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Domination, Contestation, and Accommodation: 54 Years of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head> <!-- 2.3.6 --> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"> <meta name="description" content="Access full-text academic articles: J-STAGE is an online platform for Japanese academic journals."> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Southeast Asian Studies" /> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="SEAS" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Faisal S. Hazis" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Domination, Contestation, and Accommodation: 54 Years of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2018" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2018/12/27" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="7" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="341" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="361" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.20495/seas.7.3_341" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seas/7/3/7_341/_pdf" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2186-7275" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2423-8686" /> <meta name="citation_language" content="en" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="East Malaysian politics" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Sabah and Sarawak" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="domination" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="contestation" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="elites" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Black, Ian. 1985. A Gambling Style of Government: The Establishment of Chartered Company Rule in Sabah, 1878–1915. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Borneo Post. 2016a. Not Quite Right to Say Sabah Is Not Doing Anything. July 27. http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/07/27/not-quite-right-to-say-sabah-doing-nothing-pbs/, accessed May 2, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2016b. State Government Issues Moratorium on Work Permit of Petronas Personnel Intending to Work in Sarawak. August 7. http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/08/07/, accessed July 12, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Channel NewsAsia. 2015. More Autonomy on the Cards for Malaysian States of Sabah and Sarawak. August 11. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/more-autonomy-on-the-cards-for-malaysian-states-of-sabah-and-sar-8237948, accessed July 17, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chin, James. 2014. Exporting the BN/UMNO Model: Politics in Sabah and Sarawak. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia, edited by Meredith Weiss, pp. 83–92. Hoboken: Taylor &amp; Francis." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chin, James. 1997. Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia with Reference to Sarawak, Sabah and Kelantan. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 35(2): 96–120." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Chin Ung-Ho. 1996. Chinese Politics in Sarawak: A Study of the Sarawak United People’s Party. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Cobbold Commission. 1962. Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Chetak Kerajaan." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Colchester, Marcus; Jalong, Thomas; and Alaza, Leonard. 2013. Sabah: Genting Plantations and the Sungai and Dusun Peoples. In Conflict or Consent? The Oil Palm Sector at a Crossroads, edited by Marcus Colchester and Sophie Chao, pp. 269–281. Jakarta: FPP, Sawit Watch, and TUK Indonesia." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Crouch, Harold. 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Daily Express. 2016. Time Not Right for Oil Royalty Talks, Says Najib. May 5. http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/109426/, accessed July 18, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Election Commission. 2017. Keputusan PRU13. Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia. http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my, accessed July 12, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Faisal S. Hazis. 2015. Patronage, Power and Prowess: Barisan Nasional’s Equilibrium Dominance in East Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia 33(2): 152–227." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2012. Domination and Contestation: Muslim Bumiputera Politics in Sarawak. Singapore: ISEAS Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Fernandez, Callistus. 2001. The Legend by Sue Harris: A Critique of the Rundum Rebellion and a Counter Argument on the Rebellion. Kajian Malaysia 19(2): 61–78." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Free Malaysia Today. 2015a. Doris Jones Vows to Free Sabah and Sarawak. March 9. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/03/09/doris-jones-vows-to-free-sabah-sarawak/, accessed March 9, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2015b. Adenan Working on Ten Full Autonomy Areas. August 18. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/18/adenan-working-on-ten-full-autonomy-areas/, accessed July 26, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Hara, Fujio. 