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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Devotion in Gibraltar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devotion_in_Gibraltar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Devotion in Gibraltar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Devotion_in_Gibraltar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_during_the_Spanish_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_during_the_Spanish_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins during the Spanish period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_during_the_Spanish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Capture_of_Gibraltar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Capture_of_Gibraltar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Capture of Gibraltar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Capture_of_Gibraltar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_during_the_British_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_during_the_British_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Consolidation during the British period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_during_the_British_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Septcentenary_of_the_devotion_to_Our_Lady_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Septcentenary_of_the_devotion_to_Our_Lady_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Septcentenary of the devotion to Our Lady of Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Septcentenary_of_the_devotion_to_Our_Lady_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hymn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devotion_beyond_Gibraltar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devotion_beyond_Gibraltar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Devotion beyond Gibraltar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devotion_beyond_Gibraltar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Devotion beyond Gibraltar subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Our Lady of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_Gibraltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Our_Lady_Gibraltar.jpg/220px-Our_Lady_Gibraltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Our_Lady_Gibraltar.jpg/330px-Our_Lady_Gibraltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Our_Lady_Gibraltar.jpg/440px-Our_Lady_Gibraltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="4359" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gibraltar plaques - Our Lady of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gibraltar" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>5 May</b> (<a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a>) <small>since 1979; previously it was celebrated on 30 May and 15 August</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Patroness of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><br /></li> <li>Protectress of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Our Lady of Europe</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Nuestra Señora de Europa or Virgen de Europa</i>) is a title given to the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> as patroness of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and protectress of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire European continent was consecrated under the protection of Our Lady of Europe in the early 14th century from the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine</a> in Gibraltar where devotion continues to this day, over 700 years on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, Our Lady is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_places" title="Patron saints of places">patron saint</a> of Gibraltar, and as such protector of the whole of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peninsula now known as Gibraltar was at one time called Calpe. Gibraltar takes its name from the phrase <i>Gibel Tarik</i>, which means "the Mountain of Tarik", and commemorates the capture of the peninsula by Tarik Ibn Zayid in 710. Muslim troops built a fortress and a mosque at <a href="/wiki/Europa_Point" title="Europa Point">Europa Point</a> at the southernmost part of Gibraltar, located just across from the North African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-shrine_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrine-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devotion_in_Gibraltar">Devotion in Gibraltar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Devotion in Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_in_Gibraltar_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_in_Gibraltar_%283%29.jpg/200px-Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_in_Gibraltar_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_in_Gibraltar_%283%29.jpg/300px-Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_in_Gibraltar_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_in_Gibraltar_%283%29.jpg/400px-Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_in_Gibraltar_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Europa_Point" title="Europa Point">Europa Point</a>, Gibraltar.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_during_the_Spanish_period">Origins during the Spanish period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins during the Spanish period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1309, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV of Castile</a> took Gibraltar, driving the Muslim troops back across the strait to Africa. The King converted the ancient mosque into a Christian Shrine. The Muslims again captured Gibraltar 24 years later in 1333. In 1462 King Henry IV recaptured Gibraltar and restored the devotion to Our Lady of Europe initiated by his grandfather, Ferdinand, once again transforming the ancient mosque into a Christian Shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-shrine_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrine-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, on the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, had been captured in 1415 by the Portuguese, under <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">King John I</a>. In 1421 the King's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>, sent a Holy Virgin's statue to Ceuta in order to consecrate Africa to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the invocation of <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Our Lady of Africa</a>. That way, each of the two <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a> was the site of a <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Marian shrine</a>, consecrating both continents to Our Lady.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A chapel was later built over the remains of the mosque and the whole area became known as the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Europa</i>). A statue of the Virgin and Child was installed in there in the 15th century. The statue was quite small, only two feet in height, carved in wood and <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychromed</a> in royal red, blue and gold. The Virgin was seated in a simple chair, with the Child Jesus on her lap. Both were crowned and the Virgin held in her right hand a sceptre with three flowers denoting Love, Truth and Justice. </p><p>On September 10, 1540, Gibraltar suffered a raid by Barbarossa's <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary corsairs</a>. The Shrine was pillaged and the statue of Our Lady badly mutilated and broken into pieces. It was eventually restored in Seville and brought back to the Shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-diocese_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diocese-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portada_de_C%C3%A1diz_Ilustrada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Portada_de_C%C3%A1diz_Ilustrada.jpg/220px-Portada_de_C%C3%A1diz_Ilustrada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Portada_de_C%C3%A1diz_Ilustrada.jpg/330px-Portada_de_C%C3%A1diz_Ilustrada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Portada_de_C%C3%A1diz_Ilustrada.jpg/440px-Portada_de_C%C3%A1diz_Ilustrada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of <i>Cadiz Ilustrada</i> (1690), a work by Fray Jerónimo de la Concepción where he describes various claims of miracles in Gibraltar attributed to Our Lady of Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>The shrine prospered in fame and popularity, for well over two centuries. Ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar saluted Our Lady as they passed Europa Point and mariners often came ashore with offerings for the shrine. Provision was made for a supply of oil to keep a lamp burning in the shrine tower (former minaret), thus making it a navigational beacon. Notable gifts include a silver lamp, given in 1568 by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Doria" title="Giovanni Andrea Doria">Giovanni Andrea Doria</a> (great-nephew of the great Genoese admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>), and two massive silver lamps presented by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a>, upon his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Hern%C3%A1ndez_del_Portillo" title="Alonso Hernández del Portillo">Alonso Hernández del Portillo</a>, a councilor from Gibraltar during late 16th and early 17th century and first chronicler of the city, narrates in his <i>Historia de la Muy Noble y Más Leal Ciudad de Gibraltar</i> (1610–22) (English: <span lang="en">History of the Very Noble and Most Loyal City of Gibraltar</span>) the story of many other declared miracles attributed to Our Lady of Europe, one of them having been witnessed by himself. Another historian, Fray Jerónimo de la Concepción, in his work <i>Cadiz Ilustrada</i> (1690), also records many such miracles which occurred in Gibraltar. </p><p>One notable miracle was that of fisherman Luis Lecayo in 1633. He was caught in a heavy storm at night, thrown into the turbulent sea, and considered himself lost only praying to Our Lady of Europe for help. He survived and later gave his account of the claimed miracle to the Bishop of Cádiz, Domingo Cano de Haro, who promoted devotion to Our Lady within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cadiz_y_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta">Diocese of Cádiz</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">confraternity</a>, the Confraternity of Our Lady of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de Europa</i>), was later established. A larger statue of Our Lady of Europe was specifically carved and enthroned in the town's central church, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_the_Crowned" title="Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned">Church of St. Mary the Crowned and St. Bernard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Iglesia de Santa Maria la Coronada y San Bernado</i>, presently the Cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gibraltar" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar">Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confraternity was disestablished some time after 1704.