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id="toc-1749" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1749"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1749 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1749-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_consolidation_of_Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_consolidation_of_Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 British consolidation of Nova Scotia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_consolidation_of_Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acadian_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadian_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Acadian Exodus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadian_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_begins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_begins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Conflict begins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_begins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cornwallis'_proclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cornwallis'_proclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Cornwallis' proclamation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cornwallis'_proclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Grand_Pré" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Grand_Pré"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Siege of Grand Pré </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Grand_Pré-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1750–1751" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1750–1751"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1750–1751 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1750–1751-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_at_St._Croix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_at_St._Croix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Battle at St. Croix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_at_St._Croix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_at_Chignecto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_at_Chignecto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Battles at Chignecto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_at_Chignecto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Halifax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Halifax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Raids on Halifax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Halifax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_off_Baie_Verte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_off_Baie_Verte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Battle off Baie Verte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_off_Baie_Verte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port_Joli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_Joli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Port Joli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_Joli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Battle off Port La Tour (1750) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids_on_Dartmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids_on_Dartmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Raids on Dartmouth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids_on_Dartmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raid_on_Chignecto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_Chignecto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Raid on Chignecto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_Chignecto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1752–1753" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1752–1753"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1752–1753 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1752–1753-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_at_Mocodome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_at_Mocodome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Attack at Mocodome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_at_Mocodome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_at_Jeddore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_at_Jeddore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Attack at Jeddore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_at_Jeddore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raid_on_Halifax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_Halifax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Raid on Halifax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_Halifax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lunenburg_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lunenburg_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 The Lunenburg Rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lunenburg_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyking_on_riviere_Au_Lac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyking_on_riviere_Au_Lac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Dyking on riviere Au Lac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyking_on_riviere_Au_Lac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1754–1755" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1754–1755"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1754–1755 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1754–1755-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raid_on_Lawrencetown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid_on_Lawrencetown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Raid on Lawrencetown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raid_on_Lawrencetown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port_Joli_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_Joli_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Port Joli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_Joli_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1755)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1755)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Battle off Port La Tour (1755) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1755)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Fort_Beauséjour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Fort_Beauséjour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Battle of Fort Beauséjour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Fort_Beauséjour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_during_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_during_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Trade during the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_during_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Father Le Loutre's War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadia_1743.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Acadia_1743.png/300px-Acadia_1743.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Acadia_1743.png/450px-Acadia_1743.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Acadia_1743.png/600px-Acadia_1743.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="825" /></a> Map of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1743. The conflict was primarily fought in Acadia.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 June 1749 – 16 June 1755</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadian militia</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wabanaki_Wampum_Alliance_Belt.png/23px-Wabanaki_Wampum_Alliance_Belt.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wabanaki_Wampum_Alliance_Belt.png/35px-Wabanaki_Wampum_Alliance_Belt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wabanaki_Wampum_Alliance_Belt.png/46px-Wabanaki_Wampum_Alliance_Belt.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Maliseet_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Maliseet people">Maliseet militia</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Father <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maillard" title="Pierre Maillard">Pierre Maillard</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Germain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Germain (page does not exist)">Charles Germain</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Daudin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Daudin (page does not exist)">Henri Daudin</a><a href="#cite_note-DCB_Daudin-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Girard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Girard (page does not exist)">Jacques Girard</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Manach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Manach (page does not exist)">Jacques Manach</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> (Beausoleil)</li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cope" title="Jean-Baptiste Cope">Jean-Baptiste Cope</a></li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/Paul_Laurent" title="Paul Laurent">Paul Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_la_Corne,_Chevalier_de_la_Corne" title="Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne">Louis de La Corne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Le_Neuf_de_la_Valiere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Le Neuf de la Valiere (page does not exist)">Louis Le Neuf de la Valiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Charles Deschamps de Boishébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Gautier" title="Joseph-Nicolas Gautier">Joseph-Nicolas Gautier</a></li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_B%C3%A2tard" title="Étienne Bâtard">Étienne Bâtard</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Charles Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">John Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rous" title="John Rous">John Rous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Lascelles" title="Peregrine Lascelles">Peregrine Lascelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_Cobb" title="Silvanus Cobb">Silvanus Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Danvers_Osborn,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Danvers Osborn, 3rd Baronet">Sir Danvers Osborn, 3rd Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pichon" title="Thomas Pichon">Thomas Pichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brewse" title="John Brewse">John Brewse</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezekiel_Gilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezekiel Gilman (page does not exist)">Ezekiel Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clapham" title="William Clapham">William Clapham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_St._Loe_(military_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George St. Loe (military officer) (page does not exist)">George St. Loe</a><a href="#endnote_a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Salusbury_(diarist)" title="John Salusbury (diarist)">John Salusbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Cook_(mariner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Cook (mariner)">Ephraim Cook (mariner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scott_(British_Army_officer)" title="George Scott (British Army officer)">George Scott (British Army officer)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremiah_Rogers_(naval_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremiah Rogers (naval officer) (page does not exist)">Jeremiah Rogers (naval officer)</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Moncrieff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Moncrieff (page does not exist)">Thomas Moncrieff</a><a href="#endnote_b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Winslow" title="Joshua Winslow">Joshua Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(British_army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hamilton (British army officer)">John Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bartelo" title="Francis Bartelo">Francis Bartelo</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">(KIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_How_(military_officer)" title="Edward How (military officer)">Edward How</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">(KIA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Father Le Loutre's War"><abbr title="View this template" 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href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">St. Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Chignecto" title="Battle at Chignecto">Chignecto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1750)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1750)">1st Northeast Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">2nd Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Country_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack at Country Harbour">Country Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Jeddore" title="Attack at Jeddore">Jeddore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1755)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1755)">2nd Northeast Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Mi'kmaq War and the Anglo-Mi'kmaq War, took place between <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<a href="#endnote_c">c</a> On one side of the conflict, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England</a> colonists were led by British officer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Charles Lawrence</a> and New England <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ranger#Colonial_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Ranger">Ranger</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">John Gorham</a>. On the other side, Father <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia militia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against settlers and British forces.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 148  At the outbreak of the war there were an estimated 2500 Mi'kmaq and 12,000 Acadians in the region.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 127  While the British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">captured Port Royal</a> in 1710 and were ceded peninsular Acadia in 1713, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians continued to contain the British in settlements at <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canso,_Nova_Scotia" title="Canso, Nova Scotia">Canso</a>. The rest of the colony was in the control of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Mi'kmaq and Acadians. About forty years later, the British made a concerted effort to settle <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> in the region and to establish military control over all of Nova Scotia and present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, igniting armed response from <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> in Father Le Loutre's War. The British settled 3,229 people in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> during the first years. This exceeded the number of Mi'kmaq in the entire region and was seen as a threat to the traditional occupiers of the land.<a href="#endnote_d">d</a> The Mi'kmaq and some Acadians resisted the arrival of these Protestant settlers. The war caused unprecedented upheaval in the area. Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Twenty-four conflicts were recorded during the war (battles, raids, skirmishes), thirteen of which were Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on the capital region Halifax/<a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a>. As typical of frontier warfare, many additional conflicts were unrecorded. During Father Le Loutre's War, the British attempted to establish firm control of the major Acadian settlements in peninsular Nova Scotia and to extend their control to the disputed territory of present-day New Brunswick. The British also wanted to establish Protestant communities in Nova Scotia. During the war, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">left Nova Scotia</a> for the French colonies of Ile St. Jean (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>) and Ile Royale (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>). The French also tried to maintain control of the disputed territory of present-day New Brunswick. (Father Le Loutre tried to prevent the New Englanders from moving into present-day New Brunswick just as a generation earlier, during <a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War</a>, Rale had tried to prevent New Englanders from taking over present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>.) Throughout the war, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked the British forts in Nova Scotia and the newly established Protestant settlements. They wanted to retard British settlement and buy time for France to implement its Acadian resettlement scheme.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 154–155 <a href="#cite_note-patterson93-12">[12]</a>: 47  The war began with the British establishing Halifax, settling more British settlers within six months than there were Mi'kmaq. In response, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq orchestrated attacks at <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Siege of Grand Pré">Grand Pré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Dartmouth</a>, Canso, Halifax and <a href="/wiki/Country_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Country Harbour, Nova Scotia">Country Harbour</a>. The French erected forts at present-day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Menagoueche" title="Fort Menagoueche">Fort Menagoueche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a>. The British responded by attacking the Mi'kmaq and Acadians at Mirligueche (later known as <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a>), Chignecto and <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">St. Croix</a>. The British unilaterally established communities in Lunenburg and <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a>. Finally, the British erected forts in Acadian communities located at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand Pré</a> and Chignecto. The war ended after six years with the defeat of the Mi'kmaq, Acadians and French in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Battle of Fort Beauséjour</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq people">Military history of the Mi'kmaq people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></div> Acadian resistance to British-rule in Acadia began after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth_(1713)" title="Treaty of Portsmouth (1713)">Treaty of Portsmouth</a> in 1713. The treaty saw the French cede portions of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> to the British, including the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, and peninsular Acadia. Acadians had previously supported the French in three conflicts known as the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a>. Acadians joined French privateer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Maisonnat_dit_Baptiste" title="Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste">Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste</a> as crew members in his victories over many British vessels during <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pemaquid_(1696)" title="Siege of Pemaquid (1696)">Siege of Pemaquid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenaki in the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalon Peninsula Campaign">Avalon Peninsula Campaign</a>. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to England or France.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EvacutionOfPortRoyal1710byCWJefferys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/EvacutionOfPortRoyal1710byCWJefferys.png/220px-EvacutionOfPortRoyal1710byCWJefferys.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/EvacutionOfPortRoyal1710byCWJefferys.png/330px-EvacutionOfPortRoyal1710byCWJefferys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/EvacutionOfPortRoyal1710byCWJefferys.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>The evacuation of French forces from <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a>. The French ceded the Acadian peninsula to the British after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">siege of Port Royal</a> in 1710.</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Raid on Grand Pré">Raid on Grand Pré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisiquit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisiquit">Pisiquit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a> in 1704. The Acadians assisted the French in protecting the capital in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1707)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1707)">First siege of Port Royal</a> and the final <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">second siege of Port Royal</a>. However, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713, peninsular Acadia was formally ceded to the British. Although peace was formally reestablished with France, the British still faced resistance from the French colonists in the Acadian peninsula. During <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> raided numerous British vessels on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> while the Mi'kmaq raided Canso in 1723. In the latter engagement, the Mi'kmaq were supported by the Acadians.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 46–73  During these conflicts, the French and Acadian settlers were aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a>, fighting alongside them during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1711)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)">Battle of Bloody Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 110–112  The Mi'kmaq, which formed a part of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a>, had a long history of conflict with encroaching British settlers along the New England/Acadia frontier in Maine. During the 17th and early-18th century, the Wabanaki fought in several campaigns, including in <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War#New_England,_Acadia_and_Newfoundland_Theatre" title="King William's War">1688</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1703)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1703)">1703</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1723)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1723)">1723</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War#Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1724)" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">1724</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)">1745</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1746)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)">1746</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)">1747</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#endnote_e">e</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png/220px-WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png/330px-WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png/440px-WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> militias fought alongside French forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Battle of Grand Pré</a>, 1747.</figcaption></figure> Hostilities between the British and French resumed during <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48). Supported by the French, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a> led French soldiers, Acadian militias, and Mi'kmaq forces in efforts to recapture the capital, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)">Siege of Annapolis Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 110–112  During this siege, the French officer Marin had taken British prisoners and stopped with them further up the bay at <a href="/wiki/Cobequid" title="Cobequid">Cobequid</a>. While at Cobequid, an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have "left their [the British] carcasses behind and brought their skins."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Le Loutre was also joined by the prominent Acadian resistance leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> (Beausoleil). Broussard and other Acadians supported the French soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Battle of Grand Pré</a>. During King George's War, Le Loutre, Gorham and Lawrence rose to prominence in the region. During the war, however, Massachusetts Governor Shirley acknowledged that Nova Scotia was still "scarcely" British and urged London to fund building forts in the Acadian communities.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1748 ended formal hostilities between British and French forces. With peace formally reestablished, the British began to consolidate its control over peninsular Acadia, leading further conflict with the Acadian and Mi'kmaq. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peregrine_Lascelles,_Whitby_Museum,_North_Yorkshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peregrine_Lascelles%2C_Whitby_Museum%2C_North_Yorkshire.jpg/200px-Peregrine_Lascelles%2C_Whitby_Museum%2C_North_Yorkshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peregrine_Lascelles%2C_Whitby_Museum%2C_North_Yorkshire.jpg/300px-Peregrine_Lascelles%2C_Whitby_Museum%2C_North_Yorkshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Peregrine_Lascelles%2C_Whitby_Museum%2C_North_Yorkshire.jpg/400px-Peregrine_Lascelles%2C_Whitby_Museum%2C_North_Yorkshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Lascelles" title="Peregrine Lascelles">Peregrine Lascelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/47th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="47th Regiment of Foot">Commander 47th Regiment</a></figcaption></figure> At the outset of Le Loutre's war, along with the New England Ranger units, there were three British regiments at Halifax, the <a href="/wiki/40th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Regiment of Foot">40th Regiment of Foot</a> arrived from Annapolis, while the <a href="/wiki/29th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Regiment of Foot">29th Regiment of Foot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a>'s regiment) and <a href="/wiki/45th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="45th Regiment of Foot">45th Regiment of Foot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Warburton" title="Hugh Warburton">Hugh Warburton</a>'s regiment) arrived from Louisbourg. The <a href="/wiki/47th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="47th Regiment of Foot">47th Regiment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Lascelles" title="Peregrine Lascelles">Peregrine Lascelles</a>' regiment) arrived the following year (1750). At sea, Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Rous" title="John Rous">John Rous</a> was the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during the war.<a href="#endnote_f">f</a> The main officer under his command was <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_Cobb" title="Silvanus Cobb">Silvanus Cobb</a>.<a href="#endnote_g">g</a> John Gorham also owned two armed <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooners</a>: the Anson and the Warren.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#endnote_h">h</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course_of_war">Course of war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course of war">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1749">1749</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1749">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_consolidation_of_Nova_Scotia">British consolidation of Nova Scotia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British consolidation of Nova Scotia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_founding_of_Halifax,_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png/220px-The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png/330px-The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png/440px-The_founding_of_Halifax%2C_1749._by_Charles_W._Jefferys.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Soldier of the <a href="/wiki/29th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Regiment of Foot">29th Regiment of Foot</a> guarding Halifax against raids by Acadian and Mi'kmaq militia, 1749. Horsemans Fort stands in the background.<a href="#endnote_t">t</a></figcaption></figure> The war began when <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a> arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 5  The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (<a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill</a> in 1749), Bedford (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)">Fort Sackville</a> in 1749), Dartmouth (1750), <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg</a> (1753) and <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a> (1754). Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British attempted to take control of the Nova Scotia peninsula by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>); Grand Pré (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Vieux_Logis" title="Fort Vieux Logis">Fort Vieux Logis</a>) and Chignecto (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lawrence">Fort Lawrence</a>). A British fort (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Anne" title="Fort Anne">Fort Anne</a>) already existed at the other major Acadian centre of <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia">Annapolis Royal</a> and Cobequid remained without a fort. Le Loutre is reported to have said that "the English might build as many Forts as they pleased but he wou'd take care that they shou'd not come out of them, for he was resolved to torment them with his Indians...."<a href="#cite_note-patterson93-12">[12]</a>: 47 <a href="#endnote_q">q</a> In fact, Mi'kmaq resistance kept the British largely holed up in their forts until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">fall of Louisbourg (1758)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardBulkeleyHalifaxNovaScotia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/RichardBulkeleyHalifaxNovaScotia.JPG/170px-RichardBulkeleyHalifaxNovaScotia.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/RichardBulkeleyHalifaxNovaScotia.JPG/255px-RichardBulkeleyHalifaxNovaScotia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/RichardBulkeleyHalifaxNovaScotia.JPG/340px-RichardBulkeleyHalifaxNovaScotia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(civil_servant)" title="Richard Bulkeley (civil servant)">Richard Bulkeley</a></figcaption></figure>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">Lieutenant Governors of Nova Scotia</a> noted that Nova Scotia "was kept in an uninterrupted state of war by the Acadians."<a href="#cite_note-nshs-22">[22]</a> By June 1751, Cornwallis wrote to the Board of Trade that his adversaries had "done as much harm to as they could have done in open war."