2002. The 1943 Kinabalu Uprising in Sabah. In Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire, edited by Paul H. Kratoska, pp. 111–132. London: RoutledgeCurzon." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Harry, Kathleen. 2015. The Brunei Rebellion of 1962. PhD dissertation, Charles Darwin University." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Leigh, Michael. 1974. The Rising Moon: Political Change in Sarawak. Sydney: Sydney University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lim Hong Hai. 1997. Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia: The Real Bargain or What Have They Got Themselves Into? Kajian Malaysia 15(1/2): 15–56." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Lim, Regina. 2008. Federal-State Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The BERJAYA Administration, 1976–85. Singapore: ISEAS Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Loh Kok Wah, Francis. 1997. Sabah Baru and the Spell of Development Resolving Federal-State Relations in Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia 15(1/2): 63–84." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 1992. Modernisation, Cultural Revival and Counter-hegemony: The Kadazans of Sabah in the 1980s. In Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia, edited by Joel S. Kahn and Francis Loh Kok Wah, pp. 225–253. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Luping, Herman J. 1994. Sabah’s Dilemma: The Political History of Sabah, 1960–1994. Kuala Lumpur: Magnus Books." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Malaymailonline. 2016. Sarawak Rights Headline Team Adenan’s Polls Manifesto. April 26. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/sarawak-rights-headline-team-adenan-polls-manifesto-033200649.html, accessed January 3, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Means, Gordon. 1991. Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation. Singapore: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Migdal, Joel, ed. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton: Princeton University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Milne, R. S. 1963. Malaysia, Confrontation and MAPHILINDO. Parliamentary Affairs 16(4): 404–410." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Milne, R. S.; and Ratnam, K. J. 1974. Malaysia—New States in a New Nation: Political Development of Sarawak and Sabah in Malaysia. London: Frank Cass." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mohammad Agus Yusoff. 2006. Malaysian Federalism: Conflict or Consensus. Bangi: UKM Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Naimah S. Talib. 1999. Administrators and Their Service: The Sarawak Administrative Service under the Brooke Rajah and British Colonial Rule. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="New Sabah Times. 2016. Chief Minister Says Sabah Will Adopt a Gentle Approach. August 10. http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/8559, accessed February 4, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="New Straits Times. 2017. Adenan Satem, a Politician with an Incisive Intellect. January 12. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/01/203699/adenan-satem-politician-incisive-intellect, accessed September 9, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2015. Adenan: Sarawak Government Will Not Entertain Call for Secession. July 22. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/adenan-sarawak-govt-will-not-entertain-call-secession, accessed September 8, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ngidang, Dimbab. 2005. Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Native Customary Land Tenure in Sarawak. Southeast Asian Studies 43(1): 47–75." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ongkili, James P. 1972. Modernization in East Malaysia, 1960–1970. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Raffaele, Paul. 1986. Harris Salleh of Sabah. Hong Kong: Condor Publishing." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Reece, Bob. 1993. The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak. Kuching: Sarawak Literary Society." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ross-Larson, Bruce. 1976. The Politics of Federalism: Syed Kechik in East Malaysia. Singapore: Bruce Ross-Larson." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sabihah Osman. 1990. The Malay-Muslim Response to Cession of Sarawak to the British Crown 1946–51. Jebat 18: 148." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 1983. Malay-Muslim Political Participation in Sarawak and Sabah, 1841–1951. PhD dissertation, University of Hull." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sanib Said. 2010. Malay Politics in Sarawak 1946–1966: The Search for Unity and Political Ascendancy. Kota Samarahan: UNIMAS Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Singh, Ranjit. 2015. The Formation of Malaysia: Advancing the Theses of Decolonization and Competing Expansionist Nationalisms. Journal of Management Research 7(2): 209–217." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2000. The Making of Sabah, 1865–1941. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Star. 2018. Najib: Government Fully Committed to Uphold Sarawak Rights. February 10. http://m.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?hl=Najib-Govt-fully-committed-to-uphold-Sarawak-rights&amp;sec=news&amp;id=%7BBD55D75E-1A85-46CF-A3C4-1EFCAD6352F9%7D, accessed February 19, 2018." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2017. Sabah and Sarawak Leaders: Reject Hadi’s Bill. May 8. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/05/08/sabah-and-sarawak-leaders-reject-hadis-bill/, accessed July 23, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2015a. Arrest Warrant Issued for SSKM’s Doris Jones. February 10. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/02/10/sabah-doris-jones/, accessed January 8, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2015b. PM Pledges to Up Funding and Cautions against Secession. August 11. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/08/11/more-power-to-sabah-and-sarawak-pm-pledges-to-up-funding-and-cautions-against-secession/#pd7MX0iKTA7tFfFI.99, accessed June 23, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2014a. Unknown Sabahan Probed for Secession Call. September 4. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/09/04/doris-jones-sabah-secession-activist-under-probe/, accessed July 24, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="―. 2014b. Musa Aman: Call for Sabah Secession Is Irresponsible. September 16. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/09/16/musa-sabah-secession-calls-irresponsible/, accessed July 4, 2017." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Straumann, Lukas. 2014. Money Logging: On the Trail of the Asian Timber Mafia. Basel: Bruno Manser Fund." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="SUHAKAM. 2013. Report of the National Inquiry into the Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Kuala Lumpur: National Human Rights Commission of Malaysia." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Walker, J. H. 2002. Power and Prowess: The Origins of Brooke Kingship in Sarawak. New South Wales: Allen &amp; Unwin; Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press." /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Wong Kim Min, James. 1995. The Birth of Malaysia. Kuching: James Wong Kim Min." /> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="10.20495/seas.7.3_341" /> <meta name="journal_code" content="seas" /> <meta name="journal_title" content="Southeast Asian Studies" /> <meta name="journal_abbrev" content="SEAS" /> <meta name="publisher" content="Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University" /> <meta name="authors" content="Faisal S. Hazis" /> <meta name="authors_institutions" content="Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia" /> <meta name="title" content="Domination, Contestation, and Accommodation: 54 Years of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia" /> <meta name="publication_date" content="2018" /> <meta name="online_date" content="2018/12/27" /> <meta name="volume" content="7" /> <meta name="issue" content="3" /> <meta name="firstpage" content="341" /> <meta name="lastpage" content="361" /> <meta name="doi" content="10.20495/seas.7.3_341" /> <meta name="fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="pdf_url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seas/7/3/7_341/_pdf" /> <meta name="print_issn" content="2186-7275" /> <meta name="online_issn" content="2423-8686" /> <meta name="issn_l" content="2186-7275" /> <meta name="language" content="en" /> <meta name="keywords" content="East Malaysian politics" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Sabah and Sarawak" /> <meta name="keywords" content="domination" /> <meta name="keywords" content="contestation" /> <meta name="keywords" content="elites" /> <meta name="abstract" content="This article traces the major contestations that have taken place in Sabah and Sarawak throughout the 54 years of their independence. The two major areas of contestation are state power and local resources, pitting federal leaders against Sabah and Sarawak’s elites. These contestations have forced the federal government to accommodate the local elites, thus ensuring the stability of Barisan Nasional (BN) rule in the East Malaysian states. However, Sabah and Sarawak elites are not homogeneous since they have different degrees of power, agendas, and aspirations. These differences have led to open feuds between the elites, resulting in the collapse of political parties and the formation of new political alignments. Over almost four decades, a great majority of the people in Sabah and Sarawak have acceded to BN rule. However, in the last decade there have been pockets of resistance against the authoritarian rule of BN and the local elites. This article argues that without accountability and a system of checks and balances, the demand for more autonomy by the increasingly vocal Sabah and Sarawak elites will benefit only them and not the general public." /> <meta name="references" content="Black, Ian. 1985. A Gambling Style of Government: The Establishment of Chartered Company Rule in Sabah, 1878–1915. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Borneo Post. 2016a. Not Quite Right to Say Sabah Is Not Doing Anything. July 27. http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/07/27/not-quite-right-to-say-sabah-doing-nothing-pbs/, accessed May 2, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2016b. State Government Issues Moratorium on Work Permit of Petronas Personnel Intending to Work in Sarawak. August 7. http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/08/07/, accessed July 12, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Channel NewsAsia. 