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Capture_of_Gibraltar">The Capture of Gibraltar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Capture of Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Gibraltar_18th_century_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bay_of_Gibraltar_18th_century_engraving.jpg/250px-Bay_of_Gibraltar_18th_century_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bay_of_Gibraltar_18th_century_engraving.jpg/375px-Bay_of_Gibraltar_18th_century_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bay_of_Gibraltar_18th_century_engraving.jpg/500px-Bay_of_Gibraltar_18th_century_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Gibraltar c. 1704. The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a> can be seen in the foreground on the right-hand side.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Capture of Gibraltar</a></div> <p>In 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Anglo-Dutch troops captured Gibraltar. The shrine, as most other Catholic places of worship was desecrated and was taken over for military use. The shrine was looted and the statue of the Virgin and Child was broken and its remains thrown out to sea. As the statue was carved from wood, the pieces were recovered by a fisherman who found them floating in the Bay of Gibraltar and later delivered them to <a href="/wiki/Juan_Romero_de_Figueroa" title="Juan Romero de Figueroa">Juan Romero de Figueroa</a>, the priest in charge at the Church of St. Mary the Crowned and St. Bernard, who took the pieces of the statue to Algeciras for safekeeping. They were placed in the Chapel of St. Bernard, which was then dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Chapel of Our Lady of Europe">Our Lady of Europe</a> and named (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Capilla de Nuestra Señora de Europa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hills_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayala_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayala-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_during_the_British_period">Consolidation during the British period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consolidation during the British period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Baptist_Scandella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/John_Baptist_Scandella.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Bishop of Gibraltar">Vicar Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Scandella" title="John Baptist Scandella">John Baptist Scandella</a> arranged for the return of the original statue to Gibraltar.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a> was an unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to capture Gibraltar from the British. It lasted three years and seven months from 1779 to 1783 and caused great damage to the town. The old shrine was no exception, and this eventually led to its demolition. A replica of the statue had been made to replace the original, held in Algeciras. The copy was kept at the Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned and St. Bernard, but when the church came under bombardment it relocated to Windmill Hill. After the end of the siege, the statue returned to the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1860s, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicariate">Vicar Apostolic</a> of Gibraltar, <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Scandella" title="John Baptist Scandella">John Baptist Scandella</a>, petitioned for the return of the original statue from Algeciras. The Bishop of Cadiz and the <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Spain">Primate of Spain</a> were involved in the discussions, and eventually a solution acceptable to all parties was agreed upon. The original statue was to return to Gibraltar as requested so long as an exact replica would be carved and placed in the Chapel of Our Lady of Europe in Algeciras. According to the terms of the compromise, a new statue was carved in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. At the same time the original statue repaired by the same craftsman.<sup id="cite_ref-coin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original statue was eventually returned to Gibraltar in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe remained in military hands, the statue was provisionally placed in the <a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Gibraltar" title="Loreto Convent, Gibraltar">Loreto Convent</a>, at the time located in front of the <a href="/wiki/The_Convent_(Gibraltar)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convent (Gibraltar)">governor's official residence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Main_Street,_Gibraltar" title="Main Street, Gibraltar">Main Street</a>. Scandella aimed to house the statue as near to Europa Point as possible. After a popular fundraising campaign, a site was acquired along Engineer Road. The statue was paraded from the Loreto Convent to its new location in a procession lined on both sides by soldiers. The statue was carried shoulder-high on a <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a>, accompanied by a military band. The ceremony was devised as a reparation act for the 1704 desecration. The new chapel was of simple design and later included a marble altar donated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>. Scandella attended the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> (1869–1870) as <a href="/wiki/Council_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Council Father">Council Father</a>. During his stay in Rome, Scandella succeeded in bringing the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe to the attention of the Pope, thus the donation of the altar. Its front piece depicted the <a href="/wiki/File:C_o_a_Pio_IX.svg" title="File:C o a Pio IX.svg">Coat of arms of Pope Pius IX</a> and that of Bishop Scandella, together with a <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a> of Our Lady of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-stamp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue of Our Lady was enthroned on this altar.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, the statue was returned to the cathedral for safekeeping. During this time, the Child, which had to be dressed in <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a> silk according to the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical season">liturgical season</a>, was replaced by a newly carved dressed <a href="/wiki/Il_Bambino" title="Il Bambino">Bambino</a> sculptured by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Moreira" title="Francisco Moreira">Francisco Moreira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the statue was once again relocated, this time to <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Church,_Gibraltar" title="St. Joseph's Church, Gibraltar">St. Joseph's Parish Church</a>, the closest church to Europa Point.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, during the bishopric of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Joseph_Fitzgerald" title="Richard Joseph Fitzgerald">Richard Joseph Fitzgerald</a>, extensive developments in the Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned were accomplished. Bishop Fitzgerald decided to replace the statue of Our Lady of Europe in order to make the two side-altars symmetrical. As the right altar had an upright statue of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a>, a similar statue was desired for the left one (where the old statue of Our Lady of Europe was placed). The new statue was manufactured in France, and put in the altar where the old statue stood, but the faithful never held it in the same esteem as the old one, which was stored away. In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Caruana" title="Charles Caruana">Charles Caruana</a> (later Bishop of Gibraltar, then the priest responsible of the cathedral's <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a>) rediscovered the lost statue in a store. It was however, damaged due to humidity and an arm and hand had become detached. After restoration, the statue was placed in the Cathedral sacristy. It was Bishop <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Patrick_Devlin" title="Bernard Patrick Devlin">Bernard Devlin</a> who in 1986 reinstalled the statue in its original location, where it remains to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana11_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building erected at the place of the old Shrine of Our Lady of Europe remained property of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Defence</a> until 1961. It had been an army storehouse for oil and packing case. Since 1928 it had been used as a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> for the garrison, but with the outbreak of World War II, it was returned to a storage facility.<sup id="cite_ref-stamp_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1959, the military authorities, which had begun to withdraw many military installations in Gibraltar, noticed that it was no longer required and decided to demolish it. However, this never happened and due to the efforts of Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Farmer_Healy" title="John Farmer Healy">John Healy</a> it was ceded to the Catholic diocese on 17 October 1961, in a private ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restoration works began in 1962. For the first time in 258 years, a mass was celebrated at the Shrine on 28 September 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue was finally transferred to the Shrine in public procession from St. Joseph's Parish Church on 7 October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue of Our Lady remains in the Shrine to this day. </p><p>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rapallo" title="Edward Rapallo">Edward Rapallo</a> was responsible for making Our Lady of Europe the principal Patroness of Gibraltar and for changing the feast day to <a href="/wiki/Europe_Day" title="Europe Day">Europe Day</a> (5 May). With regard to the former, he officially asked the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Sacred Congregation for the Evangelisation of Peoples</a> to intercede for its petition with the Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>. On 31 May 1979 the Pope approved "<i>Our Blessed Lady as the Principal Patroness of the Diocese of Gibraltar, under the title of Our Lady of Europe</i>". Regarding the feast day, by linking it with Europe Day, he aimed to highlight the relevance of Our Lady of Europe in modern times. The feast day had been celebrated on 15 August (the feast day of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>) from Spanish times until Scandella's episcopate in the mid-19th century, when it was changed to 30 May. Authorisation for the celebration on 5 May was granted by the Holy See also in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, on the occasion of his <i><a href="/wiki/Quinquennial_Visit_Ad_Limina" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquennial Visit Ad Limina">ad limina</a></i> visit to Rome, Bishop Caruana took with him the statue of Our Lady of Europe, for the Pope John Paul II to bless and crown her. He also presented the Pope with a replica of the statue as a gift. Today, it can be found at the Casa Romana del Clero.