skates, John Ray (1994). <i>The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb Downfall</i>. New York: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-972-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-972-3"><bdi>0-87249-972-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Japan%3A+Alternative+to+the+Bomb+Downfall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87249-972-3&rft.aulast=Skates&rft.aufirst=John+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYokusan+Sonendan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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