2015. More Autonomy on the Cards for Malaysian States of Sabah and Sarawak. August 11. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/more-autonomy-on-the-cards-for-malaysian-states-of-sabah-and-sar-8237948, accessed July 17, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Chin, James. 2014. Exporting the BN/UMNO Model: Politics in Sabah and Sarawak. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia, edited by Meredith Weiss, pp. 83–92. Hoboken: Taylor &amp; Francis." /> <meta name="references" content="Chin, James. 1997. Politics of Federal Intervention in Malaysia with Reference to Sarawak, Sabah and Kelantan. Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 35(2): 96–120." /> <meta name="references" content="Chin Ung-Ho. 1996. Chinese Politics in Sarawak: A Study of the Sarawak United People’s Party. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Cobbold Commission. 1962. Report of the Commission of Enquiry, North Borneo and Sarawak. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Chetak Kerajaan." /> <meta name="references" content="Colchester, Marcus; Jalong, Thomas; and Alaza, Leonard. 2013. Sabah: Genting Plantations and the Sungai and Dusun Peoples. In Conflict or Consent? The Oil Palm Sector at a Crossroads, edited by Marcus Colchester and Sophie Chao, pp. 269–281. Jakarta: FPP, Sawit Watch, and TUK Indonesia." /> <meta name="references" content="Crouch, Harold. 1996. Government and Society in Malaysia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Daily Express. 2016. Time Not Right for Oil Royalty Talks, Says Najib. May 5. http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/109426/, accessed July 18, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Election Commission. 2017. Keputusan PRU13. Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia. http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my, accessed July 12, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Faisal S. Hazis. 2015. Patronage, Power and Prowess: Barisan Nasional’s Equilibrium Dominance in East Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia 33(2): 152–227." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2012. Domination and Contestation: Muslim Bumiputera Politics in Sarawak. Singapore: ISEAS Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Fernandez, Callistus. 2001. The Legend by Sue Harris: A Critique of the Rundum Rebellion and a Counter Argument on the Rebellion. Kajian Malaysia 19(2): 61–78." /> <meta name="references" content="Free Malaysia Today. 2015a. Doris Jones Vows to Free Sabah and Sarawak. March 9. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/03/09/doris-jones-vows-to-free-sabah-sarawak/, accessed March 9, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2015b. Adenan Working on Ten Full Autonomy Areas. August 18. http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/08/18/adenan-working-on-ten-full-autonomy-areas/, accessed July 26, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Hara, Fujio. 2002. The 1943 Kinabalu Uprising in Sabah. In Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire, edited by Paul H. Kratoska, pp. 111–132. London: RoutledgeCurzon." /> <meta name="references" content="Harry, Kathleen. 2015. The Brunei Rebellion of 1962. PhD dissertation, Charles Darwin University." /> <meta name="references" content="Leigh, Michael. 1974. The Rising Moon: Political Change in Sarawak. Sydney: Sydney University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Lim Hong Hai. 1997. Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia: The Real Bargain or What Have They Got Themselves Into? Kajian Malaysia 15(1/2): 15–56." /> <meta name="references" content="Lim, Regina. 2008. Federal-State Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The BERJAYA Administration, 1976–85. Singapore: ISEAS Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Loh Kok Wah, Francis. 1997. Sabah Baru and the Spell of Development Resolving Federal-State Relations in Malaysia. Kajian Malaysia 15(1/2): 63–84." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 1992. Modernisation, Cultural Revival and Counter-hegemony: The Kadazans of Sabah in the 1980s. In Fragmented Vision: Culture and Politics in Contemporary Malaysia, edited by Joel S. Kahn and Francis Loh Kok Wah, pp. 225–253. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Luping, Herman J. 1994. Sabah’s Dilemma: The Political History of Sabah, 1960–1994. Kuala Lumpur: Magnus Books." /> <meta name="references" content="Malaymailonline. 2016. Sarawak Rights Headline Team Adenan’s Polls Manifesto. April 26. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/sarawak-rights-headline-team-adenan-polls-manifesto-033200649.html, accessed January 3, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Means, Gordon. 1991. Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation. Singapore: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Migdal, Joel, ed. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton: Princeton University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Milne, R. S. 1963. Malaysia, Confrontation and MAPHILINDO. Parliamentary Affairs 16(4): 404–410." /> <meta name="references" content="Milne, R. S.; and Ratnam, K. J. 1974. Malaysia—New States in a New Nation: Political Development of Sarawak and Sabah in Malaysia. London: Frank Cass." /> <meta name="references" content="Mohammad Agus Yusoff. 