<sup id="cite_ref-coin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its establishment in 2003, the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe belongs to the <a href="/wiki/European_Marian_Network" title="European Marian Network">European Marian Network</a>, which links twenty Marian sanctuaries in Europe (as many as the number of decades in the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Septcentenary_of_the_devotion_to_Our_Lady_of_Europe">Septcentenary of the devotion to Our Lady of Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Septcentenary of the devotion to Our Lady of Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_la_Inmaculada_en_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iglesia_de_la_Inmaculada_en_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_2.jpg/250px-Iglesia_de_la_Inmaculada_en_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iglesia_de_la_Inmaculada_en_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_2.jpg/375px-Iglesia_de_la_Inmaculada_en_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iglesia_de_la_Inmaculada_en_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_2.jpg/500px-Iglesia_de_la_Inmaculada_en_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Façade of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception, La Línea de la Concepción">Church of the Immaculate Conception</a>, where a copy of the statue of Our Lady of Europe was placed in 2009, during the celebration of the jubilee.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although historians acknowledge the consecration of the pre-existing mosque as a Christian shrine in the first Christian occupation (1309–1333), it is not clear that its consecration to Our Lady of Europe took place during this same period. Despite this, the Diocese of Gibraltar asserts that the original consecration did take place during this short Christian occupation of the territory, in 1309, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">King Ferdinand IV</a> and not during the second Christian occupation which began in 1462.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Caruana" title="Charles Caruana">Bishop Caruana</a> requested the Holy See to authorised a <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Christian)">jubilee year</a> to be celebrated on the 7th centenary of the foundation of devotion to Our Lady of Europe. The authorisation was duly granted by the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> and the Bishop Caruana opened a "jubilee year" on 12 May 2008, with a Solemn Mass. The Pope granted an "<a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgence</a>" to faithful to Our Lady who fulfilled certain requisites.<sup id="cite_ref-Jubelee_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jubelee-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jubilee celebrations included processions, masses and various other acts of devotion. On 5 May, the feast day of Our Lady of Europe, a solemn High Mass took place in a marquee outside the shrine, with the attendance of a delegation of some 70 leading senior ecclesiastical figures from across Europe. Civil representatives included <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gibraltar" title="Chief Minister of Gibraltar">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Caruana" title="Peter Caruana">Peter Caruana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Johns" title="Adrian Johns">Adrian Johns</a>, Leader of the Opposition <a href="/wiki/Joe_Bossano" title="Joe Bossano">Joe Bossano</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Gibraltar Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Gibraltar" title="Mayor of Gibraltar">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levy" title="Solomon Levy">Solomon Levy</a> as well as the Spanish mayor of <a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="La Línea de la Concepción">La Línea</a> Alejandro Sánchez García. The statue of Our Lady of Europe was brought in procession from the Shrine at Europa Point. During the mass, the Shrine and the Roman Catholic Diocese in Gibraltar received the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose" title="Golden Rose">Golden Rose</a>, a rare gift bestowed by the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Continent was re-consecrated to Our Lady of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Jubelee_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jubelee-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celebrations also involved cross-border elements. A procession took place on April 27 from Gibraltar to the bordering <a href="/wiki/Municipio" title="Municipio">Spanish municipality</a> of <a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="La Línea de la Concepción">La Línea de la Concepción</a>. It was led by Bishop Caruana, and Mayor Solomon Levy and it carried the gift of a replica statue of Our Lady of Europe. The procession was met on the Spanish side of the border by an ecclesiastical delegation led by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_C%C3%A1diz_and_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Cádiz and Ceuta">Bishop of Cádiz and Ceuta</a> comprising all the congregations of La Línea, including its mayor, one from <a href="/wiki/Marbella" title="Marbella">Marbella</a> and another from <a href="/wiki/Castellar_de_la_Frontera" title="Castellar de la Frontera">Castellar de la Frontera</a>. The procession concluded in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception, La Línea de la Concepción">Church of the Immaculate Conception</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción</i>), La Linea's main church, and an open-air mass was celebrated. Some days earlier, a pilgrimage of Spanish worshipers proceeded from La Línea to the Shrine of Our Lady of Europe in Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-cross-border_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cross-border-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, Bishop Caruana had held a conference in <a href="/wiki/San_Roque,_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="San Roque, Cádiz">San Roque</a> with the title "Our Lady of Europe: 700 years of history of the devotion of this land to the Mother of God".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conferencia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conferencia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bishop Caruana, the celebrations opened up an opportunity "to strengthen links with the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_M%C3%A1laga" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Málaga">Málaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_C%C3%A1diz_y_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta">Cádiz</a>, and with the municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Gibraltar" title="Campo de Gibraltar">Campo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> (.) was very emotional [for him]".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these celebrations, Bishop Caruana authored the book <i>History of Our Lady of Europe</i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Press">Vatican Press</a> as part of the commemoration.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A joint issue of <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> Gibraltar and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> also formed part of the jubilee celebrations<sup id="cite_ref-stamp_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stamp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (only in 1966, a Gibraltar stamp had been devoted to Our Lady of Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commemorative 50p coin,<sup id="cite_ref-coin_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a silver medal were also issued.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010, an International Marian Congress was to be held in Gibraltar, with the themes <i>Mary, a sign of Christian identity; religion, anthropology, history and art.</i> Its object, according to Bishop Charles Caruana, is:<sup id="cite_ref-congress_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>..to disseminate the importance of Marian devotion to the image of Our Lady of Europa through its history and the artistic legacy that has developed around it; and that it should become the centre of studies of the figure of the Virgin Mary from the standpoint of faith, art, history and anthropology.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymn">Hymn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hymn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>La Plegaria a la Virgen de Europa</i> (English: <span lang="en">The Hymn to Our Lady of Europe</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymn</a> about Our Lady of Europe. It was composed in the late 1950s with music by Louis Diaz and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Elio_Cruz" title="Elio Cruz">Elio Cruz</a><sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caruana15_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana15-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the author of the famous plays <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Lola_se_va_p%C3%A1_Londre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Lola se va pá Londre (page does not exist)">La Lola se va pá Londre</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Connie_con_cama_camera_en_el_comedor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connie con cama camera en el comedor (page does not exist)">Connie con cama camera en el comedor</a></i>). It was first performed by the group Los Trovadores in 1958 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theatre_Royal,_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theatre Royal, Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Theatre Royal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymn has become part of the popular <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">culture of Gibraltar</a> and has been compared to the patriotic song <i><a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%A9vame_Donde_Nac%C3%AD" title="Llévame Donde Nací">Llévame Donde Nací</a></i> in the way Gibraltarians identify with it.<sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymn was written during the years following the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">evacuation of the civilian population of Gibraltar during World War II</a> and its repatriation (which ended in 1951). During this difficult time, the devotion to Our Lady of Europe by the Gibraltarian evacuees strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Plegaria</i> was traditionally performed live as the last song (before <a href="/wiki/God_Save_The_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save The Queen">God Save The Queen</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Broadcasting_Corporation#Radio_Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation">Radio Gibraltar</a>'s open day.<sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the event transferred to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Broadcasting_Corporation#GBC_Television" title="Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation">GBC Television</a>, the tradition continued for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its first performances, it was recorded by other groups, such as The Peninsulares, who kept the song alive as part of their repertoire. Followed by the Valerga Brothers or Louis Caballero.<sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the years it has been sung in local churches, excursions and popular events.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana15_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana15-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although not on purpose, it was re-recorded in 2009 during the jubilee year celebrating the septcentenary of the devotion to Our Lady of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-plegaria_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devotion_beyond_Gibraltar">Devotion beyond Gibraltar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Devotion beyond Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Algeciras">In Algeciras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Algeciras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capilla_de_Europa_en_Algeciras_(Espa%C3%B1a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Capilla_de_Europa_en_Algeciras_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/250px-Capilla_de_Europa_en_Algeciras_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Capilla_de_Europa_en_Algeciras_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/375px-Capilla_de_Europa_en_Algeciras_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Capilla_de_Europa_en_Algeciras_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/500px-Capilla_de_Europa_en_Algeciras_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Chapel of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Capillita de Europa</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Capture of Gibraltar by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, almost all the inhabitants of the town left it and settled down in different locations within the <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Gibraltar" title="Campo de Gibraltar">Campo</a>. While most did it around the hermitage of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Roch" title="Saint Roch">Saint Roch</a> (what nowadays is <a href="/wiki/San_Roque,_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="San Roque, Cádiz">San Roque</a>, others established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Los_Barrios,_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Barrios, Cádiz">Los Barrios</a> or in the remains of <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, around the Chapel of St. Bernard, patron saint of Gibraltar and its Campo, which was located in the <i>cortijo</i> (farm) of one of the wealthiest families of Gibraltar, the Gálvez, in 1690. As described above, the statue of Our Lady of Europe venerated in Gibraltar had been taken to Algeciras for safekeeping after being desecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayala2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayala2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was placed in said Chapel, which was then dedicated then to Our Lady of Europe and named Chapel of Our Lady of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Capilla de Nuestra Señora de Europa</i>). </p><p>The chapel became parish church in 1721, and remained so until 1736, when its function was taken over by the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Palma" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma">Church of Our Lady of the Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma</i>). Devotion to Our Lady of Europe continued, especially because of the role of the Chapel in the re-establishment of the town and the presence of the original statue of Our Lady in the church. In 1769 it was rebuilt, as the original building was severely affected by the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a> and had to be demolished. The statue did not suffer any damages. In 1864, after the petition of the Vicar Apostolic of Gibraltar, <a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Scandella" title="John Baptist Scandella">John Baptist Scandella</a>, the original statue returned to Gibraltar, and an exact replica was carved and placed in the Chapel of Our Lady of Europe. This remains dedicated to Our Lady of Europe up to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Medina_Sidonia">In Medina Sidonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Medina Sidonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The devotion to Our Lady of Europe dates from the time Gibraltar was a <a href="/wiki/Seigneury" class="mw-redirect" title="Seigneury">seigneury</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Duke of Medina Sidonia">House of Medina Sidonia</a>. Since then, the troops of the House have always carried a statue of Our Lady in their missions. At present, a statue of Our Lady of Europe is venerated in the cloistered Convent of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians_Recollects" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinians Recollects">Augustinians Recollects</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Sidonia">Medina Sidonia</a> under the name of "<i>La Galeota</i>". It's a replica of the original statue of Our Lady in Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-conferencia_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conferencia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Seville">In Seville</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Seville"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagen_de_la_Virgen_de_Europa_en_la_iglesia_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Sevilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Imagen_de_la_Virgen_de_Europa_en_la_iglesia_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Sevilla.jpg/250px-Imagen_de_la_Virgen_de_Europa_en_la_iglesia_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Sevilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Imagen_de_la_Virgen_de_Europa_en_la_iglesia_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Sevilla.jpg/375px-Imagen_de_la_Virgen_de_Europa_en_la_iglesia_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Sevilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Imagen_de_la_Virgen_de_Europa_en_la_iglesia_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Sevilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The statue of Our Lady of Europe with the Holy Child in the Church of Saint Martin, Seville.</figcaption></figure> <p>Devotion in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> began in the seventeenth century<sup id="cite_ref-san_martín_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san_martín-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the Spanish period of Gibraltar by inhabitants of the town which settled down near the parish church of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">St. Martin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Iglesia Parroquial de San Martín</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-caruana8_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana8-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, there was a small chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Europe, where a painting of Our Lady of Europe had been placed, enclosed in an <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpiece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ilustre_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilustre-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was located in a square called <i>Plaza de Europa</i> (English: <span lang="en">Europe Square</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-caruana8_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana8-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ilustre_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilustre-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1695, a confraternity devoted to Our Lady of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">La Muy Ilustre Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de Europa</i>) was also created there where it participated in public devotions.<sup id="cite_ref-ilustre_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilustre-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1715 a statue was carved, possibly by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benito_Hita_del_Castillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benito Hita del Castillo (page does not exist)">Benito Hita del Castillo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-san_martín_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san_martín-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a new chapel-niche with the altarpiece was built. From an iconographic point of view, the statue resembled a piece of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval art</a>, as Our Lady is seated and wearing a crown. She has the Child Jesus on her left hand and holds in her right hand a flower. There could have been a former statue, from the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-san_martín_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san_martín-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the eighteenth century, the confraternity developed an intense activity, celebrating Our Lady's feast day each 8 September as well as public daily praying of the rosary.<sup id="cite_ref-ilustre_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilustre-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, Our Lady's statue and painting were moved to its current location, the parish church of St. Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana8_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana8-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the confraternity held its last meeting in 1986 as devotion to Our Lady of Europe in Seville died out.