<a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bulkeley (governor)">Richard Bulkeley</a> wrote that between 1749 and 1755, Nova Scotia "was kept in an uninterrupted state of war by the Acadians... and the reports of an officer commanding <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, [indicated he] could not be conveyed [to Halifax] with less an escort than an officer and thirty men."<a href="#cite_note-nshs-22">[22]</a>: 151  (Along with Bulkeley, Cornwallis' other <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">Aide-de-camp</a> was <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a>.) The only land route between Louisbourg and Quebec went from <a href="/wiki/Baie_Verte,_New_Brunswick" title="Baie Verte, New Brunswick">Baie Verte</a> through Chignecto, along the Bay of Fundy and up the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-campbell05-24">[24]</a>: 25  With the establishment of Halifax, the French recognized at once the threat it represented and that the Saint John River corridor might be used to attack <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 131  To protect this vital gateway, at the beginning of 1749, the French strategically constructed three forts within 18 months along the route: one at Baie Verte (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a>), one at Chignecto (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Beausejour">Fort Beausejour</a>) and another at the mouth of the Saint John River (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Menagoueche" title="Fort Menagoueche">Fort Menagoueche</a>). In response to Gorham's raid on the Saint John River in 1748, the Governor of Canada threatened to support native raids along the northern New England border.<a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] There were many previous raids from the Mi'kmaq militia and Maliseet Militias against British settlers on the border (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1703)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1703)">1703</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1723)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1723)">1723</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War#Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1724)" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">1724</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)">1745</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1746)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)">1746</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)">1747</a>). During the war, along the former border of Acadia, the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec River</a>, the British built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Halifax_(Maine)" title="Fort Halifax (Maine)">Fort Halifax</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winslow,_Maine" title="Winslow, Maine">Winslow</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Shirley_(Maine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Shirley (Maine) (page does not exist)">Fort Shirley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dresden,_Maine" title="Dresden, Maine">Dresden</a>, formerly Frankfurt) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Western" title="Fort Western">Fort Western</a> (<a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a>).<a href="#endnote_r">r</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian_Exodus">Acadian Exodus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Acadian Exodus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">Acadian Exodus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg/170px-Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg/255px-Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Abbe_Le_Loutre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Father <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">Acadian Exodus</a>, an event that saw half of the Acadian population in the Acadian peninsula relocate to French-controlled territories further inland.</figcaption></figure> With demands for an unconditional oath, the British fortification of Nova Scotia, and the support of French policy, a significant number of Acadians made a stand against the British. On 18 September 1749, a document was delivered to Edward Cornwallis signed by a total of 1000 Acadians, with representatives from all the major centres. The document stated that they would leave the country before they would sign an unconditional oath.<a href="#cite_note-griffiths05-25">[25]</a>: 384 <a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 254  Cornwallis continued to press for the unconditional oath rejecting their Christian Catholic Faith and accepting the Protestant Anglican Church with a deadline of 25 October. In response, hundreds of Acadians were deported by the British with the confiscation of their homes, their lands and their cattle. The deportation of the Acadians by the British involved almost half of the total Acadian population of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. The expulsion was brutal often separating children from their families. The leader of the Exodus was Father <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a>, whom the British gave the code name "<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>: 230  Historian Micheline Johnson described Le Loutre as "the soul of the Acadian resistance."<a href="#cite_note-DCB_Daudin-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_begins">Conflict begins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conflict begins">edit</a>]</div> The first Mi'kmaq breach of the Treaty of 1726 and 1748 was at Canso. On 19 August 1749, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gorham" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gorham">Joseph Gorham</a>, younger brother of <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">John Gorham (military officer)</a>, was under the command of <a href="/wiki/William_Clapham" title="William Clapham">William Clapham</a> at Canso and his party was attacked by Mi'kmaq.<a href="#cite_note-salusbury-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-pichon-27">[27]</a>: 278  They seized his vessel and took twenty prisoners and carried them off to Louisbourg ten days later on the 29th. After Cornwallis complained to the Governor of Ile Royale, sixteen of the prisoners were released to Halifax and the other four sent off on their own vessel.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 18 <a href="#cite_note-wicken02-28">[28]</a>: 179  The year earlier the Mi'kmaq had seized Captain Ellingwood's vessel Success and he promised them 100 pounds and left his son hostage to have it released. Mikmaq reported they released the prisoners from Canso. because Captain Ebenezer Ellingwood had paid the money but had not returned for his son.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#endnote_o">o</a> At the Isthmus of Chignecto in August 1749, the Mi'kmaq attacked two British vessels thought to be preventing Acadians from joining the Acadian Exodus by leaving Beaubassin for Ile St. Jean.<a href="#cite_note-wicken02-28">[28]</a>: 179  On September 18, several Mi'kmaq and Maliseets ambushed and killed three British men at Chignecto. Seven natives were killed in the skirmish.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 149 <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On 24 September 1749, the Mi'kmaq formally wrote to Governor Cornwallis through French missionary Father Maillard, proclaiming their ownership of the land, and expressing their opposition to the British actions in settling at Halifax. Some historians have read this letter as declaration of hostility against the British.<a href="#cite_note-griffiths05-25">[25]</a>: 390  Other historians have questioned that interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> On September 30, 1749, about forty Mi'kmaq attacked six men during the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1749)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1749)">Raid on Dartmouth</a>. The six men, under the command of Major Gilman, were in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dartmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dartmouth">Dartmouth, Nova Scotia</a> cutting trees near a saw mill. Four of them were killed on the spot, one was taken prisoner and one escaped.<a href="#cite_note-chapman-32">[32]</a>: 23 <a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 150 <a href="#endnote_i">i</a> Two of the men were scalped and the heads of the others were cut off by the Mi'kmaq. Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezekiel_Gilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezekiel Gilman (page does not exist)">Ezekiel Gilman</a> and others in his party escaped and gave the alarm. A detachment of rangers was sent after the raiding party and cut off the heads of two Mi'kmaq and scalped one.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 18  This raid was the first of eight against Dartmouth during the war. This raid was consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> and New England's approach to warfare with each other since <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688).<a href="#endnote_j">j</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cornwallis'_proclamation">Cornwallis' proclamation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cornwallis' proclamation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg/170px-EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg/255px-EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg/340px-EdwardCornwallisArtGalleryofNovaScotia1756.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cornwallis" title="Edward Cornwallis">Edward Cornwallis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Nova Scotia">Governor of Nova Scotia</a></figcaption></figure> On October 1, 1749, Cornwallis convened a meeting of the Nova Scotia Council aboard HMS Beaufort. According to the minutes, in keeping with earlier treaties, the Council determined that they would treat the Mi'kmaq as rebellious British subjects rather than as war adversaries: "That, in their opinion to declare war formally against the Micmac Indians would be a manner to own them a free and independent people, whereas they ought to be treated as so many Banditti Ruffians, or Rebels, to His Majesty's Government."<a href="#cite_note-British_Scalp_Proclamation-33">[33]</a> On October 2, 1749, the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Council" title="Nova Scotia Council">Nova Scotia Council</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Extirpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpation">extirpation</a> proclamation against the Mi'kmaq on peninsular Nova Scotia and those that assist them. The intent of the proclamation was to put an end to native raids on colonial settlements and to pressure them into "submission" in order to establish "peace and friendship." The proclamation outlined four strategies for people to pressure the natives: "annoy" them, "distress" them, kill them or take them prisoner. There was also a bounty of 10 guinea given for a native killed or taken prisoner. The proclamation reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"For, those cause we by and with the advice and consent of His Majesty's Council, do hereby authorize and command all Officers Civil and Military, and all His Majesty's Subjects or others to annoy, distress, take or destroy the Savage commonly called Micmac, wherever they are found, and all as such as aiding and assisting them, give further by and with the consent and advice of His Majesty's Council, do promise a reward of ten Guineas for every Indian Micmac taken or killed, to be paid upon producing such Savage taken or his scalp (as in the custom of America) if killed to the Officer Commanding."<a href="#cite_note-British_Scalp_Proclamation-33">[33]</a></blockquote> To carry out this task, two companies of rangers were raised, one led by Captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bartelo" title="Francis Bartelo">Francis Bartelo</a> and the other by Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Clapham" title="William Clapham">William Clapham</a>. These two companies served alongside that of John Gorham's company. The three companies scoured the land around Halifax looking for Mi'kmaq. Three days after the bounty was ordered, on October 5, Governor Cornwallis sent Commander White with troops in the 20-gun <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop</a> Sphinx to Mirligueche (Lunenburg).<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 152 <a href="#cite_note-salusbury-26">[26]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] After two consecutive attacks on June 18 and then June 20, 1750 Cornwallis deemed the initial proclamation ineffective and increased the bounty to 50 guinea on June 21, 1750. During Cornwallis' tenure there is evidence of one scalp being taken along with three Mi'kmaq youth who were killed in 1752 as a result of the proclamation.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Grand_Pré">Siege of Grand Pré</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege of Grand Pré">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Siege of Grand Pré">Siege of Grand Pré</a></div> Two months later, on November 27, 1749, 300 Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Acadians attacked Fort Vieux Logis, recently established by the British in the Acadian community of Grand Pré. The fort was under the command of Captain Handfield. The Native and Acadian militia killed the sentries (guards) who were firing on them.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Natives then captured Lieutenant John Hamilton and eighteen soldiers under his command, while surveying the fort's environs. After the British soldiers were captured, the native and Acadian militias made several attempts over the next week to lay siege to the fort before breaking off the engagement. <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">Gorham's Rangers</a> was sent to relieve the fort. When he arrived, the militia had already departed with the prisoners. The prisoners spent several years in captivity before being ransomed.<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 262 <a href="#cite_note-griffiths05-25">[25]</a>: 392 <a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 166–167 <a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 153  There was no fighting over the winter months, which was common in frontier warfare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1750–1751">1750–1751</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1750–1751">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_at_St._Croix">Battle at St. Croix</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle at St. Croix">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">Battle at St. Croix</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Edward1753_by_Capt._John_Hamilton..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fort_Edward1753_by_Capt._John_Hamilton..jpg/220px-Fort_Edward1753_by_Capt._John_Hamilton..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fort_Edward1753_by_Capt._John_Hamilton..jpg/330px-Fort_Edward1753_by_Capt._John_Hamilton..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fort_Edward1753_by_Capt._John_Hamilton..jpg/440px-Fort_Edward1753_by_Capt._John_Hamilton..jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a> in 1753. In an effort to further consolidate control, <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">John Gorham</a> was dispatched to establish the blockhouse at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Pisiquid</a>.