2006. Malaysian Federalism: Conflict or Consensus. Bangi: UKM Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Naimah S. Talib. 1999. Administrators and Their Service: The Sarawak Administrative Service under the Brooke Rajah and British Colonial Rule. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="New Sabah Times. 2016. Chief Minister Says Sabah Will Adopt a Gentle Approach. August 10. http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/fullstory/8559, accessed February 4, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="New Straits Times. 2017. Adenan Satem, a Politician with an Incisive Intellect. January 12. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2017/01/203699/adenan-satem-politician-incisive-intellect, accessed September 9, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2015. Adenan: Sarawak Government Will Not Entertain Call for Secession. July 22. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/adenan-sarawak-govt-will-not-entertain-call-secession, accessed September 8, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Ngidang, Dimbab. 2005. Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Native Customary Land Tenure in Sarawak. Southeast Asian Studies 43(1): 47–75." /> <meta name="references" content="Ongkili, James P. 1972. Modernization in East Malaysia, 1960–1970. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Raffaele, Paul. 1986. Harris Salleh of Sabah. Hong Kong: Condor Publishing." /> <meta name="references" content="Reece, Bob. 1993. The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak. Kuching: Sarawak Literary Society." /> <meta name="references" content="Ross-Larson, Bruce. 1976. The Politics of Federalism: Syed Kechik in East Malaysia. Singapore: Bruce Ross-Larson." /> <meta name="references" content="Sabihah Osman. 1990. The Malay-Muslim Response to Cession of Sarawak to the British Crown 1946–51. Jebat 18: 148." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 1983. Malay-Muslim Political Participation in Sarawak and Sabah, 1841–1951. PhD dissertation, University of Hull." /> <meta name="references" content="Sanib Said. 2010. Malay Politics in Sarawak 1946–1966: The Search for Unity and Political Ascendancy. Kota Samarahan: UNIMAS Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Singh, Ranjit. 2015. The Formation of Malaysia: Advancing the Theses of Decolonization and Competing Expansionist Nationalisms. Journal of Management Research 7(2): 209–217." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2000. The Making of Sabah, 1865–1941. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Star. 2018. Najib: Government Fully Committed to Uphold Sarawak Rights. February 10. http://m.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?hl=Najib-Govt-fully-committed-to-uphold-Sarawak-rights&amp;sec=news&amp;id=%7BBD55D75E-1A85-46CF-A3C4-1EFCAD6352F9%7D, accessed February 19, 2018." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2017. Sabah and Sarawak Leaders: Reject Hadi’s Bill. May 8. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/05/08/sabah-and-sarawak-leaders-reject-hadis-bill/, accessed July 23, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2015a. Arrest Warrant Issued for SSKM’s Doris Jones. February 10. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/02/10/sabah-doris-jones/, accessed January 8, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2015b. PM Pledges to Up Funding and Cautions against Secession. August 11. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/08/11/more-power-to-sabah-and-sarawak-pm-pledges-to-up-funding-and-cautions-against-secession/#pd7MX0iKTA7tFfFI.99, accessed June 23, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2014a. Unknown Sabahan Probed for Secession Call. September 4. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/09/04/doris-jones-sabah-secession-activist-under-probe/, accessed July 24, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="―. 2014b. Musa Aman: Call for Sabah Secession Is Irresponsible. September 16. http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/09/16/musa-sabah-secession-calls-irresponsible/, accessed July 4, 2017." /> <meta name="references" content="Straumann, Lukas. 2014. Money Logging: On the Trail of the Asian Timber Mafia. Basel: Bruno Manser Fund." /> <meta name="references" content="SUHAKAM. 2013. Report of the National Inquiry into the Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Kuala Lumpur: National Human Rights Commission of Malaysia." /> <meta name="references" content="Walker, J. H. 2002. Power and Prowess: The Origins of Brooke Kingship in Sarawak. New South Wales: Allen &amp; Unwin; Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press." /> <meta name="references" content="Wong Kim Min, James. 1995. The Birth of Malaysia. Kuching: James Wong Kim Min." /> <meta name="access_control" content="FREE ACCESS" /> <meta name="copyright" content="2018 Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@jstage_ej" /> <meta name="og:url" content="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seas/7/3/7_341/_article" /> <meta name="og:title" content="Domination, Contestation, and Accommodation: 54 Years of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia" /> <meta name="og:description" content="This article traces the major contestations that have taken place in Sabah and Sarawak throughout the 54 years of their independence. 