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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 Ecuador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.7 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Spanish_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Spanish_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.8 Northern Spanish America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Spanish_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paraguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.9 Paraguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.10 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.11 Colonial Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Suppression and restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Vatican_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Vatican_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Post-Vatican II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Vatican_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ignatian_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignatian_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ignatian spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignatian_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_of_the_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_of_the_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governance of the society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_of_the_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habit_and_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habit_and_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Habit and dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habit_and_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power-seeking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power-seeking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Power-seeking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-seeking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_intrigue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_intrigue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Political intrigue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_intrigue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casuistic_justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casuistic_justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Casuistic justification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casuistic_justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusion_of_those_of_Jewish_or_Muslim_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_of_those_of_Jewish_or_Muslim_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Exclusion of those of Jewish or Muslim ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_of_those_of_Jewish_or_Muslim_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Theological debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Religious persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Nazi persecution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nazi_persecution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nazi persecution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nazi_persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rescue_efforts_during_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_efforts_during_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Rescue efforts during the Holocaust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_efforts_during_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notable members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_Jesuit_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_Jesuit_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gallery of Jesuit churches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_Jesuit_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Institutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Institutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Educational institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_development_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_development_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Social and development institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_development_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Surveys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Specialized studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.4 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.5 In German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Catholic Church documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesuit_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesuit_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Jesuit documents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesuit_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.3 Other links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jesuits</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" > 106 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu%C3%AFet" title="Jesuïet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jesuïet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuiten" title="Jesuiten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jesuiten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يسوعيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يسوعيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company%C3%ADa_de_Ches%C3%BAs" title="Companyía de Chesús – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Companyía de Chesús" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_de_J%C3%A8sus" title="Compagnia de Jèsus – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Compagnia de Jèsus" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Xes%C3%BAs" title="Compañía de Xesús – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Compañía de Xesús" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesu_Ir%C5%A9_Aty" title="Hesu Irũ Aty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hesu Irũ Aty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezuitl%C9%99r_ordeni" title="Yezuitlər ordeni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yezuitlər ordeni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="জেসুইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেসুইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2-so%CD%98-ho%C4%93" title="Iâ-so͘-hoē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iâ-so͘-hoē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Езуіты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Езуіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Езуіты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Езуіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heswita" title="Heswita – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Heswita" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йезуитски орден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йезуитски орден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuitn" title="Jesuitn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jesuitn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isusovci" title="Isusovci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Isusovci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompagnunezh_Jezuz" title="Kompagnunezh Jezuz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kompagnunezh Jezuz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companyia_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Companyia de Jesús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Companyia de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Иезуитсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иезуитсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapunongan_ni_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Kapunongan ni Jesús – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kapunongan ni Jesús" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovary%C5%A1stvo_Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1ovo" title="Tovaryšstvo Ježíšovo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tovaryšstvo Ježíšovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymdeithas_yr_Iesu" title="Cymdeithas yr Iesu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymdeithas yr Iesu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuiterordenen" title="Jesuiterordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jesuiterordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuiten" title="Jesuiten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jesuiten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuiidid" title="Jesuiidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jesuiidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Εταιρεία του Ιησού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εταιρεία του Ιησού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Compañía de Jesús – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compañía de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezuitoj" title="Jezuitoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jezuitoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesusen_Lagundia" title="Jesusen Lagundia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jesusen Lagundia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="یسوعی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یسوعی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_J%C3%A9sus" title="Compagnie de Jésus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compagnie de Jésus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezu%C3%AFten" title="Jezuïten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jezuïten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_%C3%8Dosa" title="Cumann Íosa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumann Íosa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comann_%C3%8Cosaid" title="Comann Ìosaid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Comann Ìosaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Xes%C3%BAs" title="Compañía de Xesús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compañía de Xesús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%ED%9A%8C" title="예수회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예수회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հիսուսի միաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիսուսի միաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEba_Isusova" title="Družba Isusova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Družba Isusova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societo_di_Iesu" title="Societo di Iesu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Societo di Iesu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="জেসুইটাস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জেসুইটাস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesuit" title="Yesuit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yesuit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compania_de_Jesus" title="Compania de Jesus – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Compania de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BA%C3%ADtareglan" title="Jesúítareglan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jesúítareglan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_di_Ges%C3%B9" title="Compagnia di Gesù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compagnia di Gesù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ישועים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישועים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9suit" title="Yésuit – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yésuit" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeesuu_%C9%9Bgba%C9%A3t%C9%A9naa" title="Yeesuu ɛgbaɣtɩnaa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yeesuu ɛgbaɣtɩnaa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಜೆಸ್ವಿಟರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೆಸ್ವಿಟರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იეზუიტთა ორდენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იეზუიტთა ორდენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Иезуиттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иезуиттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirika_la_Yesu" title="Shirika la Yesu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirika la Yesu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezwit" title="Jezwit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jezwit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civaka_%C3%8Esewiyan" title="Civaka Îsewiyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Civaka Îsewiyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezuiti" title="Jezuiti – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Jezuiti" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societas_Iesu" title="Societas Iesu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Societas Iesu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezu%C4%ABti" title="Jezuīti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jezuīti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuitten" title="Jesuitten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jesuitten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%97zuitai" title="Jėzuitai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jėzuitai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezu%C3%AFet" title="Jezuïet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jezuïet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9zus_T%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1ga" title="Jézus Társasága – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jézus Társasága" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Исусовци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исусовци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zezoita" title="Zezoita – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zezoita" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD" title="ഈശോസഭ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഈശോസഭ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اليسوعيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليسوعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persatuan_Jesus" title="Persatuan Jesus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persatuan Jesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A0-s%C5%AD-hu%C3%B4i" title="Ià-sŭ-huôi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ià-sŭ-huôi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezu%C3%AFeten" title="Jezuïeten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jezuïeten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BA%E3%82%B9%E4%BC%9A" title="イエズス会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イエズス会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuittordenen" title="Jesuittordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jesuittordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuittordenen" title="Jesuittordenen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jesuittordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhi%C3%A1_de_J%C3%A8sus" title="Companhiá de Jèsus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Companhiá de Jèsus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyezuitlar" title="Iyezuitlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iyezuitlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compan%C3%ACa_%C3%ABd_Ges%C3%B9" title="Companìa ëd Gesù – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Companìa ëd Gesù" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezuici" title="Jezuici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jezuici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhia_de_Jesus" title="Companhia de Jesus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Companhia de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinul_iezuit" title="Ordinul iezuit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinul iezuit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Товаришство Исусово – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Товаришство Исусово" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Иезуиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иезуиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesuitas" title="Gesuitas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gesuitas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_o_Jesus" title="Society o Jesus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Society o Jesus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezuit%C3%ABt" title="Jezuitët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jezuitët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesuiti" title="Gesuiti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gesuiti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA" title="ජේසු නිකාය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේසු නිකාය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" title="Society of Jesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Society of Jesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolo%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5_Je%C5%BEi%C5%A1ova" title="Spoločnosť Ježišova – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spoločnosť Ježišova" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEba_Jezusova" title="Družba Jezusova – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Družba Jezusova" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Братьство Їисоуса – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Братьство Їисоуса" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عیساییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عیساییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Исусовци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исусовци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isusovci" title="Isusovci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Isusovci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuiitat" title="Jesuiitat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jesuiitat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuitorden" title="Jesuitorden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jesuitorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapisanan_ni_Hesus" title="Kapisanan ni Hesus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapisanan ni Hesus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="இயேசு சபை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயேசு சபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="คณะเยสุอิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะเยสุอิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizvitler" title="Cizvitler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cizvitler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Товариство Ісуса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Товариство Ісуса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="یسوعی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یسوعی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conpagnia_de_Jez%C3%B9" title="Conpagnia de Jezù – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Conpagnia de Jezù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_T%C3%AAn" title="Dòng Tên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dòng Tên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94re_des_Djezwites" title="Ôre des Djezwites – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ôre des Djezwites" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiringban_ni_Hesus" title="Katiringban ni Hesus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katiringban ni Hesus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E6%9C%83" title="耶穌會 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耶穌會" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E6%9C%83" title="耶穌會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶穌會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="耶稣会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶稣会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerempung_Jesus" title="Gerempung Jesus – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Gerempung Jesus" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36380#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jesuits&params=41_54_4.9_N_12_27_38.2_E_region:IT-RM_type:landmark">41°54′4.9″N 12°27′38.2″E / 41.901361°N 12.460611°E / 41.901361; 12.460611</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Jesus&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Male religious congregation of the Catholic Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Society of Jesus, also known as Jesuit Order. For philosophy concerning the teachings of Jesus, see <a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a>. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_(band)" title="Jesuit (band)">Jesuit (band)</a>. For the pastry, see <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9suite" title="Jésuite">Jésuite</a>. For the sandwich, see <a href="/wiki/Jesuita_(sandwich)" title="Jesuita (sandwich)">Jesuita (sandwich)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Society of Jesus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Societas Jesu</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/175px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/263px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/350px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Christogram" title="Christogram">Christogram</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">SJ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Jesuits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">27 September 1540; 484 years ago (1540-09-27)<a href="#cite_note-www.catholic-hierarchy.org-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ignatius of Loyola">Saint Ignatius of Loyola</a></li><li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li><li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bobadilla" title="Nicholas Bobadilla">Nicholas Bobadilla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_La%C3%ADnez" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Laínez">Diego Laínez</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A3o_Rodrigues" title="Simão Rodrigues">Simão Rodrigues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Salmeron" title="Alfonso Salmeron">Alfonso Salmeron</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li><li>formalised in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Order of <a href="/wiki/Clerics_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics regular">clerics regular</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">pontifical right</a> (for men)<a href="#cite_note-www.catholic-hierarchy.org-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Generalate: <a href="/wiki/Borgo_Santo_Spirito" title="Borgo Santo Spirito">Borgo S. Spirito</a> 4, 00195 <a href="/wiki/Prati" title="Prati">Prati</a>, Rome, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jesuits&params=41_54_4.9_N_12_27_38.2_E_region:IT-RM_type:landmark">41°54′4.9″N 12°27′38.2″E / 41.901361°N 12.460611°E / 41.901361; 12.460611</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,995 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-www.catholic-hierarchy.org-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ad_Maiorem_Dei_Gloriam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam">Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>English: For the Greater Glory of God</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Fr. <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Sosa" title="Arturo Sosa">Arturo Sosa</a>, SJ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Patron saints</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (under the title <a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Strada" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna della Strada">Madonna della Strada</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ministry</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Missionary, educational, literary works</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data">La Civiltà Cattolica</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesuits.global/">www.jesuits.global</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jesus" title="Category:Society of Jesus">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Society of Jesus</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/130px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/195px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/260px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Christogram" title="Christogram">Christogram</a> of the Jesuits</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis" title="Congregatio de Auxiliis">Congregatio de Auxiliis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Hierarchy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Spirituality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises" title="Spiritual Exercises">Spiritual Exercises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magis" title="Magis">Magis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Works</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">List of Jesuit educational institutions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">Notable Jesuits</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe" title="Pedro Arrupe">Pedro Arrupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berchmans" title="John Berchmans">John Berchmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_De_Smet" title="Pierre-Jean De Smet">Pierre-Jean De Smet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Augustin Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga" title="Aloysius Gonzaga">Aloysius Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">Jesuit saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">Jesuit theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jesuit_philosophers" title="Category:Jesuit philosophers">Jesuit philosophers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Society_of_Jesus" title="Template:Society of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Society_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Society of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Society_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Society of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Society of Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒɛʒuɪts, ˈdʒɛzju-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">JEZH-oo-its, JEZ-ew-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Latin: Iesuitae),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clerics_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics regular">clerics regular</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">pontifical right</a> for men in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> and six companions, with the approval of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also conduct retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical dialogue</a>. The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patronage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Strada" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna della Strada">Madonna della Strada</a>, a title of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, and it is led by a <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">superior general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The headquarters of the society, its <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">general curia</a>, is in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The historic curia of Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a>, the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a>. Members of the Society of Jesus make profession of "perpetual poverty, chastity, and obedience" and "promise a special obedience to the sovereign pontiff in regard to the missions" to the effect that a Jesuit is expected to be directed by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> "perinde ac cadaver" ("as if he was a lifeless body") and to accept orders to go anywhere in the world, even if required to live in extreme conditions. This was so because Ignatius, its leading founder, was a nobleman who had a military background. Accordingly, the opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for "whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God,<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> to strive especially for the defense and propagation of the faith, and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley2006xxxv-8">[7]</a> Jesuits are thus sometimes referred to colloquially as "God's soldiers",<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> "God's marines",<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> or "the Company".<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The society participated in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and, later, in the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> established missions around the world from the 16th to the 18th century and had both successes and failures in <a href="/wiki/Christianizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianizing">Christianizing</a> the native peoples. The Jesuits have always been controversial within the Catholic Church and have frequently clashed with secular governments and institutions. Beginning in 1759, the Catholic Church expelled Jesuits from most countries in Europe and from European colonies. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> officially <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">suppressed the order</a> in 1773. In 1814, the Church lifted the suppression. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignatius_Loyola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ignatius_Loyola.jpg/140px-Ignatius_Loyola.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ignatius_Loyola.jpg/210px-Ignatius_Loyola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Ignatius_Loyola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque</a> nobleman from the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> area of northern Spain, founded the society after discerning his spiritual vocation while recovering from a wound sustained in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pamplona">Battle of Pamplona</a>. He composed the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola">Spiritual Exercises</a> to help others follow the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. On 15 August 1534, Ignatius of Loyola (born Íñigo López de Loyola), a Spaniard from the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Loyola" title="Sanctuary of Loyola">Loyola</a>, and six others mostly of <a href="/wiki/Castilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian people">Castilian</a> origin, all students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> outside Paris, in a crypt beneath the church of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Saint Denis</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_de_Montmartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Pierre de Montmartre">Saint Pierre de Montmartre</a>, to pronounce promises of poverty, chastity, and obedience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell192124-13">[12]</a> Ignatius' six companions were: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francisco Xavier</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">modern Spain</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Salmeron" title="Alfonso Salmeron">Alfonso Salmeron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bobadilla" title="Nicholas Bobadilla">Nicolás Bobadilla</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">modern Spain</a>), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a> from <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A3o_Rodrigues" title="Simão Rodrigues">Simão Rodrigues</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyle1908142-14">[13]</a> The meeting has been commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Martyrium_of_Saint_Denis,_Montmartre" title="Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre">Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre</a>. They called themselves the Compañía de Jesús, and also Amigos en El Señor or "Friends in the Lord", because they felt "they were placed together by Christ." The name "company" had echoes of the military (reflecting perhaps Ignatius' background as Captain in the Spanish army) as well as of discipleship (the "companions" of Jesus). The Spanish "company" would be translated into Latin as societas like in socius, a partner or comrade. From this came "Society of Jesus" (SJ) by which they would be known more widely.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Religious orders established in the medieval era were named after particular men: <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> (Franciscans); <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Domingo de Guzmán</a>, later canonized as Saint Dominic (Dominicans); and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (Augustinians). Ignatius of Loyola and his followers appropriated the name of Jesus for their new order, provoking resentment by other orders who considered it presumptuous. The resentment was recorded by Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta" title="José de Acosta">José de Acosta</a> of a conversation with the Archbishop of Santo Domingo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991166-16">[15]</a> In the words of one historian: "The use of the name Jesus gave great offense. Both on the Continent and in England, it was denounced as blasphemous; petitions were sent to kings and to civil and ecclesiastical tribunals to have it changed; and even <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> had signed a Brief to do away with it." But nothing came of all the opposition; there were already congregations named after the Trinity and as "God's daughters".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19217-17">[16]</a> In 1537, the seven travelled to Italy to seek papal approval for their <a href="/wiki/Order_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order (religious)">order</a>. Pope Paul III gave them a commendation, and permitted them to be ordained priests. These initial steps led to the official founding in 1540. They were ordained in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Arbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Arbe">bishop of Arbe</a> (24 June). They devoted themselves to preaching and charitable work in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">Italian War of 1536–1538</a> renewed between <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, Venice, the Pope, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, had rendered any journey to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> impossible. Again in 1540, they presented the project to Paul III. After months of dispute, a congregation of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a> reported favourably upon the Constitution presented, and Paul III confirmed the order through the bull <a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_ecclesiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Regimini militantis ecclesiae">Regimini militantis ecclesiae</a> ("To the Government of the Church Militant"), on 27 September 1540. This is the founding document of the Society of Jesus as an official Catholic religious order. Ignatius was chosen as the first <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a>. Paul III's bull had limited the number of its members to sixty. This limitation was removed through the bull <a href="/wiki/Exposcit_debitum" title="Exposcit debitum">Exposcit debitum</a> of Julius III in 1550.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöpfl2004426-18">[17]</a> In 1543, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> entered the Company. Ignatius sent him to Messina, where he founded the first Jesuit college in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Ignatius laid out his original vision for the new order in the "Formula of the Institute of the Society of Jesus",<a href="#cite_note-text-19">[18]</a> which is "the fundamental charter of the order, of which all subsequent official documents were elaborations and to which they had to conform".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley19935-20">[19]</a> He ensured that his formula was contained in two <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a> signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550.