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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_power_generation_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_power_generation_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Thermal power generation efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_power_generation_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electricity cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boiler_and_steam_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiler_and_steam_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Boiler and steam cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boiler_and_steam_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boiler and steam cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boiler_and_steam_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feed_water_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feed_water_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Feed water heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feed_water_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boiler_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiler_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Boiler operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boiler_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boiler_furnace_and_steam_drum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiler_furnace_and_steam_drum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Boiler furnace and steam drum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boiler_furnace_and_steam_drum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superheater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superheater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Superheater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superheater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_condensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_condensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Steam condensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_condensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reheater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reheater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Reheater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reheater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Air path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_turbine_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_turbine_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Steam turbine generator</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Steam_turbine_generator-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Steam turbine generator subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Steam_turbine_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steam_turbine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_turbine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Steam turbine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_turbine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turbo_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbo_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Turbo generator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbo_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stack_gas_path_and_cleanup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stack_gas_path_and_cleanup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Stack gas path and cleanup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stack_gas_path_and_cleanup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Auxiliary systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Auxiliary_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Auxiliary systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boiler_make-up_water_treatment_plant_and_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiler_make-up_water_treatment_plant_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Boiler make-up water treatment plant and storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boiler_make-up_water_treatment_plant_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_preparation_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_preparation_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Fuel preparation system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_preparation_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barring_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barring_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Barring gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barring_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Oil system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generator_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generator_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Generator cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generator_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generator_high-voltage_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generator_high-voltage_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Generator high-voltage system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generator_high-voltage_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_alarm_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_alarm_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Monitoring and alarm system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_alarm_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery-supplied_emergency_lighting_and_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery-supplied_emergency_lighting_and_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Battery-supplied emergency lighting and communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery-supplied_emergency_lighting_and_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulating_water_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulating_water_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Circulating water system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulating_water_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محطة حرارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محطة حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stilik_elektrik_stansiyas%C4%B1" title="İstilik elektrik stansiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İstilik elektrik stansiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ایستیلیک الکتریک مرکزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستیلیک الکتریک مرکزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তাপবিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপবিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Цеплавая электрычная станцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цеплавая электрычная станцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Цеплавая электрычная станцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цеплавая электрычная станцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Топлоелектрическа централа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топлоелектрическа централа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoelektrana" title="Termoelektrana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termoelektrana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_t%C3%A8rmica" title="Central tèrmica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Central tèrmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%A1_elektr%C3%A1rna" title="Tepelná elektrárna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tepelná elektrárna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4rmekraftwerk" title="Wärmekraftwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wärmekraftwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojuselektrijaam" title="Soojuselektrijaam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soojuselektrijaam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ατμοηλεκτρικό εργοστάσιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατμοηλεκτρικό εργοστάσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_termoel%C3%A9ctrica" title="Central termoeléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Central termoeléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoelektra_centralo" title="Termoelektra centralo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termoelektra centralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentral_termiko" title="Zentral termiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zentral termiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نیروگاه حرارتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروگاه حرارتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_thermique" title="Centrale thermique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centrale thermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_t%C3%A9rmica" title="Central térmica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Central térmica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EB%A0%A5_%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%84%EC%86%8C" title="화력 발전소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화력 발전소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ջերմաէլեկտրակայան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմաէլեկտրակայան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ताप विद्युत केन्द्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताप विद्युत केन्द्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoelektrane" title="Termoelektrane – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termoelektrane" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_termal" title="Pembangkit listrik termal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembangkit listrik termal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_termoelettrica" title="Centrale termoelettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centrale termoelettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თბოელექტროსადგური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თბოელექტროსადგური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жылу электр станциясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жылу электр станциясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoelektrostacija" title="Termoelektrostacija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Termoelektrostacija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ilumin%C4%97_j%C4%97gain%C4%97" title="Šiluminė jėgainė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiluminė jėgainė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%91er%C5%91m%C5%B1" title="Hőerőmű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hőerőmű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Термоелектрана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Термоелектрана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="औष्णिक वीजनिर्मिती प्रकल्प – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="औष्णिक वीजनिर्मिती प्रकल्प" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermische_centrale" title="Thermische centrale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermische centrale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80" title="火力発電所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火力発電所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmekraftverk" title="Varmekraftverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varmekraftverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issiqlik_elektr_stansiyalari" title="Issiqlik elektr stansiyalari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Issiqlik elektr stansiyalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="حرارتی بجلی گھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حرارتی بجلی گھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrownia_cieplna" title="Elektrownia cieplna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektrownia cieplna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usina_termoel%C3%A9trica" title="Usina termoelétrica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Usina termoelétrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termocentral%C4%83" title="Termocentrală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termocentrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тепловая электростанция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тепловая электростанция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termocentrali" title="Termocentrali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Termocentrali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="තාප විදුලි බලාගාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප විදුලි බලාගාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_plant" title="Thermal power plant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermal power plant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%A1_elektr%C3%A1re%C5%88" title="Tepelná elektráreň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tepelná elektráreň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoelektrarna" title="Termoelektrarna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Termoelektrarna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ھێزگەی گەرمایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێزگەی گەرمایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Термоелектрана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Термоелектрана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoelektrana" title="Termoelektrana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termoelektrana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6voimalaitos" title="Lämpövoimalaitos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpövoimalaitos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rmekraftverk" title="Värmekraftverk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Värmekraftverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அனல் மின் நிலையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனல் மின் நிலையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="తాప విద్యుత్ కేంద్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తాప విద్యుత్ కేంద్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termik_santral" title="Termik santral – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termik santral" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Теплова електростанція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теплова електростанція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="حرارتی بجلی گھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارتی بجلی گھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y_nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n" title="Nhà máy nhiệt điện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà máy nhiệt điện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" title="热力发电厂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热力发电厂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q200297#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_plant&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power plant">Thermal power plant</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Power plant that generates electricity from heat energy</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/220px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/330px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/440px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiangsu_Nantong_power_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jiangsu_Nantong_power_station.jpg/220px-Jiangsu_Nantong_power_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jiangsu_Nantong_power_station.jpg/330px-Jiangsu_Nantong_power_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Jiangsu_Nantong_power_station.jpg/440px-Jiangsu_Nantong_power_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>Nantong Power Station, a coal-fired power station in <a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooiwalkragstasie,_naby_Pyramid,_Pretoria,_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rooiwalkragstasie%2C_naby_Pyramid%2C_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg/220px-Rooiwalkragstasie%2C_naby_Pyramid%2C_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rooiwalkragstasie%2C_naby_Pyramid%2C_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg/330px-Rooiwalkragstasie%2C_naby_Pyramid%2C_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Rooiwalkragstasie%2C_naby_Pyramid%2C_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg/440px-Rooiwalkragstasie%2C_naby_Pyramid%2C_Pretoria%2C_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rooiwal_Power_Station" title="Rooiwal Power Station">Rooiwal Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/220px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/330px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg/440px-NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power station">Geothermal power station</a> in Iceland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_of_Drax_-_geograph.org.uk_-_581958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Northeast_of_Drax_-_geograph.org.uk_-_581958.jpg/220px-Northeast_of_Drax_-_geograph.org.uk_-_581958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Northeast_of_Drax_-_geograph.org.uk_-_581958.jpg/330px-Northeast_of_Drax_-_geograph.org.uk_-_581958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Northeast_of_Drax_-_geograph.org.uk_-_581958.jpg/440px-Northeast_of_Drax_-_geograph.org.uk_-_581958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drax_Power_Station" title="Drax