</figcaption></figure> The following spring, on March 18, 1750, John Gorham and his Rangers left Fort Sackville (at present day <a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bedford, Nova Scotia">Bedford, Nova Scotia</a>), under orders from Governor Cornwallis, to march to Piziquid (present day <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Nova_Scotia" title="Windsor, Nova Scotia">Windsor, Nova Scotia</a>). Gorham's mission was to establish a blockhouse at Pisiquid, which became <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a>, and to seize the property of Acadians who had participated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Siege of Grand Pré">siege of Grand Pré</a>. Arriving at about noon on March 20 at the Acadian village of Five Houses beside the <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Nova_Scotia)" title="St. Croix River (Nova Scotia)">St. Croix River</a>, Gorham and his men found all the houses deserted. Seeing a group of Mi'kmaq hiding in the bushes on the opposite shore, the Rangers opened fire. The skirmish deteriorated into a siege, with Gorham's men taking refuge in a sawmill and two of the houses. During the fighting, the Rangers suffered three wounded, including Gorham, who sustained a bullet in the thigh. As the fighting intensified, a request was sent back to Fort Sackville for reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 154–155  Responding to the call for assistance on March 22, Governor Cornwallis ordered Captain Clapham's and Captain St. Loe's Regiments, equipped with two field guns, to join Gorham at Piziquid. The additional troops and artillery turned the tide for Gorham and forced the Mi'kmaq to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 174  Gorham proceeded to present-day Windsor and forced Acadians to dismantle their church – Notre Dame de l'Assomption – so that Fort Edward could be built in its place. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battles_at_Chignecto">Battles at Chignecto</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battles at Chignecto">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Chignecto" title="Battle at Chignecto">Battle at Chignecto</a></div> In May 1750, Lawrence was unsuccessful in establishing himself at Chignecto because Le Loutre burned the village of Beaubassin, thereby preventing Lawrence from using the supplies of the village to establish a fort. (According to historian Frank Patterson, the Acadians at Cobequid burned their homes as they retreated from the British to <a href="/wiki/Tatamagouche,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia">Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia</a> in 1754.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>) Lawrence retreated only to return in September 1750. On September 3, 1750 New England Ranger <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">John Gorham</a> led over 700 men to the Isthmus of Chignecto. Mi'kmaq and Acadians opposed the landing and killed twenty British. Several Mi'kmaq were killed and they were eventually overwhelmed by the invading force and withdrew, burning their crops and houses as they retreated.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 159  On 15 October (N.S.) a group of Mi'kmaq disguised as French officers called a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Council" title="Nova Scotia Council">Nova Scotia Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_How_(military_officer)" title="Edward How (military officer)">Edward How</a> to a conference. This trap, organized by Chief <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_B%C3%A2tard" title="Étienne Bâtard">Étienne Bâtard</a>, gave him the opportunity to wound How seriously, and How died five or six days later, according to Captain La Vallière (probably Louis Leneuf de La Vallière), the only eyewitness.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg/220px-FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg/330px-FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg/440px-FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Beausejour">Fort Beausejour</a> and the surrounding area, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1755. The French built fortifications around the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Isthmus of Chignecto</a> in an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia.</figcaption></figure> Le Loutre and Acadian militia leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> resisted the British assault. The British defeated them and subsequently began construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lawrence">Fort Lawrence</a> near the site of the ruined Acadian village of Beaubassin.<a href="#cite_note-hand-39">[39]</a>: 20  The work on the fort proceeded rapidly and the facility was completed within weeks. To limit the British to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_peninsula" title="Nova Scotia peninsula">peninsular Nova Scotia</a>, the French began also to fortify the Chignecto and its approaches, constructing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Beausejour">Fort Beausejour</a> and two satellite forts – one at present-day <a href="/wiki/Strait_Shores" title="Strait Shores">Strait Shores, New Brunswick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a>) and the other at present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a> (Fort Menagoueche).<a href="#cite_note-hand-39">[39]</a>: 25  During these months, 35 Mi'kmaq and Acadians ambushed Ranger Francis Bartelo, killing him and six of his men while taking seven others captive. The captives' bloodcurdling screams as the Mi'kmaq tortured them throughout the night had a chilling effect on the New Englanders.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 159  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_on_Halifax">Raids on Halifax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Raids on Halifax">edit</a>]</div> There were four raids on <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a> during the war. The first raid happened in October 1750, while in the woods on peninsular Halifax, Mi'kmaq scalped two British people and took six prisoner: Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Clapham" title="William Clapham">William Clapham</a>'s book keeper were tortured and scalped. The Mi'kmaq buried the son while the gardener's body was left behind and the other six persons were taken prisoner to Grand Pre for five months.<a href="#cite_note-wilson51-40">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#endnote_k">k</a> Shortly after this raid, Cornwallis learned that the Mi'kmaq had received payment from the French at Chignecto for five prisoners taken at Halifax as well as prisoners taken earlier at Dartmouth and Grand Pre.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 183  In 1751, there were two attacks on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. Mi'kmaq also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a saw-mill on a stream flowing out of Chocolate Lake into the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arm" title="Northwest Arm">Northwest Arm</a>. They killed two men.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-landry-42">[42]</a>: 370  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_off_Baie_Verte">Battle off Baie Verte</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle off Baie Verte">edit</a>]</div> In August 1750, there was a naval battle off <a href="/wiki/Baie_Verte,_New_Brunswick" title="Baie Verte, New Brunswick">Baie Verte</a> between British Captain Le Cras, of the Trial and the French sloop, London, of 70 tons. The London was seized to discover that it had been employed to carry stores of all kinds, arms, and ammunition, from Quebec to Le Loutre and the Mi'kmaq fighters. François Bigot, the intendant of New France had given instructions to the French captain to follow the orders of Le Loutre or La Corne, the bills of lading endorsed by Le Loutre, and other papers and letters, were found on board of her, with four deserters from Cornwallis' regiment, and a family of Acadians. The prize and her papers were sent to Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 188  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Port_Joli">Port Joli</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Port Joli">edit</a>]</div> About 1750, the Mi'kmaq captured a New England fishing schooner off of <a href="/wiki/Port_Joli,_Nova_Scotia" title="Port Joli, Nova Scotia">Port Joli</a> and tortured the crew members. To the west of St. Catherines River, the Mi'kmaq heated "Durham Rock" and forced each crew member to burn on the rock or jump to their death into the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-more-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1750)">Battle off Port La Tour (1750)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle off Port La Tour (1750)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_du_fort_Nerepis_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Monument_du_fort_Nerepis_01.jpg/220px-Monument_du_fort_Nerepis_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Monument_du_fort_Nerepis_01.jpg/330px-Monument_du_fort_Nerepis_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Monument_du_fort_Nerepis_01.jpg/440px-Monument_du_fort_Nerepis_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>A historical marker for <a href="/wiki/Fort_Boishebert" title="Fort Boishebert">Fort Boishebert</a>. Although British forces failed to intercept supplies heading to the fort in October 1750, Cornwallis gained further evidence that the French <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors General of Canada">Governor General of the Canadas</a> was providing the Mi'kmaq with weapons.</figcaption></figure> In mid September 1750 French officer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Du_Pont_Duchambon_de_Vergor" title="Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor">Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor</a> (later the commander at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Beausejour">Fort Beausejour</a>)<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 197  was dispatched aboard the <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a> Saint-François to convoy the schooner Aimable Jeanne, which was carrying munitions and supplies from Quebec to the Saint John River for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Boishebert</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Boishebert" title="Fort Boishebert">Fort Boishebert</a>. Early on 16 October, about ten leagues west of Cape Sable (present-day <a href="/wiki/Port_La_Tour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Port La Tour, Nova Scotia">Port La Tour, Nova Scotia</a> and area), British Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Rous" title="John Rous">John Rous</a> in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Albany_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Albany (1745)">HMS Albany</a> overtook the French vessels.<a href="#cite_note-pichon-27">[27]</a>: 280  Despite inferior armament, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Du_Pont_Duchambon_de_Vergor" title="Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor">Vergor</a> engaged the sloop, allowing Aimable Jeanne to reach <a href="/wiki/Fort_Boishebert" title="Fort Boishebert">Fort Boishebert</a>. The action lasted the better part of the day, after which, with only seven men fit out of 50 and Saint-François unmasted and sinking, Vergor was obliged to yield.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Three of Rous' crew were killed. The French ship contained a large quantity of provision, uniforms and warlike supplies.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-marshall11-46">[46]</a>: 93 <a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 191  Cornwallis noted that this action was the second time he had caught the Governor of Canada sending a ship of military supplies to the Mi'kmaq to use against the British.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 191  By the end of the year, Cornwallis estimated that there were no less than eight to ten French vessels which unloaded war supplies for the Mi'kmaq, French, and Acadians at Saint John River and Baye Vert.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 194  In response to their defeat in the Battle off Port La Tour, the Governor of Canada ordered four British sloops to be seized at Louisbourg.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 201  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raids_on_Dartmouth">Raids on Dartmouth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Raids on Dartmouth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Raid on Dartmouth (1751)</a></div> There were six raids on Dartmouth during this time period. In July 1750, the Mi'kmaq killed and scalped 7 men who were at work in Dartmouth.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 334  In August 1750, 353 people arrived on the Alderney and began the town of Dartmouth. The town was laid out in the autumn of that year.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 27  The following month, on September 30, 1750, Dartmouth was attacked again by the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a> and five more residents were killed.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 159  In October 1750 a group of about eight men went out "to take their diversion; and as they were fowling, they were attacked by the Indians, who took the whole prisoners; scalped ... [one] with a large knife, which they wear for that purpose, and threw him into the sea ..."<a href="#cite_note-wilson51-40">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The following spring, on March 26, 1751, the Mi'kmaq attacked again, killing fifteen settlers and wounding seven, three of which would later die of their wounds. They took six captives, and the regulars who pursued the Mi'kmaq fell into an ambush in which they lost a sergeant killed.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 160  Two days later, on March 28, 1751, Mi'kmaq abducted another three settlers.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 160  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Burying_Grounds.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Old_Burying_Grounds.JPG/220px-Old_Burying_Grounds.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Old_Burying_Grounds.JPG/330px-Old_Burying_Grounds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Old_Burying_Grounds.JPG/440px-Old_Burying_Grounds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Burying_Ground_(Halifax,_Nova_Scotia)" title="Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)">Old Burying Ground</a>, in Halifax. British victims from the conflict were occasionally buried here, including the victims from the Dartmouth raids.</figcaption></figure> Two months later, on May 13, 1751, Broussard led sixty Mi'kmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">"Dartmouth Massacre"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 27–28  Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers – mutilating men, women, children and babies – and took more prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 160 <a href="#endnote_l">l</a> A sergeant was also killed and his body mutilated. They destroyed the buildings. The British returned to Halifax with the scalp of one Mi'kmaq warrior, however, they reported that they killed six Mi'kmaq warriors.<a href="#cite_note-chapman-32">[32]</a>: 30  Captain William Clapham and sixty soldiers were on duty and fired from the blockhouse.