<a href="#cite_note-text-19">[18]</a> The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life, and apostolate of the new religious order. Its famous opening statement echoed Ignatius' military background: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae.jpg/220px-Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae.jpg/330px-Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae.jpg/440px-Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A fresco depicting Ignatius receiving the papal bull from Pope Paul III was created after 1743 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Handke" title="Johann Christoph Handke">Johann Christoph Handke</a> in the Church of Our Lady Of the Snow in <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God beneath the banner of the Cross in our Society, which we desire to be designated by the Name of Jesus, and to serve the Lord alone and the Church, his spouse, under the Roman Pontiff, the Vicar of Christ on earth, should, after a solemn vow of perpetual chastity, poverty and obedience, keep what follows in mind. He is a member of a Society founded chiefly for this purpose: to strive especially for the defence and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine, by means of public preaching, lectures and any other ministration whatsoever of the Word of God, and further by means of retreats, the education of children and unlettered persons in Christianity, and the spiritual consolation of Christ's faithful through hearing confessions and administering the other sacraments. Moreover, he should show himself ready to reconcile the estranged, compassionately assist and serve those who are in prisons or hospitals, and indeed, to perform any other works of charity, according to what will seem expedient for the glory of God and the common good.<a href="#cite_note-stats-21">[20]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuits_in_the_%27Ibadat-Khanah%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jesuits_in_the_%27Ibadat-Khanah%27.jpg/170px-Jesuits_in_the_%27Ibadat-Khanah%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jesuits_in_the_%27Ibadat-Khanah%27.jpg/255px-Jesuits_in_the_%27Ibadat-Khanah%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jesuits_in_the_%27Ibadat-Khanah%27.jpg/340px-Jesuits_in_the_%27Ibadat-Khanah%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Jesuits at <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s court in India, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1605</figcaption></figure> In fulfilling the mission of the "Formula of the Institute of the Society", the first Jesuits concentrated on a few key activities. First, they founded schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were trained in both <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and their schools reflected this. These schools taught with a balance of Aristotelian methods with mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-Principe-22">[21]</a> Second, they sent out missionaries across the globe to <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelize</a> those peoples who had not yet heard the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, founding missions in widely diverse regions such as modern-day <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. One of the original seven arrived in India already in 1541.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell192172-23">[22]</a> Finally, though not initially formed for the purpose, they aimed to stop <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> from spreading and to preserve communion with <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>. The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the movement toward Protestantism in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, adopted in 1553, which created a centralised organization and stressed acceptance of any mission to which the pope might call them.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter1903167-26">[25]</a> His main principle became the unofficial Jesuit motto: <a href="/wiki/Ad_Maiorem_Dei_Gloriam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam">Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam</a> ("For the greater glory of God"). This phrase is designed to reflect the idea that any work that is not evil can be meritorious for the spiritual life if it is performed with this intention, even things normally considered of little importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHöpfl2004426-18">[17]</a> The Society of Jesus is classified among institutes as an order of <a href="/wiki/Clerks_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerks regular">clerks regular</a>, that is, a body of priests organized for <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">apostolic</a> work, and following a <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious</a> rule. The term Jesuit (of 15th-century origin, meaning "one who used too frequently or appropriated the name of Jesus") was first applied to the society in reproach (1544–1552).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollen1912-27">[26]</a> The term was never used by Ignatius of Loyola, but over time, members and friends of the society adopted the name with a positive meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell19217-17">[16]</a> While the order is limited to men, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal</a>, favored the order and she is reputed to have been admitted surreptitiously under a male pseudonym.<a href="#cite_note-Female-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works">Early works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratiostudiorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ratiostudiorum.jpg/170px-Ratiostudiorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ratiostudiorum.jpg/255px-Ratiostudiorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ratiostudiorum.jpg/340px-Ratiostudiorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a>, 1598</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jesuits" title="Special:EditPage/Jesuits">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Jesuits were founded just before the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563) and ensuing <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> that would introduce reforms within the Catholic Church, and so counter the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> throughout Catholic Europe. Ignatius and the early Jesuits did recognize, though, that the hierarchical church was in dire need of reform. Some of their greatest struggles were against corruption, <a href="/wiki/Venality" title="Venality">venality</a>, and spiritual lassitude within the Catholic Church. Ignatius insisted on a high level of academic preparation for the clergy in contrast to the relatively poor education of much of the clergy of his time. The Jesuit vow against "ambitioning prelacies" can be seen as an effort to counteract another problem evidenced in the preceding century. Ignatius and the Jesuits who followed him believed that the reform of the church had to begin with the conversion of an individual's heart. One of the main tools the Jesuits have used to bring about this conversion is the Ignatian retreat, called the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola">Spiritual Exercises</a>. During a four-week period of silence, individuals undergo a series of directed <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditations</a> on the purpose of life and contemplations on the life of Christ. They meet regularly with a <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual director">spiritual director</a> who guides their choice of exercises and helps them to develop a more discerning love for Christ. The retreat follows a "Purgative-Illuminative-Unitive" pattern in the tradition of the spirituality of <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a>. Ignatius' innovation was to make this style of contemplative <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> available to all people in active life. Further, he used it as a means of rebuilding the spiritual life of the church. The Exercises became both the basis for the training of Jesuits and one of the essential ministries of the order: giving the exercises to others in what became known as "retreats". The Jesuits' contributions to the late <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> were significant in their roles both as a missionary order and as the first religious order to operate colleges and universities as a principal and distinct ministry.<a href="#cite_note-Principe-22">[21]</a> By the time of Ignatius' death in 1556, the Jesuits were already operating a network of 74 colleges on three continents. A precursor to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal education</a>, the Jesuit plan of studies incorporated the Classical teachings of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> structure of Catholic thought.<a href="#cite_note-Principe-22">[21]</a> This method of teaching was important in the context of the Scientific Revolution, as these universities were open to teaching new scientific and mathematical methodology. Further, many important thinkers of the Scientific Revolution were educated by Jesuit universities.<a href="#cite_note-Principe-22">[21]</a> In addition to the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a> (1599) would standardize the study of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, classical literature, poetry, and philosophy as well as non-European languages, sciences, and the arts. Furthermore, Jesuit schools encouraged the study of <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_literature" title="Vernacular literature">vernacular literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, and thereby became important centres for the training of lawyers and public officials. The Jesuit schools played an important part in winning back to Catholicism a number of European countries which had for a time been predominantly Protestant, notably <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. Today, Jesuit colleges and universities are located in over one hundred nations around the world. Under the notion that God can be encountered through created things and especially art, they encouraged the use of ceremony and decoration in Catholic ritual and devotion. Perhaps as a result of this appreciation for art, coupled with their spiritual practice of "finding God in all things", many early Jesuits distinguished themselves in the visual and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> as well as in music. The theater was a form of expression especially prominent in Jesuit schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1921857-29">[28]</a> Jesuit priests often acted as <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confessors</a> to kings during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. They were an important force in the Counter-Reformation and in the Catholic missions, in part because their relatively loose structure (without the requirements of living and celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Liturgy of Hours</a> in common) allowed them to be flexible and meet diverse needs arising at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1985144-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_the_order">Expansion of the order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion of the order">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Jesuits" title="Talk:Jesuits">the talk page</a>. (December 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuitpainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jesuitpainting.jpg/220px-Jesuitpainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jesuitpainting.jpg/330px-Jesuitpainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Jesuitpainting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>, painting from 1779</figcaption></figure> After much training and experience in theology, Jesuits went across the globe in search of converts to Christianity. Despite their dedication, they had little success in Asia, except in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. For instance, early missions in Japan resulted in the government granting the Jesuits the feudal fiefdom of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> in 1580. This was removed in 1587 due to fears over their growing influence.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Jesuits did, however, have much success in Latin America. Their ascendancy in societies in the Americas accelerated during the seventeenth century, wherein Jesuits created new missions in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>; as early as 1603, there were 345 Jesuit priests in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-Dussel-1981-32">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/170px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/255px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/340px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6589" data-file-height="8402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, one of the original companions of <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Loyola</a>, arrived in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>) in 1541 to carry out evangelical service in the Indies. In a 1545 letter to John III of Portugal, he requested an <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Inquisition</a> to be installed in Goa to combat heresies like crypto-Judaism and crypto-Islam. Under <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_royal_patronage" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese royal patronage">Portuguese royal patronage</a>, Jesuits thrived in Goa and until 1759 successfully expanded their activities to education and healthcare. In 1594 they founded the first Roman-style academic institution in the East, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Jesuit_College_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul Jesuit College (Macau)">St. Paul Jesuit College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, China. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Valignano" title="Alessandro Valignano">Alessandro Valignano</a>, it had a great influence on the learning of Eastern languages (Chinese and Japanese) and culture by missionary Jesuits, becoming home to the first western <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">sinologists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>. Jesuit efforts in Goa were interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">expulsion of the Jesuits</a> from Portuguese territories in 1759 by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a>, Secretary of State in Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The Portuguese Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a> founded a mission in Western Tibet in 1624 (see also "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholic Church in Tibet</a>"). Two Jesuit missionaries, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Grueber" title="Johann Grueber">Johann Grueber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Dorville" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Dorville">Albert Dorville</a>, reached <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a>, in Tibet, in 1661. The Italian Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Desideri" title="Ippolito Desideri">Ippolito Desideri</a> established a new Jesuit mission in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Central Tibet</a> (1716–21) and gained an exceptional mastery of <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> language and culture, writing a long and very detailed account of the country and its religion as well as treatises in Tibetan that attempted to refute key <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> ideas and establish the truth of Catholic Christianity.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Retrato_de_Anchieta,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Retrato_de_Anchieta%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/220px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Retrato_de_Anchieta%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Retrato_de_Anchieta%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/330px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Retrato_de_Anchieta%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Retrato_de_Anchieta%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg/440px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Retrato_de_Anchieta%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="3436" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a> was, together with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a>, the first Jesuit that Ignacio de Loyola sent to America.</figcaption></figure> Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">missions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> became controversial in Europe, especially in Spain and Portugal where they were seen as interfering with the proper colonial enterprises of the royal governments. The Jesuits were often the only force standing between the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. Together throughout South America but especially in present-day <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, they formed Indigenous Christian city-states, called "<a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">reductions</a>". These were societies set up according to an idealized <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> model. The efforts of Jesuits like <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ruiz_de_Montoya" title="Antonio Ruiz de Montoya">Antonio Ruiz de Montoya</a> to protect the natives from enslavement by Spanish and Portuguese colonizers would contribute to the call for the society's suppression. Jesuit priests such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a> founded several towns in Brazil in the 16th century, including <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and were very influential in the pacification, <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>, and education of indigenous nations. They also built schools, organized people into villages, and created a writing system for the local languages of Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Dussel-1981-32">[31]</a> José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega were the first Jesuits that Ignacio de Loyola sent to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_of_Nanban-ji.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bell_of_Nanban-ji.JPG/220px-Bell_of_Nanban-ji.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bell_of_Nanban-ji.JPG/330px-Bell_of_Nanban-ji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bell_of_Nanban-ji.JPG/440px-Bell_of_Nanban-ji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shunk%C5%8D-in" title="Shunkō-in">Bell</a> made in Portugal for <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade#Other_Nanban_influences" title="Nanban trade">Nanbanji Church</a> run by Jesuits in Japan, 1576–1587</figcaption></figure> Jesuit scholars working in foreign missions were very dedicated in studying the local languages and strove to produce Latinized <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>. This included: Japanese (see <a href="/wiki/Nippo_jisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippo jisho">Nippo jisho</a>, also known as Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam, "Vocabulary of the Japanese Language", a Japanese–Portuguese dictionary written 1603); <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Portuguese missionaries created the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> which was later formalized by Avignon missionary <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Rhodes" title="Alexandre de Rhodes">Alexandre de Rhodes</a> with his 1651 <a href="/wiki/Dictionarium_Annamiticum_Lusitanum_et_Latinum" title="Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum">trilingual dictionary</a>); <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a> (the main language of Brazil); and the pioneering study of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> in the West by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pons" title="Jean François Pons">Jean François Pons</a> in the 1740s. Jesuit missionaries were active among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in North America, many of them compiling dictionaries or glossaries of the <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> languages they had learned. For instance, before his death in 1708, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gravier" title="Jacques Gravier">Jacques Gravier</a>, vicar general of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">Mission</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valley, compiled a <a href="/wiki/Miami-Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami-Illinois language">Miami–Illinois</a>–French <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>, considered the most extensive among works of the missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2004-37">[36]</a> Extensive documentation was left in the form of <a href="/wiki/The_Jesuit_Relations" title="The Jesuit Relations">The Jesuit Relations</a>, published annually from 1632 until 1673. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</div> Whereas Jesuits were active in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> in the 16th century, due to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">persecution of Catholics</a> in the Elizabethan times, an English province was only established in 1623.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The first pressing issue for early Jesuits in what today is the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was to establish places for training priests. After an <a href="/wiki/English_College,_Rome" title="English College, Rome">English College</a> was opened in Rome (1579), a <a href="/wiki/English_College,_Valladolid" title="English College, Valladolid">Jesuit seminary</a> was opened at Valladolid (1589), then <a href="/wiki/English_College_of_St_Gregory" title="English College of St Gregory">one</a> in Seville (1592), which culminated in a place of study in Louvain (1614). This was the earliest foundation of what would later be called <a href="/wiki/Heythrop_College,_University_of_London" title="Heythrop College, University of London">Heythrop College</a>. <a href="/wiki/Campion_Hall,_Oxford" title="Campion Hall, Oxford">Campion Hall</a>, founded in 1896, has been a presence within <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> since then. 16th and 17th-century Jesuit institutions intended to train priests were hotbeds for the persecution of Catholics in Britain, where men suspected of being Catholic priests were routinely imprisoned, tortured, and executed. Jesuits were among those killed, including <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">the namesake</a> of Campion Hall, as well as Brian Cansfield, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Corbie" title="Ralph Corbie">Ralph Corbington</a>, and many others. A number of them were canonized among the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a>. Four Jesuit churches remain today in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> alone, with three other places of worship remaining extant in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and two in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit missions in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg/220px-Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg/330px-Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg/440px-Ricci_Guangqi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3338" data-file-height="4988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a> in the 1607 Chinese publication of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/200px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/300px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/400px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin, published by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couplet" title="Philippe Couplet">Philippe Couplet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Intorcetta" title="Prospero Intorcetta">Prospero Intorcetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Herdtrich" title="Christian Herdtrich">Christian Herdtrich</a>, and François de Rougemont at Paris in 1687</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg/200px-Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg/300px-Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg/400px-Paradigma_XV_Provinciarum_et_CLV_Urbium_Capitalium_Sinensis_Imperij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="3782" /></a><figcaption>A map of the 200-odd Jesuit churches and missions established across China <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1687</figcaption></figure> The Jesuits first entered China through the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> settlement on <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, where they settled on <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Green Island</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Macau" title="St. Paul's College, Macau">St. Paul's College</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit China missions</a> of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> then undergoing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">its own revolution</a>, to China. The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">scientific revolution</a> brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when scientific innovation had declined in China: <blockquote>[The Jesuits] made efforts to translate western mathematical and astronomical works into Chinese and aroused the interest of Chinese scholars in these sciences. They made very extensive astronomical observation and carried out the first modern cartographic work in China. They also learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence, European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUdías2003-41">[40]</a></blockquote> For over a century, Jesuits such as <a href="/wiki/Michele_Ruggieri" title="Michele Ruggieri">Michele Ruggieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker197826-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Pantoja" title="Diego de Pantoja">Diego de Pantoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Couplet" title="Philippe Couplet">Philippe Couplet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michal_Boym" class="mw-redirect" title="Michal Boym">Michal Boym</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_No%C3%ABl_(missionary)" title="François Noël (missionary)">François Noël</a> refined translations and disseminated <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_science" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese science">Chinese knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophy</a> to Europe. Their <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> works popularized the name "<a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>" and had considerable influence on the <a href="/wiki/Deists" class="mw-redirect" title="Deists">Deists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers, some of whom were intrigued by the Jesuits' attempts to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian morality</a> with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobson2004194–195Parker197826-43">[42]</a> Upon the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscans</a> and other monastic orders, Jesuit accommodation of Chinese culture and rituals led to the long-running <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a>. Despite the personal testimony of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> and many Jesuit converts that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_veneration_of_ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese veneration of ancestors">Chinese veneration of ancestors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucius</a> was a nonreligious token of respect, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Papal_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal decree">papal decree</a> <a href="/wiki/Cum_Deus_Optimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum Deus Optimus">Cum Deus Optimus</a> ruled that such behavior constituted impermissible forms of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and superstition in 1704;<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> his <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles-Thomas_Maillard_De_Tournon" title="Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon">Tournon</a> and Bishop Charles Maigrot of Fujian, tasked with presenting this finding to the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, displayed such extreme ignorance that the emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-heycharby-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Tournon's <a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Latae sententiae">summary and automatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> for any violators of Clement's decree<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> – upheld by the 1715 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Ex_Illa_Die" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex Illa Die">Ex Illa Die</a> – led to the swift collapse of all the missions in China;<a href="#cite_note-heycharby-46">[45]</a> the last Jesuits were finally expelled after 1721.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello1994-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_schools_in_Ireland" title="List of Jesuit schools in Ireland">List of Jesuit schools in Ireland</a></div> The first Jesuit school in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">apostolic visitor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wolfe_(Jesuit)" title="David Wolfe (Jesuit)">David Wolfe</a>. Wolfe had been sent to Ireland by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a> with the concurrence of the third Jesuit superior general, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laynez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> He was charged with setting up grammar schools "as a remedy against the profound ignorance of the people".<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Wolfe's mission in Ireland initially concentrated on setting the sclerotic Irish Church on a sound footing, introducing the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Tridentine</a> Reforms and finding suitable men to fill vacant sees. He established a house of religious women in Limerick known as the Menabochta ("poor women" ) and in 1565 preparations began for establishing a school at Limerick.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> At his instigation, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Creagh" title="Richard Creagh">Richard Creagh</a>, a priest of the Diocese of Limerick, was persuaded to accept the vacant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Armagh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh">Archdiocese of Armagh</a>, and was consecrated at Rome in 1564. This early Limerick school, <a href="/wiki/Crescent_College" title="Crescent College">Crescent College</a>, operated in difficult circumstances. In April 1566, <a href="/wiki/William_Good_(Jesuit)" title="William Good (Jesuit)">William Good</a> sent a detailed report to Rome of his activities via the Portuguese Jesuits. He informed the Jesuit superior general that he and Edmund Daniel had arrived at Limerick city two years beforehand and their situation there had been perilous. Both had arrived in the city in very bad health, but had recovered due to the kindness of the people. They established contact with Wolfe, but were only able to meet with him at night, as the English authorities were attempting to arrest the legate. Wolfe charged them initially with teaching to the boys of Limerick, with an emphasis on religious instruction, and Good translated the catechism from Latin into English for this purpose. They remained in the city for eight months, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Kilmallock" title="Kilmallock">Kilmallock</a> in December 1565 under the protection of the Earl of Desmond, where they lived in more comfort than the primitive conditions they experienced in the city. However they were unable to support themselves at Kilmallock and three months later they returned to the city in Easter 1566, and strangely set up their house in accommodation owned by the Lord Deputy of Ireland, which was conveyed to them by certain influential friends.<a href="#cite_note-Tudor_Limerick_1566._pp._7-36-54">[53]</a> They recommenced teaching at Castle Lane, and imparting the sacraments, though their activities were restricted by the arrival of Royal Commissioners. Good reported that as he was an Englishman, English officials in the city cultivated him and he was invited to dine with them on a number of occasions, though he was warned to exercise prudence and avoid promoting the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a> and the priority of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacraments</a> with his students and congregation, and that his sermons should emphasize obedience to secular princes if he wished to avoid arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Tudor_Limerick_1566._pp._7-36-54">[53]</a> The number of scholars in their care was very small. An early example of a school play in Ireland is sent in one of Good's reports, which was performed on the Feast of St. John in 1566. The school was conducted in one large aula, but the students were divided into distinct classes. Good gives a highly detailed report of the curriculum taught and the top class studied the first and second parts of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Despauterius" title="Johannes Despauterius">Johannes Despauterius</a>'s Commentarli grammatici, and read a few letters of Cicero or the dialogues of Frusius (André des Freux, SJ). The second class committed Donatus' texts in Latin to memory and read dialogues as well as works by Ēvaldus Gallus. Students in the third class learned Donatus by heart, though translated into English rather than through Latin. Young boys in the fourth class were taught to read. Progress was slow because there were too few teachers to conduct classes simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-Tudor_Limerick_1566._pp._7-36-54">[53]</a> In the spirit of Ignatius' <a href="/wiki/Roman_College" title="Roman College">Roman College</a> founded 14 years before, no fee was requested from pupils, though as a result the two Jesuits lived in very poor conditions and were very overworked with teaching and administering the sacraments to the public. In late 1568 the Castle Lane School, in the presence of Daniel and Good, was attacked and looted by government agents sent by Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cusack_(Irish_judge)" title="Thomas Cusack (Irish judge)">Thomas Cusack</a> during the pacification of Munster.<a href="#cite_note-catholicE-55">[54]</a> The political and religious climate had become more uncertain in the lead up to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>'s formal excommunication of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, which resulted in a new wave of repression of Catholicism in England and Ireland. At the end of 1568 the Anglican Bishop of Meath, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(bishop)" title="Hugh Brady (bishop)">Hugh Brady</a>, was sent to Limerick charged with a Royal Commission to seek out and expel the Jesuits. Daniel was immediately ordered to quit the city and went to Lisbon, where he resumed his studies with the Portuguese Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-catholicE-55">[54]</a> Good moved on to <a href="/wiki/Clonmel" title="Clonmel">Clonmel</a>, before establishing himself at <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a> until 1577.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> In 1571, after Wolfe had been captured and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, Daniel persuaded the Portuguese Province to agree a surety for the ransom of Wolfe, who was quickly banished on release. Daniel returned to Ireland the following year, but was immediately captured and incriminating documents were found on his person, which were taken as proof of his involvement with the rebellious cousin of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Desmond" title="Earl of Desmond">Earl of Desmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_FitzMaurice_FitzGerald" title="James FitzMaurice FitzGerald">James Fitzmaurice</a> and a Spanish plot.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> He was removed from Limerick, taken to Cork "just as if he were a thief or noted evildoer". After being court-martialled by the Lord President of Munster, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Perrot" title="John Perrot">John Perrot</a>, he was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered for treason and refused pardon in return for swearing the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a>. His execution was carried out on 25 October 1572 and a report of it was sent by Fitzmaurice to the Jesuit Superior General in 1576, where he said that Daniel was "cruelly killed because of me".