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana8_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana8-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Madrid_and_Barcelona">In Madrid and Barcelona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Madrid and Barcelona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gibraltar priest <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Astorga_y_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Diego de Astorga y Céspedes">Diego de Astorga y Céspedes</a>, born in 1664, was the main person accountable for spreading the devotion to Our Lady of Europe to the Spanish capitals of Madrid and Barcelona.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana7_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Astorga was ordained <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Barcelona">Bishop of Barcelona</a> in 1717 and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Toledo">Archbishop of Toledo</a> and Primate of Spain in 1720. </p><p>While leading the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Barcelona" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Barcelona">Diocese of Barcelona</a>, De Astorga noticed a statue on an archway in <a href="/wiki/Manresa" title="Manresa">Manresa</a> that reminded him to that of Our Lady of Europe in Gibraltar. The statue had no name, so the Bishop titled her as <i>Our Lady of Europe</i> and therefore the archway become <i>El Portal de Europa</i> (English: <span lang="en">Europa Archway</span>). Unfortunately, the archway was demolished and the statue taken to another church, being known from that point on as <i>Our Lady of the Snow</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana7_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Astorga was later elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo">See of Toledo</a>, to which Spain's capital, Madrid, belonged to at the time. There, the Archbishop ordered the carving of a new statue of Our Lady of Europe and paraded it through the streets of Madrid. The last records of the statue locate it in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convent_of_St._Teresa_of_Jesus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convent of St. Teresa of Jesus (page does not exist)">Convent of St. Teresa of Jesus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-caruana7_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana7-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nájera_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nájera-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another seated statue of Our Lady of Europe stands in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Convent_of_La_Encarnaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Convent of La Encarnación">Royal Convent of La Encarnación</a>, also in Madrid. Although it is currently dedicated to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_the_Kings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Lady of the Kings (page does not exist)">Our Lady of the Kings</a>, Europe was its original advocation.<sup id="cite_ref-nájera_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nájera-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Spain">In Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several Catholic parishes in Spain named <i>Nuestra Señora de Europa</i>. There is one in Madrid<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another in <a href="/wiki/Chiclana,_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiclana, Cádiz">Chiclana, Cádiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="La Línea de la Concepción">La Línea de la Concepción</a> also has a college which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_C%C3%A1diz_y_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta">Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta</a> and is attached to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="University of Cádiz">University of Cádiz</a>, named <i>Escuela Universitaria de Magisterio 'Virgen de Europa' </i> (English: <span lang="en">University College 'Our Lady of Europe'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Italy">In Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Europe_into_the_fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Our_Lady_of_Europe_into_the_fog.jpg/250px-Our_Lady_of_Europe_into_the_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Our_Lady_of_Europe_into_the_fog.jpg/375px-Our_Lady_of_Europe_into_the_fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Our_Lady_of_Europe_into_the_fog.jpg/500px-Our_Lady_of_Europe_into_the_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the <i>Madonna d'Europa</i> in fog.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 1950s, Catholic sectors felt that the <a href="/wiki/Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanism">Europeist</a> movements would need a Catholic dimension and thought of placing Europe under protection of Our Lady. However, they were unaware that such a devotion was already in existence, albeit at a local level.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana14_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana14-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Milan">Archbishop of Milan</a>, decided to place a statue in the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> centre of Europe, since it was the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> separating the basins of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a>. </p><p>A 13 metres (43 ft) high<sup id="cite_ref-Valchiavenna_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valchiavenna-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> statue in honour of Our Lady of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Madonna d'Europa</i>) was erected at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) <a href="/wiki/Meters_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Meters above sea level">above sea level</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">frazione</a></i> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motta,_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motta, Italy (page does not exist)">Motta</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Valchiavenna" title="Valchiavenna">Valchiavenna</a>, Italy. It is a gilt bronze statue, which was sculptured by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egidio_Casagrande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egidio Casagrande (page does not exist)">Egidio Casagrande</a> taking inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana14_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana14-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue rests on a circular structure atop a shrine with an altar below. The structure weighs 4 tonnes (8,800 lb). The monument was blessed by the Archbishop of Milan Giovanni Montini (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>) on 14 September 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-caruana14_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruana14-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_(Italy)" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe (Italy)">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Santuario di Nostra Signora d'Europa</i>) is currently the headquarters of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Ecumenical_Centre_for_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Ecumenical Centre for Peace (page does not exist)">European Ecumenical Centre for Peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valchiavenna_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valchiavenna-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere_in_Europe">Elsewhere in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic chapel of the <a href="/wiki/International_Zaventem_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="International Zaventem Airport">International Zaventem Airport</a> in Brussels is dedicated to Our Lady of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in early 2010, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Reykjavik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Reykjavik">Catholic Bishop of Iceland</a> had consecrated a church to Our Lady of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Africa">Shrine of Our Lady of Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourladyofeurope.net/page8.html">"Title origin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+origin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourladyofeurope.net%2Fpage8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholic.gi/diocese/parishes/shrine-of-our-lady-of-europe/">"Shrine of Our Lady of Europe - Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar"</a>. <i>Catholic Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Church&rft.atitle=Shrine+of+Our+Lady+of+Europe+-+Catholic+Diocese+of+Gibraltar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholic.gi%2Fdiocese%2Fparishes%2Fshrine-of-our-lady-of-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303152007/https://www.westminstercollection.com/p-251Y/Gibraltar-Our-Lady-of-Europa-20p.aspx">"Gibraltar Our Lady of Europa 20p"</a>. <i>www.westminstercollection.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminstercollection.com/p-251Y/Gibraltar-Our-Lady-of-Europa-20p.aspx">the original</a> on 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.westminstercollection.com&rft.atitle=Gibraltar+Our+Lady+of+Europa+20p&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminstercollection.com%2Fp-251Y%2FGibraltar-Our-Lady-of-Europa-20p.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBon2019" class="citation cs2">Bon, Patrice (28 April 2019), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_Gibraltar.jpg"><i>Français: Informations sur le Sanctuaire marial de Notre-Dame de l'Europe, afficher dans une exposition au Sanctuaire de Lourdes, à l'accueil Jean-Paul II</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ais%3A+Informations+sur+le+Sanctuaire+marial+de+Notre-Dame+de+l%27Europe%2C+afficher+dans+une+exposition+au+Sanctuaire+de+Lourdes%2C+%C3%A0+l%27accueil+Jean-Paul+II&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft.aulast=Bon&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AShrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe_Gibraltar.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrine-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shrine_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrine_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourladyofeurope.net/page12.html">"A Short History of the Shrine", Diocese of Gibraltar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caruana2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caruana2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmando_V._Flores_Salazar2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Armando V. Flores Salazar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/402/40211303.pdf">"Nuestra Señora de África en Monterrey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuestra+Se%C3%B1ora+de+%C3%81frica+en+Monterrey&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Armando+V.+Flores+Salazar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F402%2F40211303.