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 27–28  The British killed six Mi'kmaq warriors, but were only able to retrieve one scalp that they took to Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-chapman-32">[32]</a>: 30  Those at a camp at Dartmouth Cove, led by John Wisdom, assisted the settlers. Upon returning to their camp the next day they found the Mi'kmaq had also raided their camp and taken a prisoner. All the settlers were scalped by the Mi'kmaq. The British took what remained of the bodies to Halifax for burial in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Burying_Ground_(Halifax,_Nova_Scotia)" title="Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)">Old Burying Ground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wilson51-40">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-chapman-32">[32]</a>: 29 <a href="#endnote_m">m</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raid_on_Chignecto">Raid on Chignecto</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Raid on Chignecto">edit</a>]</div> The British retaliated for the raid on Dartmouth by sending several armed companies to <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Chignecto</a>. A few French defenders were killed and the dikes were breached. Hundreds of acres of crops were ruined which was disastrous for the Acadians and the French troops.<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 272  In the summer of 1752 Father Le Loutre went to Quebec and then on to France to advocate for supplies to re-build the dikes. He returned in the spring of 1753. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1752–1753">1752–1753</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1752–1753">edit</a>]</div> In 1752, the Mi'kmaq attacks on the British along the coast, both east and west of Halifax, were frequent. Those who were engaged in the fisheries were compelled to stay on land because they were the primary targets.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 34  In early July, New Englanders killed and scalped two Mi'kmaq girls and one boy off the coast of Cape Sable (<a href="/wiki/Port_La_Tour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Port La Tour, Nova Scotia">Port La Tour, Nova Scotia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 209  In August, at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s,_Nova_Scotia" title="St. Peter's, Nova Scotia">St. Peter's, Nova Scotia</a>, Mi'kmaq seized two schooners – the Friendship from Halifax and the Dolphin from New England – along with 21 prisoners who were captured and ransomed.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 209  By the summer of 1752, the war had not been going well for the British. The <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">Acadian Exodus</a> remained strong. The war had bankrupted the colony.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 162  As well, two of the three ranger leaders had died. In August 1751, the main ranger leader John Gorham left for London and died there of disease in December. Ranger leader Captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bartelo" title="Francis Bartelo">Francis Bartelo</a> had been killed in action at Chignecto, while the other ranger leader Captain William Clapham had been disgraced, failing to prevent the Dartmouth Massacre. John Gorham was succeeded by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gorham" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Gorham">Joseph Gorham</a>. In 1752, to reduce the expense of the war, the companies raised in 1749 were disbanded, bringing down the strength of the unit to only one company.<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a>: 162  This reduction led to the 22 March 1753 resolution for a militia that would be raised from the colonists to establish the security of the colony, in which all British subjects between the ages of 16 and 60 were compelled to serve.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 40  On April 21, 1753, at Torbay, the Mi'kmaq fighters killed two British.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Throughout 1753, French authorities on Cape Breton Island were paying Mi'kmaq warriors for British scalps.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In June 1753, the London Magazine reported that "the war with the Indians hath hitherto hindered the inhabitants going far into the woods."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> On 14 September 1752 Governor <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Council" title="Nova Scotia Council">Nova Scotia Council</a> negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1752" title="Treaty of 1752">Treaty of 1752</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cope" title="Jean-Baptiste Cope">Jean-Baptiste Cope</a>. (The treaty was signed officially on November 22, 1752.) Cope was unsuccessful in getting support for the treaty from other Mi'kmaq leaders. Cope burned the treaty six months after he signed it.<a href="#cite_note-plankcope-50">[50]</a> Despite the collapse of peace on the eastern shore, the British did not formally renounce the Treaty of 1752 until 1756.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 138  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attack_at_Mocodome">Attack at Mocodome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attack at Mocodome">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Mocodome" title="Attack at Mocodome">Attack at Mocodome</a></div> On February 21, 1753, nine Mi'kmaq from Nartigouneche (present-day <a href="/wiki/Antigonish,_Nova_Scotia" title="Antigonish, Nova Scotia">Antigonish, Nova Scotia</a>) in canoes attacked a British vessel at Country Harbour. The vessel was from Canso and had a crew of four. The Mi'kmaq fired on them and drove them toward the shore. Other natives joined in and boarded the schooner, forcing them to run their vessel into an inlet. The Mi'kmaq killed and scalped two of the British crewmen and took two others captive. After seven weeks in captivity, on April 8, the two British prisoners – one of which was <a href="/wiki/John_Connor_(mariner)" title="John Connor (mariner)">John Connor</a> – killed six Mi'kmaq and managed to escape.<a href="#cite_note-Whitehead137-51">[51]</a><a href="#endnote_n">n</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attack_at_Jeddore">Attack at Jeddore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Attack at Jeddore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Jeddore" title="Attack at Jeddore">Attack at Jeddore</a></div> In response, on the night of May 19, under the leadership of Chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cope" title="Jean-Baptiste Cope">Jean-Baptiste Cope</a> and the Mi'kmaq attacked another British schooner in a battle at sea off <a href="/wiki/Jeddore,_Nova_Scotia" title="Jeddore, Nova Scotia">Jeddore, Nova Scotia</a>. On board were nine British men and one Acadian (Casteel), who was the pilot. The Mi'kmaq killed and scalped the British men and let Casteel off at Port Toulouse, where the Mi'kmaq sank the schooner after looting it.<a href="#cite_note-Whitehead137-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 222  In August 1752, the Mi'kmaq at Saint Peter's seized the schooners Friendship of Halifax and Dolphin of New England and took 21 prisoners who they held for ransom.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 209  In May 1753, natives scalped two British soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lawrence">Fort Lawrence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 219 <a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raid_on_Halifax">Raid on Halifax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Raid on Halifax">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_Halifax,_Nova_Scotia,_Canada,_1749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg/220px-Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg/330px-Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg/440px-Sketch_of_Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia%2C_Canada%2C_1749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption>View of Halifax, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1749. Although the settlement was protected by <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisades</a>, areas outside the city walls were subject to raids.</figcaption></figure> In late September 1752, Mi'kmaq scalped a man they had caught outside the <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sackville_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia)">Fort Sackville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plankcope-50">[50]</a> In 1753, when Lawrence became governor, the Mi'kmaq attacked again upon the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 209  On the otherside of the harbour in Dartmouth, in 1753, there were reported only to be five families, all of whom refused to farm for fear of being attacked if they left the confines of the picketed fence around the village.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 224  On 23 July 1753, Governor Hobson reported to the Board of Trade on the "continual war we have with the Indians."<a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Governor Hobson in his letter to the Board of Trade, dated 1 October 1753, says, "At Dartmouth there is a small town well picketed in, and a detachment of troops to protect it, but there are not above five families residing in it, as there is no trade or fishing to maintain any inhabitants, and they apprehend danger from the Indians in cultivating any land on the outer side of the pickets."<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 28  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Lunenburg_Rebellion">The Lunenburg Rebellion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Lunenburg Rebellion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Lunenburg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lunenburg Rebellion">The Lunenburg Rebellion</a></div> In the spring of 1753, it became public knowledge that the British were planning to unilaterally establish the settlement of Lunenburg, that is, without negotiating with the Mi'kmaq people. The British decision was a continuation of violations of an earlier treaty and undermined Chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Cope" title="Jean-Baptiste Cope">Jean-Baptiste Cope</a>'s 1752 Peace Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-wicken02-28">[28]</a>: 188  As a result, Governor <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Hopson" title="Peregrine Hopson">Peregrine Hopson</a> received warnings from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a> that as many as 300 natives nearby were prepared to oppose the settlement of Lunenburg and intended to attack upon the arrival of settlers.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 136  The move was part of the British government campaign to establish Protestants in Nova Scotia against the power of Catholic Acadians. This also served the dual purpose of getting rid of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Foreign Protestants</a> from Halifax that had become problematic out of their frustration due to perceived mistreatment by the British.<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a> In June 1753, 1400 German and French Protestant settlers, supervised by Lawrence and protected by the British Navy ships, a unit of Regular soldiers under Major Patrick Sutherland, and a unit of rangers under Joseph Gorham, established the village of Lunenberg.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 136 <a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 37  The settlement was founded by two British army officers <a href="/wiki/John_Creighton_(judge)" title="John Creighton (judge)">John Creighton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sutherland" title="Patrick Sutherland">Patrick Sutherland</a> and German-immigrant local official <a href="/wiki/Dettlieb_Christopher_Jessen" title="Dettlieb Christopher Jessen">Dettlieb Christopher Jessen</a>. In August 1753, Le Loutre paid Mi'kmaq for 18 British scalps which they took from the English in different incursions that they had made on their establishments over the summer.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 137  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Moncton_Martinique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Robert_Moncton_Martinique.jpg/170px-Robert_Moncton_Martinique.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Robert_Moncton_Martinique.jpg/255px-Robert_Moncton_Martinique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Robert_Moncton_Martinique.jpg/340px-Robert_Moncton_Martinique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>In December 1753, the British dispatched <a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a> to quell the Hoffman Insurrection. The British feared the French, and German Protestant rebels might have joined the Acadians.</figcaption></figure> In mid December 1753, within six months of their arrival at <a href="/wiki/Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lunenburg, Nova Scotia">Lunenburg, Nova Scotia</a>, the new settlers, who were mostly <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Foreign Protestants</a> and weary from resettlement and poor conditions,<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a> rebelled against the British. They were supported by Le Loutre.<a href="#endnote_o">p</a> The rebellion is often referred to as "The Hoffman Insurrection," because it was led by John Hoffman, one of the army captains who had established the settlers in the town. Hoffman led a mob that eventually locked up in one of the blockhouses the Justice of the Peace and some of Commander Patrick Sutherland's troops. The rebels then declared a republic. Commander Patrick Sutherland at Lunenburg asked for reinforcements from Halifax and Lawrence sent Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a> with troops to restore order. Monckton arrested Hoffman and took him to Halifax. Hoffman was charged with planning to join the French and take a large number of settlers with him.<a href="#cite_note-bell61-53">[53]</a>: 483 note 27  He was fined and imprisoned on <a href="/wiki/Georges_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Georges Island (Nova Scotia)">Georges Island (Nova Scotia)</a> for two years.<a href="#cite_note-bell61-53">[53]</a>: 483 note 27  After the rebellion a number of the French and German-speaking Foreign Protestants left the village to join Le Loutre and the Acadians.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 43  Lawrence and his deputy refused to send Acadians to the area for fear of their influence on the local population.<a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>: 208  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyking_on_riviere_Au_Lac">Dyking on riviere Au Lac</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dyking on riviere Au Lac">edit</a>]</div> Le Loutre and the Acadian refugees at Chignecto struggled to create dykes that would support the new communities that resulted from the Acadian Exodus. In the first winter (1749), the Acadians survived on rations waiting for the dykes to be built. Acadians from Minas were a constant support in providing provisions and labour on the dykes. In retaliation for the Acadian and Mi'kmaq <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Raid on Dartmouth (1751)</a>, the British raided Chignecto destroying the dykes and ruining hundreds of acres of crops.<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 271  Acadians began to defect from the exodus and made application to return to the British colony.<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 275, 290  Le Loutre immediately sought help from Quebec and then France to support re-building dykes in the area. He returned with success in May 1753 and work began on the grand dyking project on riviere Au Lac (present day <a href="/wiki/Aulac,_New_Brunswick" title="Aulac, New Brunswick">Aulac River, New Brunswick</a>).