<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> With Daniel dead and Wolfe dismissed, the Irish Jesuit foundation suffered a severe setback. Good is recorded as resident at Rome by 1577 and in 1586 the seizure of Earl of Desmond's estates resulted in a new permanent Protestant plantation in Munster, making the continuation of the Limerick school impossible for a time. It was not until the early 1600s that the Jesuit mission could again re-establish itself in the city, though the Jesuits kept a low profile existence in lodgings here and there. For instance a mission led by Fr. Nicholas Leinagh re-established itself at Limerick in 1601,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> though the Jesuit presence in the city numbered no more than 1 or 2 at a time in the years immediately following. In 1604, the Lord President of Munster, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brouncker_(died_1607)" title="Henry Brouncker (died 1607)">Henry Brouncker</a> - at Limerick, ordered all Jesuits from the city and Province, and offered £7 to anyone willing to betray a Jesuit priest to the authorities, and £5 for a seminarian.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Jesuit houses and schools throughout the province, in the years thereafter, were subject to periodic crackdown and the occasional destruction of schools, imprisonment of teachers and the levying of heavy money penalties on parents are recorded in publications of the time. In 1615-17 the Royal Visitation Books, written up by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(bishop)" title="Thomas Jones (bishop)">Thomas Jones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)">Anglican Archbishop of Dublin</a>, records the suppression of Jesuit schools at <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, Limerick and <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Nevertheless, in spite of this occasional persecution, the Jesuits were able to exert a degree of discreet influence within the province and in Limerick. For instance in 1606, largely through their efforts, a Catholic named Christopher Holywood was elected Mayor of the city.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Four years earlier the resident Jesuit had raised a sum of "200 cruzados" for the purpose of founding a hospital in the city, though the project was disrupted by a severe outbreak of plague and repression by the Lord President<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The principal activities of the order within the city at this time were devoted to preaching, administration of the sacraments and teaching. The school opened and closed intermittently in or around the area of Castle Lane, near Lahiffy's lane. During demolition work stones marked I.H.S., 1642 and 1609 were, in the 19th century, found inserted in a wall behind a tan yard near St Mary's Chapel which, according to Lenihan, were thought to mark the site of an early Jesuit school and oratory. This building, at other times, had also functioned as a dance house and candle factory.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> For much of the 17th century, the Limerick Jesuit foundation established a more permanent and stable presence and the Jesuit Annals record a 'flourishing' school at Limerick in the 1640s.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> During the Confederacy the Jesuits had been able to go about their business unhindered and were invited to preach publicly from the pulpit of St. Mary's Cathedral on 4 occasions. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Rinuccini" title="Giovanni Battista Rinuccini">Giovanni Rinuccini</a> wrote to the Jesuit general in Rome praising the work of the Rector of the Limerick College, Fr. William O'Hurley, who was aided by Fr. Thomas Burke.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> However just a few years later, during the Protectorate era, only 18 of the Jesuits resident in Ireland managed to avoid capture by the authorities. Lenihan records that the Limerick Crescent College in 1656 moved to a hut in the middle of a bog which was difficult for the authorities to find. This foundation was headed up by Fr. Nicholas Punch who was aided by Frs. Maurice Patrick, Piers Creagh and James Forde and the school attracted a large number of students from around the locality.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> At the Restoration of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, the school moved back to Castle Lane, and remained largely undisturbed for the next 40 years, until the surrender of the city to Williamite forces in 1692. In 1671, Dr. James Douley was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Limerick and during his visitation to the diocese reported to the Holy See that the Jesuits had a house and "taught schools with great fruit, instructing the youth in the articles of faith and good morals."<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Douley also noted that this and other Catholic schools operating in the Diocese were also attended by local Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The Jesuit presence in Ireland, in the so-called Penal era after the Battle of the Boyne, ebbed and flowed. By 1700 they were only 6 or 7, recovering to 25 by 1750. Small Jesuit houses and schools existed at Athlone, Carrick-on-Suir, Cashel, Clonmel, Kilkenny, Waterford, New Ross, Wexford, and Drogheda, as well as Dublin and Galway. At Limerick there appears to have been a long hiatus following the defeat of the Jacobite forces and Begley states that Fr. Thomas O'Gorman was the first Jesuit to return to Limerick after the siege, arriving in 1728 and he took up residence in Jail Lane, near the Castle in the Englishtown. There he opened a school to "impart the rudiments of the classics to the better class youth of the city."<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> O'Gorman left in 1737 and was succeeded by Fr. John McGrath.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Next came Fr. James McMahon, who was a nephew of the Primate of Armagh, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_MacMahon" title="Hugh MacMahon">Hugh MacMahon</a>. McMahon lived at Limerick for thirteen years until his death in 1751. In 1746 Fr Joseph Morony was sent from Bordeaux to join McMahon and the others.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Morony remained at the Jail Lane site teaching at what Begley states was a "high class school" until 1773 when he was ordered to close the school and oratory following the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">papal suppression of the Society of Jesus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> 208 years after its foundation by Wolfe. Morony then went to live in Dublin and worked as a secular priest. Despite the efforts of the Castle authorities and English government the Limerick school managed to survive the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite Wars</a>, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a>. It was finally forced to close, not for religious or confessional reasons, but due to the political difficulties of the Jesuit Order elsewhere. Following the restoration of the Society of Jesus in 1814, the Jesuits gradually re-established a number of their schools throughout the country, starting with foundations at Kildare and Dublin. They returned to Limerick at the invitation of the Bishop of Limerick, <a href="/wiki/John_Ryan_(bishop)" title="John Ryan (bishop)">John Ryan</a>, in 1859 and also re-established a school at Galway in the same year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions in North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuit_map_NF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jesuit_map_NF.jpg/200px-Jesuit_map_NF.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jesuit_map_NF.jpg/300px-Jesuit_map_NF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jesuit_map_NF.jpg/400px-Jesuit_map_NF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Bressani map of 1657 depicting the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a></figcaption></figure> During the French colonisation of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in the 17th century, Jesuits played an active role in North America. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> established the foundations of the French colony at Québec in 1608. The native tribes that inhabited modern day Ontario, Québec, and the areas around Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay were the Montagnais, the Algonquins, and the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19251-74">[73]</a> Champlain believed that these had souls to be saved, so in 1614 he obtained the <a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Recollects</a>, a reform branch of the Franciscans in France, to convert the native inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19253-75">[74]</a> In 1624 the French Recollects realized the magnitude of their task<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin193229-76">[75]</a> and sent a delegate to France to invite the Society of Jesus to help with this mission. The invitation was accepted, and Jesuits <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89nemond_Mass%C3%A9" title="Énemond Massé">Énemond Massé</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lalemant" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lalemant">Charles Lalemant</a> arrived in Quebec in 1625.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19255-77">[76]</a> Lalemant is considered to have been the first author of one of the <a href="/wiki/The_Jesuit_Relations" title="The Jesuit Relations">Jesuit Relations of New France</a>, which chronicled their evangelization during the 17th century. The Jesuits became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_amongst_the_Huron" title="Jesuit Missions amongst the Huron">Huron mission</a> in 1626 and lived among the Huron peoples. Brébeuf learned the native language and created the first Huron language dictionary. Outside conflict forced the Jesuits to leave New France in 1629 when <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> was <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Quebec" title="Surrender of Quebec">surrendered</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a>. In 1632, Quebec was returned to the French under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye</a> and the Jesuits returned to the <a href="/wiki/Huronia_(region)" title="Huronia (region)">Huron territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19891-78">[77]</a> After a series of epidemics of European-introduced diseases beginning in 1634, some Huron began to mistrust the Jesuits and accused them of being sorcerers casting spells from their books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter200461-79">[78]</a> In 1639, Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Lalemant" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Lalemant">Jerome Lalemant</a> decided that the missionaries among the Hurons needed a local residence and established <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie_among_the_Hurons" title="Sainte-Marie among the Hurons">Sainte-Marie</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Ontario" title="Midland, Ontario">Midland, Ontario</a>, which was meant to be a replica of European society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19892-80">[79]</a> It became the Jesuit headquarters and an important part of Canadian history. Throughout most of the 1640s the Jesuits had modest success, establishing five chapels in Huronia and baptising more than one thousand Huron out of a population which may have exceeded 20,000 before the epidemics of the 1630s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195042-81">[80]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, rivals of the Hurons, grew jealous of the Hurons' wealth and control of the fur trade system and attacked Huron villages in 1648. They killed missionaries and burned villages, and the Hurons scattered. Both de Brébeuf and Gabriel Lalemant were tortured and killed in the Iroquois raids; for this, they have been canonized as martyrs in the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19893-82">[81]</a> The Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ragueneau" title="Paul Ragueneau">Paul Ragueneau</a> burned down <a href="/wiki/Sainte_Marie_among_the_Iroquois" title="Sainte Marie among the Iroquois">Sainte-Marie</a> instead of allowing the Iroquois the satisfaction of destroying it. By late June 1649, the French and some Christian Hurons built Sainte-Marie II on <a href="/wiki/Christian_Island" title="Christian Island">Christian Island</a> (Isle de Saint-Joseph). However, facing starvation, lack of supplies, and constant threats of Iroquois attack, the small Sainte-Marie II was abandoned in June 1650; the remaining Christian Hurons and Jesuits departed for Quebec and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19893-82">[81]</a> As a result of the Iroquois raids and outbreak of disease, many missionaries, traders, and soldiers died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195043-83">[82]</a> Today, the Huron tribe, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a>, have a First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada, and three major settlements in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron nation</a>, the Jesuits undertook the task of converting the Iroquois, something they had attempted in 1642 with little success. In 1653 the Iroquois nation had a fallout with the Dutch. They then signed a peace treaty with the French and a mission was established. The Iroquois soon turned on the French again. In 1658, the Jesuits were having little success and were under constant threat of being tortured or killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195043-83">[82]</a> but continued their effort until 1687 when they abandoned their permanent posts in the Iroquois homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195046-85">[84]</a> By 1700, Jesuits turned to maintaining Quebec, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, and Ottawa without establishing new posts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195049-86">[85]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, Quebec was <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758%E2%80%931760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of New France (1758–1760)">captured by the British</a> in 1759 and New France came under British control. The British barred the immigration of more Jesuits to New France, and by 1763, only 21 Jesuits were stationed in New France. By 1773 only 11 Jesuits remained. During the same year the British crown declared that the Society of Jesus in New France was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195053-87">[86]</a> The dissolution of the order left in place substantial estates and investments, amounting to an income of approximately £5,000 a year, and the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Affairs_of_the_Province_of_Quebec" title="Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec">Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec</a>, later succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of Quebec">Legislative Assembly of Quebec</a>, assumed the task of allocating the funds to suitable recipients, chiefly schools.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The Jesuit mission in Quebec was re-established in 1842. There were a number of Jesuit colleges founded in the decades following; one of these colleges evolved into present-day <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Laval University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesuits_in_the_United_States" title="Jesuits in the United States">Jesuits in the United States</a></div> In the United States, the order is best known for its <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">missions to the Native Americans</a> in the early 17th century, its <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Jesuit_Colleges_and_Universities" title="Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities">network of colleges and universities</a>, and (in Europe before 1773) its politically conservative role in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>. The Society of Jesus, in the United States, is organized into geographic provinces, each of which being headed by a <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial superior</a>. Today, there are four Jesuit provinces operating in the United States: the USA <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">East</a>, USA <a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a>, USA <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, and USA <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> Provinces. At their height, there were ten provinces. Though there had been mergers in the past, a major reorganization of the provinces began in early 21st century, with the aim of consolidating into four provinces by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecuador">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_la_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs,_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of la Compañía de Jesús, Quito">Church of the Society of Jesus</a> (Spanish: La Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús), known colloquially as la Compañía, is a Jesuit church in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito, Ecuador</a>. It is among the best-known churches in Quito because of its large central <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, which is profusely decorated with <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a> plaster and wood carvings. Inspired by two <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roman</a> Jesuit churches – the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesu" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Gesu">Chiesa del Gesù</a> (1580) and the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ignazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Ignazio">Chiesa di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola</a> (1650) – la Compañía is one of the most significant works of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Spanish Baroque architecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and Quito's most ornate church. Over the 160 years of its construction, the architects of la Compañía incorporated elements of four architectural styles, although the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> is the most prominent. <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a>) influence is seen in the geometrical figures on the pillars; the <a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a> characterizes much of the ornate decoration, especially in the interior walls; finally the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical style">Neoclassical style</a> adorns the Chapel of Saint Mariana de Jesús (in early years a winery). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg/220px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg/330px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg/440px-Misi%C3%B3n_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto._Siglo_XVIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó in the 18th century, the first permanent Jesuit mission in Baja California, established by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Salvatierra" title="Juan María de Salvatierra">Juan María de Salvatierra</a> in 1697</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AltarDomChaptlTep.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AltarDomChaptlTep.JPG/220px-AltarDomChaptlTep.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AltarDomChaptlTep.JPG/330px-AltarDomChaptlTep.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AltarDomChaptlTep.JPG/440px-AltarDomChaptlTep.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Main altar of the Jesuit colegio in Tepozotlan, now the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato" title="Museo Nacional del Virreinato">Museo Nacional del Virreinato</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Xavier_Clavijero,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Francisco_Xavier_Clavijero%2C.jpg/220px-Francisco_Xavier_Clavijero%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Francisco_Xavier_Clavijero%2C.jpg/330px-Francisco_Xavier_Clavijero%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Francisco_Xavier_Clavijero%2C.jpg/440px-Francisco_Xavier_Clavijero%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption>Mexican-born Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Clavijero</a> (1731–1787) wrote an important history of Mexico.</figcaption></figure> The Jesuits in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> distinguished themselves in several ways. They had high standards for acceptance to the order and many years of training. They attracted the patronage of elite families whose sons they educated in rigorous newly founded Jesuit colegios ("colleges"), including <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo_College_(Museum_of_Light)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro y San Pablo College (Museum of Light)">Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Ildefonso_College" class="mw-redirect" title="San Ildefonso College">Colegio de San Ildefonso</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato" title="Museo Nacional del Virreinato">Colegio de San Francisco Javier, Tepozotlan</a>. Those same elite families hoped that a son with a <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a> to the priesthood would be accepted as a Jesuit. Jesuits were also zealous in evangelization of the indigenous, particularly on the northern frontiers. To support their colegios and members of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits acquired landed estates that were run with the best-practices for generating income in that era. A number of these haciendas were donated by wealthy elites. The donation of a hacienda to the Jesuits was the spark igniting a conflict between 17th-century Bishop <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Don Juan de Palafox</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Puebla_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Puebla de los Ángeles">Puebla</a> and the Jesuit colegio in that city. Since the Jesuits resisted paying the tithe on their estates, this donation effectively took revenue out of the church hierarchy's pockets by removing it from the tithe rolls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242-91">[90]</a> Many of Jesuit haciendas were huge, with Palafox asserting that just two colleges owned 300,000 head of sheep, whose wool was transformed locally in Puebla to cloth; six sugar plantations worth a million pesos and generating an income of 100,000 pesos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242-91">[90]</a> The immense Jesuit hacienda of Santa Lucía produced <a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">pulque</a>, the alcoholic drink made from fermented <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agave</a> sap whose main consumers were the lower classes and Indigenous peoples in Spanish cities. Although most haciendas had a free work force of permanent or seasonal labourers, the Jesuit haciendas in Mexico had a significant number of enslaved people of African descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonrad1980-92">[91]</a> The Jesuits operated their properties as an integrated unit with the larger Jesuit order; thus revenues from haciendas funded their colegios. Jesuits did significantly expand missions to the Indigenous in the northern frontier area and a number were martyred, but the crown supported those missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242-91">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicant orders</a> that had real estate were less economically integrated, so that some individual houses were wealthy while others struggled economically. The <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, who were founded as an order embracing poverty, did not accumulate real estate, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> in Mexico. The Jesuits engaged in conflict with the episcopal hierarchy over the question of payment of tithes, the ten percent tax on agriculture levied on landed estates for support of the church hierarchy from bishops and cathedral chapters to parish priests. Since the Jesuits were the largest religious order holding real estate, surpassing the Dominicans and Augustinians who had accumulated significant property, this was no small matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242-91">[90]</a> They argued that they were exempt, due to special pontifical privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECline1997250-93">[92]</a> Bishop De Palafox took on the Jesuits over this matter and was so soundly defeated that he was recalled to Spain, where he became the bishop of the minor <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Osma-Soria" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Osma-Soria">Diocese of Osma</a>. As elsewhere in the Spanish empire, the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767. Their haciendas were sold off and their colegios and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">missions in Baja California</a> were taken over by other orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Handel1991-94">[93]</a> Exiled Mexican-born Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a> wrote an important history of Mexico while in Italy, a basis for <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">creole</a> patriotism. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Cavo" title="Andrés Cavo">Andrés Cavo</a> also wrote an important text on Mexican history that <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Bustamante" title="Carlos María de Bustamante">Carlos María de Bustamante</a> published in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> An earlier Jesuit who wrote about the history of Mexico was Diego Luis de Motezuma (1619–99), a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a> monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>. Motezuma's Corona mexicana, o Historia de los nueve Motezumas was completed in 1696. He "aimed to show that Mexican emperors were a legitimate dynasty in the 17th-century in the European sense".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren197384-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The Jesuits were allowed to return to Mexico in 1840 when General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> was once more president of Mexico. Their re-introduction to Mexico was "to assist in the education of the poorer classes and much of their property was restored to them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMecham1966358–359-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Spanish_America">Northern Spanish America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Spanish America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jesuits" title="Special:EditPage/Jesuits">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acosta2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Acosta2.jpg/170px-Acosta2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Acosta2.jpg/255px-Acosta2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Acosta2.jpg/340px-Acosta2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Acosta's Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590) text on the Americas</figcaption></figure> The Jesuits arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> by 1571; it was a key area of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, with not only dense indigenous populations but also huge deposits of silver at <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>. A major figure in the first wave of Jesuits was <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta" title="José de Acosta">José de Acosta</a> (1540–1600), whose book Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590) introduced Europeans to Spain's American empire via fluid prose and keen observation and explanation, based on 15 years in Peru and some time in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico). Viceroy of Peru <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Don Francisco de Toledo</a> urged the Jesuits to evangelize the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Indigenous peoples of Peru</a>, wanting to put them in charge of parishes, but Acosta adhered to the Jesuit position that they were not subject to the jurisdiction of bishops and to catechize in Indigenous parishes would bring them into conflict with the bishops. For that reason, the Jesuits in Peru focused on education of elite men rather than the indigenous populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991185-99">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StPeterClaver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/StPeterClaver.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> ministering to African slaves at <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena</a></figcaption></figure> To minister to newly arrived African slaves, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Sandoval" title="Alonso de Sandoval">Alonso de Sandoval</a> (1576–1651) worked at the port of <a href="/wiki/Cartagena_de_Indias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a>. Sandoval wrote about this ministry in De instauranda Aethiopum salute (1627),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandoval2008-100">[99]</a> describing how he and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a>, later canonized, met slave transport ships in the harbour, went below decks where 300–600 slaves were chained, and gave physical aid with water, while introducing the Africans to Christianity. In his treatise, he did not condemn slavery or the ill-treatment of slaves, but sought to instruct fellow Jesuits to this ministry and describe how he catechized the slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991167–169-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Ferrer_(Jesuit)" title="Rafael Ferrer (Jesuit)">Rafael Ferrer</a> was the first Jesuit of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> to explore and found missions in the upper <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> from 1602 to 1610, which belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">Audiencia</a> (high court) of Quito that was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> until it was transferred to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> in 1717. In 1602, Ferrer began to explore the Aguarico, Napo, and Marañon rivers (Sucumbios region, in what is today Ecuador and Peru), and between 1604 and 1605 set up missions among the Cofane natives. He was martyred by an apostate native in 1610. In 1639, the Audiencia of Quito organized an expedition to renew its exploration of the Amazon river and the Quito Jesuit (Jesuita Quiteño) <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Acu%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristóbal de Acuña">Cristóbal de Acuña</a> was a part of this expedition. The expedition disembarked from the Napo river 16 February 1639 and arrived in what is today <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, Brazil, on the banks of the Amazon river on 12 December 1639. In 1641, Acuña published in Madrid a memoir of his expedition to the Amazon river entitled Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas, which for academics became a fundamental reference on the Amazon region. In 1637, the Jesuits Gaspar Cugia and Lucas de la Cueva from Quito began establishing the <a href="/wiki/Mainas_missions" title="Mainas missions">Mainas missions</a> in territories on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River" title="Marañón River">Marañón River</a>, around the <a href="/wiki/Pongo_de_Manseriche" title="Pongo de Manseriche">Pongo de Manseriche</a> region, close to the Spanish settlement of <a href="/wiki/Borja,_Peru" title="Borja, Peru">Borja</a>. Between 1637 and 1652 there were 14 missions established along the <a href="/wiki/Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River" title="Marañón River">Marañón River</a> and its southern tributaries, the <a href="/wiki/Huallaga_River" title="Huallaga River">Huallaga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ucayali_River" title="Ucayali River">Ucayali</a> rivers. Jesuit de la Cueva and Raimundo de Santacruz opened up two new routes of communication with Quito, through the <a href="/wiki/Pastaza_River" title="Pastaza River">Pastaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napo_River" title="Napo River">Napo</a> rivers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mara%C3%B1on_or_Amazon_River_with_the_Mission_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_WDL1137.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Mara%C3%B1on_or_Amazon_River_with_the_Mission_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_WDL1137.png/230px-The_Mara%C3%B1on_or_Amazon_River_with_the_Mission_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_WDL1137.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Mara%C3%B1on_or_Amazon_River_with_the_Mission_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_WDL1137.png/345px-The_Mara%C3%B1on_or_Amazon_River_with_the_Mission_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_WDL1137.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Mara%C3%B1on_or_Amazon_River_with_the_Mission_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_WDL1137.png/460px-The_Mara%C3%B1on_or_Amazon_River_with_the_Mission_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_WDL1137.png 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fritz" title="Samuel Fritz">Samuel Fritz</a>'s 1707 map showing the Amazon and the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a></figcaption></figure> Between 1637 and 1715, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fritz" title="Samuel Fritz">Samuel Fritz</a> founded 38 missions along the length of the Amazon river, between the Napo and Negro rivers, that were called the Omagua Missions. These missions were continually attacked by the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a> beginning in the year 1705. In 1768, the only Omagua mission that was left was San Joaquin de Omaguas, since it had been moved to a new location on the Napo river away from the Bandeirantes. In the immense territory of Maynas, the Jesuits of Quito made contact with a number of indigenous tribes which spoke 40 different languages, and founded a total of 173 Jesuit missions encompassing 150,000 inhabitants. Because of the constant epidemics (smallpox and measles) and warfare with other tribes and the <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a>, the total number of Jesuit Missions were reduced to 40 by 1744. The Jesuit missions offered the Indigenous people Christianity, iron tools, and a small degree of protection from the slavers and the colonists. In exchange, the Indigenous had to submit to Jesuit discipline and adopt, at least superficially, a lifestyle foreign to their experience. The population of the missions was only sustained by frequent expeditions into the jungle by Jesuits, soldiers, and Christian Indians to capture Indigenous people and force them to return or to settle in the missions.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> At the time when the Jesuits were expelled from Spanish America in 1767, the Jesuits registered 36 missions run by 25 Jesuits in the Audiencia of Quito – 6 in the Napo and Aguarico Missions and 19 in the Pastaza and Iquitos Missions, with a population at 20,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paraguay">Paraguay</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Paraguay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit missions among the Guaraní</a></div> The Guaraní people of eastern Paraguay and neighboring Brazil and Argentina were in crisis in the early 17th century. Recurrent epidemics of European diseases had reduced their population by up 50 percent and the forced labor of the encomiendas by the Spanish and mestizo colonists had made virtual slaves of many. Franciscan missionaries began establishing missions called <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">reductions</a> in the 1580s.<a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_2010_103-104">[103]</a> The first Jesuits arrived in Asunción in 1588 and founded their first mission (or reduction) of <a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio,_Paraguay" title="San Ignacio, Paraguay">San Ignacio Guazú</a> in 1609. The objectives of the Jesuits were to make Christians of the Guaraní, impose European values and customs (which were regarded as essential to a Christian life), and isolate and protect the Guaraní from European colonists and slavers.