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diocese-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diocese_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourladyofeurope.net/page8.html">"Origin of the title 'Our Lady of Europe'", Diocese of Gibraltar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Jackson (British Army officer)">Jackson, Sir William G. F.</a> (1987). "7. Habsburg Gibraltar - The Eleventh and Twelfth Sieges, 1693 to 1713". <i>The Rock of the Gibraltarians - A History of Gibraltar</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Habsburg+Gibraltar+-+The+Eleventh+and+Twelfth+Sieges%2C+1693+to+1713&rft.btitle=The+Rock+of+the+Gibraltarians+-+A+History+of+Gibraltar&rft.place=London+and+Toronto&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Sir+William+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hills-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hills_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Hills_(historian)" title="George Hills (historian)">Hills, George</a> (1974). <i>Rock of Contention - A History of Gibraltar</i>. Robert Hale. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+of+Contention+-+A+History+of+Gibraltar&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>.. twelve silver lamps, candlesticks, lecterns, crowns, gems and consecrated vessels, the clothes of many families, who had withdrawn there, and when there was nothing else to rob, they broke off the head of the statue which is so venerated in Spain and the child Jesus and threw it among the stones.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayala-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayala_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_de_Ayala1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" title="Ignacio López de Ayala">López de Ayala, Ignacio</a> (1845). <i>Historia de Gibraltar</i> [<i>History of Gibraltar</i>]. James Bell. London. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Gibraltar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=140&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+de+Ayala&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coin_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibraltar-stamps.com/gibraltar-stamps.aspx?cat=35&pro=236">"Lady of Europe 700th 50p coin - Stamps"</a>. Gibraltar-stamps.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lady+of+Europe+700th+50p+coin+-+Stamps&rft.pub=Gibraltar-stamps.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibraltar-stamps.com%2Fgibraltar-stamps.aspx%3Fcat%3D35%26pro%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stamp-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stamp_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stamp_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stamp_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibraltar-stamps.com/gibraltar-stamps.aspx?cat=34">"Vatican-Gibraltar Joint issue folder - Stamps"</a>. Gibraltar-stamps.com. 7 October 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican-Gibraltar+Joint+issue+folder+-+Stamps&rft.pub=Gibraltar-stamps.com&rft.date=1968-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibraltar-stamps.com%2Fgibraltar-stamps.aspx%3Fcat%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caruana11-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caruana11_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourladyofeurope.net/History/ole_crowning.htm">"History: Pope John Paul II Crowns"</a>. Our Lady of Europe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+Pope+John+Paul+II+Crowns&rft.pub=Our+Lady+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourladyofeurope.net%2FHistory%2Fole_crowning.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Mascarenhas2009" class="citation news cs1">Alice Mascarenhas (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15972">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Shrine of Our Lady of Europe is a Centre of Spirituality'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27The+Shrine+of+Our+Lady+of+Europe+is+a+Centre+of+Spirituality%27&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.au=Alice+Mascarenhas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.gi%2Fheadlines_details.php%3Fid%3D15972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausrosvartai.lt/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=329&Itemid=339">The European Marian Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jubelee-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jubelee_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jubelee_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourladyofeurope.net/News/4jubilee.htm">Jubilee 2008-2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15990">Pope blesses Gibraltar</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a></i>, 6 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cross-border-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cross-border_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2009/04/07/joint-gibraltar-spanish-cross-border-procession-for-our-lady-of-europe">"Joint Gibraltar Spanish cross-border procession for Our Lady of Europe — MercoPress"</a>. En.mercopress.com. 7 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Gibraltar+Spanish+cross-border+procession+for+Our+Lady+of+Europe+%E2%80%94+MercoPress&rft.pub=En.mercopress.com&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2009%2F04%2F07%2Fjoint-gibraltar-spanish-cross-border-procession-for-our-lady-of-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.terra.es/genteycultura/2009/0427/actualidad/la-virgen-de-europa-cruza-la-frontera-de-gibraltar-en-procesion.aspx">"La Virgen de Europa cruza la frontera de Gibraltar en procesión"</a> (in Spanish). Terra Noticias/<a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE</a>. 27 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+Virgen+de+Europa+cruza+la+frontera+de+Gibraltar+en+procesi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.terra.es%2Fgenteycultura%2F2009%2F0427%2Factualidad%2Fla-virgen-de-europa-cruza-la-frontera-de-gibraltar-en-procesion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conferencia-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conferencia_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conferencia_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerrocofrade.foros.ws/t5009/conferencia-sobre-la-virgen-de-europa/">El obispo de Gibraltar ofreció anoche una conferencia sobre la Virgen de Europa</a>, 16 April 2009 (in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_Iglesias_Triay2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ignacio Iglesias Triay (12 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/21085567/Caruana-Obispo-entrevista-Ignacio-Iglesias">"La diversidad cultural es el tesoro más bello que tenemos en Gibraltar"</a> (in Spanish). Europa Sur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+diversidad+cultural+es+el+tesoro+m%C3%A1s+bello+que+tenemos+en+Gibraltar&rft.date=2009-07-12&rft.au=Ignacio+Iglesias+Triay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F21085567%2FCaruana-Obispo-entrevista-Ignacio-Iglesias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509150528/http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15970">"Vatican Press Publishes 'Our Lady of Europe' Book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15970">the original</a> on 9 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+Press+Publishes+%27Our+Lady+of+Europe%27+Book&rft.pub=Gibraltar+Chronicle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.gi%2Fheadlines_details.php%3Fid%3D15970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Mascarenhas2009" class="citation news cs1">Alice Mascarenhas (18 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227050612/http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15511">"A First for the Rock New Release of Joint Vatican and Gib Stamps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15511">the original</a> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+First+for+the+Rock+New+Release+of+Joint+Vatican+and+Gib+Stamps&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft.au=Alice+Mascarenhas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.gi%2Fheadlines_details.php%3Fid%3D15511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philatelicsupplies.co.uk/gib.rtf">Gibraltar Stamps</a>, in Philatelic Supplies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/Gibraltar-1966-Our-lady-of-Europe-u%2Fmint_W0QQitemZ390147988201QQcmdZViewItemQQimsxq20100126?IMSfp=TL1001261810002r13306">Auction of a 1966 stamp devoted to Our Lady of Europe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gibraltar-stamps.com/gibraltar-stamps.aspx?cat=35&pro=249">"700 Years of Devotion Silver Medal - Stamps"</a>. Gibraltar-stamps.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=700+Years+of+Devotion+Silver+Medal+-+Stamps&rft.pub=Gibraltar-stamps.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gibraltar-stamps.com%2Fgibraltar-stamps.aspx%3Fcat%3D35%26pro%3D249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-congress_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_McCann2010" class="citation news cs1">Brian McCann (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.gi/localnews/headlines.php?action=view_article&article=5487&offset=0">"International Catholic congress for Gibraltar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(Gibraltar)" title="Panorama (Gibraltar)">Panorama</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International+Catholic+congress+for+Gibraltar&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.au=Brian+McCann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.gi%2Flocalnews%2Fheadlines.php%3Faction%3Dview_article%26article%3D5487%26offset%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plegaria-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plegaria_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15951">"50 Years On.. La Plegaria holds a place in the Hearts of many"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a>. 1 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+Years+On..+La+Plegaria+holds+a+place+in+the+Hearts+of+many&rft.pub=Gibraltar+Chronicle&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.gi%2Fheadlines_details.php%3Fid%3D15951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caruana15-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caruana15_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana15_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson2_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Jackson (British Army officer)">Jackson, Sir William G. F.</a> (1987). "7. Habsburg Gibraltar - The Eleventh and Twelfth Sieges, 1693 to 1713". <i>The Rock of the Gibraltarians - A History of Gibraltar</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Habsburg+Gibraltar+-+The+Eleventh+and+Twelfth+Sieges%2C+1693+to+1713&rft.btitle=The+Rock+of+the+Gibraltarians+-+A+History+of+Gibraltar&rft.place=London+and+Toronto&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Sir+William+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayala2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ayala2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_de_Ayala1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" title="Ignacio López de Ayala">López de Ayala, Ignacio</a> (1845). <i>Historia de Gibraltar</i> [<i>History of Gibraltar</i>]. James Bell. London. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Gibraltar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+de+Ayala&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-san_martín-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-san_martín_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_martín_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_martín_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artesacro.org/conocersevilla/templos/parroquias/sanmartin/index.html">Iglesia de San Martín de Sevilla</a>, at artesacro.org (in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caruana8-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caruana8_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana8_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana8_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana8_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilustre-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilustre_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilustre_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilustre_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilustre_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Romero_Mensaque1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carlos Romero Mensaque (1983). <i>La Muy Ilustre Hermandad de Nuestra Señora de Europa de Sevilla</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-300-9271-4" title="Special:BookSources/84-300-9271-4"><bdi>84-300-9271-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Muy+Ilustre+Hermandad+de+Nuestra+Se%C3%B1ora+de+Europa+de+Sevilla&rft.place=Seville&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-300-9271-4&rft.au=Carlos+Romero+Mensaque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caruana7-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caruana7_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana7_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana7_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nájera-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nájera_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nájera_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parroquia-ns-europa.com/Iconofraf%C3%ADa.htm">Iconography of Our Lady of Europe</a>, in the Parish of Our Lady of Europe in Madrid (in Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parroquia-ns-europa.com/">Parish of Our Lady of Europe in Madrid</a> (in Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnseuropa.com/">Parish of Our Lady of Europe in Chiclana</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magisteriolalinea.com/">Escuela Universitaria de Magisterio 'Virgen de Europa'</a> (in Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caruana14-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caruana14_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana14_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caruana14_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#caruana">Caruana, 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valchiavenna-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valchiavenna_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valchiavenna_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waltellina.com/dallastoria/santuariomotta/index.htm">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123101211/http://www.waltellina.com/dallastoria/santuariomotta/index.htm">Archived</a> 2010-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Update,” <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.udayton.edu/ml_newsletter/85"><i>Marian Library Newsletter</i> 40</a> (Summer 2000), p. 3. Marian Library at the University of Dayton.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="caruana" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caruana" title="Charles Caruana">Charles Caruana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Bishop of Gibraltar">Bishop of Gibraltar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourladyofeurope.net/History/history_contents.htm">"Historical Notes On Our Lady of Europe, based on <i>History of Our Lady of Europe</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Notes+On+Our+Lady+of+Europe%2C+based+on+History+of+Our+Lady+of+Europe&rft.au=Charles+Caruana%2C+Bishop+of+Gibraltar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourladyofeurope.net%2FHistory%2Fhistory_contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOur+Lady+of+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Europe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Our_Lady_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Our Lady of Europe">Our Lady of Europe</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509150528/http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=15970">Vatican press publishes 'Our Lady of Europe' Book</a>, 5 May 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118144245/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/tourism/lady_of_europe.htm">Historical notes on the Shrine Of Our Lady Of Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623010104/http://www.foghs.org.uk/nl/73.pdf">Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/index.php">International Marian Research Institute</a> at the University of Dayton. The institute, a leading center for research and scholarship on the Blessed Virgin Mary, has a vast presence in cyberspace.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udayton.edu/marianlibrary/">Marian Library</a> at the University of Dayton. The Marian Library is the world's largest repository of books, periodicals, artwork, and artifacts on Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template talk:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Gibraltar</span></a> topics  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthals_in_Gibraltar" title="Neanderthals in Gibraltar">Neanderthals in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Timeline of the history of Gibraltar">Timeline</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="List of sieges of Gibraltar">sieges</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Gibraltar">First Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">Battle of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Capture of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rooke" title="George Rooke">George Rooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">George Augustus Eliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_real" title="Gibraltar real">Gibraltar real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nationality_in_Gibraltar" title="History of nationality in Gibraltar">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Genoese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maltese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Maltese in Gibraltar">Maltese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosion_of_the_RFA_Bedenham" title="Explosion of the RFA Bedenham">Explosion of the RFA <i>Bedenham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Rock" title="Death on the Rock">Death on the Rock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Aurora_(2000)#2003:_Norwalk_virus_breakout" title="MV Aurora (2000)"><i>Aurora</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_New_Flame" title="MV New Flame"><i>New Flame</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Fedra" title="MV Fedra"><i>Fedra</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">COVID-19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/120px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/160px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Geography</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gibraltar" title="Climate of Gibraltar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Iberian Peninsula">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores%E2%80%93Gibraltar_Transform_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault">Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:Environment of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Environment</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Gibraltar" title="List of birds of Gibraltar">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Gibraltar" title="List of mammals of Gibraltar">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_and_reptiles_of_Gibraltar" title="List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar">Reptiles and amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberis_gibraltarica" title="Iberis gibraltarica">Candytuft <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Iberis gibraltarica</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Botanic_Gardens" title="Gibraltar Botanic Gardens">Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Ornithological_%26_Natural_History_Society" title="Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society">Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Wildlife_Conservation_Park" title="Alameda Wildlife Conservation Park">Wildlife Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Bay" title="Catalan Bay">Catalan Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Beach,_Gibraltar" title="Eastern Beach, Gibraltar">Eastern Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cave" title="St. Michael's Cave">St. Michael's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Gibraltar" title="Sandy Bay, Gibraltar">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Cave" title="Vanguard Cave">Vanguard Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_(Gibraltar)" title="Windmill Hill (Gibraltar)">Windmill Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Gibraltar" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Built</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hotel,_Gibraltar" title="Bristol Hotel, Gibraltar">Bristol Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_City_Hall" title="Gibraltar City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Convent_(Gibraltar)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convent (Gibraltar)">The Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Library" title="Garrison Library">Garrison Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Hospital_(Gibraltar)" title="King George V Hospital (Gibraltar)">King George V Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Castle" title="Moorish Castle">Moorish Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_Hotel" title="The Rock Hotel">The Rock Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_Hospital" title="St Bernard's Hospital">St. Bernard's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Politics_and_Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics and Government</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Constitution Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_1969" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006">2006</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Gibraltar" title="Law of Gibraltar">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Gibraltar" title="Judiciary of Gibraltar">court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Gibraltar">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_passport_(Gibraltar)" title="British passport (Gibraltar)">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_development_in_modern_Gibraltar" title="Political development in modern Gibraltar">Political development in modern Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gibraltar" title="Chief Minister of Gibraltar">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Gibraltar" title="Mayor of Gibraltar">Mayor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Political issues</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_Project" title="Black Swan Project">Black Swan Project controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Disputed status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_the_isthmus_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain" title="Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain">isthmus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Gibraltar" title="Elections in Gibraltar">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2007 Gibraltar general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2011 Gibraltar general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2015 Gibraltar general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2019 Gibraltar general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2023 Gibraltar general election">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Gibraltar Parliament">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Gibraltar" title="List of political parties in Gibraltar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty referendums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">EU referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Military</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Gibraltar" title="British Forces Gibraltar">British Forces Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Defence_Police" title="Gibraltar Defence Police">Gibraltar Defence Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Squadron" title="Gibraltar Squadron">Gibraltar Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_of_Magdala_Battery" title="Napier of Magdala Battery">Napier of Magdala Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Gibraltar" title="RAF Gibraltar">RAF Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">Royal Gibraltar Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Regiment" title="Royal Gibraltar Regiment">Royal Gibraltar Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gibraltar" title="Economy of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Economy</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Gibraltar" title="List of banks in Gibraltar">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Gibraltar_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Gibraltar pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Stock_Exchange" title="Gibraltar Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Gibraltar" title="Taxation in Gibraltar">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Gibraltar" title="Tourism in Gibraltar">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Gibraltar" title="Communications in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communications</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.gi" title=".gi">.gi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet domain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation">Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibtelecom" title="Gibtelecom">Gibtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(Gibraltar)" title="Panorama (Gibraltar)">Panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Regulatory_Authority" title="Gibraltar Regulatory Authority">Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Post_Office" title="Royal Gibraltar Post Office">Royal Gibraltar Post Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Gibraltar">postage stamps and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_orders_of_Gibraltar" title="Postal orders of Gibraltar">postal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Study_Circle" title="Gibraltar Study Circle">Study Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Gibraltar" title="Telephone numbers in Gibraltar">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Gibraltar" title="Transport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Transport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_International_Airport" title="Gibraltar International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cable_Car" title="Gibraltar Cable Car">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_in_Gibraltar" title="Shipping in Gibraltar">Shipping in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Gibraltar" title="Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Culture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayside_Comprehensive_School" title="Bayside Comprehensive School">Bayside Comprehensive School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westside_School,_Gibraltar" title="Westside School, Gibraltar">Westside School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gibraltar" title="University of Gibraltar">University of Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar" title="Miss Gibraltar">Miss Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%A9vame_Donde_Nac%C3%AD" title="Llévame Donde Nací">Llévame Donde Nací</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gibraltar Fair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_National_Day" title="Gibraltar National Day">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Gibraltar" title="Public holidays in Gibraltar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Gibraltar" title="Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar">Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar" title="Demographics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians" title="Gibraltarians">Gibraltarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gibraltarians" title="List of Gibraltarians">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom">in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_status" title="Gibraltarian status">Gibraltarian status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Religion</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_in_Europe" title="Diocese in Europe">Diocese in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_Europe" title="Bishop in Europe">Bishop diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_Bishop_in_Europe" title="Suffragan Bishop in Europe">Bishop suffragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Gibraltar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar">Cathedral of the Holy Trinity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Gibraltar" title="St Andrew's Church, Gibraltar">St. Andrew's Church <span style="font-size:85%;">(Church of Scotland)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Methodist_Church" title="Gibraltar Methodist Church">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Gibraltar">Roman Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gibraltar" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar">Diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Bishop of Gibraltar">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_the_Crowned" title="Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned">Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Our Lady of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Cemetery" title="Trafalgar Cemetery">Trafalgar Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other faiths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gibraltar" title="Hinduism in Gibraltar">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gibraltar" title="Islam in Gibraltar">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim_Mosque" title="Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque">Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Gibraltar)" title="Great Synagogue (Gibraltar)">Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues of Gibraltar">other synagogues</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Gibraltar" title="Sport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Sport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_sport" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:4.4em;font-weight:normal;">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar national basketball team">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cricket_Association" title="Gibraltar Cricket Association">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_cricket_team" title="Gibraltar national cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cycling_Association" title="Gibraltar Cycling Association">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Hockey_Association" title="Gibraltar Hockey Association">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Gibraltar men's national field hockey team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Gibraltar" title="Football in Gibraltar">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Football_Association" title="Gibraltar Football Association">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_football_team" title="Gibraltar national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Gibraltar" title="Rugby union in Gibraltar">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_rugby_union_team" title="Gibraltar national rugby union team">national team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Barbarians_Rugby_Club" title="Gibraltar Barbarians Rugby Club">Campo Gibraltar RUFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Gibraltar at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Island_Games_Association" title="International Island Games Association">Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_records_in_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian records in athletics">Records in athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Stadium,_Gibraltar" title="Victoria Stadium, Gibraltar">Victoria Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:National symbols of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Symbols</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Anthem" title="Gibraltar Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar" title="Coat of arms of Gibraltar">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gibraltar" title="Flag of Gibraltar">Official flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Gibraltar">other flags</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Gibraltar" title="Category:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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