<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 277  At this time, there were 2000 Acadians and about 300 Mi'kmaq encamped near-by.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 137  By the summer of 1754, Le Loutre's amazing engineering feats manifested themselves on the great sweeping marshlands of the isthmus; he now had in his workforce and within a forty-eight-hour marching radius about 1400 to 1500 Acadian men. Nearby at Baie Verte there was a summer encampment of about 400 natives that would have been one of the largest concentrations of Native people in the Atlantic region at the time. Altogether, he had a substantial fighting force capable of defending itself against anything the Nova Scotia Government might have mustered at the time.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 139  That year storm tides broke through the main cross-dike of the large-scale reclamation project, destroying nearly everything the Acadians had accomplished in several months of intense work. Again some Acadians tried to defect to the British.<a href="#cite_note-faragher05-13">[13]</a>: 291  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1754–1755">1754–1755</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1754–1755">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raid_on_Lawrencetown">Raid on Lawrencetown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Raid on Lawrencetown">edit</a>]</div> In 1754, the British established Lawrencetown. In late April 1754, Beausoleil and a large band of Mi'kmaq and Acadians left Chignecto for Lawrencetown.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> They arrived in mid-May and in the night opened fire on the village. Beausoleil killed and scalped four British settlers and two soldiers. By August, as the raids continued, the residents and soldiers were withdrawn to Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-marshall11-46">[46]</a>: 110–111  By June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely again from the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Lawrencetown,_Halifax_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia">Lawrencetown</a> because the number of Native raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses.<a href="#cite_note-bell61-53">[53]</a>: 508  Prominent Halifax business person <a href="/wiki/Michael_Francklin" title="Michael Francklin">Michael Francklin</a> was captured by a Mi'kmaq raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Another captivity narrative was written by Henry Grace was taken captive by the Mi'kmaq near Fort Cumberland in the early 1750s. The narrative was entitled, "The History of the Life and Sufferings of Henry Grace" (Boston, 1764).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Port_Joli_2">Port Joli</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Port Joli">edit</a>]</div> In 1754, late one evening, a canoe full of Mi'kmaq fighters attempted to destroy the rudder of a New England fishing vessel. The New England crew sank the canoe and all the Mi'kmaq drowned except Molly Pigtow who was captured and taken back to New England.<a href="#cite_note-more-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_off_Port_La_Tour_(1755)">Battle off Port La Tour (1755)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Battle off Port La Tour (1755)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_June_1755" title="Action of 8 June 1755">Action of 8 June 1755</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg/220px-CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg/330px-CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg/440px-CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>The capture of French naval ships Alcide and Lys. Carrying supplies for the Acadian and Mi'kmaq militias, the battle was a contributing factor to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">resumption of formal war</a> between the British and French.</figcaption></figure> In April 1755, while searching for a wrecked vessel at <a href="/wiki/Port_La_Tour,_Nova_Scotia" title="Port La Tour, Nova Scotia">Port La Tour</a>, Cobb discovered the French schooner Marguerite (Margarett), taking war supplies to the Saint John River for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Deschamps_de_Boish%C3%A9bert_et_de_Raffetot" title="Charles Deschamps de Boishébert et de Raffetot">Boishebert</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Menagoueche" title="Fort Menagoueche">Fort Menagoueche</a>. Cobb returned to Halifax with the news and was ordered by Governor Charles Lawrence to blockade the harbour until Captain William Kensey arrived in the warship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vulture_(1744)" title="HMS Vulture (1744)">HMS Vulture</a>, and then to assist Kensey in capturing the French prize and taking it to Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 258  In the <a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_June_1755" title="Action of 8 June 1755">action of 8 June 1755</a>, a naval battle off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Race" title="Cape Race">Cape Race</a>, Newfoundland, the British found on board the French ships Alcide and Lys 10,000 scalping knives for Acadians and Indians serving under Mi'kmaq Chief Cope and Acadian Beausoleil as they continued to fight Father Le Loutre's War.<a href="#cite_note-nshs-22">[22]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The British also thwarted French supplies from reaching Acadians and Mi'kmaq resisting the British in the previous war, <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>—see <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1747)" title="First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)">First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Fort_Beauséjour">Battle of Fort Beauséjour</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Battle of Fort Beauséjour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Battle of Fort Beauséjour</a></div> On May 22, 1755, the British commanded a fleet of three warships and thirty-three transports carrying 2,100 soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>; they landed at Fort Lawrence on June 3, 1755. The following day the British forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">attacked Fort Beausejour</a> using the plan created by spy <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pichon" title="Thomas Pichon">Thomas Pichon</a>. After the Fort's capitulation the French forces evacuated on June 16, 1755 to Fort Gaspereaux en route to Louisbourg, arriving on June 24, 1755. Shortly after, Monckton dispatched Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Rous" title="John Rous">John Rous</a> to take Fort Menagoueche at the mouth of the St. John River. Boishebert, seeing that resistance was futile, destroyed the fort and retreated upriver to Belleisle Bay. There he erected a camp volant and constructed a small battery as a rear guard for the Acadian settlements on the river.<a href="#cite_note-campbell05-24">[24]</a>: 29  which the French destroyed themselves to prevent it from falling into British hands. This battle proved to be one of the key victories for the British in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, in which Great Britain gained control of nearly all of New France.<a href="#cite_note-hand-39">[39]</a>: 102 <a href="#endnote_s">s</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_during_the_war">Trade during the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trade during the war">edit</a>]</div> During Father Le Loutre's War, Minas Basin communities willingly responded to the call from Le Loutre for basic food stuffs. The bread basket of the region, they raised wheat and other grains, produced flour in no fewer than eleven mills, and sustained herds of several thousand head of cattle, sheep and hogs. Regular cattle droves made their way over a road from Cobequid to Tatamagouche for the supply of Beausejour, Louisbourg, and settlements on Ile St. Jean. Other exports went by sea from Minas Basin to Beaubassin or to the mouth of the St. John River, carried in Acadian vessels by Acadian middlemen.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 141  At the same time, Acadians began to refuse to trade with the British. By 1754, no Acadian produce was reaching the Halifax market. While the French pressured Acadians not to trade with Halifax, even when British merchants tried to buy directly from Acadians, they were refused. Acadians refused to supply <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort Edward (Nova Scotia)">Fort Edward</a> with any firewood.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 142  Lawrence passed a Corn Law, forbidding Acadian exports until Halifax market had been supplied.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 142  The British devised a war plan for Nova Scotia that focused on cutting off the food supply to Fort Beauséjour and Louisbourg. This plan involved both siege tactics but also cutting of the source of the supply.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 142 <a href="#cite_note-patterson93-12">[12]</a>: 51–52  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deportation_Grand-Pr%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Deportation_Grand-Pr%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Deportation_Grand-Pr%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Deportation_Grand-Pr%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Deportation_Grand-Pr%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Deportation_Grand-Pr%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Deportation_Grand-Pr%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A scene depicting the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian expulsion">deportation of Acadian settlers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9,_Nova_Scotia" title="Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia">Grand-Pré</a>.</figcaption></figure> Father Le Loutre's War had done much to create the condition of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a>; British civilians had not been spared, and, as Lawrence saw it, Acadian civilians had provided intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support while others actually fought in armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 146  More than any other single factor – including the massive assault that eventually forced the surrender of Louisbourg – the supply problem spelled doom to French power in the region. To cut off the supply to the French, Lawrence realized he could do this, in part, by deporting the Acadians.<a href="#cite_note-patterson94-10">[10]</a>: 152  With the fall of Beausejour, Le Loutre was imprisoned and the Acadian expulsion began. During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the British forces rounded up French settlers starting with the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy_Campaign_(1755)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)">Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755)</a>. The British deported the Acadians and burned their villages at Chignecto to prevent their return. The Acadian Exodus from Nova Scotia during the war spared most of those who joined it – particularly those who went to Ile St. Jean and Ile Royal – from the British <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expulsion of the Acadians</a> in 1755. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Military history of the Mi'kmaq</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>A.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_a">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">Battle at St. Croix</a></dd> <dd>B.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b">^</a> Irish officer, 1749–50, later Major, 1775; Lieut. in <a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Rangers" title="Gorham's Rangers">Gorham's Rangers</a> by 1754<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and later he was in the <a href="/wiki/59th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Regiment of Foot">59th Regiment of Foot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulkeley_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Bulkeley (governor)">Richard Bulkeley</a> Senr. excepted, Moncrieffe was the only charter member of The <a href="/wiki/Charitable_Irish_Society_of_Halifax" title="Charitable Irish Society of Halifax">Charitable Irish Society of Halifax</a> also to have come to Nova Scotia with Governor Edward Cornwallis in 1749<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the 59th regiment he fought under Thomas Cage in Boston during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. He later returned to Halifax.</dd> <dd>C.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_c">^</a> John Grenier developed the "Father Le Loutre's War" frame on these series of conflicts in his books The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760<a href="#cite_note-grenier08-9">[9]</a> and The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></dd> <dd>D.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_d">^</a> 2576 settlers arrived with Cornwallis; the following year, 353 arrived on the Alderney; 300 <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants" title="Foreign Protestants">Foreign Protestants</a> also arrived.<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 5, 27 </dd> <dd>E.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_e">^</a> The focus of the raids were the towns on the Acadia/ New England border: A line drawn from Falmouth, now Portland, on Casco Bay, by the towns Scarborough, Saco, Wells, York, Amesbury, Haverhill, Andover, Dunstable, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster, and Worcester constituted the frontier of Massachusetts, which then included Maine.</dd> <dd>F.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_f">^</a> Rous was first in command of the 14-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tavistock_(1745)" title="HMS Tavistock (1745)">HMS Albany</a> and then in 1753 took over the 14-gun HMS Success.</dd> <dd>G.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_g">^</a> Cobb captained the sloop York and then the 80-ton York and Halifax.</dd> <dd>H.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_h">^</a> Anson, of 70 tons, John Beare, commander, and Daniel Dimmock, lieutenant, and the schooner Warren, of 70 tons, Jonathan Davis, captain, and Benjamin Myrick, lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-murdoch66-36">[36]</a>: 122 </dd> <dd>I.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_i">^</a> For the primary sources that document the Raids on Dartmouth see Salusbury,<a href="#cite_note-salusbury-26">[26]</a> Wilson,<a href="#cite_note-wilson51-40">[40]</a> and <a href="#cite_note-landry-42">[42]</a>: P5 C7 </dd> <dd>J.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_j">^</a> By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax, there was a long history of the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a> (which included the Mi'kmaq) engaging in conflict with British settlers along the New England/ Acadia frontier in Maine (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1688)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1688) (page does not exist)">1688</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1703)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1703)">1703</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1723)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1723)">1723</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1724)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1724)">1724</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1745)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1745)">1745</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1746)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1746)">1746</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_Campaign_(1747)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Coast Campaign (1747)">1747</a>).