<a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite_2010_103-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarreal-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg/230px-Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg/345px-Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg/460px-Jesuit_ruins_at_trinidad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/La_Santisima_Trinidad_de_Parana" class="mw-redirect" title="La Santisima Trinidad de Parana">La Santisima Trinidad de Parana</a> mission in Paraguay, founded by Jesuits in 1706</figcaption></figure> In addition to recurrent epidemics, the Guaraní were threatened by the slave-raiding <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a> from Brazil, who captured natives and sold them as slaves to work in sugar <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a> or as concubines and household servants. Having depleted native populations near <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, they discovered the richly populated Jesuit missions. Initially, the missions had few defenses against the slavers and thousands of Guaraní were captured and enslaved. Beginning in 1631, the Jesuits moved their missions from the <a href="/wiki/Guayr%C3%A1" title="Guayrá">Guayrá</a> province (present day Brazil and Paraguay), about 500 km (310 miles) southwest to the three borders region of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. About 10,000 of 30,000 Guaraní in the missions chose to accompany the Jesuits. In 1641 and 1642, armed by the Jesuits, Guaraní armies defeated the Bandeirantes and ended the worst of the slave trade in their region. From this point on the Jesuit missions enjoyed growth and prosperity, punctuated by epidemics. At the peak of their importance in 1732, the Jesuits presided over 141,000 Guaraní (including a sprinkling of other peoples) who lived in about 30 missions.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The opinions of historians differ with regard to the Jesuit missions. The missions are much-romanticized with the Guaraní portrayed as innocent children of nature and the Jesuits as their wise and benevolent guides to an earthly utopia. "Proponents...highlight that the Jesuits protected the Indians from exploitation and preserved the Guaraní language and other aspects of indigenous culture." <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarreal20146–7-107">[106]</a> "By means of religion," wrote the 18th century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean d'Alembert</a>, "the Jesuits established a monarchical authority in Paraguay, founded solely on their powers of persuasion and on their lenient methods of government. Masters of the country, they rendered happy the people under their sway." <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> called the Jesuit missions "a triumph of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Detractors say that "the Jesuits took away the Indians' freedom, forced them to radically change their lifestyle, physically abused them, and subjected them to disease." Moreover, the missions were inefficient and their economic success "depended on subsidies from the Jesuit order, special protection and privileges from the Crown, and the lack of competition"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarreal20146–7-107">[106]</a> The Jesuits are portrayed as "exploiters" who "sought to create a kingdom independent of the Spanish and Portuguese Crowns."<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comunero Revolt</a> (1721 to 1735) was a serious protest by Spanish and mestizo Paraguayans against the Jesuit missions. The residents of Paraguay violently protested the pro-Jesuit government of Paraguay, Jesuit control of Guaraní labor, and what they regarded as unfair competition for the market for products such as <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerba mate">yerba mate</a>. Although the revolt ultimately failed and the missions remained intact, the Jesuits were expelled from institutions they had created in <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In 1756, the Guaraní protested the relocation of seven missions, fighting (and losing) a brief war with both the Spanish and Portuguese. The Jesuits were accused of inciting the Guaraní to rebel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanson2003107–111-111">[110]</a> In 1767, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> (1759–88) expelled the Jesuits from the Americas. The expulsion was part of an effort in the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a> to assert more Spanish control over its American colonies.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In total, 78 Jesuits departed from the missions leaving behind 89,000 Guaraní in 30 missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarreal2014115-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> The Jesuits were among the original five Catholic religious orders, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Recollects" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a>, who evangelized the Philippines in support of Spanish colonization.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The Jesuits worked particularly hard in converting the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to Christianity, in which case, they were successful among the cities of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> in particular was run like the Jesuit reductions in Paraguay and housed a large population of Peruvian and Latin American immigrants whereas <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> eventually became the capital of the Spanish colony.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brief_%27Dominus_ac_Redemptor%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Brief_%27Dominus_ac_Redemptor%27.jpg/150px-Brief_%27Dominus_ac_Redemptor%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Brief_%27Dominus_ac_Redemptor%27.jpg/225px-Brief_%27Dominus_ac_Redemptor%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Brief_%27Dominus_ac_Redemptor%27.jpg/300px-Brief_%27Dominus_ac_Redemptor%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The papal brief, <a href="/wiki/Dominus_ac_Redemptor" title="Dominus ac Redemptor">Dominus ac Redemptor</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> suppressing Jesuits and closing the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_San_Ignacio" title="Universidad de San Ignacio">Universidad de San Ignacio</a> at Manila.</figcaption></figure> In addition to missionary work, the Jesuits compiled artifacts and chronicled the precolonial history and culture of the Philippines. Jesuit chronicler <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Chirino" title="Pedro Chirino">Pedro Chirino</a> chronicled the history of the <a href="/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Madja-as" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedatuan of Madja-as">Kedatuan of Madja-as</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a> and its war against Rajah Makatunao of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> as well as the histories of other <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Visayan kingdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Meanwhile, another Jesuit, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Comb%C3%A9s" title="Francisco Combés">Francisco Combés</a>, chronicled the history of the Venice of the Visayas, the <a href="/wiki/Kedatuan_of_Dapitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedatuan of Dapitan">Kedatuan of Dapitan</a>, its temporary conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a>, its re-establishment in Mindanao and its alliance against the Sultanates of Ternate and Lanao as vassals under Christian Spain. The Jesuits also established the first missions in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>-dominated <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a>, to convert it to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The Jesuits also founded many towns, farms, haciendas, educational institutes, libraries, and an <a href="/wiki/Manila_Observatory" title="Manila Observatory">observatory</a> in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The Jesuits were instrumental in the sciences of medicine, botany, zoology, astronomy and seismology. They trained the Philippines' second saint, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a>, who was martyred in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> alongside the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Diego_Luis_de_San_Vitores" title="Diego Luis de San Vitores">Diego Luis de San Vitores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The eventual temporary suppression of the Jesuits due their role in anti-colonial and anti-slavery revolts among the Paraguay reductions,<a href="#cite_note-Sarreal-105">[104]</a> alongside cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Recollects" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Recollects">Recollects</a>, allowed their vacated parishes to be put under control by the local nationalistic diocesan clergy; the martyrdom of three of them, the diocesan priests known as <a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> (also Jesuit-educated upon the restoration of the order), who became the Philippines' national hero. He successfully started the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> against Spain. The Jesuits largely discredited the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>, who claimed responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolutions</a>, by reverting Jose Rizal from Freemasonry back to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> They argued that since the Philippine Revolution was inspired by the allegedly Masonic ideals behind the French and American revolutions, the French and American Freemasons themselves betrayed their own founding ideals when the American Freemasons annexed the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine-American War">Philippine-American War</a> and the French Freemasons assented to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In 1953, after being expelled from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a>, the Jesuits relocated their organization's nexus in Asia from China to the Philippines and brought along a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The Jesuits currently play a pivotal role in the nation-building of <a href="/wiki/The_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippines">the Philippines</a> with its various <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions in the Philippines">Ateneos</a> and educational institutes training the country's intellectual elites.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_Brazil">Colonial Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Colonial Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobrega2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Nobrega2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a> on a commemorative Portuguese stamp of the 400th anniversary of the foundation of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_18thc_JesuitFather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brazil_18thc_JesuitFather.jpg/220px-Brazil_18thc_JesuitFather.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Brazil_18thc_JesuitFather.jpg/330px-Brazil_18thc_JesuitFather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Brazil_18thc_JesuitFather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Jesuit in 18th century, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Governor General of Brazil</a>, brought the first group of Jesuits to the colony. The Jesuits were officially supported by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King</a>, who instructed <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a> to give them all the support needed to Christianize the indigenous peoples. The first Jesuits, guided by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a>, Juan de Azpilcueta Navarro, Leonardo Nunes, and later <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Anchieta" title="Joseph of Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a>, established the first Jesuit missions in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> and in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_dos_Campos_de_Piratininga" title="São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga">São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga</a>, the settlement that gave rise to the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. Nóbrega and Anchieta were instrumental in the defeat of the French colonists of <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a> by managing to pacify the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tamoio</a> natives, who had previously fought the Portuguese. The Jesuits took part in the foundation of the city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1565. The success of the Jesuits in converting the Indigenous peoples is linked to their efforts to understand the native cultures, especially their languages. The first grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupi</a> language was compiled by José de Anchieta and printed in <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> in 1595. The Jesuits often gathered the natives in communities (the <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">Jesuit reductions</a>), where the natives worked for the community and were evangelised. The Jesuits had frequent disputes with other colonists who wanted to enslave the natives. The action of the Jesuits saved many natives from being enslaved by Europeans, but also disturbed their ancestral way of life and inadvertently helped spread infectious diseases against which the natives had no natural defenses. Slave labor and trade were essential for the economy of Brazil and other American colonies, and the Jesuits usually did object to the enslavement of African peoples, criticized the conditions of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell192187ff-130">[129]</a> In cases where individual Jesuit priests criticized the institution of African slavery, they were censored and sent back to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_and_restoration">Suppression and restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suppression and restoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></div> The suppression of the Jesuits alienated the colonial empires from the natives they governed in the Americas and Asia, as the Jesuits were active protectors of native rights against the colonial empires. With the supression of the Order, the profitable Jesuit reductions which gave wealth and protection to natives were sequestered by royal authorities and the natives enslaved. Faced with this supression; the natives, mestizos, and creoles were galvinized into starting the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American Wars of Independence">Latin American Wars of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The suppression of the Jesuits in Portugal, France, the <a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Parma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> by 1767 was deeply troubling to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Pope Clement XIII</a>, the society's defender.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> On 21 July 1773 his successor, Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a>, issued the <a href="/wiki/Papal_brief" title="Papal brief">papal brief</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominus_ac_Redemptor" title="Dominus ac Redemptor">Dominus ac Redemptor</a>, decreeing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Having further considered that the said Company of Jesus can no longer produce those abundant fruits, ... in the present case, we are determining upon the fate of a society classed among the mendicant orders, both by its institute and by its privileges; after a mature deliberation, we do, out of our certain knowledge, and the fulness of our apostolical power, suppress and abolish the said company: we deprive it of all activity whatever. ...And to this end a member of the regular clergy, recommendable for his prudence and sound morals, shall be chosen to preside over and govern the said houses; so that the name of the Company shall be, and is, for ever extinguished and suppressed.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dominus ac Redemptor<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The suppression was carried out on political grounds in all countries except <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> for a time, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> had forbidden its promulgation. Because millions of Catholics (including many Jesuits) lived in <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">the Polish provinces recently part-annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, the Society was able to maintain its continuity and carry on its work all through the stormy period of suppression. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> granted formal permission for the continuation of the society in Russia and Poland, with <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Czerniewicz" title="Stanislaus Czerniewicz">Stanisław Czerniewicz</a> elected superior of the province in 1782. He was followed by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lenkiewicz" title="Gabriel Lenkiewicz">Gabriel Lenkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Kareu" title="Franciszek Kareu">Franciszek Kareu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gruber" title="Gabriel Gruber">Gabriel Gruber</a> until 1805, all elected locally as Temporary Vicars General. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> had resolved during his captivity in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to restore the Jesuits universally, and on his return to Rome he did so without much delay. On 7 August 1814, with the bull <a href="/wiki/Sollicitudo_omnium_ecclesiarum" title="Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum">Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum</a>, he reversed the suppression of the society, and therewith another Polish Jesuit, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Brzozowski" title="Tadeusz Brzozowski">Tadeusz Brzozowski</a>, who had been elected as superior in Russia in 1805, acquired universal jurisdiction. On his death in 1820 the Jesuits were expelled from Russia by tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>. The period following the Restoration of the Jesuits in 1814 was marked by tremendous growth, as evidenced by the large number of Jesuit colleges and universities established during the 19th century. During this time in the United States, 22 of the society's 28 universities were founded or taken over by the Jesuits. It has been suggested that the experience of suppression had served to heighten <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> among the Jesuits. While this claim is debatable, Jesuits were generally supportive of papal authority within the church, and some members became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramontanist">Ultramontanist</a> movement and the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">constitution</a> was modified and Jesuits were banished in 1848, following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Sonderbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderbund">Sonderbund</a> Catholic defence alliance. The ban was lifted on 20 May 1973, when 54.9 per cent of voters accepted a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> modifying the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a> from 1814, a relic from the earlier anti-Catholic laws of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, Paragraph 2, known as the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_clause" title="Jesuit clause">Jesuit clause</a>, originally read: "The Evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the public religion of the State. Those inhabitants, who confess thereto, are bound to raise their children to the same. Jesuits and monastic orders are not permitted. Jews are still prohibited from entry to the Realm." Jews were first allowed into the realm in 1851 after the famous Norwegian poet <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a> had campaigned for this permission. Monastic orders were permitted in 1897, but the ban on Jesuits was only lifted in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Spain">Republican Spain</a> in the 1930s passed laws banning the Jesuits on grounds that they were obedient to a power different from the state. Pope Pius XI wrote about this: "It was an expression of a soul deeply hostile to God and the Catholic religion, to have disbanded the Religious Orders that had taken a vow of obedience to an authority different from the legitimate authority of the State. In this way it was sought to do away with the Society of Jesus – which can well glory in being one of the soundest auxiliaries of the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a> – with the hope, perhaps, of then being able with less difficulty to overthrow in the near future, the Christian faith and morale in the heart of the Spanish nation, which gave to the Church of God the grand and glorious figure of Ignatius Loyola."<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Vatican_II">Post-Vatican II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Post-Vatican II">edit</a>]</div> The 20th century witnessed both growth and decline of the order. Following a trend within the Catholic priesthood at large, Jesuit numbers peaked in the 1950s and have declined steadily since. Meanwhile, the number of Jesuit institutions has grown considerably, due in large part to a post–<a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> focus on the establishment of Jesuit secondary schools in <a href="/wiki/Inner-city" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner-city">inner-city</a> areas and an increase in voluntary lay groups inspired in part by the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola">Spiritual Exercises</a>. Among the notable Jesuits of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a> was called one of the "architects of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>" and drafted what eventually became the council's endorsement of religious freedom, <a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a>. In Latin America, the Jesuits had significant influence in the development of <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>, a movement that was controversial in the Catholic community after the negative assessment of it by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Under Superior General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe" title="Pedro Arrupe">Pedro Arrupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and the preferential option for the poor emerged as dominant themes of the work of the Jesuits. When Arrupe was paralyzed by a stroke in 1981, Pope John Paul II, not entirely pleased with the progressive turn of the Jesuits, took the unusual step of appointing the venerable and aged <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Dezza" title="Paolo Dezza">Paolo Dezza</a> for an interim to oversee "the authentic renewal of the Church",<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> instead of the progressive American priest <a href="/wiki/Vincent_O%27Keefe" title="Vincent O'Keefe">Vincent O'Keefe</a> whom Arrupe had preferred.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> In 1983 John Paul gave leave for the Jesuits to appoint a <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hans_Kolvenbach" title="Peter Hans Kolvenbach">successor</a> to Arrupe. On 16 November 1989, six Jesuit priests (<a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ellacur%C3%ADa" title="Ignacio Ellacuría">Ignacio Ellacuría</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segundo_Montes" title="Segundo Montes">Segundo Montes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Mart%C3%ADn-Bar%C3%B3" title="Ignacio Martín-Baró">Ignacio Martín-Baró</a>, Joaquin López y López, Juan Ramon Moreno, and Amado López), Elba Ramos their housekeeper, and Celia Marisela Ramos her daughter, were murdered by the <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">Salvadoran</a> military on the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_University_(San_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American University (San Salvador)">University of Central America</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, El Salvador, because they had been labeled as subversives by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüllerTauschZulehnerWickens2000-142">[141]</a> The assassinations galvanized the society's peace and justice movements, including annual protests at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation" title="Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation">Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moore" title="Fort Moore">Fort Benning</a>, Georgia, United States, where several of the assassins had been trained under US government sponsorship.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> On 21 February 2001, the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Avery Dulles</a>, an internationally known author, lecturer, and theologian, was created a cardinal of the Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II. The son of former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>, Avery Dulles was long known for his carefully reasoned argumentation and fidelity to the teaching office of the church. An author of 22 books and over 700 theological articles, Dulles died on 12 December 2008 at <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>, where he had taught for twenty years as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society. He was, at his passing, one of ten Jesuit cardinals in the Catholic Church. In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a> president and Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/William_P._Leahy" title="William P. Leahy">William P. Leahy</a> initiated the Church in the 21st Century program as a means of moving the church "from crisis to renewal". The initiative has provided the society with a platform for examining issues brought about by the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">Catholic sex abuse cases</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a>, celibacy, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, women's roles, and the role of the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visita_do_Papa_PUG_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Visita_do_Papa_PUG_2.jpg/250px-Visita_do_Papa_PUG_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Visita_do_Papa_PUG_2.jpg/375px-Visita_do_Papa_PUG_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Visita_do_Papa_PUG_2.jpg/500px-Visita_do_Papa_PUG_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Visit of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> to the Jesuit-run <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a></figcaption></figure> In April 2005, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Reese" title="Thomas J. Reese">Thomas J. Reese</a>, editor of the American Jesuit weekly magazine <a href="/wiki/America_(Jesuit_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (Jesuit magazine)">America</a>, resigned at the request of the society. The move was widely published in the media as the result of pressure from the Vatican, following years of criticism by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> on articles touching subjects such as <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_homosexuality" title="Catholic Church and homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, and the right of life for the unborn. Following his resignation, Reese spent a year-long <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a> before being named a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Theological_Center" title="Woodstock Theological Center">Woodstock Theological Center</a> in Washington, D.C., and later senior analyst for the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> appointed him to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">United States Commission on International Religious Freedom</a> in 2014 and again in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> On 2 February 2006, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hans_Kolvenbach" title="Peter Hans Kolvenbach">Peter Hans Kolvenbach</a> informed members of the Society of Jesus that, with the consent of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>, he intended to step down as superior general in 2008, the year he would turn 80. On 22 April 2006, the Feast of Our Lady, Mother of the Society of Jesus, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> greeted thousands of Jesuits on <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to Rome, and took the opportunity to thank God "for having granted to your Company the gift of men of extraordinary sanctity and of exceptional apostolic zeal such as St Ignatius of Loyola, St Francis Xavier, and Blessed <a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a>". He said "St Ignatius of Loyola was above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God, to his greater glory and his greater service. He was a man of profound prayer, which found its center and its culmination in the daily Eucharistic Celebration."<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> In May 2006, Benedict XVI also wrote a letter to Kolvenbach on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Pope Pius XII's encyclical <a href="/wiki/Haurietis_aquas" title="Haurietis aquas">Haurietis aquas</a>, on devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a>, because the Jesuits have always been "extremely active in the promotion of this essential devotion".<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In his 3 November 2006 visit to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a>, Benedict XVI cited the university as "one of the greatest services that the Society of Jesus carries out for the universal Church".<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The 35th <a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a> of the Society of Jesus convened on 5 January 2008 and elected <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Nicol%C3%A1s" title="Adolfo Nicolás">Adolfo Nicolás</a> as the new superior general on 19 January 2008. In a letter to the order, Benedict XVI wrote:<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As my Predecessors have said to you on various occasions, the Church needs you, relies on you and continues to turn to you with trust, particularly to reach those physical and spiritual places which others do not reach or have difficulty in reaching. Paul VI's words remain engraved on your hearts: "Wherever in the Church, even in the most difficult and extreme fields, at the crossroads of ideologies, in the social trenches, there has been and there is confrontation between the burning exigencies of man and the perennial message of the Gospel, here also there have been, and there are, Jesuits".<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Address to the 32nd General Congregation of the Jesuits, 3 December 1974; ORE, 12 December, n. 2, p. 4.</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg/220px-Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg/330px-Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg/440px-Pope_Francis_at_Vargihna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Pope Francis, the first Jesuit pope</figcaption></figure> In 2013, the Jesuit cardinal Jorge Bergoglio became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>. Before he became pope, he had been appointed a bishop when he was in "virtual estrangement from the Jesuits" since he was seen as "an enemy of liberation theology" and viewed by others as "still far too orthodox". He was criticised for colluding with the <a href="/wiki/National_Reorganization_Process" title="National Reorganization Process">Argentine junta</a>, while biographers characterised him as working to save the lives of other Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-ncronline.org-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> As a Jesuit pope, he has stressed discernment over following rules, changing the culture of the clergy to steer away from clericalism and to move toward an ethic of service, i.e. to have the "smell of sheep", staying close to the people.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> After his papal election, Superior General <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Nicol%C3%A1s" title="Adolfo Nicolás">Adolfo Nicolás</a> praised Pope Francis as a "brother among brothers".<a href="#cite_note-ncronline.org-150">[149]</a> On 2 October 2016, General Congregation 36 convened in Rome, convoked by Nicolás, who had announced his intention to resign at age 80.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> On 14 October, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Sosa" title="Arturo Sosa">Arturo Sosa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Venezuelans" title="Venezuelans">Venezuelan</a>, as its thirty-first superior general.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The General Congregation that elected Arturo Sosa in 2016 asked him to bring to completion the process of discerning Jesuit priorities for the time ahead. Sosa devised a plan that enlisted all Jesuits and their lay collaborators in the process of discernment over a 16-month period. Then in February 2019 he presented the results of the discernment, a list of four priorities for Jesuit ministries for the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>To show the way to God through discernment and the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola">Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola</a>;</li> <li>To walk with the poor, the outcasts of the world, those whose dignity has been violated, in a mission of reconciliation and justice;</li> <li>To accompany young people in the creation of a hope-filled future;</li> <li>To collaborate in the care of our Common Home.</li></ol></blockquote> Pope Francis gave his approval to these priorities, saying that they were in harmony with the church's present priorities and with the programmatic letter of his pontificate, <a href="/wiki/Evangelii_gaudium" title="Evangelii gaudium">Evangelii gaudium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ignatian_spirituality">Ignatian spirituality</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ignatian spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ignatian_spirituality" title="Ignatian spirituality">Ignatian spirituality</a></div> The spirituality practiced by the Jesuits, called Ignatian spirituality, ultimately based on the Catholic faith and the gospels, is drawn from the Constitutions, The Letters, and Autobiography, and most specially from Ignatius' <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises_of_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola">Spiritual Exercises</a>, whose purpose is "to conquer oneself and to regulate one's life in such a way that no decision is made under the influence of any inordinate attachment". The Exercises culminate in a <a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Acquired_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">contemplation</a> whereby one develops a facility to "find God in all things". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_formation" title="Jesuit formation">Jesuit formation</a></div> The formation (training) of Jesuits seeks to prepare men spiritually, academically, and practically for the ministries they will be called to offer the church and world. Ignatius was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and he wanted Jesuits to be able to offer whatever ministries were most needed at any given moment and, especially, to be ready to respond to missions (assignments) from the pope. Formation for <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a> normally takes between eight and fourteen years, depending on the man's background and previous education, and final vows are taken several years after that, making Jesuit formation among the longest of any of the religious orders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_of_the_society">Governance of the society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Governance of the society">edit</a>]</div> The society is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a> with the formal title Praepositus Generalis, Latin for "provost-general", more commonly called Father General. He is elected by the General Congregation for life or until he resigns; he is confirmed by the pope and has absolute authority in running the Society. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Sosa" title="Arturo Sosa">Arturo Sosa</a> who was elected on 14 October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Curia-160">[159]</a> The Father General is assisted by "assistants", four of whom are "assistants for provident care" and serve as general advisors and a sort of inner council, and several other regional assistants, each of whom heads an "assistancy", which is either a geographic area (for instance the North American Assistancy) or an area of ministry (for instance higher education). The assistants normally reside with Father General in Rome and along with others form an advisory council to the General. A vicar general and secretary of the society run day-to-day administration. The General is also required to have an <a href="/wiki/Admonitor" title="Admonitor">admonitor</a>, a confidential advisor whose task is to warn the General honestly and confidentially when he might be acting imprudently or contrary to the church's <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a>. The central staff of the General is known as the Curia.