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--><a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=8&word=Faisal+S.+Hazis" class="customTooltip" title="Faisal S. Hazis, Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"><span>Faisal S. Hazis</span></a><!-- --> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn"name="authInfo" id="authInfo">Author information</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul"> <li> <span style="font-size:1.1em">Faisal S. Hazis</span> <p class="accordion_affilinfo"> Institute of Malaysian and International Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-wrap" id="saPopup" style="display:none"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-overlay" id="saWindow"></div> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-inner"> <div class="corr-auth-sapopup-cont"> <div class="sapopup-title"><h4>Corresponding author</h4></div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthMailContainer" style="display:none"> <span class="fa fa-envelope outlook-share-icn"></span> <a id="corrAuthMail" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="subject-list subject-sapopup-list" > <div class="corr-auth-subject-li"> <div class="corr-auth-subject-item" id="corrAuthOrcidContainer" style="display:none"> <img src="/web/images/id-logo.jpg" class="id-logo" alt="ORCID" /> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" id="corrAuthOrcid" class="bluelink-style"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="global-para"> Keywords: <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=East+Malaysian+politics" class="bluelink-style">East Malaysian politics</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=Sabah+and+Sarawak" class="bluelink-style">Sabah and Sarawak</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=domination" class="bluelink-style">domination</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=contestation" class="bluelink-style">contestation</a>, <a href="/search/global/_search/-char/en?item=5&word=elites" class="bluelink-style">elites</a> </div> <div class="global-tags"><span class="tags-wrap original-tag-style" title="JOURNAL">JOURNAL</span> <span class="tags-wrap freeaccess-tag-style" title="FREE ACCESS">FREE ACCESS</span> <br> </div> <p class="global-para"> 2018 Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 341-361 </p> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap" id="fig-doi"> <span class="doi-icn">DOI</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.20495/seas.7.3_341" class="bluelink-style" style="word-break:break-all">https://doi.org/10.20495/seas.7.3_341</a> </div> <div class="articleoverview-doi-wrap"></div> <div class="top-margin-2x bottom-margin-2x"></div> <div class="accordion_container"> <div class="accordion_head plus-icn">Details</div> <div class="accordion_body new_accordion_body_style" style="display: none;"> <ul class="accodion_body_ul accodion_detail"> <li> <span class="accodion_lic">Published: 2018 </span> <span class="accodion_lic">Received: -</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Available on J-STAGE: December 27, 2018</span> <span class="accodion_lic">Accepted: June 29, 2018</span> <span class="accodion_lic"> Advance online publication: - 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The two major areas of contestation are state power and local resources, pitting federal leaders against Sabah and Sarawak’s elites. These contestations have forced the federal government to accommodate the local elites, thus ensuring the stability of Barisan Nasional (BN) rule in the East Malaysian states. However, Sabah and Sarawak elites are not homogeneous since they have different degrees of power, agendas, and aspirations. These differences have led to open feuds between the elites, resulting in the collapse of political parties and the formation of new political alignments. Over almost four decades, a great majority of the people in Sabah and Sarawak have acceded to BN rule. However, in the last decade there have been pockets of resistance against the authoritarian rule of BN and the local elites. This article argues that without accountability and a system of checks and balances, the demand for more autonomy by the increasingly vocal Sabah and Sarawak elites will benefit only them and not the general public.</p> </p> <div style="text-align:center;"> </div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="datarepo-wrap"></div> <input type="hidden" id="figshareArticleSearchUrl" value="https://api.figshare.com/v2/articles"> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="article-overiew-references-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">References (55)</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="article-overiew-related-wrap"> <div class="section-title-18" style="display:none;">Related articles (0)</div> </div> <!-- INNER SECTION :: END --> <!