</dd> <dd>K.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_k">^</a> Akins,<a href="#cite_note-akins95-20">[20]</a>: 334  puts the month of this raid in July and writes that there were six British attacked, two were scalped and four were taken prisoner and never seen again.</dd> <dd>L.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_l">^</a> Cornwallis' official report mentioned that four settlers were killed and six soldiers taken prisoner. See Governor Cornwallis to Board of Trade, letter, June 24, 1751, referenced in Chapman.<a href="#cite_note-chapman-32">[32]</a>: 29  Wilson<a href="#cite_note-wilson51-40">[40]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] reported that fifteen people were killed immediately, seven were wounded, three of whom would die in hospital; six were carried away and never seen again".</dd> <dd>M.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_m">^</a> History of Halifax and Dartmouth Harbour: 1415–1800<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> lists the 34 people who were buried in Halifax between May 13 – June 15, 1751, four of whom were soldiers.</dd> <dd>N.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_n">^</a> Patterson,<a href="#cite_note-patterson93-12">[12]</a>: 43  reports the attack happened on the coast between Country Harbour and Tor Bay. Whitehead<a href="#cite_note-Whitehead137-51">[51]</a> reports the location was a little harbour to the westward of Torbay, "Martingo", "port of Mocodome"; Murdoch<a href="#cite_note-murdoch65-67">[67]</a>: 410  identifies Mocodome as present-day "Country Harbour". The Mi'kmaq claimed the British schooner was accidentally shipwrecked and some of the crew drowned. They also indicated that two men died of illness while the other killed the six Mi'kmaq despite their hospitality. The French officials did not believe the Mi'kmaq account of events.</dd> <dd>O.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_o">^</a> Ellinwood's son Ebenezer Jr. was age 4 and would later also become a sea captain.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></dd> <dd>P.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_p">^</a> Le Loutre in his autobiography notes that his work extended to Lunenburg and Cape Sable, that is, Nova Scotia's South Shore.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Lawrence and his deputy also refused to send Acadians to the area for fear of their influence on the local population.<a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>: 208 </dd> <dd>Q.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_q">^</a> On September 4, 1751, Cornwallis acknowledged the difficulties of creating safety beyond the forts: "Farmers can't live within Forts and must go in security upon their business..."<a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>: 644 </dd> <dd>R.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_r">^</a> Attacks on these forts continued through Father Le Loutre's War.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Charles Morris had intelligence from Acadians that another Northeast Coast Campaign was planned for 1755.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></dd> <dd>S.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_s">^</a> On the isthmus, the British renamed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a> to Fort Cumberland and abandoned Fort Lawrence; they recognized the superior construction of Fort Beauséjour. They also renamed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a> to Fort Moncton.</dd> <dd>T.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_t">^</a> Horsemens Fort was named after Col. John Horseman of <a href="/wiki/45th_(Nottinghamshire)_(Sherwood_Foresters)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="45th (Nottinghamshire) (Sherwood Foresters) Regiment of Foot">Warburton's Regiment (45th Regiment)</a> who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Council" title="Nova Scotia Council">Nova Scotia Council</a><a href="#cite_note-akins69-23">[23]</a>: 572 </dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Johnson, Micheline D. 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Université de Moncton. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897214-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897214-02-2"><bdi>978-1-897214-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French+attitudes+toward+the+Acadians&rft.btitle=Du+Grand+D%C3%A9rangement+%C3%A0+la+D%C3%A9portation%3A+nouvelles+perspectives+historiques&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Moncton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-897214-02-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBscRAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patterson93-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patterson93_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patterson93_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patterson93_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patterson93_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. (Autumn 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/download/11962/12806">"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749–61: A Study in Political Interaction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acadiensis" title="Acadiensis">Acadiensis</a>. 23 (1): 23–59. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30303469">30303469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acadiensis&rft.atitle=Indian-White+Relations+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749%E2%80%9361%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Interaction&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-59&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30303469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FAcadiensis%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F11962%2F12806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-faragher05-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faragher05_13-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Mack_Faragher" title="John Mack Faragher">Faragher, John Mack</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara">A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland</a>. W.W Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05135-3"><bdi>978-0-393-05135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+and+Noble+Scheme%3A+The+Tragic+Story+of+the+Expulsion+of+the+French+Acadians+from+Their+American+Homeland&rft.pub=W.W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05135-3&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatnoblescheme00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2016" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Tod (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/83c0a90994c292bb4fe8303bf8d769b2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=446300">"Mi'kmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676–1781)"</a>. Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Journal. 19: 1–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=Mi%27kmaw+Armed+Resistance+to+British+Expansion+in+Northern+New+England+%281676%E2%80%931781%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Tod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F83c0a90994c292bb4fe8303bf8d769b2%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D446300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidBaker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Reid" title="John G. Reid">Reid, John G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Baker" title="Emerson Baker">Baker, Emerson W.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TM3AlH-lTscC&pg=PA129">"Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal"</a>. Essays on Northeastern North America, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. University of Toronto Press. pp. 129–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442688032">10.3138/9781442688032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9137-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-9137-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442688032.12">10.3138/9781442688032.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amerindian+Power+in+the+Early+Modern+Northeast%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Northeastern+North+America%2C+Seventeenth+and+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=129-152&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442688032.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442688032&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9137-6&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Emerson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTM3AlH-lTscC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPote1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Pote" title="William Pote">Pote, William</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalcaptainw00hursgoog">The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr: During His Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747</a>. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalcaptainw00hursgoog/page/n78">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Captain+William+Pote%2C+Jr%3A+During+His+Captivity+in+the+French+and+Indian+War+from+May%2C+1745%2C+to+August%2C+1747&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Pote&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalcaptainw00hursgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1908" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, James Phinney, ed. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto11main">Documentary history of the state of Maine</a>. Vol. XI. Portland, Maine: <a href="/wiki/Maine_Historical_Society" title="Maine Historical Society">Maine Historical Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentary+history+of+the+state+of+Maine&rft.place=Portland%2C+Maine&rft.pub=Maine+Historical+Society&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdocumentaryhisto11main&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1912" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Charles Henry, ed. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/correspondencew05amergoog#page/n534">"Massachusetts General Court: Report on French Encroachments, April 18, 1749"</a>. Correspondence of William Shirley: Governor of Massachusetts and Military Commander in America 1731–1760. Vol. I. The Macmillan Company. p. 481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Massachusetts+General+Court%3A+Report+on+French+Encroachments%2C+April+18%2C+1749&rft.btitle=Correspondence+of+William+Shirley%3A+Governor+of+Massachusetts+and+Military+Commander+in+America+1731%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcorrespondencew05amergoog%23page%2Fn534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1954" class="citation journal cs1">Bates, George (1954). "John Gorham 1709–1751: An outline of his activities in Nova Scotia". Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. XXX: 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collections+of+the+Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=John+Gorham+1709%E2%80%931751%3A+An+outline+of+his+activities+in+Nova+Scotia&rft.volume=XXX&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-akins95-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins95_20-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkins1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beamish_Akins" title="Thomas Beamish Akins">Akins, Thomas B.</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyhalifaxc00akingoog">History of Halifax City</a>. Halifax: Nova Scotia Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Halifax+City&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Akins&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryhalifaxc00akingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2015" class="citation news cs1">West, Jerry (October 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/british-mikmaq-conflict-tod-scott-1.3284147">"Mi'kmaq resistance kept British holed up in their forts, historian finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mi%27kmaq+resistance+kept+British+holed+up+in+their+forts%2C+historian+finds&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnova-scotia%2Fbritish-mikmaq-conflict-tod-scott-1.3284147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nshs-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nshs_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nshs_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nshs_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionsofnov02nova">Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society for the Years 1879-1880</a>. Vol. II. Halifax: Nova Scotia Historical Society. 1881. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collections+of+the+Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society+for+the+Years+1879-1880&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectionsofnov02nova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-akins69-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-akins69_23-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkins1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beamish_Akins" title="Thomas Beamish Akins">Akins, Thomas B.</a>, ed. (1869). Selections from the Public Documents of the Province of Nova Scotia: Pub. Under a Resolution of the House of Assembly Passed March 15, 1865. Halifax: Charles Annand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Public+Documents+of+the+Province+of+Nova+Scotia%3A+Pub.+Under+a+Resolution+of+the+House+of+Assembly+Passed+March+15%2C+1865&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=Charles+Annand&rft.date=1869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> specifically Parts I: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tr0nJAZ6SIC&pg=PP1">Papers Relating to the Acadian French (1714–1755)</a> and Part III: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tr0nJAZ6SIC&pg=PA359">Papers related to the French encroachment on Nova Scotia (1749–1754), and the War in North America (1754–1761)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-campbell05-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-campbell05_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-campbell05_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, William Edgar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Je0MAQAAMAAJ">The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec</a>. New Brunswick Military Heritage Project. Goose Lane Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86492-426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86492-426-1"><bdi>978-0-86492-426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Canada%3A+The+Grand+Communications+Route+from+Saint+John+to+Quebec&rft.series=New+Brunswick+Military+Heritage+Project&rft.pub=Goose+Lane+Editions&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86492-426-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJe0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-griffiths05-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-griffiths05_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffiths05_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-griffiths05_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2005" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC">From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2699-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2699-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Migrant+to+Acadian%3A+A+North+American+Border+People%2C+1604-1755&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2699-0&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=N.