<a href="#cite_note-Curia-160">[159]</a> The society is divided into geographic areas called provinces, each of which is headed by a Provincial Superior, formally called Father Provincial, chosen by the Superior General. He has authority over all Jesuits and ministries in his area, and is assisted by a socius who acts as a sort of secretary and chief of staff. With the approval of the Superior General, the Provincial Superior appoints a novice master and a master of tertians to oversee formation, and rectors of local communities of Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> For better cooperation and apostolic efficacy in each continent, the Jesuit provinces are grouped into six <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Conference" title="Jesuit Conference">Jesuit Conferences</a> worldwide. Each Jesuit community within a province is normally headed by a rector who is assisted by a "minister", from the Latin word for "servant", a priest who helps oversee the community's day-to-day needs.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The General Congregation is a meeting of all of the assistants, provincials, and additional representatives who are elected by the professed Jesuits of each province. It meets irregularly and rarely, normally to elect a new superior general and/or to take up some major policy issues for the order. The Superior General meets more regularly with smaller councils composed of just the provincials.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:10px"> <caption>Jesuits in the World – January 2022<a href="#cite_note-stats2-164">[163]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Jesuits</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1,712</td> <td style="text-align: center;">12% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latin America<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">1,859</td> <td style="text-align: center;">13% </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Asia</td> <td style="text-align: center;">3,955</td> <td style="text-align: center;">27% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia-Pacific</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1,481</td> <td style="text-align: center;">10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe</td> <td style="text-align: center;">3,386</td> <td style="text-align: center;">23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">2,046</td> <td style="text-align: center;">14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td style="text-align: center;">14,439 </td></tr></tbody></table> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Jesuits formed the largest single <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious order</a> of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The Jesuits have experienced a decline in numbers in recent decades. As of 2022, the society had 14,439 members (10,432 priests, 837 brothers, 2,587 scholastics, and 583 novices).<a href="#cite_note-stats2-164">[163]</a> This represents a 59% percent decline since the Second Vatican Council (1965), when the society had a total membership of 36,038, of which 20,301 were priests.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> This decline is most pronounced in Europe and the Americas, with relatively modest membership gains occurring in Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> According to Patrick Reilly of the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Register" title="National Catholic Register">National Catholic Register</a>, there seems to be no "<a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Francis effect">Pope Francis effect</a>" in counteracting the fall of vocations among the Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Twenty-eight novices took first vows in the Jesuits in the United States and Haiti in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In September 2019, the superior general of the Jesuits, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Sosa" title="Arturo Sosa">Arturo Sosa</a>, estimated that by 2034 the number would decrease to about 10,000 Jesuits, with a much younger average age than in 2019, and with a shift away from Europe and into Latin America, Africa, and India.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In 2008, their average age was 57.3 years: 63.4 years for priests, 29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers.<a href="#cite_note-stats-21">[20]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General</a> of the Jesuits is <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Sosa" title="Arturo Sosa">Arturo Sosa</a>. The society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> work, human rights, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in various countries around the world and is particularly active in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In the United States the Jesuits have historical ties to <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Jesuit_Colleges_and_Universities" title="Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities">27 colleges and universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Secondary_Education_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Secondary Education Association">61 high schools</a>. The degree to which the Jesuits are involved in the administration of each institution varies. As of September 2018, 15 of the 27 Jesuit universities in the US had non-Jesuit lay presidents.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> According to a 2014 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, "the number of Jesuit priests who are active in everyday operations at the schools isn't nearly as high as it once was".<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Worldwide it runs 322 secondary schools and 172 colleges and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>. A typical conception of the mission of a Jesuit school will often contain such concepts as proposing Christ as the model of human life, the pursuit of excellence in teaching and learning, lifelong spiritual and intellectual growth,<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> and training men and women for others.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habit_and_dress">Habit and dress</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Habit and dress">edit</a>]</div> Jesuits do not have an official habit. The society's Constitutions gives the following instructions: "The clothing too should have three characteristics: first, it should be proper; second, conformed to the usage of the country of residence; and third, not contradictory to the poverty we profess." (Const. 577) The traditional Jesuit-style <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, called a "soutane" is similar to a robe which is wrapped around the body and was tied with a <a href="/wiki/Cincture" title="Cincture">cincture</a>, rather than the customary buttoned front cassock worn by diocesan priests.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> A tuftless <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> (only diocesan clergy wore tufts) and a <a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a> (cape) completed the look.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Today, most Jesuits in the United States wear the <a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">clerical collar</a> and black clothing of diocesan priests<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> while most Jesuits in Europe are dressed in civilian clothes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Slavery">edit</a>]</div> Jesuit scholar Andrew Dial has calculated that the Jesuits owned more than 20,000 slaves worldwide in 1760, the great majority of them in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The Jesuits in some places protected the indigenous people of the Americas from slavers, notably the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní</a> in South America, but in other places they enslaved indigenous people after "just wars" in which indigenous people who resisted European colonization were defeated. The Jesuits also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, working thousands of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">African</a> slaves on their large plantations scattered throughout the Americas. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavalette" title="Antoine Lavalette">Antoine Lavalette</a>, a slave-owning French Jesuit in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, accumulated large debts which he was unable to pay which led to the banning of the Jesuits in France in 1764. In the United States, tobacco plantations utilizing <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> slave labor in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and other states supported Jesuit institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, from which were <a href="/wiki/1838_Jesuit_slave_sale" title="1838 Jesuit slave sale">infamously sold 272 slaves</a> in 1838. In the 16th century, Jesuits were also complicit in the Portuguese trade in enslaved <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a>. In other parts of Europe, slaves were probably employed in Jesuit schools and institutions. The Jesuits justified their ownership of slaves and participation in the slave trade as a means of converting slaves to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. "Enslaved people...were a captive audience for evangelization."<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power-seeking">Power-seeking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Power-seeking">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Monita_Secreta" title="Monita Secreta">Monita Secreta</a> (Secret Instructions of the Jesuits), published in 1612 and in 1614 in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, is alleged to have been written by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Acquaviva" title="Claudio Acquaviva">Claudio Acquaviva</a>, the fifth general of the society, but was probably written by former Jesuit Jerome Zahorowski. It purports to describe the methods to be adopted by Jesuits for the acquisition of greater power and influence for the society and for the Catholic Church. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> states the book is a forgery, fabricated to ascribe a sinister reputation to the Society of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard1911-184">[183]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png/100px-Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png/150px-Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png/200px-Separation_of_church_and_state_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="266" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine#In_Roman_Catholicism" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine in Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the State">Relations between the Catholic Church and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Politics of Vatican City">Politics of Vatican City</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sovereignty and loyalty</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Papal deposing power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity#Holy_See" title="Sovereign immunity">Sovereign immunity § Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_loyalty#Historical_examples" title="Dual loyalty">Dual loyalty § Historical examples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_vow#In_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Fourth vow">Fourth vow § In the Society of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unam_sanctam" title="Unam sanctam">Unam sanctam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation#The_First_Wall:_Spiritual_Power_over_Temporal" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Jurisdiction_Act_1560" title="Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560">Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputationes_de_Controversiis" title="Disputationes de Controversiis">Disputationes de Controversiis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae" title="Dignitatis humanae">Dignitatis humanae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina#2005_Episcopal_Conference_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">Church–state relations in Argentina § 2005 Episcopal Conference document</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a> / <a href="/wiki/Constantinianism" title="Constantinianism">Constantinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus#Political_intrigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus § Political intrigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)#The_American_response" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism (heresy) § The American response</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">20th century topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance#The_mid-20th-century_Spanish_model" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance § The mid-20th-century Spanish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Dunbar-Harrison" title="Letitia Dunbar-Harrison">Letitia Dunbar-Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism#Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism § Catholic Worker Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales_and_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church">Evo Morales and the Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maryja#Involvement_in_politics" title="Radio Maryja">Radio Maryja § Involvement in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27#Impact_on_the_United_States_political_system" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si' § Impact on the United States political system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_social_teaching" title="Template:Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_clause_in_medicine_in_the_United_States#Catholic_doctrine" title="Conscience clause in medicine in the United States">Conscience clause in medicine in the United States § Catholic doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915#Politicians_consistently_promoting_permissive_abortion_or_euthanasia_laws" title="Canon 915">Canon 915 § Politicians consistently promoting permissive abortion or euthanasia laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Francis_Malooly#Bishop_of_Wilmington,_Delaware" title="W. Francis Malooly">Bp. W. Francis Malooly on Canon 915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_James_Slattery#Illegal_immigrants" title="Edward James Slattery">Bp. Edward J. Slattery § Illegal immigrants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Separation of church and state in the history of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_intrigue">Political intrigue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Political intrigue">edit</a>]</div> The Jesuits were temporarily banished from France in 1594 after a man named <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ch%C3%A2tel" title="Jean Châtel">Jean Châtel</a> tried to assassinate the king of France, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henri IV</a>. Under questioning, Châtel revealed that he had been educated by the Jesuits of the <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">Collège de Clermont</a>. The Jesuits were accused of inspiring Châtel's attack. Two of his former teachers were exiled and a third was hanged.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> The Collège de Clermont was closed, and the building was confiscated. The Jesuits were banned from France, although this ban was quickly lifted and the school eventually reopened.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> In England, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Garnet" title="Henry Garnet">Henry Garnet</a>, one of the leading English Jesuits, was hanged for <a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_treason" title="Misprision of treason">misprision of treason</a> because of his knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> (1605). The Plot was the attempted assassination of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, his family, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> aristocracy in a single attack, by exploding the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a>. Another Jesuit, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Tesimond" title="Oswald Tesimond">Oswald Tesimond</a>, managed to escape arrest for his involvement in this plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser2005448-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casuistic_justification">Casuistic justification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Casuistic justification">edit</a>]</div> Jesuits have been accused of using <a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">casuistry</a> to obtain justifications for unjustifiable actions (cf. <a href="/wiki/Formulary_controversy" title="Formulary controversy">formulary controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lettres_Provinciales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettres Provinciales">Lettres Provinciales</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1981190-188">[187]</a> Hence, the <a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Oxford Dictionary">Concise Oxford Dictionary of the English language</a> lists "equivocating" as a secondary denotation of the word "Jesuit". Modern critics of the Society of Jesus include <a href="/wiki/Avro_Manhattan" title="Avro Manhattan">Avro Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Rivera_(activist)" title="Alberto Rivera (activist)">Alberto Rivera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malachi_Martin" title="Malachi Martin">Malachi Martin</a>, the latter being the author of The Jesuits: The Society of Jesus and the Betrayal of the Roman Catholic Church (1987).<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_of_those_of_Jewish_or_Muslim_ancestry">Exclusion of those of Jewish or Muslim ancestry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Exclusion of those of Jewish or Muslim ancestry">edit</a>]</div> Although in the first 30 years of the existence of the Society of Jesus there were many Jesuits who were <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">conversos</a> (Catholic-convert Jews and Muslims and their descendants), an anti-converso faction led to the Decree de genere (1593) which proclaimed that either Jewish or Muslim ancestry, no matter how distant, was an insurmountable impediment for admission to the Society of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> This new rule was contrary to the original wishes of Ignatius who "said that he would take it as a special grace from our Lord to come from Jewish lineage".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReites198117-191">[190]</a> The 16th-century Decree de genere was repealed in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-194">[b]</a> Bylaws requiring "<a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">blood purity</a>" became common across Early Modern Spain and Portugal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_debates">Theological debates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Theological debates">edit</a>]</div> Within the Catholic Church, there has existed a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, due to questioning of official church teaching and papal directives, such as those on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">irrelevant citation</a>]<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_doctrine_on_the_ordination_of_women#Deaconesses_and_female_deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women">women deacons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> homosexuality, and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> At the same time, Jesuits have been appointed to prominent doctrinal and theological positions in the church; under Pope Benedict XVI, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ladaria_Ferrer" title="Luis Ladaria Ferrer">Luis Ladaria Ferrer</a> was Secretary and later, under Pope Francis, Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_persecution">Religious persecution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Religious persecution">edit</a>]</div> In the quest to evangelize, Jesuits persecuted people of other religions, including Hindus, Muslims and other Christians. The <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a> was one among various persecutions that Jesuits were involved in. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> wrote that:<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Goa is sadly famous for its inquisition, equally contrary to humanity and commerce. The Portuguese monks made us believe that the people worshipped the devil, and it is they who have served him.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_persecution">Nazi persecution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Nazi persecution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesuits_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Jesuits and Nazi Germany">Jesuits and Nazi Germany</a></div> The Catholic Church faced <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church">persecution in Nazi Germany</a>. Hitler was <a href="/wiki/Anticlerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlerical">anticlerical</a> and had particular disdain for the Jesuits. According to John Pollard, the Jesuits' "ethos represented the most intransigent opposition to the philosophy of Nazism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006357-208">[206]</a> and so the Nazis considered them as one of their most dangerous enemies. A Jesuit college in the city of <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> served as a center for anti-Nazi resistance and was closed down by the Nazis in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006356-209">[207]</a> Jesuits were a target for <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> persecution, and many Jesuit priests were deported to death camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard2006356–357-210">[208]</a> Jesuits made up the largest contingent of clergy imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Priest_Barracks_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp" title="Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp">Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda2005140–141-211">[209]</a> Vincent Lapomarda lists some 30 Jesuits as having died at Dachau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda2005appx._A-212">[210]</a> Of the total of 152 Jesuits murdered by the Nazis across Europe, 43 died in the death camps and an additional 27 died from captivity or its results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda2005p._33,_appx._A-213">[211]</a> The Superior General of Jesuits at the outbreak of war was <a href="/wiki/Wlodzimierz_Led%C3%B3chowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wlodzimierz Ledóchowski">Wlodzimierz Ledóchowski</a>, a Pole. The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland</a> was particularly severe. Lapomarda wrote that Ledóchowski helped "stiffen the general attitude of the Jesuits against the Nazis" and that he permitted <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> to carry on its campaign against the Nazis in Poland. Vatican Radio was run by the Jesuit Filippo Soccorsi and spoke out against Nazi oppression, particularly with regard to Poland and to Vichy-French antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda2005266–267-214">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Delp_Mannheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Alfred_Delp_Mannheim.jpg/170px-Alfred_Delp_Mannheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Alfred_Delp_Mannheim.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a> that operated within Nazi Germany was executed in February 1945<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a></figcaption></figure> Several Jesuits were prominent in the small <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German Resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda200533-216">[214]</a> Among the central membership of the <a href="/wiki/Kreisau_Circle" title="Kreisau Circle">Kreisau Circle</a> of the Resistance were the Jesuit priests <a href="/wiki/Augustin_R%C3%B6sch" title="Augustin Rösch">Augustin Rösch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lothar_K%C3%B6nig" title="Lothar König">Lothar König</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The Bavarian Jesuit Provincial, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_R%C3%B6sch" title="Augustin Rösch">Augustin Rösch</a>, ended the war on death row for his role in the <a href="/wiki/July_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="July Plot">July Plot</a> to overthrow Hitler. Another non-military German Resistance group, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Solf_Circle" title="Solf Circle">"Frau Solf Tea Party"</a> by the Gestapo, included the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Erxleben" title="Friedrich Erxleben">Friedrich Erxleben</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601025–1026-218">[216]</a> The German Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leiber" title="Robert Leiber">Robert Leiber</a> acted as intermediary between <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII and the German Resistance">Pius XII and the German Resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960648–649-220">[218]</a> Among the Jesuit victims of the Nazis, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Mayer" title="Rupert Mayer">Rupert Mayer</a> has been beatified. Mayer was a Bavarian Jesuit who clashed with the Nazis as early as 1923. Continuing his critique following Hitler's rise to power, Mayer was imprisoned in 1939 and sent to <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death camp</a>. As his health declined, the Nazis feared the creation of a martyr and sent him to the Abbey of Ettal in 1940. There he continued to give sermons and lectures against the evils of the Nazi régime, until his death in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_efforts_during_the_Holocaust">Rescue efforts during the Holocaust</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rescue efforts during the Holocaust">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust</a></div> In his history of the heroes of the Holocaust, the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> notes that in every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews, and that the Jesuits were one of the Catholic Orders that hid Jewish children in monasteries and schools to protect them from the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Fourteen Jesuit priests have been formally recognized by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority in Jerusalem, for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust of World War II: Roger Braun (1910–1981) of France,<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chaillet" title="Pierre Chaillet">Pierre Chaillet</a> (1900–1972) of France,<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptist_De_Coster_(Jesuit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptist De Coster (Jesuit)">Jean-Baptist De Coster</a> (1896–1968) of Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Jean Fleury (1905–1982) of France,<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> Emile Gessler (1891–1958) of Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Janssens" title="Jean-Baptiste Janssens">Jean-Baptiste Janssens</a> (1889–1964) of Belgium, Alphonse Lambrette (1884–1970) of Belgium, Emile Planckaert (1906–2006) of France, Jacob Raile (1894–1949) of Hungary, Henri Revol (1904–1992) of France, Adam Sztark (1907–1942) of Poland, Henri Van Oostayen (1906–1945) of Belgium, Ioannes Marangas (1901–1989) of Greece, and Raffaele de Chantuz Cubbe (1904–1983) of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Several other Jesuits are known to have rescued or given refuge to Jews during that period.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> A plaque commemorating the 152 Jesuit priests who gave their lives during the Holocaust was installed in April 2007 at the Jesuits' <a href="/wiki/Rockhurst_University" title="Rockhurst University">Rockhurst University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science">In science</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In science">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jesuit scientists">List of Jesuit scientists</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/220px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/330px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/440px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit</a> scholars in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Top: <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Schall_von_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Schall von Bell">Adam Schall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a> (1623–88); Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Paul Siu (Xu Guangqi)</a>, Colao or Prime Minister of State, and his granddaughter Candide Hiu.</figcaption></figure> Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, the teaching of science in Jesuit schools, as laid down in the Ratio atque Institutio Studiorum Societatis Iesu ("The Official Plan of studies for the Society of Jesus") of 1599,<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> was almost entirely based on the works of Aristotle. The Jesuits, nevertheless, have made numerous significant contributions to the development of science.<a href="#cite_note-Principe-22">[21]</a> For example, the Jesuits have dedicated significant study to fields from <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a>, the latter of which has been described as "the Jesuit science".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHough200768-232">[230]</a> The Jesuits have been described as "the single most important contributor to experimental physics in the seventeenth century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshworth1986154-233">[231]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wright_(historian)" title="Jonathan Wright (historian)">Jonathan Wright</a> in his book God's Soldiers, by the eighteenth century the Jesuits had "contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Pendulum_clock" title="Pendulum clock">pendulum clocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopes</a> – to scientific fields as various as <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. They observed, in some cases before anyone else, the colored bands on <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s surface, the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda nebula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s rings. They theorized about the circulation of the blood (independently of <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">Harvey</a>), the theoretical possibility of flight, the way the moon affected the tides, and the wave-like nature of light."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2004200-234">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit China missions</a> of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts, the Jesuits were "regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a>, and geography".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey2010212-235">[233]</a> The Society of Jesus introduced, according to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Thomas Woods</a>, "a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe, including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2005101-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notable members">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">List of Jesuits</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">List of Jesuit theologians</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jesuit scientists">List of Jesuit scientists</a></div> Notable Jesuits include <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>, educators, scientists, artists, philosophers, and a pope. Among many distinguished early Jesuits was <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, a missionary to Asia who converted more people to Catholicism than anyone before, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a>, founders of the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, were Jesuit priests. Another famous Jesuit was <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a>, a French missionary who was martyred during the 17th century in what was once <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (in the portion of which, is now Ontario) in Canada. In Spanish America, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Acosta" title="José de Acosta">José de Acosta</a> wrote a major work on early <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> with important material on indigenous peoples. In South America, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> was notable for his mission to African slaves, building on the work of Alonso de Sandoval. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a> was expelled from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a> in 1767 and wrote an important history of Mexico during his exile in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a> is renowned in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico (an area then called the <a href="/wiki/Pimer%C3%ADa_Alta" title="Pimería Alta">Pimería Alta</a>). He founded numerous missions and served as the peace-bringer between the tribes and the government of New Spain. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ruiz_de_Montoya" title="Antonio Ruiz de Montoya">Antonio Ruiz de Montoya</a> was an important missionary in the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit reductions</a> of Paraguay. <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Baltasar Gracián</a> was a 17th-century Spanish Jesuit and baroque prose writer and philosopher. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Belmonte_de_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Belmonte de Gracián">Belmonte</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Calatayud" title="Calatayud">Calatayud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>). His writings, particularly El Criticón (1651–57) and <a href="/wiki/Or%C3%A1culo_Manual_y_Arte_de_Prudencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oráculo Manual y Arte de Prudencia">Oráculo Manual y Arte de Prudencia</a> ("The Art of Prudence", 1647) were lauded by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>. In Scotland, <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a>, a Jesuit, is the nation's only post-Reformation saint. <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Manley_Hopkins" title="Gerard Manley Hopkins">Gerard Manley Hopkins</a> was one of the first English poets to use sprung verse. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Mello_(Jesuit_priest)" title="Anthony de Mello (Jesuit priest)">Anthony de Mello</a> was a Jesuit priest and psychotherapist who became widely known for his books which introduced Westerners to the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">East</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> traditions of spirituality. Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio of Argentina was elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> on 13 March 2013 and is the first Jesuit to be elected pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvereigh20141–2-237">[235]</a> The Feast of All Jesuit Saints and Blesseds is celebrated on 5 November.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery_of_Jesuit_churches">Gallery of Jesuit churches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Gallery of Jesuit churches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_sites" title="List of Jesuit sites">List of Jesuit sites</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Church of the Gesù in Rome, is the mother church of the Jesuits."><img alt="The Church of the Gesù in Rome, is the mother church of the Jesuits." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9%2C_Rome.jpg/104px-Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9%2C_Rome.jpg/156px-Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9%2C_Rome.jpg/208px-Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3458" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Mother_church" title="Mother church">mother church</a> of the Jesuits.