-- INNER SECTION :: START --> <div id="figures-tables-wrap"> <div class="section-title-noborder-18" style="display:none;">Figures 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} if (issueList1 != issueList2) { $("#selectVol").trigger("change"); $("#mobileSelectVol").trigger("change"); } } } } } catch (e) {console.log("Exception : " + e);} }); $(window).unload(function(){}); function pressEnter4GoBtn() { if (window.event.keyCode == 13) { $('#goBtn').trigger("click"); } } function pressEnter4MobileGoBtn() { if (window.event.keyCode == 13) { $('#mobileGoBtn').trigger("click"); } } function clickGoBtn(mode, noVol, noIssue, pageInput) { if (mode == "1") { $("#pageMessage01").css("display", "none"); $("#pageMessage02").css("display", "none"); $("#pageMessage03").css("display", "none"); } else if (mode == "2") { $("#mobilePageMessage01").css("display", "none"); $("#mobilePageMessage02").css("display", "none"); $("#mobilePageMessage03").css("display", "none"); } try { if ((noVol == null || noVol == "") && (noIssue == null || noIssue == "")){ noVol = "13"; noIssue = "2" } if (noIssue == null || noIssue == ""){ noIssue = "0" } if (pageInput == null || pageInput == "") { var url = getUrl(noVol, noIssue); url = url.replace('repXXX', noVol); url = url.replace('repYYY', noIssue); document.location.href = url; return; } if (noVol == null) { if (mode == "1") { $("#pageMessage01").css("display", "block"); } else if (mode == "2") { $("#mobilePageMessage01").css("display", "block"); } return; } var jsonUrl = 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/pageSearch/seas/repXXX/repYYY/repZZZ'; jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('repXXX', noVol); jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('repYYY', noIssue); jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('repZZZ', pageInput); $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'json', contentType:'application/json', success: function(json) { var errorCd = json.errorCd; var redirectSryCd = json.redirectSryCd; var redirectNoVol = json.redirectNoVol; var redirectNoIssue = json.redirectNoIssue; var redirectCdArticle = json.redirectCdArticle; if ( "0" == errorCd && redirectSryCd != null && redirectSryCd != '' && redirectNoVol != null && redirectNoVol != '' && redirectNoIssue != null && redirectNoIssue != '' && redirectCdArticle != null && redirectCdArticle != '' ) { var shosiUrl = 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seas/repXXX/repYYY/repZZZ/_article/-char/en'; 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} var adjustHeight = header + pheader - 10; function menueAnime(title) { var position = ''; switch (title){ case 'Abstract': position = $('#article-overiew-abstract-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Datarepo': position = $('#datarepo-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Manuscript': position = $('#manuscript-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'References': position = $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Relations': position = $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Figures': position = $('#figures-tables-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Results': position = $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'information': position = $('#author-information-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Supplementary': position = $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'Cited': position = $('#citedby-wrap').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; case 'External': position = $('#jstage-external-links').offset().top - adjustHeight; break; } $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: position}, 1100); return false; } function authorContributionAnime(anchor) { var position = ''; switch (anchor) { case 'authorContribution': $('#authInfo').next('.accordion_body').slideDown(300); $('#authInfo').removeClass('plus-icn'); $('#authInfo').addClass('minus-icn'); position = $('#authorContribution').offset().top - adjustHeight - 15; break; case 'authorNmList': position = $('#authorNmList').offset().top - adjustHeight - 15; break; } $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: position}, 1100); return false; } function corrAuthPopupClick(mail,orcid){ if (!mail) { $('#corrAuthMailContainer').attr('style', 'display:none;'); } else { $('#corrAuthMailContainer').attr('style', 'block'); $('#corrAuthMail').text(mail); var mailAt = mail.replace('@','(at)') $('#corrAuthMail').attr('href','mailto:' + mailAt); } if (!orcid) { $('#corrAuthOrcidContainer').attr('style', 'display:none;'); } else { $('#corrAuthOrcidContainer').attr('style', 'block'); $('#corrAuthOrcid').attr('href',orcid) $('#corrAuthOrcid').text(orcid); } $('#saPopup').attr('style', 'block'); } function callAjax(tabId, callback, errorCallback, last) { var jsonUrl = 'https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/seas/7/3/7_341/_article/_tab/-char/en?cdstat=&amp;amp;nologrec='; var revision = ''; jsonUrl += '&tabId=' + tabId; if(revision != null){ jsonUrl += '&revision=' + revision; } jsonUrl = jsonUrl.replace('&amp;amp;','&'); if (!last) { $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'html', contentType:'text/html', success: callback, error: errorCallback, complete : function() { $('.loading-view').remove(); } }); } else { $.ajax({ cache: false, type: 'GET', url: jsonUrl, dataType: 'html', contentType:'text/html', success: callback, error: errorCallback, complete : function() { $('.loading-view').remove(); } }); } } function createCallBack(idx) { if (idx >= ajaxCall.length) { return null; } var callback = function(data) { if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId === '') { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).append(data); } else { var spritHtml = data.split('@@@'); var str = '#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).append(spritHtml[0]); if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId == 'supplimentary-materials-modal') { $.getScript("/web/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js"); dnsFlkApply(); } } if (ajaxCall[idx].doPreparationForJPlayer === true) { dnsFlkApply(); } replaceLicenseErrorBtn(); addReferenceModeTooltipHandler('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId); idx++; if (idx < ajaxCall.length) { if (idx == ajaxCall.length - 1) { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), true); } else { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), false); } } } return callback; } function createErrorCallback(idx) { var errorCallback = function(data) { var errorMsg = '<div>Data could not be acquired.</div>'; if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId === '') { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).after(errorMsg); } else { $('#' + ajaxCall[idx].innerDivId).after(errorMsg); if (ajaxCall[idx].outerDivId == 'supplimentary-materials-modal') { $.getScript("/web/js/jquery.jplayer.min.js"); dnsFlkApply(); } } if (ajaxCall[idx].doPreparationForJPlayer === true) { dnsFlkApply(); } idx++; if (idx < ajaxCall.length) { if (idx == ajaxCall.length - 1) { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), true); } else { callAjax(ajaxCall[idx].tabId, createCallBack(idx), createErrorCallback(idx), false); } } } return errorCallback; } var ajaxFlg = true; var zhyoLbl = '0'; var inYuBnknLbl = '55'; var knrnkjLbl = '0'; var hinYuBnknLbl = '0'; var dnsFrkLbl = '0'; var seikLstLbl = ''; var datarepoLbl = '0'; var searching = '<div class = "loading-view"style="text-align: center;"><img src="/web/images/new_update/ajax-loader.gif" alt=""></div>' var ajaxCall = []; if (zhyoLbl !== null && zhyoLbl !== '' && zhyoLbl !== '0') { $('#figures-tables-wrap').find('.section-title-noborder-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#figures-tables-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'ZHYO', 'innerDivId' : 'figures-tables-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '', 'doPreparationForJPlayer' : true }); } if (inYuBnknLbl !== null && inYuBnknLbl !== '' && inYuBnknLbl !== '0') { $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#article-overiew-references-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'INYUBNKN', 'innerDivId' : 'article-overiew-references-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (knrnkjLbl !== null && knrnkjLbl !== '' && knrnkjLbl !== '0') { $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#article-overiew-related-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'KNRNKJ', 'innerDivId' : 'article-overiew-related-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (hinYuBnknLbl !== null && hinYuBnknLbl !== '' && hinYuBnknLbl !== '0') { $('#citedby-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); if(hinYuBnknLbl !== 'n/a'){ $('#citedby-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'HINYUBNKN', 'innerDivId' : 'citedby-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } } if (dnsFrkLbl !== null && dnsFrkLbl !== '' && dnsFrkLbl !== '0') { $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#supplimentary-materials-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'DNSFRK', 'innerDivId' : 'supplimentary-materials-wrap', 'outerDivId' : 'supplimentary-materials-modal' }); } if (seikLstLbl !== null && seikLstLbl !== '' && seikLstLbl !== '0') { $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#resultsanddiscussion-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'SEIKLST', 'innerDivId' : 'resultsanddiscussion-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } if (datarepoLbl !== null && datarepoLbl !== '' && datarepoLbl != '0') { $('#datarepo-wrap').find('.section-title-18').css('display', 'block'); $('#datarepo-wrap').append(searching); ajaxCall.push({ 'tabId' : 'DATAREPO', 'innerDivId' : 'datarepo-wrap', 'outerDivId' : '' }); } switch (ajaxCall.length) { case 0: break; case 1: callAjax(ajaxCall[0].tabId, createCallBack(0), createErrorCallback(0), true); break; default: callAjax(ajaxCall[0].tabId, createCallBack(0), createErrorCallback(0), false); break; } function dnsFlkApply(){ $('[id^=jp_container_]').each(function () { var vid= this.id; var result = vid.split( '_' ); var no = result[result.length-1]; var target_player = '#jquery_jplayer_' + no; var container = '#jp_container_' + no; var source = '#jp_source_' + no; if ($(target_player)) { var sourcename = $(source).val(); $(target_player).jPlayer({ ready: function () { $(this).jPlayer('setMedia', { m4v: sourcename }); }, play: function() { // To avoid both jPlayers playing together. $(this).jPlayer('pauseOthers'); }, errorAlerts: false, cssSelectorAncestor: container, swfPath: '/pub/lib/raspberry/jplayer/swf/', supplied: 'm4a,m4v,mp4' }); } }); } $(function () { $('div.altmetric-embed').on('altmetric:show', function () { $('#altmetric-widget').find('a').attr({ 'target': '_blank', 'rel': 'noopener noreferrer' }) }); }); window.setTimeout( set_jglobalApikey_authorinformation('JDEkcmFzbXVzbGUkYmhyak4xSXJxbGVKbDN1YXNXZkdYMQ=='),100); window.setTimeout( set_jglobalApikey_relatedarticle('JDEkcmFzbXVzbGUkYmhyak4xSXJxbGVKbDN1YXNXZkdYMQ=='),100); 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