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcG4wSmIlziYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salusbury-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salusbury_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salusbury_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salusbury_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalusbury2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Salusbury_(diarist)" title="John Salusbury (diarist)">Salusbury, John</a> (2011) [1982]. Ronald Rompkey (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0mMlkJZlIYC">Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749–53</a>. 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University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7665-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7665-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-7665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+Treaties+on+Trial%3A+History%2C+Land%2C+and+Donald+Marshall+Junior&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7665-6&rft.aulast=Wicken&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MEQyYggQE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1748" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Sylvanius (1748). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sU1GAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA419">"List of Ships Taken"</a>. 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Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Quebec: Middleton and Dawson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campaign+against+Louisbourg+1750+%E2%80%93+%2758&rft.btitle=Manuscripts+Relating+to+the+Early+History+of+Canada&rft.place=Quebec&rft.series=Second+series&rft.pub=Middleton+and+Dawson&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Chevalier+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015014223302%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Lawrence, Charles</a> (1953). Journal and letters of Colonel Charles Lawrence: being a day by day account of the founding of Lunenburg. Halifax: Public Archives of Nova Scotia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+and+letters+of+Colonel+Charles+Lawrence%3A+being+a+day+by+day+account+of+the+founding+of+Lunenburg&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=Public+Archives+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Winslow" title="Joshua Winslow">Winslow, Joshua</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gw38MgEACAAJ">The Journal of Joshua Winslow, Recording His Participation in the Events of the Year 1750, Memorable in the History of Nova Scotia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Joshua+Winslow%2C+Recording+His+Participation+in+the+Events+of+the+Year+1750%2C+Memorable+in+the+History+of+Nova+Scotia.&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgw38MgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cihm_20189">An Account of the Present State of Nova-Scotia: in Two Letters to a Noble Lord: ...</a> London. 1756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665201899" title="Special:BookSources/9780665201899"><bdi>9780665201899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+the+Present+State+of+Nova-Scotia%3A+in+Two+Letters+to+a+Noble+Lord%3A+...&rft.place=London&rft.date=1756&rft.isbn=9780665201899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcihm_20189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011441295;view=1up;seq=216">"Extract of a Letter from Halifax in Nova Scotia dated March 20, 1749–50"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Magazine" title="The London Magazine">The London Magazine</a>. Vol. 19. 1750. pp. 196–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Magazine&rft.atitle=Extract+of+a+Letter+from+Halifax+in+Nova+Scotia+dated+March+20%2C+1749%E2%80%9350&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=196-197&rft.date=1750&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015011441295%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1996" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Thomas Garden (1996). "'Twelve Apostles' or a Dozen Traitors?: Acadian Collaborators during King George's War, 1744–8". In F. Murray Greenwood; Barry Wright (eds.). Law, Politics, and Security Measures, 1608–1837. Canadian State Trials. Vol. I. Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, University of Toronto Press. pp. 98–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802078933" title="Special:BookSources/9780802078933"><bdi>9780802078933</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1vgw6d9.10">10.3138/j.ctt1vgw6d9.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Twelve+Apostles%27+or+a+Dozen+Traitors%3F%3A+Acadian+Collaborators+during+King+George%27s+War%2C+1744%E2%80%938&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Politics%2C+and+Security+Measures%2C+1608%E2%80%931837&rft.series=Canadian+State+Trials&rft.pages=98-113&rft.pub=Osgoode+Society+for+Canadian+Legal+History%2C+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1vgw6d9.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780802078933&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Brian D. (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1020&context=cahfac_history">"'Savages' in the Service of Empire: Native American Soldiers in Gorham's Rangers, 1744-1762"</a>. New England Quarterly. 85 (3): 383–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FTNEQ_a_00207">10.1162/TNEQ_a_00207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57559449">57559449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27Savages%27+in+the+Service+of+Empire%3A+Native+American+Soldiers+in+Gorham%27s+Rangers%2C+1744-1762&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-429&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FTNEQ_a_00207&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57559449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.cwu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1020%26context%3Dcahfac_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._B._Douglas" title="W. A. B. Douglas">Douglas, W.A.B.</a> (March 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/568408">"The Sea Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749-1755: A Comment on Naval Policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Review" title="Canadian Historical Review">Canadian Historical Review</a>. 47 (1): 22–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FCHR-047-01-02">10.3138/CHR-047-01-02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162250099">162250099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Sea+Militia+of+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749-1755%3A+A+Comment+on+Naval+Policy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-37&rft.date=1966-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FCHR-047-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162250099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=W.A.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F568408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1913" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Joseph Plimsoll (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectionsofnov17nova_0/page/63">"The Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1867"</a>. Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. XVII. Halifax: Wm. Macnab & Son. pp. 63–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Militia+of+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749%E2%80%931867&rft.btitle=Collections+of+the+Nova+Scotia+Historical+Society&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pages=63-110&rft.pub=Wm.+Macnab+%26+Son&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Plimsoll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectionsofnov17nova_0%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvageau1987" class="citation book cs1">Sauvageau, Robert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qAglAAAAMAAJ">Acadie: la guerre de cent ans des français d'Amérique aux Maritimes et en Louisiane, 1670-1769</a>. Berger-Levrault. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7013-0720-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7013-0720-6"><bdi>978-2-7013-0720-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acadie%3A+la+guerre+de+cent+ans+des+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Am%C3%A9rique+aux+Maritimes+et+en+Louisiane%2C+1670-1769&rft.pub=Berger-Levrault&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-7013-0720-6&rft.aulast=Sauvageau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqAglAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFather+Le+Loutre%27s+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_military_history" title="Template talk:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown and Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">New France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Ango-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary 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Civil War">Canada and the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Canada and the Iraq War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_military_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian military history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Internment Camps WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Internment Camps WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Military history of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a> (1969–mid-1990s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Palliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Palliser">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">ISIS war</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intervention_against_ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention against ISIS">Military intervention against ISIS</a> (2014–present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_colonial_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">South Carolina (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">Florida (1562–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique de Gourgue">Florida (1568)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">Brazil (1555–67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1590–04)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Morocco (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">Senegal (1659–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Djidjelli (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers (1683)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers (1688)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars (1609–1701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Brazil (1612–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">North America (1627–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">West Indies (1635–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Expulsion">Carib Expulsion (1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Texas (1685–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War (1689–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">Santo Domingo (1691)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siam (1687–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa">West Africa (1758–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Morocco (1765)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War (1721–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez revolt (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War (1744–48)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nova Scotia (1749–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War (1754–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">North America (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Caribbean (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Santo Domingo (1795–1809)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="France–Myanmar relations">Burma–France relations (1729–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">India (1746–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars#Second_Carnatic_War_(1749–1754)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">India (1749–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">India (1756–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">Vietnam (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">East Indies (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies (1793–1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–11">Indian Ocean (1809–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Algeria (1830–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Algeria (1835–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Morocco (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest of Senegal (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition" title="First Madagascar expedition">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Ivory Coast (1883–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">Second Madagascar expedition (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menalamba_rebellion" title="Menalamba rebellion">Menalamba rebellion (1895–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Campaign_1804%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies Campaign 1804–10">West Indies (1804–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata (1838–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Mexico (1838–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basilan#The_French_blockade" title="History of Basilan">Philippines (1844–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Tahitian_War" title="Franco-Tahitian War">Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1856)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1856)">Tourane (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">North Vietnam (1873–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Campaign">Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">North Vietnam (1886–96)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign against Korea">Korea (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Leeward Islands">Leewards War (1888–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai War (1906–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War (1915–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt (1916–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion" title="Kongo-Wara rebellion">Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War (1954–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_War" title="Cameroon War">Cameroon War (1955–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte_crisis" title="Bizerte crisis">Bizerte crisis (1961)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Vietnam (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vietnam (1918–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Syria (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Cilicia (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Syria (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Vietnam (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Vietnam (1930–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" 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