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa,_Quito,_Ecuador,_2015-07-22,_DD_128-130_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Iglesia de La Compañía, Quito, Ecuador, interior with gold leaf"><img alt="Iglesia de La Compañía, Quito, Ecuador, interior with gold leaf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Iglesia_de_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_128-130_HDR.JPG/120px-Iglesia_de_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_128-130_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Iglesia_de_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_128-130_HDR.JPG/180px-Iglesia_de_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_128-130_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Iglesia_de_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_128-130_HDR.JPG/240px-Iglesia_de_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa%2C_Quito%2C_Ecuador%2C_2015-07-22%2C_DD_128-130_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7746" data-file-height="4655" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_La_Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa,_Quito" title="Church of La Compañía, Quito">Iglesia de La Compañía</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, interior with gold leaf</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StPierreParis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, Paris, France"><img alt="Church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, Paris, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/StPierreParis.jpg/90px-StPierreParis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/StPierreParis.jpg/135px-StPierreParis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/StPierreParis.jpg/180px-StPierreParis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a>, Paris, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_(Cusco,_Peru)_2013-03-31_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jesuit church, Cuzco, Peru"><img alt="Jesuit church, Cuzco, Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_%28Cusco%2C_Peru%29_2013-03-31_002.JPG/120px-Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_%28Cusco%2C_Peru%29_2013-03-31_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_%28Cusco%2C_Peru%29_2013-03-31_002.JPG/180px-Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_%28Cusco%2C_Peru%29_2013-03-31_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_%28Cusco%2C_Peru%29_2013-03-31_002.JPG/240px-Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_%28Cusco%2C_Peru%29_2013-03-31_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3440" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Society_of_Jesus_(Cusco,_Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Society of Jesus (Cusco, Peru)">Jesuit church</a>, Cuzco, Peru</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Colegio_de_Belen._Havana,_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colegio de Belén, Havana, "The Palace of Education""><img alt="Colegio de Belén, Havana, "The Palace of Education"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Colegio_de_Belen._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/120px-Colegio_de_Belen._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Colegio_de_Belen._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/180px-Colegio_de_Belen._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Colegio_de_Belen._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg/240px-Colegio_de_Belen._Havana%2C_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="266" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_Bel%C3%A9n,_Havana" title="Colegio de Belén, Havana">Colegio de Belén, Havana</a>, "The Palace of Education"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ateneo_de_Naga_University_Church_facade_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ the King Church in the Ateneo de Naga University campus, Naga City, Philippines"><img alt="Christ the King Church in the Ateneo de Naga University campus, Naga City, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Ateneo_de_Naga_University_Church_facade_02.jpg/120px-Ateneo_de_Naga_University_Church_facade_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Ateneo_de_Naga_University_Church_facade_02.jpg/180px-Ateneo_de_Naga_University_Church_facade_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/ff/Ateneo_de_Naga_University_Church_facade_02.jpg/240px-Ateneo_de_Naga_University_Church_facade_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christ the King Church in the Ateneo de Naga University campus, Naga City, Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fordham_University_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fordham University Church at Rose Hill, Bronx, New York, US"><img alt="Fordham University Church at Rose Hill, Bronx, New York, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fordham_University_08.JPG/120px-Fordham_University_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fordham_University_08.JPG/180px-Fordham_University_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fordham_University_08.JPG/240px-Fordham_University_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Church" title="Fordham University Church">Fordham University Church</a> at Rose Hill, Bronx, New York, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John,_Creighton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. John's Church in Creighton University campus, Omaha, Nebraska, US"><img alt="St. John's Church in Creighton University campus, Omaha, Nebraska, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_John%2C_Creighton.jpg/90px-St_John%2C_Creighton.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_John%2C_Creighton.jpg/135px-St_John%2C_Creighton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St_John%2C_Creighton.jpg/180px-St_John%2C_Creighton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. John's Church in Creighton University campus, Omaha, Nebraska, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_(LA,_USA)_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Name of Jesus Church in the Loyola University New Orleans campus, New Orleans Louisiana US"><img alt="Holy Name of Jesus Church in the Loyola University New Orleans campus, New Orleans Louisiana US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/New_Orleans_%28LA%2C_USA%29_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Church.jpg/120px-New_Orleans_%28LA%2C_USA%29_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/New_Orleans_%28LA%2C_USA%29_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Church.jpg/180px-New_Orleans_%28LA%2C_USA%29_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/New_Orleans_%28LA%2C_USA%29_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Church.jpg/240px-New_Orleans_%28LA%2C_USA%29_Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4380" data-file-height="3285" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Name of Jesus Church in the Loyola University New Orleans campus, New Orleans Louisiana US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesu_Church_Milwaukee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Church of the Gesu in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US, is the school church of Marquette University."><img alt="The Church of the Gesu in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US, is the school church of Marquette University." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gesu_Church_Milwaukee.jpg/78px-Gesu_Church_Milwaukee.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gesu_Church_Milwaukee.jpg/117px-Gesu_Church_Milwaukee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gesu_Church_Milwaukee.jpg/156px-Gesu_Church_Milwaukee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Church of the Gesu in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US, is the school church of Marquette University.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:XavierRockhurstcut.png" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Francis Xavier Church, a Jesuit parish church across the street from the Rockhurst University campus, Kansas City, Missouri, US"><img alt="St. Francis Xavier Church, a Jesuit parish church across the street from the Rockhurst University campus, Kansas City, Missouri, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/XavierRockhurstcut.png/92px-XavierRockhurstcut.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/XavierRockhurstcut.png/138px-XavierRockhurstcut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/XavierRockhurstcut.png/184px-XavierRockhurstcut.png 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="3040" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Francis Xavier Church, a Jesuit parish church across the street from the Rockhurst University campus, Kansas City, Missouri, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church_-_St._Louis_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Francis Xavier College Church in the Saint Louis University campus, St. Louis, Missouri, US"><img alt="St. Francis Xavier College Church in the Saint Louis University campus, St. Louis, Missouri, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church_-_St._Louis_01.jpg/93px-St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church_-_St._Louis_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church_-_St._Louis_01.jpg/139px-St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church_-_St._Louis_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church_-_St._Louis_01.jpg/185px-St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church_-_St._Louis_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3246" data-file-height="4202" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Francis Xavier College Church in the Saint Louis University campus, St. Louis, Missouri, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_Santa_Clara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Santa Clara University's Mission Church is at the heart of Santa Clara University's historic campus Santa Clara, California, US."><img alt="The Santa Clara University's Mission Church is at the heart of Santa Clara University's historic campus Santa Clara, California, US." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mission_Santa_Clara.jpg/120px-Mission_Santa_Clara.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mission_Santa_Clara.jpg/180px-Mission_Santa_Clara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mission_Santa_Clara.jpg/240px-Mission_Santa_Clara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2994" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission Santa Clara de Asís">Santa Clara University's Mission Church</a> is at the heart of Santa Clara University's historic campus Santa Clara, California, US.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Ignatius_Church_(San_Francisco).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Ignatius Church, parish church of the University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US"><img alt="St. Ignatius Church, parish church of the University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Saint_Ignatius_Church_%28San_Francisco%29.jpg/80px-Saint_Ignatius_Church_%28San_Francisco%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Saint_Ignatius_Church_%28San_Francisco%29.jpg/120px-Saint_Ignatius_Church_%28San_Francisco%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Saint_Ignatius_Church_%28San_Francisco%29.jpg/160px-Saint_Ignatius_Church_%28San_Francisco%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ignatius_Church_(San_Francisco)" title="Saint Ignatius Church (San Francisco)">St. Ignatius Church</a>, parish church of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Phila_ChurchoftheGesu02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="the Church of the Gesu, Philadelphia is the school church of St. Joseph's Preparatory School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US."><img alt="the Church of the Gesu, Philadelphia is the school church of St. Joseph's Preparatory School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phila_ChurchoftheGesu02.jpg/120px-Phila_ChurchoftheGesu02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phila_ChurchoftheGesu02.jpg/180px-Phila_ChurchoftheGesu02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Phila_ChurchoftheGesu02.jpg/240px-Phila_ChurchoftheGesu02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2144" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">the Church of the Gesu, Philadelphia is the school church of <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Preparatory_School" title="St. Joseph's Preparatory School">St. Joseph's Preparatory School</a>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglise_du_G%C3%A8su_de_Frascati.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Church of the Gesu in Frascati, province of Rome, Italy"><img alt="The Church of the Gesu in Frascati, province of Rome, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eglise_du_G%C3%A8su_de_Frascati.JPG/90px-Eglise_du_G%C3%A8su_de_Frascati.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eglise_du_G%C3%A8su_de_Frascati.JPG/135px-Eglise_du_G%C3%A8su_de_Frascati.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eglise_du_G%C3%A8su_de_Frascati.JPG/180px-Eglise_du_G%C3%A8su_de_Frascati.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Church of the Gesu in Frascati, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rome" title="Province of Rome">province of Rome</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesu_Montreal_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Église du Gesù in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, church and cultural venue"><img alt="The Église du Gesù in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, church and cultural venue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gesu_Montreal_01.jpg/120px-Gesu_Montreal_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gesu_Montreal_01.jpg/180px-Gesu_Montreal_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gesu_Montreal_01.jpg/240px-Gesu_Montreal_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Ges%C3%B9_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Église du Gesù (Montreal)">Église du Gesù</a> in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, church and cultural venue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Indonesia_Jakarta-Cathedral-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakarta Cathedral, Indonesia"><img alt="Jakarta Cathedral, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jakarta_Indonesia_Jakarta-Cathedral-01.jpg/80px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Jakarta-Cathedral-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jakarta_Indonesia_Jakarta-Cathedral-01.jpg/120px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Jakarta-Cathedral-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jakarta_Indonesia_Jakarta-Cathedral-01.jpg/160px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Jakarta-Cathedral-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2983" data-file-height="4475" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral" title="Jakarta Cathedral">Jakarta Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacred_Heart_RC_Church,_Wimbledon,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon, London"><img alt="Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sacred_Heart_RC_Church%2C_Wimbledon%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/120px-Sacred_Heart_RC_Church%2C_Wimbledon%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sacred_Heart_RC_Church%2C_Wimbledon%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/180px-Sacred_Heart_RC_Church%2C_Wimbledon%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sacred_Heart_RC_Church%2C_Wimbledon%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/240px-Sacred_Heart_RC_Church%2C_Wimbledon%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5750" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Church,_Wimbledon" title="Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon">Sacred Heart Church, Wimbledon</a>, London</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Institutions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Educational institutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">List of Jesuit educational institutions</a></div> Although the work of the Jesuits today embraces a wide variety of apostolates, ministries, and civil occupations, they are probably most well known for their educational work, on all continents. Since the inception of the order, Jesuits have been teachers. Besides serving on the faculty of Catholic and secular schools, the Jesuits are the Catholic religious order with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">second highest number of schools</a> which they run: 168 <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary institutions</a> in 40 countries and 324 secondary schools in 55 countries. (The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothers of the Christian Schools">Brothers of the Christian Schools</a> have over 560 <a href="/wiki/Lasallian_educational_institutions" title="Lasallian educational institutions">Lasallian educational institutions</a>.) They also run elementary schools at which they are less likely to teach. Many of the schools are <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_named_after_Francis_Xavier" title="List of schools named after Francis Xavier">named after Francis Xavier</a> and other prominent Jesuits. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, Jesuit schools had become a very controversial place of instruction as they abandoned teaching traditional Catholic education with things such as the mastery of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Catechism" title="Baltimore Catechism">Baltimore Catechism</a>. Jesuit schools replaced classic theological instruction from people like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> to people like <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> which was a very controversial move at the time.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> Jesuit educational institutions aim to promote the values of <a href="/wiki/Eloquentia_Perfecta" class="mw-redirect" title="Eloquentia Perfecta">Eloquentia Perfecta</a>. This is a Jesuit tradition that focuses on cultivating a person as a whole, as one learns to speak and write for the common good. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_development_institutions">Social and development institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Social and development institutions">edit</a>]</div> Jesuits have become increasingly involved in works directed primarily toward social and economic development for the poor and marginalized.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Included in this would be research, training, advocacy, and action for human development, as well as direct services. Most Jesuit schools have an office that fosters social awareness and social service in the classroom and through extracurricular programs, usually detailed on their websites. The Jesuits also run over 500 notable or stand-alone social or economic development centres in 56 countries around the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_St._Ignatius_in_Loyola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Basilica_of_St._Ignatius_in_Loyola.jpg/220px-Basilica_of_St._Ignatius_in_Loyola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Basilica_of_St._Ignatius_in_Loyola.jpg/330px-Basilica_of_St._Ignatius_in_Loyola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Basilica_of_St._Ignatius_in_Loyola.jpg/440px-Basilica_of_St._Ignatius_in_Loyola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Loyola" title="Sanctuary of Loyola">Sanctuary of Loyola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azpeitia" title="Azpeitia">Azpeitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the main Jesuit shrine in the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></figcaption></figure> Jesuits are also known for their involvement in publications. Most Jesuit colleges and universities have their own presses which produce a variety of books, book series, textbooks, and academic publications. <a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a>, a periodical produced in Rome by the Jesuits, has often been used as a semi-official platform for popes and officials of the Roman Curia to float ideas for discussion or hint at future statements or positions, though authorship is limited to Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> The Way is an international journal of contemporary Christian spirituality published by the British Jesuits.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> In the United States of America, <a href="/wiki/America_(Jesuit_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (Jesuit magazine)">America</a> magazine has long had a prominent place in Catholic intellectual circles<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>, founded by a Jesuit, is an independent publisher of Catholic books, most of which are of the popular academic or lay-intellectual variety.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Manresa is a review of Ignatian spirituality published in Madrid, Spain.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> In Australia, the Jesuits produce a number of magazines, including <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Street_(magazine)" title="Eureka Street (magazine)">Eureka Street</a>, Madonna, Australian Catholics, and Province Express. In Germany, the Jesuits publish the journal <a href="/wiki/Geist_und_Leben" title="Geist und Leben">Geist und Leben</a> and the related publication Weltweit<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> that describes their international work (the <a href="/wiki/Jesuitenmission" title="Jesuitenmission">Jesuitenmission</a>) In Sweden the Catholic cultural magazine Signum, edited by the Newman Institute, covers a broad spectrum of issues concerning faith, culture, research, and society. The printed version of Signum is published eight times per year.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostleship_of_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostleship of Prayer">Apostleship of Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_Valera" title="Blas Valera">Blas Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuit conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Ivy">Jesuit Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit missions among the Guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Chiquitos" title="Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos">Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Refugee_Service" title="Jesuit Refugee Service">Jesuit Refugee Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_sites" title="List of Jesuit sites">List of Jesuit sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">List of saints of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misiones_Province" title="Misiones Province">Misiones Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Historica_Societatis_Iesu" title="Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu">Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igreja_de_S%C3%A3o_Roque" title="Igreja de São Roque">Igreja de São Roque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus">Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weld_(of_Lulworth)" title="Thomas Weld (of Lulworth)">Thomas Weld (of Lulworth)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: "todo el que quiera militar para Dios"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Jesuit scholar John Padberg states that the restriction on Jewish/Muslim converts was limited only to the degree of parentage. Fourteen years later this was extended back to the fifth degree. Over time the restriction relating to Muslim ancestry was dropped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPadberg1994204-192">[191]</a> In 1923, the 27th Jesuit General Congregation specified that "The impediment of origin extends to all who are descended from the Jewish race, unless it is clear that their father, grandfather, and great grandfather have belonged to the Catholic Church." In 1946, the 29th General Congregation dropped the requirement but still called for "cautions to be exercised before admitting a candidate about whom there is some doubt as to the character of his hereditary background". Robert Aleksander Maryks interprets the 1593 "Decree de genere" as preventing, despite <a href="/wiki/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola" class="mw-redirect" title="St Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius'</a> desires, any Jewish or Muslim conversos and, by extension, any person with Jewish or Muslim ancestry, no matter how distant, from admission to the Society of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryks2010xxviii-193">[192]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-www.catholic-hierarchy.org-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.catholic-hierarchy.org_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.catholic-hierarchy.org_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.catholic-hierarchy.org_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dqsj0.html">"Society of Jesus (Institute of Consecrated Life – Men) [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. www.catholic-hierarchy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030123060115/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dqsj0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2003. 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Translated by Ganss, George E. Institute of Jesuit Sources. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_oPAQAAIAAJ&q=%22carried+and+directed+by+Divine+Providence+through+the+agency+of+the+superior+as+if+he+were+a+lifeless+body+which+allows+itself+to+be+carried+to+any+place+and+to+be+treated+in+any+manner+desired%22">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912422206" title="Special:BookSources/9780912422206"><bdi>9780912422206</bdi></a>. <q>Carried and directed by <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Divine Providence</a> through the agency of the superior as if he were a lifeless body which allows itself to be carried to any place and to be treated in any manner desired.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constitutions+of+the+society+of+Jesus&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Institute+of+Jesuit+Sources&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780912422206&rft.au=Ignatius+of+Loyola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk_oPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter1903167-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter1903167_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPainter1903">Painter 1903</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollen1912-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollen1912_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollen1912">Pollen 1912</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Female-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Female_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710173125/http://www.gc36.org/female-jesuits/">"Female Jesuits"</a>. www.gc36.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gc36.org/female-jesuits/">the original</a> on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gc36.org&rft.atitle=Female+Jesuits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc36.org%2Ffemale-jesuits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1921857-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1921857_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1921">Campbell 1921</a>, p. 857. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1985144-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez1985144_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzalez1985">Gonzalez 1985</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins2003" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Mark R., ed. (2003). Handbook of Christianity in Japan. Leiden: Brill. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004131566" title="Special:BookSources/9004131566"><bdi>9004131566</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191931641">191931641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Christianity+in+Japan&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191931641&rft.isbn=9004131566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dussel-1981-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dussel-1981_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dussel-1981_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDussel1981" class="citation book cs1">Dussel, Enrique (1981). The History of the Church in Latin America. New York: NYU Press. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church+in+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Dussel&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic33philuoft#page/244/mode/2up/search/Jesuit">"The American Catholic quarterly review"</a>. archive.org. Philadelphia : Hardy and Mahony. p. 244. Retrieved 31 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=The+American+Catholic+quarterly+review&rft.pages=244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Famericancatholic33philuoft%23page%2F244%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2FJesuit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/es/homilies/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140424_omelia-san-jose-de-anchieta.html">"24 de abril de 2014: Santa Misa de acción de gracias por la canonización de San José de Anchieta | Francisco"</a>. www.vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629045957/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/es/homilies/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140424_omelia-san-jose-de-anchieta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=24+de+abril+de+2014%3A+Santa+Misa+de+acci%C3%B3n+de+gracias+por+la+canonizaci%C3%B3n+de+San+Jos%C3%A9+de+Anchieta+%26%23124%3B+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fes%2Fhomilies%2F2014%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20140424_omelia-san-jose-de-anchieta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacques, Roland (2002). Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics Prior to 1650 – Pionniers Portugais de la Linguistique Vietnamienne Jusqu'en 1650 (in English and French). Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8304-77-9" title="Special:BookSources/974-8304-77-9"><bdi>974-8304-77-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Pioneers+of+Vietnamese+Linguistics+Prior+to+1650+%E2%80%93+Pionniers+Portugais+de+la+Linguistique+Vietnamienne+Jusqu%27en+1650&rft.place=Bangkok%2C+Thailand&rft.pub=Orchid+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=974-8304-77-9&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacques, Roland (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026091348/http://ttntt.free.fr/archive/Roland4.html">"Bồ Đào Nha và công trình sáng chế chữ quốc ngữ: Phải chăng cần viết lại lịch sử?"</a>. Centre Culturel Nguyen-Truong-To (in Vietnamese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttntt.free.fr/archive/Roland4.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+Culturel+Nguyen-Truong-To&rft.atitle=B%E1%BB%93+%C4%90%C3%A0o+Nha+v%C3%A0+c%C3%B4ng+tr%C3%ACnh+s%C3%A1ng+ch%E1%BA%BF+ch%E1%BB%AF+qu%E1%BB%91c+ng%E1%BB%AF%3A+Ph%E1%BA%A3i+ch%C4%83ng+c%E1%BA%A7n+vi%E1%BA%BFt+l%E1%BA%A1i+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD%3F&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttntt.free.fr%2Farchive%2FRoland4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Translated by Nguyễn Đăng Trúc. In Các nhà truyền giáo Bồ Đào Nha và thời kỳ đầu của Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam (Quyển 1) – Les missionnaires portugais et les débuts de l'Eglise catholique au Viêt-nam (Tome 1) 2004 (in Vietnamese & French). Reichstett, France: Định Hướng Tùng Thư. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-912554-26-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-912554-26-8">2-912554-26-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2004-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2004_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdelaar2004">Adelaar 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesuit.org.uk/history/timeline">"Jesuits in Britain Timeline – Our history"</a>. jesuit.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528013351/https://www.jesuit.org.uk/history/timeline">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jesuit.org.uk&rft.atitle=Jesuits+in+Britain+Timeline+%E2%80%93+Our+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuit.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jesuit.org.uk/our-work/parishes-outreach">"Parishes & Outreach – Our work"</a>. jesuit.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822141452/https://www.jesuit.org.uk/our-work/parishes-outreach">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jesuit.org.uk&rft.atitle=Parishes+%26+Outreach+%E2%80%93+Our+work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesuit.org.uk%2Four-work%2Fparishes-outreach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Elman, Benjamin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43150703">"Global Science and Comparative History: Jesuits, Science, and Philology in China and Europe, 1550–1850"</a>. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine. 26 (26): 9–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26669323-02601003">10.1163/26669323-02601003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1562-918X">1562-918X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43150703">43150703</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108065520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43150703">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Global+Science+and+Comparative+History%3A+Jesuits%2C+Science%2C+and+Philology+in+China+and+Europe%2C+1550%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1562-918X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43150703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F26669323-02601003&rft.aulast=Elman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43150703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUdías2003-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUdías2003_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUdías2003">Udías 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker197826-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker197826_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1978">Parker 1978</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobson2004194–195Parker197826-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobson2004194–195Parker197826_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHobson2004">Hobson 2004</a>, pp. 194–195; <a href="#CITEREFParker1978">Parker 1978</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRule2003" class="citation cs2">Rule, Paul (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC&pg=PA137">"François Noël, SJ, and the Chinese Rites Controversy"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC">The History of the Relations between the Low Countries and China in the Qing Era</a>, Leuven Chinese Studies, Vol. XIV, Leuven: Leuven University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw9gYo4Pk0MC&pg=PA152">152</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058673152" title="Special:BookSources/9789058673152"><bdi>9789058673152</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+No%C3%ABl%2C+SJ%2C+and+the+Chinese+Rites+Controversy&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Relations+between+the+Low+Countries+and+China+in+the+Qing+Era&rft.place=Leuven&rft.series=%27%27Leuven+Chinese+Studies%27%27%2C+Vol.+XIV&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789058673152&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw9gYo4Pk0MC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicci1603" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Ricci, Matteo</a> (1603), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=324860">《天主實義》 [Tiānzhŭ Shíyì, The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130613/http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=324860">archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017, retrieved 1 January 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E5%AF%A6%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%8B+%5BTi%C4%81nzh%C5%AD+Sh%C3%ADy%C3%AC%2C+The+True+Meaning+of+the+Lord+of+Heaven%5D&rft.date=1603&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fwiki.pl%3Fif%3Dgb%26res%3D324860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+China%3A+AD+600+to+2000&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=256-262&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780898709162&rft.aulast=Charbonnier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yUzntxTZioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Collani2009" class="citation cs2">Von Collani, Claudia (2009), "Biography of Charles Maigrot MEP", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207051527/http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com/">Stochastikon Encyclopedia</a>, Würzburg: Stochastikon, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.stochastikon.com">the original</a> on 7 February 2020, 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class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004345607" title="Special:BookSources/9789004345607"><bdi>9789004345607</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1670+Chinese+Missal%3A+A+Struggle+for+Indigenization+amidst+the+Chinese+Rites+Controversy&rft.btitle=China%27s+Christianity%3A+From+Missionary+to+Indigenous+Church&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Christian+Mission&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004345607&rft.aulast=Seah&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOEzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1913" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ott, Michael (1913), "<a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello1994_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMungello1994">Mungello 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220052938/http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/Media,4303,en.pdf">"From Limerick City.ie"</a> (PDF). 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Dictionary of Irish Biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728113859/https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do?articleId=a9107&searchClicked=clicked&quickadvsearch=yes">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entry+for+David+Wolfe+SJ+by+Judy+Barry&rft.pub=Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdib.cambridge.org%2FviewReadPage.do%3FarticleId%3Da9107%26searchClicked%3Dclicked%26quickadvsearch%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudor_Limerick_1566._pp._7-36-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tudor_Limerick_1566._pp._7-36_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tudor_Limerick_1566._pp._7-36_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tudor_Limerick_1566._pp._7-36_54-2">c</a> "Life in Tudor Limerick: William Good's 'Annual Letter' of 1566". By Thomas M. McCoog SJ & Victor Houliston. From Archivium Hibernicum, 2016, Vol. 69 (2016), pp. 7–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-catholicE-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholicE_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholicE_55-1">b</a> Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Vol. 11 Edmund O'Donnell by Charles McNeill </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10946?docPos=1">"Entry for William Good SJ by Thomas McCoog SJ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10946">10.1093/ref:odnb/10946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entry+for+William+Good+SJ+by+Thomas+McCoog+SJ&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F10946%3FdocPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69033?docPos=1">"Entry for Edmund Daniel SJ by Stephen Redmond"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69033">10.1093/ref:odnb/69033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entry+for+Edmund+Daniel+SJ+by+Stephen+Redmond&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69033&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F69033%3FdocPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjarchives.tumblr.com/">"Entry from Irish Jesuit Archives website by Vera Orschel (archivist & editor) entitled 4 / 2015 Irish Jesuit Documents in Rome: Part 17 (1 April 2015) 'Not giving the Jesuit martyr Edmund Daniel (O'Donnell) a bad name'. This document contains some scanned copies of Good's original correspondence"</a>. SJArchives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033033/https://sjarchives.tumblr.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entry+from+Irish+Jesuit+Archives+website+by+Vera+Orschel+%28archivist+%26+editor%29+entitled+4+%2F+2015+Irish+Jesuit+Documents+in+Rome%3A+Part+17+%281+April+2015%29+%27Not+giving+the+Jesuit+martyr+Edmund+Daniel+%28O%27Donnell%29+a+bad+name%27.+This+document+contains+some+scanned+copies+of+Good%27s+original+correspondence&rft.pub=SJArchives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsjarchives.tumblr.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604–1674 Vol. II, p. 551 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604–1674 Vol. I, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> T. Corcoron, "Early Jesuit Educators", in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 29, No. 116 (Dec., 1940), pp. 545–560 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604–1674 Vol. I, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Vera Moynes, Irish Jesuit Annual Letters 1604–1674 Vol. I, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Maurice Lenihan Limerick; Its History and Antiquities p. 671 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> John Canon Begley, The Diocese of Limerick in the 16th and 17th Centuries p. 440 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Lenihan p. 666 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Lenihan p. 667 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Begley p. 479 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Begley p. 480 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Begley The Diocese of Limerick from 1691 to the Present Time p. 307 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Begley p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Lenihan p. 671 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Begley p. 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19251-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevine19251_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevine1925">Devine 1925</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19253-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevine19253_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevine1925">Devine 1925</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaquin193229-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaquin193229_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaquin1932">Paquin 1932</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDevine19255-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDevine19255_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevine1925">Devine 1925</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19891-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19891_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelaneyNicholls1989">Delaney & Nicholls 1989</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter200461-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter200461_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2004">Carpenter 2004</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19892-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19892_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelaneyNicholls1989">Delaney & Nicholls 1989</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195042-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy195042_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1950">Kennedy 1950</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19893-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19893_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaneyNicholls19893_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelaneyNicholls1989">Delaney & Nicholls 1989</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195043-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy195043_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy195043_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1950">Kennedy 1950</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml">"First Nations Culture Areas Index"</a>. the Canadian Museum of Civilization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033229/http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/ethno/etb0170e.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Canadian+Museum+of+Civilization&rft.atitle=First+Nations+Culture+Areas+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilization.ca%2Fcmc%2Fexhibitions%2Ftresors%2Fethno%2Fetb0170e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195046-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy195046_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1950">Kennedy 1950</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195049-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy195049_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1950">Kennedy 1950</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy195053-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy195053_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1950">Kennedy 1950</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provincialstatu01canagoog/page/1483/mode/1up">"Cap. 44"</a>. The provincial statutes of Canada: anno undecimo et duodecimo Victoriae Reginae. Montreal: Stewart Derbishire & George Desbarats. 1847. pp. 1483–1484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap.+44&rft.btitle=The+provincial+statutes+of+Canada%3A+anno+undecimo+et+duodecimo+Victoriae+Reginae&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=1483-1484&rft.pub=Stewart+Derbishire+%26+George+Desbarats&rft.date=1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovincialstatu01canagoog%2Fpage%2F1483%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehanThériaultCooper2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meehan, Peter; Thériault, Michel; Cooper, Celine (26 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jesuits">"Jesuits"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608221014/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jesuits">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesuits&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Th%C3%A9riault%2C+Michel&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Celine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjesuits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanglois2012" class="citation web cs1">Langlois, Ed (27 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicsentinel.org/MobileContent/News/Local/Article/West-Coast-Jesuits-forming-new-province-gradually/2/35/20136">"West Coast Jesuits forming new province - gradually"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Sentinel" title="Catholic Sentinel">Catholic Sentinel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113043515/https://catholicsentinel.org/MobileContent/News/Local/Article/West-Coast-Jesuits-forming-new-province-gradually/2/35/20136">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Sentinel&rft.atitle=West+Coast+Jesuits+forming+new+province+-+gradually&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft.aulast=Langlois&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsentinel.org%2FMobileContent%2FNews%2FLocal%2FArticle%2FWest-Coast-Jesuits-forming-new-province-gradually%2F2%2F35%2F20136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrading1991242_91-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrading1991">Brading 1991</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonrad1980-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonrad1980_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonrad1980">Konrad 1980</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECline1997250-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECline1997250_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCline1997">Cline 1997</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Handel1991-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Handel1991_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Handel1991">Van Handel 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Carlos María de Bustamante, Los tres siglos de México durante el gobierno español, hasta la entrada del ejército trigarante. Obra escrita en Roma por el P. Andrés Cavo, de la Compañía de Jesús; publicada con notas y suplemento. 4 vols. Mexico 1836–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren197384-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren197384_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarren1973">Warren 1973</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Diego Luis de Motezuma, Corona mexicana, o historia de los Motezumas, por el Padre Diego Luis de Motezuma de la Compañía de Jesús. Madrid 1914. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMecham1966358–359-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMecham1966358–359_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMecham1966">Mecham 1966</a>, pp. 358–359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991185-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrading1991185_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrading1991">Brading 1991</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandoval2008-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandoval2008_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandoval2008">Sandoval 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrading1991167–169-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrading1991167–169_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrading1991">Brading 1991</a>, pp. 167–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Anne Christine (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521630764.005">"The Western Margins of Amazonia from the Early Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century"</a>. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521630764.005">10.1017/CHOL9780521630764.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521630757" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521630757"><bdi>978-0521630757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Western+Margins+of+Amazonia+from+the+Early+Sixteenth+to+the+Early+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Native+Peoples+of+the+Americas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=225-226&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521630764.005&rft.isbn=978-0521630757&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Anne+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521630764.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipollettiMagnin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cipolletti, Maria Susana; Magnin, Juan (2008). "'Nostalgia del monte'. Indigenas del Oriente peruano segun un manuscripto del jesuita Juan Magnin (Borja 1743)". Anthropos. 103 (2): 509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0257-9774-2008-2-507">10.5771/0257-9774-2008-2-507</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0257-9774">0257-9774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467427">40467427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=%27Nostalgia+del+monte%27.+Indigenas+del+Oriente+peruano+segun+un+manuscripto+del+jesuita+Juan+Magnin+%28Borja+1743%29&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=509&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0257-9774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40467427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F0257-9774-2008-2-507&rft.aulast=Cipolletti&rft.aufirst=Maria+Susana&rft.au=Magnin%2C+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebblethwaite_2010_103-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_2010_103_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_2010_103_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite2010" class="citation book cs1">Hebblethwaite, Margaret (2010). Paraguay. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paraguay&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarreal-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarreal_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarreal_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarreal2014" class="citation book cs1">Sarreal, Julia J.S. (2014). The Guarani and their Missions. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 6–7, 20–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804791229" title="Special:BookSources/9780804791229"><bdi>9780804791229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guarani+and+their+Missions&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=6-7%2C+20-28&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780804791229&rft.aulast=Sarreal&rft.aufirst=Julia+J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ganson, Barbara (2003). The Guarani Under Spanish Rule in the Rio de la Plata. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 44–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804736022" title="Special:BookSources/0804736022"><bdi>0804736022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guarani+Under+Spanish+Rule+in+the+Rio+de+la+Plata&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=44-53&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0804736022&rft.aulast=Ganson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarreal20146–7-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarreal20146–7_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarreal20146–7_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarreal2014">Sarreal 2014</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurantDurant1961" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0">The Age of Reason Begins</a>. The Story of Civilization. Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/250">250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671013202" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671013202"><bdi>978-0671013202</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2006. <q>Paraguay founded solely on their powers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reason+Begins&rft.series=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0671013202&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Durant%2C+Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofreasonbegin07dura_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> the preceding paragraph is based on pp. 249–250 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wilde, Guillermo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/emagining-guaranis-and-jesuits/">"Imagining Guarinis and Jesuits"</a>. ReVista. XIV (3): 4–5. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ReVista&rft.atitle=Imagining+Guarinis+and+Jesuits&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevista.drclas.harvard.edu%2Femagining-guaranis-and-jesuits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeger1972" class="citation journal cs1">Saeger, James Schofield (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.com/stable/2512428">"Origins of the Rebellion of Paraguay"</a>. The Hispanic American Historical Review. 52 (2): 227–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-52.2.215">10.1215/00182168-52.2.215</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Rebellion+of+Paraguay&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-229&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-52.2.215&rft.aulast=Saeger&rft.aufirst=James+Schofield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.com%2Fstable%2F2512428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanson2003107–111-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanson2003107–111_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGanson2003">Ganson 2003</a>, pp. 107–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuedea2000" class="citation book cs1">Guedea, Virginia (2000). The Oxford History of Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199731985" title="Special:BookSources/9780199731985"><bdi>9780199731985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Mexico&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780199731985&rft.aulast=Guedea&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> Edited by Michael Meyer and William Beezley. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarreal2014115-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarreal2014115_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarreal2014">Sarreal 2014</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA524">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA524">524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>. 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Journal of Jesuit Studies. 9 (2): 207–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22141332-09020003">10.1163/22141332-09020003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F273146">10261/273146</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105044713/https://brill.com/view/journals/jjs/9/2/article-p207_207.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2024. 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Astrid Windus and Eberhard Crailsheim (Munster: Waxmann Verlag, 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm">"Moro Pirates' attacks worsen, 1634"</a>. www.zamboanga.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508103044/https://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zamboanga.com&rft.atitle=Moro+Pirates%27+attacks+worsen%2C+1634&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamboanga.com%2Fhtml%2Fhistory_1634_moro_attacks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kahimyang.info/kauswagan/articles/1619/today-in-philippine-history-september-16-1635-father-pedro-chirino-died-in-manila">"Today in Philippine history: 16 September 1635, Father Pedro Chirino died in Manila"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kahimyang+Project&rft.atitle=Today+in+Philippine+history%3A+16+September+1635%2C+Father+Pedro+Chirino+died+in+Manila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkahimyang.info%2Fkauswagan%2Farticles%2F1619%2Ftoday-in-philippine-history-september-16-1635-father-pedro-chirino-died-in-manila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMission" class="citation web cs1">Mission, Jesuit Bukidnon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/jesuit-mission-trails">"Jesuit Bukidnon Mission"</a>. Jesuit Bukidnon Mission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221024434/https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/jesuit-mission-trails">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jesuit+Bukidnon+Mission&rft.atitle=Jesuit+Bukidnon+Mission&rft.aulast=Mission&rft.aufirst=Jesuit+Bukidnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjesuitbukidnonmission.org%2Fjesuit-mission-trails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> 2007 Institutional Brochure, Ateneo de Manila University. Published by the Office of International Programs, Ateneo de Manila University. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlomagno_Bacaltos" class="citation web cs1">Carlomagno Bacaltos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021011528/http://pedrocalungsod.org/index.php/life/76">"A Catechetical Primer on the Life, Martyrdom and Glorification of Blessed Pedro Calungsod – Part 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pedrocalungsod.org/index.php/life/76">the original</a> on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Catechetical+Primer+on+the+Life%2C+Martyrdom+and+Glorification+of+Blessed+Pedro+Calungsod+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.au=Carlomagno+Bacaltos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpedrocalungsod.org%2Findex.php%2Flife%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscalante2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rene_R._Escalante_PHD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rene R. Escalante PHD (page does not exist)">Escalante, Rene</a> (12 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUlf9KtbqC8&feature=youtu.be">"Watch: Gomburza an NHCP Documentary"</a> (video). youtube.com. <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227102344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUlf9KtbqC8&feature=youtu.be">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youtube.com&rft.atitle=Watch%3A+Gomburza+an+NHCP+Documentary&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.aulast=Escalante&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DiUlf9KtbqC8%26feature%3Dyoutu.be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Garcia, Ricardo P. (1964). "The Great Debate: The Rizal Retraction – Preface". R.P. Garcia Publishing Co., Quezon City. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Spencer C. Tucker</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yYfSbFGFWlUC&pg=PA477">The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. Abc-Clio. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851099528" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851099528"><bdi>978-1851099528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+and+Philippine%E2%80%93American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1851099528&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyYfSbFGFWlUC%26pg%3DPA477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Bullock, Steven C. Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730–1840 (UNC Press Books, 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Ligou2000" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Ligou, ed. (2000) [1981]. Histoire des Francs-Maçons en France: De 1815 à nos jours. Vol. 2. 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Retrieved 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adi.edu.ph&rft.atitle=Ateneo+de+Iloilo+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adi.edu.ph%2Findex.php%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/10/12/2216141/ateneo-overtakes-top-philippine-university-global-ranking">"Ateneo overtakes UP as top Philippine university in global ranking"</a>. The Philippine Star. 12 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030120739/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/10/12/2216141/ateneo-overtakes-top-philippine-university-global-ranking">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Ateneo+overtakes+UP+as+top+Philippine+university+in+global+ranking&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2022%2F10%2F12%2F2216141%2Fateneo-overtakes-top-philippine-university-global-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/10/13/news/ateneo-overtakes-up-in-world-university-rankings/1861981">"Ateneo overtakes UP in World University Rankings"</a>. The Manila Times. 12 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202453/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/10/13/news/ateneo-overtakes-up-in-world-university-rankings/1861981">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2024. 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Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1050-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1050-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-1050-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jesuit+Hacienda+in+Colonial+Mexico%3A+Santa+Luc%C3%ADa%2C+1576%E2%80%931767&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1050-3&rft.aulast=Konrad&rft.aufirst=Herman+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapomarda2005" class="citation book cs1">Lapomarda, Vincent A. (2005). 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Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17981-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17981-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17981-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuit+Order+As+a+Synagogue+of+Jews%3A+Jesuits+of+Jewish+Ancestry+and+Purity-of-Blood+Laws+in+the+Early+Society+of+Jesus&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Studies+in+Medieval+and+Reformation+Traditions&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17981-3&rft.aulast=Maryks&rft.aufirst=Robert+Aleksander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMecham1966" class="citation book cs1">Mecham, J. Lloyd (1966). 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Global Capitalism, Liberation Theology, and the Social Sciences: An Analysis of the Contradictions of Modernity at the Turn of the Millennium. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-679-1"><bdi>978-1-56072-679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Capitalism%2C+Liberation+Theology%2C+and+the+Social+Sciences%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Contradictions+of+Modernity+at+the+Turn+of+the+Millennium&rft.place=Hauppauge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56072-679-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungello1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Mungello" class="mw-redirect" title="David E. Mungello">Mungello, David E.</a>, ed. (1994). 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(1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pascaladversarya00nels">Pascal: Adversary and Advocate</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pascal%3A+Adversary+and+Advocate&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpascaladversarya00nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley1993" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, John W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstjesuits00omal">The First Jesuits</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06-7430-313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-06-7430-313-3"><bdi>978-06-7430-313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Jesuits&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-06-7430-313-3&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstjesuits00omal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2006" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2006). "Introduction". 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(1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jesuit/article/viewFile/3714/3292">"St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jews"</a>. Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 13 (4). St. Louis, Missouri: American Assistancy Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-5575">2328-5575</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506205107/https://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/jesuit/article/viewFile/3714/3292">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Spirituality+of+Jesuits&rft.atitle=St.+Ignatius+of+Loyola+and+the+Jews&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=2328-5575&rft.aulast=Reites&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.bc.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjesuit%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3714%2F3292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks1990" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, Richard S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/pa/paraguaycountrys00hanr_0/paraguaycountrys00hanr_0.pdf">"Historical Setting"</a> (PDF). In Hanratty, Dennis M.; Meditz, Sandra (eds.). Paraguay: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926022751/http://memory.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/pa/paraguaycountrys00hanr_0/paraguaycountrys00hanr_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Setting&rft.btitle=Paraguay%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Area+Handbook+Series&rft.pages=1-49&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Ffrdcstdy%2Fpa%2Fparaguaycountrys00hanr_0%2Fparaguaycountrys00hanr_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandoval2008" class="citation book cs1">Sandoval, Alonso de (2008). Von Germeten, Nicole (ed.). Treatise on Slavery: Selections from De Instauranda Aethiopum Salute. Translated by von Germeten, Nicole. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-929-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-929-9"><bdi>978-0-87220-929-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Slavery%3A+Selections+from+De+Instauranda+Aethiopum+Salute&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-929-9&rft.aulast=Sandoval&rft.aufirst=Alonso+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. London: Secker & Warburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdías2003" class="citation book cs1">Udías, Agustín (2003). Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1189-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-1189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+the+Heavens+and+the+Earth%3A+The+History+of+Jesuit+Observatories&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science+Library&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1189-4&rft.aulast=Ud%C3%ADas&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVacalebre2016" class="citation book cs1">Vacalebre, Natale (2016). Come Le Armadure e L'Armi. Per una storia delle antiche biblioteche della Compagnia di Gesù. Con il caso di Perugia. Biblioteca di bibliografia – Documents and Studies in Book and Library History, vol. 205. Florence: Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8822-26480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8822-26480-0"><bdi>978-8822-26480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come+Le+Armadure+e+L%27Armi.+Per+una+storia+delle+antiche+biblioteche+della+Compagnia+di+Ges%C3%B9.+Con+il+caso+di+Perugia&rft.place=Florence&rft.series=Biblioteca+di+bibliografia+%E2%80%93+Documents+and+Studies+in+Book+and+Library+History%2C+vol.+205&rft.pub=Olschki&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-8822-26480-0&rft.aulast=Vacalebre&rft.aufirst=Natale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Warren, J. Benedict (1973). "An Introductory Survey of Secular Writings in the European Tradition on Colonial Middle America, 1503–1818". In Cline, Howard F. (ed.). Handbook of Middle American Indians. Vol. 13: Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Part Two. Austin: University of Texas Press (published 2015). pp. 42–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0683-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0683-3"><bdi>978-1-4773-0683-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Introductory+Survey+of+Secular+Writings+in+the+European+Tradition+on+Colonial+Middle+America%2C+1503%E2%80%931818&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Middle+American+Indians&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=42-137&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0683-3&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=J.+Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Handel1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Van Handel, Robert Michael (1991). The Jesuit and Franciscan Missions in Baja California (MA thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Jesuit+and+Franciscan+Missions+in+Baja+California&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Barbara&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Van+Handel&rft.aufirst=Robert+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Woods, Thomas E.</a> (2005). How The Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing (published 2012). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-328-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-328-1"><bdi>978-1-59698-328-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+The+Catholic+Church+Built+Western+Civilization&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-328-1&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wright_(historian)" title="Jonathan Wright (historian)">Wright, Jonathan</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godssoldiers00jona">God's Soldiers: Adventure, Politics, Intrigue, and Power: A History of the Jesuits</a>. New York: Doubleday Religious Publishing Group (published 2005). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50080-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50080-7"><bdi>978-0-385-50080-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Soldiers%3A+Adventure%2C+Politics%2C+Intrigue%2C+and+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+Jesuits&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday+Religious+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50080-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodssoldiers00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Surveys">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_(1601)_Historia_de_las_misiones_jesuitas_en_India,_China_y_Jap%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Luis_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_%281601%29_Historia_de_las_misiones_jesuitas_en_India%2C_China_y_Jap%C3%B3n.png/220px-Luis_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_%281601%29_Historia_de_las_misiones_jesuitas_en_India%2C_China_y_Jap%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Luis_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_%281601%29_Historia_de_las_misiones_jesuitas_en_India%2C_China_y_Jap%C3%B3n.png/330px-Luis_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_%281601%29_Historia_de_las_misiones_jesuitas_en_India%2C_China_y_Jap%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Luis_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_%281601%29_Historia_de_las_misiones_jesuitas_en_India%2C_China_y_Jap%C3%B3n.png/440px-Luis_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_%281601%29_Historia_de_las_misiones_jesuitas_en_India%2C_China_y_Jap%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption>History of the Jesuit missions in India, China and Japan (Luis de Guzmán, 1601).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Bangert, William V. A History of the Society of Jesus (2nd ed. 1958) 552 pp.</li> <li>Barthel, Manfred. Jesuits: History & Legend of the Society of Jesus (1984) 347 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitshistoryl00bart_0">online free</a></li> <li>Chapple, Christopher. Jesuit Tradition in Education & Missions: A 450-Year Perspective (1993), 290 pp.</li> <li>Mitchell, David. Jesuits: A History (1981) 320 pp.</li> <li>Molina, J. Michelle. To Overcome Oneself: The Jesuit Ethic and Spirit of Global Expansion, 1520–1767 (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120088652/to-overcome-oneself-the-jesuit-ethic-and-spirit">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054920/https://www.questia.com/library/120088652/to-overcome-oneself-the-jesuit-ethic-and-spirit">Archived</a> 18 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>O'Malley, John W. The Jesuits: A History from Ignatius to the Present (2014), 138 pp</li> <li>Worcester, Thomas. ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Jesuits (2008), to 1773</li> <li>Wright, Jonathan. God's Soldiers: Adventure, Politics, Intrigue & Power: A History of the Jesuits (2004) 368 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godssoldiers00jona">online free</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_studies">Specialized studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Specialized studies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Alden, Dauril. Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond, 1540–1750 (1996).</li> <li>Brockey, Liam Matthew. Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724 (2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodrick_James1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Broderick" class="mw-redirect" title="James Patrick Broderick">Brodrick James</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9dXAAAAYAAJ">The Origin of the Jesuits</a>. Originally Published Longmans Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780829409307" title="Special:BookSources/9780829409307"><bdi>9780829409307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Jesuits&rft.pub=Originally+Published+Longmans+Green&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=9780829409307&rft.au=Brodrick+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9dXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988">, Special Edition Published 1997 by Loyola University Press, US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0829409300" title="Special:BookSources/0829409300">0829409300</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Broderick" class="mw-redirect" title="James Patrick Broderick">Brodrick, James</a>. Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552) (1952).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Broderick" class="mw-redirect" title="James Patrick Broderick">Brodrick, James</a>. Saint Ignatius Loyola: The Pilgrim Years 1491–1538 (1998).</li> <li>Burson, Jeffrey D. and Jonathan Wright, eds. The Jesuit Suppression in Global Context: Causes, Events, and Consequences (Cambridge UP, 2015).</li> <li>Bygott, Ursula M. L. With Pen & Tongue: The Jesuits in Australia, 1865–1939 (1980).</li> <li>Comerford, Kathleen M. Jesuit Libraries. Brill, 2023. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Dalmases, Cándido de. Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits: His Life & Work (1985). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Caraman, Philip. Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits (1990).</li> <li>Edwards, Francis. Jesuits in England from 1580 to the Present Day (1985).</li> <li>Grendler, Paul F. "Jesuit Schools and Universities in Europe 1548–1773." Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies 1.1 (2019): 1–118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/rpjs/1/1/article-p1_1.xml?rskey=D1rwLZ&result=1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123220429/https://brill.com/view/journals/rpjs/1/1/article-p1_1.xml?rskey=D1rwLZ&result=1">Archived</a> 23 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Healy, Róisin. Jesuit Specter in Imperial Germany (2003). [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Höpfl, Harro. Jesuit Political Thought: The Society of Jesus & the State, c. 1540–1640 (2004).</li> <li>Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. "Jesuit Foreign Missions. A Historiographical Essay." Journal of Jesuit Studies (2014) 1#1, pp. 47–65.</li> <li>Kaiser, Robert Blair. Inside the Jesuits: How Pope Francis is Changing the Church and the World (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014)</li> <li>Klaiber, Jeffrey. The Jesuits in Latin America: 1549–2000:: 450 Years of Inculturation, Defense of Human Rights, and Prophetic Witness. St Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources 2009.</li> <li>Lapomarda, Vincent A., The Catholic Bishops of Europe and the Nazi Persecutions of Catholics and Jews, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a> (2012)</li> <li>McCoog, Thomas M., ed. Mercurian Project: Forming Jesuit Culture: 1573–1580 (2004) (30 advanced essays by scholars).</li> <li>Martin, A. Lynn. Jesuit Mind. The Mentality of an Elite in Early Modern France (1988).</li> <li>O'Malley, John. "The Society of Jesus." in R. Po-chia Hsia, ed., A Companion to the Reformation World (2004), pp. 223–236.</li> <li>O'Malley, John W. ed. Saints or Devils Incarnate? Studies in Jesuit History (2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkman1867" class="citation book cs1">Parkman, Francis (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509005647/http://www.freecatholicebooks.com/books/jesuitsusa17century.pdf">The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century</a> (PDF). p. 637. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freecatholicebooks.com/books/jesuitsusa17century.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuits+in+North+America+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=637&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Parkman&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freecatholicebooks.com%2Fbooks%2Fjesuitsusa17century.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pomplun, Trent. Jesuit on the Roof of the World: Ippolito Desideri's Mission to Tibet. Oxford University Press (2010).</li> <li>Roberts, Ian D. Harvest of Hope: Jesuit Collegiate Education in England, 1794–1914 (1996).</li> <li>Ronan, Charles E. and Bonnie B. C. Oh, eds. East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773 (1988).</li> <li>Ross, Andrew C. Vision Betrayed: The Jesuits in Japan & China, 1542–1742 (1994).</li> <li>Santich, Jan Joseph. Missio Moscovitica: The Role of the Jesuits in the Westernization of Russia, 1582–1689 (1995).</li> <li>Schmiedl, Joachim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-networks/christian-networks/joachim-schmiedl-religious-orders-as-transnational-networks-of-the-catholic-church?set_language=en&-C=">Religious Orders as Transnational Networks of the Catholic Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924070429/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-networks/christian-networks/joachim-schmiedl-religious-orders-as-transnational-networks-of-the-catholic-church?set_language=en&-C=">Archived</a> 24 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO – European History Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208042444/http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">Archived</a> 8 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Archived</a> 19 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved: 25 March 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1036227030/34">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117200025/https://d-nb.info/1036227030/34">Archived</a> 17 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Wright, Jonathan. "From Immolation to Restoration: The Jesuits, 1773–1814." Theological Studies (2014) 75#4 pp. 729–745.</li> <li>Zhang, Qiong. Making the New World their own: Chinese encounters with Jesuit science in the age of discovery (Brill, 2015).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cushner, Nicholas P. Soldiers of God: The Jesuits in Colonial America, 1565–1767 (2002) 402 pp.</li> <li>Garraghan, Gilbert J. The Jesuits Of The Middle United States (3 vol 1938) covers Midwest from 1800 to 1919 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesuitsofthemidd008652mbp">vol 1 online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152935">vol 2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157379">vol 3</a></li> <li>McDonough, Peter. Men astutely trained : a history of the Jesuits in the American century (1994), covers 1900 to 1960s; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menastutelytrain00pete">online free</a></li> <li>Schroth, Raymond A. The American Jesuits: A History (2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Desideri, Ippolito. "Mission to Tibet: The Extraordinary Eighteenth-Century Account of Father Ippolito Desideri." Translated by Michael J. Sweet. Edited by Leonard Zwilling. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2010.</li> <li>Donnelly, John Patrick, ed. Jesuit Writings of the Early Modern Period: 1540–1640 (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: In German">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Klaus Schatz. Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 1: 1814–1872 Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2013. XXX, 274 S. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-402-12964-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-402-12964-7">978-3-402-12964-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922205608/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=44415">online review</a></li> <li>Schatz. Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 2: 1872–1917</li> <li>Schatz. Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 3: 1917–1945</li> <li>Schatz. Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 4: 1945–1983</li> <li>Schatz. Geschichte der deutschen Jesuiten: Bd. 5: Quellen, Glossar, Biogramme, Gesamtregister</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Jesuits <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jesuits">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jesuits&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jesus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism#Society_of_Jesus" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Catholicism">Society of Jesus</a>" section of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church_documents">Catholic Church documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Catholic Church documents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060422_gesuiti_en.html">Benedict XVI's Address to the Members of the Society of Jesus, 22 April 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822234112/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060422_gesuiti_en.html">Archived</a> 22 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061103_gregoriana_en.html">Benedict XVI's Visit to the Pontifical Gregorian University, 3 November 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021230922/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061103_gregoriana_en.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesuit_documents">Jesuit documents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Jesuit documents">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520071532/http://www.bc.edu/sites/libraries/ratio/ratio1599.pdf">The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030626192007/http://duels.doshisha.ac.jp:88/denshika/jesuit/139/imgidx139.html">The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591–1610</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/05/letter-G8.pdf">Letter of the Jesuit Social Justice Secretariat to the leaders of the G8, July 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630124944/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AB3qbVWs1lWUJ%3Awww.bc.edu%2Fbc_org%2Frvp%2Fpubaf%2F05%2Fletter-G8.pdf&hl=en">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/seil/index.htm">The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202052324/http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/seil/index.htm">Archived</a> 2 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_links">Other links</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuits&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Other links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007731w">The Jesuits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322022618/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007731w">Archived</a> 22 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Nigel Aston, Simon Ditchfield & Olwen Hutton (In Our Time, 18 January 2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjweb.info/">"The Jesuit Curia in Rome"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226195923/http://sjweb.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jesuit+Curia+in+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjweb.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjweb.info/arsi/index.cfm?LangTop=1&Publang=1">"Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu – Jesuit Archive in Rome"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702195735/http://www.sjweb.info/arsi/index.cfm?LangTop=1&Publang=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archivum+Romanum+Societatis+Iesu+%E2%80%93+Jesuit+Archive+in+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjweb.info%2Farsi%2Findex.cfm%3FLangTop%3D1%26Publang%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJesuits" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odis.be/lnk/en/AE_8783">Archives of Jezuïeten – Belgische (1832–1935) En Vlaamse (1935–) Provincie. 16de Eeuw–2012</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odis.eu">ODIS – Online Database for Intermediary Structures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428134547/https://www.odis.eu/">Archived</a> 28 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bc.edu/content/bc-web/centers/iajs/digital-projects/journal-of-jesuit-studies.html">Journal of Jesuit Studies.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904163121/https://www.bc.edu/content/bc-web/centers/iajs/digital-projects/journal-of-jesuit-studies.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Institute for Advanced Jesuit Studies. Boston College.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesuits" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesuits" title="Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesuits" title="Template talk:Jesuits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesuits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesuits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jesuits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Exercises" title="Spiritual Exercises">Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magis" title="Magis">Magis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regimini_militantis_Ecclesiae" title="Regimini militantis Ecclesiae">Regimini militantis Ecclesiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposcit_debitum" title="Exposcit debitum">Exposcit debitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_Studiorum" title="Ratio Studiorum">Ratio Studiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuits" title="List of Jesuits">List of Jesuits</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ihs-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="IHS"><img alt="IHS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/50px-Ihs-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/75px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ihs-logo.svg/100px-Ihs-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="List of saints of the Society of Jesus">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Anchieta" title="Joseph of Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Modeste Andlauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Arrowsmith" title="Edmund Arrowsmith">Edmund Arrowsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berchmans" title="John Berchmans">John Berchmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Berthieu" title="Jacques Berthieu">Jacques Berthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bobola" title="Andrew Bobola">Andrew Bobola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Jean de Brébeuf">Jean de Brébeuf</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Britto" title="John de Britto">John de Britto</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castillo_(Jesuit)" title="Juan de Castillo (Jesuit)">Juan del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Chabanel" title="Noël Chabanel">Noël Chabanel</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_La_Colombi%C3%A8re" title="Claude La Colombière">Claude de la Colombière</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Daniel" title="Antoine Daniel">Antoine Daniel</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Paul Denn</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Evans_and_John_Lloyd" title="Philip Evans and John Lloyd">Philip Evans</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Faber" title="Peter Faber">Peter Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnet" title="Thomas Garnet">Thomas Garnet</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Garnier_(missionary)" title="Charles Garnier (missionary)">Charles Garnier</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Gonzaga" title="Aloysius Gonzaga">Aloysius Gonzaga</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Roque González y de Santa Cruz">Roque González de Santa Cruz</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_Martyrs_of_Japan" title="26 Martyrs of Japan">John Soan de Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goupil" title="René Goupil">René Goupil</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Grodziecki" title="Melchior Grodziecki">Melchior Grodziecki</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Isor%C3%A9" title="Rémy Isoré">Rémy Isoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Geronimo" title="Francis de Geronimo">Francis de Geronimo</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jogues" title="Isaac Jogues">Isaac Jogues</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kisai" title="James Kisai">James Kisai</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Kostka" title="Stanislaus Kostka">Stanislaus Kostka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lalande" title="Jean de Lalande">Jean de Lalande</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lalemant" title="Gabriel Lalemant">Gabriel Lalemant</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(Jesuit_priest)" title="David Lewis (Jesuit priest)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Lèon-Ignance Mangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Miki" title="Paul Miki">Paul Miki</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morse" title="Henry Morse">Henry Morse</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ogilvie_(saint)" title="John Ogilvie (saint)">John Ogilvie</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Owen_(Jesuit)" title="Nicholas Owen (Jesuit)">Nicholas Owen</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pignatelli" title="Joseph Pignatelli">Joseph Pignatelli</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pongracz" title="Stephen Pongracz">Stephen Pongracz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Realino" title="Bernardino Realino">Bernardino Realino</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Regis" title="John Francis Regis">John Francis Regis</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Rodriguez" title="Alphonsus Rodriguez">Alphonsus Rodriguez</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rubio" title="José María Rubio">José María Rubio</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southwell_(priest)" title="Robert Southwell (priest)">Robert Southwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Soveral" title="André de Soveral">André de Soveral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walpole" title="Henry Walpole">Henry Walpole</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Olmedo" title="Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo">Alfonso Rodríguez Olmedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Laynez" title="Diego Laynez">Diego Laynez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Rodriguez" title="Alonso Rodriguez">Alonso Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_theologians" title="List of Jesuit theologians">List of Jesuit theologians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Congregation" title="General Congregation">General Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_General_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General of the Society of Jesus">Superior General of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit China missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_North_America" title="Jesuit missions in North America">Jesuit missions in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_educational_institutions" title="List of Jesuit educational institutions">List of Jesuit educational institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Jesuit_Universities" title="International Association of Jesuit Universities">International Association of Jesuit Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatian_Pedagogical_Paradigm" title="Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm">Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9" title="Church of the Gesù">Church of the Gesù</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_Della_Strada" title="Madonna Della Strada">Madonna Della Strada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre_de_Montmartre" title="Saint-Pierre de Montmartre">Saint-Pierre de Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Acquaviva" title="Claudio Acquaviva">Claudio Acquaviva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Jesus" title="Category:Society of Jesus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template talk:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Catholic religious institutes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male and female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> (AA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> (OAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order" title="Basilian Aleppian Order">Basilian Aleppians</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist">Basilian Chouerites</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> (OSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a> (OSsS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canossians" title="Canossians">Canossians</a> (FDCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> (OCarm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> (OCart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> (OCist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Congregation of Our Lady of Sion</a> (NDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> (SSCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (OCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (OP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="Institute of the Incarnate Word">Institute of the Incarnate Word</a> (IVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a> (O de M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo">Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo</a> (CS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> (OPraem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Charity" title="Servants of Charity">Servants of Charity</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servite Order</a> (OSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Society of the Atonement</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance" title="Third Order Regular of Saint Francis of Penance">TOR Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a> (OCSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a> (OSST)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vatican City</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> (CRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Brothers" title="Albertine Brothers">Albertine Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (OSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> (B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilians</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy</a> (FDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> (OFM Cap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers (Irish)</a> (CFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregatio Discipulorum Domini</a> (CDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (CICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">Claretians</a> (CMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (CST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventual Franciscans</a> (OFM Conv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers" title="De La Salle Brothers">De La Salle Brothers</a> (FSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (OAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> (CFR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> (MFVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel" title="Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel">Gabrielites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> (CSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> (CSSp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)" title="Josephites (Maryland)">Josephites</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> (LC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Marians of the Immaculate Conception</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Society of Jesus (Jesuits)</a> (SJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Society of Mary (Marianists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Society of Mary (Marists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a> (SVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of Saint Edmund</a> (SSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a> (FMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mechitarists</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus">Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus</a> (MCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette" title="Missionaries of La Salette">Missionaries of La Salette</a> (MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales">Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales</a> (MSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> (MOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> (OMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Oblates of the Virgin Mary">Oblates of the Virgin Mary</a> (OMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">Oblates of St. Francis de Sales</a> (OSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionists</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline Fathers</a> (OSPPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a> (CSsR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogationists" title="Rogationists">Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus</a> (RCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians</a> (SDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Servants of Jesus and Mary">Servants of Jesus and Mary</a> (SJM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a> (FSSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> (CFX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ" title="Adorers of the Blood of Christ">Adorers of the Blood of Christ</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Apostolic Carmel</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters" title="Basilian Aleppian Sisters">Basilian Aleppian Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters" title="Basilian Chouerite Sisters">Basilian Chouerite Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters" title="Brigidine Sisters">Brigidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (CSIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa">Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa</a> (CSST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a> (FHIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love" title="Daughters of Divine Love">Daughters of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception">Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary" title="Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary">Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_Sisters" title="Felician Sisters">Felicians</a> (CSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Teachers Filippini">Filippini Sisters</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)" title="Daughters of Jesus (Spain)">Hijas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters" title="Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters">Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb" title="Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb">Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus" title="Little Sisters of Jesus">Little Sisters of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community" title="Living the Gospel Community">Living the Gospel Community</a> (LGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Lovers of the Holy Cross">Lovers of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross" title="Marianites of Holy Cross">Marianites of Holy Cross</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic">Maryknoll Sisters</a> (MM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God</a> (SMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (ICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest" title="Oblates of Jesus the Priest">Oblates of Jesus the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima" title="Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima">Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima</a> (OMVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Order of Our Lady of Charity">Order of Our Lady of Charity</a> (ODNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament">Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (RSCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Religious of the Virgin Mary">Religious of the Virgin Mary</a> (RVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph" title="Servants of St. Joseph">Servants of St. Joseph</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)">Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy" title="Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy">Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy</a> (DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion" title="Sisters of the Cross and Passion">Sisters of the Cross and Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a> (RGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of Holy Cross">Sisters of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of the Holy Cross">Sisters of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Names_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary">Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of the Immaculate Conception">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Life" title="Sisters of Life">Sisters of Life</a> (SV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods" title="Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods">Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis">Sisters of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Peace" title="The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace">The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (RSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres" title="Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres">Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls" title="Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls">Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a> (sss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> (OSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">White Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesuit_Bishops" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Jesuit_Bishops" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jesuit_bishops" title="Category:Jesuit bishops">Jesuit Bishops</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Template:Roman Catholic Church in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Template talk:Roman Catholic Church in Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman Catholic Church in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Catholic Church in Russia">Catholic Church in Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Province of Moscow</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Moscow" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Moscow">Archdiocese of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_the_Transfiguration_at_Novosibirsk" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of the Transfiguration at Novosibirsk">Diocese of Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Clement_at_Saratov" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Clement at Saratov">Diocese of Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Saint_Joseph_at_Irkutsk" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Joseph at Irkutsk">Diocese of Irkutsk</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Exempt jurisdiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture_of_Yuzhno_Sakhalinsk" title="Apostolic Prefecture of Yuzhno Sakhalinsk">Apostolic Prefecture of Yuzhno Sakhalinsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Furthermore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Russia" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Russia">List of Catholic dioceses in Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Conference of Russia">Episcopal Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Pezzi" title="Paolo Pezzi">Paolo Pezzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Dubinin" title="Nicolai Dubinin">Nicolai Dubinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Werth" title="Joseph Werth">Joseph Werth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Pickel" title="Clemens Pickel">Clemens Pickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyryl_Klimowicz" title="Cyryl Klimowicz">Cyryl Klimowicz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Russia" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Russia">Apostolic Nuncio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_d%27Aniello" title="Giovanni d'Aniello">Giovanni d'Aniello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Thomas_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Thomas Institute (page does not exist)">St. Thomas Institute</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_von_Aquin-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Philosophie,_Theologie_und_Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Thomas von Aquin-Institut für Philosophie, Theologie und Geschichte">de</a>] (Moscow)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%22Mary,_Queen_of_Apostles%22_Seminary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""Mary, Queen of Apostles" Seminary (page does not exist)">"Mary, Queen of Apostles" Seminary</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%80%94_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Мария — Царица Апостолов">ru</a>] (St. Petersburg)</li> <li>Catholic Preseminary (Novosibirsk)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a> Magistral Delegation of Russia </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Kovalevsky" title="Igor Kovalevsky">Igor Kovalevsky</a> (Chaplain)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Russia" title="Russian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Russia">Russian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Russia</a> (Byzantine Rite)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Catholics_of_Armenian_Rite_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe">Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Bassal%C3%A9" title="Mikael Bassalé">Mikael Bassalé</a> (Apostolic Administrator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dioceses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Mohilev" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mohilev">Archdiocese of Mohilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tiraspol_(Russia)" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiraspol (Russia)">Diocese of Tiraspol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Vladivostok" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Vladivostok">Diocese of Vladivostok</a></li></ul></li> <li>Apostolic Administration of Minsk-Mohilev</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolic_Administration_of_Moscow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apostolic Administration of Moscow (page does not exist)">Apostolic Administration of Moscow</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Апостольская администратура Москвы">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apostolic_Administration_of_Leningrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apostolic Administration of Leningrad (page does not exist)">Apostolic Administration of Leningrad</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Апостольская администратура Ленинграда">ru</a>]</li> <li>Apostolic Administration of Odesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Siberia">Apostolic Vicariate of Siberia</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Апостольский викариат Сибири">ru</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123694680">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141318503">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/80092-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79046634">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872162f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872162f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36584458">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010710123&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX111131">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/648535">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/9396">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90238846">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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