Power Station">Drax Power Station</a>, the world's largest biomass power station, in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg/220px-PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg/330px-PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg/440px-PS10_solar_power_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PS10_solar_power_plant" title="PS10 solar power plant">PS10 solar power plant</a>, concentrated solar thermal power station in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>thermal power station</b>, also known as a <b>thermal power plant</b>, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Heat_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat energy">heat energy</a> generated from various fuel sources (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fuel</a>, etc.) is converted to <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manoj1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manoj1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heat from the source is converted into mechanical energy using a thermodynamic power cycle (such as a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_cycle" title="Diesel cycle">Diesel cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a>, etc.). The most common cycle involves a working fluid (often water) heated and boiled under high pressure in a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a> to produce high-pressure steam. This high pressure-steam is then directed to a turbine, where it rotates the turbine's blades. The rotating turbine is mechanically connected to an <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a> which converts rotary motion into electricity. Fuels such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or oil can also be burnt directly in <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbines">gas turbines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>), skipping the steam generation step. These plants can be of the <a href="/wiki/Open_cycle_gas_turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Open cycle gas turbine">open cycle</a> or the more efficient <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">combined cycle</a> type. </p><p>The majority of the world's thermal power stations are driven by steam turbines, gas turbines, or a combination of the two. The efficiency of a thermal power station is determined by how effectively it converts heat energy into electrical energy, specifically the ratio of saleable electricity to the heating value of the fuel used. Different thermodynamic cycles have varying efficiencies, with the Rankine cycle generally being more efficient than the Otto or Diesel cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Manoj1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manoj1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Rankine cycle, the low-pressure exhaust from the turbine enters a <a href="/wiki/Steam_condenser" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam condenser">steam condenser</a> where it is cooled to produce hot <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensate</a> which is recycled to the heating process to generate even more high pressure steam. </p><p>The design of thermal power stations depends on the intended energy source. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear fuel</a>, some stations use <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_incineration" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste incineration">waste incineration</a>. Certain thermal power stations are also designed to produce heat for industrial purposes, provide <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinate water</a>, in addition to generating electrical power. Emerging technologies such as supercritical and ultra-supercritical thermal power stations operate at higher temperatures and pressures for increased efficiency and reduced emissions. Cogeneration or CHP (Combined Heat and Power) technology, the simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat from the same fuel source, improves the overall efficiency by using waste heat for heating purposes. Older, less efficient thermal power stations are being decommissioned or adapted to use cleaner and renewable energy sources. </p><p>Thermal power stations produce 70% of the world's electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often provide reliable, stable, and continuous baseload power supply essential for economic growth. They ensure energy security by maintaining grid stability, especially in regions where they complement intermittent renewable energy sources dependent on weather conditions. The operation of thermal power stations contributes to the local economy by creating jobs in construction, maintenance, and fuel extraction industries. On the other hand, burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases (contributing to climate change) and air pollutants such as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides (leading to acid rain and respiratory diseases). <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a> (CCS) technology can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of fossil-fuel-based thermal power stations, however it is expensive and has seldom been implemented. Government regulations and international agreements are being enforced to reduce harmful emissions and promote cleaner power generation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_thermal_energy">Types of thermal energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of thermal energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Almost all <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power stations</a>, petroleum, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal electric">solar thermal electric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">waste incineration plants</a>, as well as all natural gas power stations are thermal. <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> is frequently <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion">burned</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> from a gas turbine, in the form of hot exhaust gas, can be used to raise steam by passing this gas through a <a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator" title="Heat recovery steam generator">heat recovery steam generator</a> (HRSG). The steam is then used to drive a steam turbine in a <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> plant that improves overall efficiency. Power stations burning coal, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, or natural gas are often called <i><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">fossil fuel power stations</a></i>. Some <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>-fueled thermal power stations have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal power stations, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> are sometimes referred to as <i>conventional power stations</i>. </p><p>Commercial <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">electric utility</a> power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation. Virtually all electric power stations use <a href="/wiki/Three-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase">three-phase</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generators</a> to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">frequency</a> of 50 Hz or 60 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>. Large companies or institutions may have their own power stations to supply <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a> or electricity to their facilities, especially if steam is created anyway for other purposes. Steam-driven power stations have been used to drive most ships in most of the 20th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Shipboard power stations usually directly couple the turbine to the ship's propellers through gearboxes. Power stations in such ships also provide steam to smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a> is, with few exceptions, used only in naval vessels. There have been many <a href="/wiki/Turbo-electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo-electric">turbo-electric</a> ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">propulsion</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a> plants, often called combined heat and power (CHP) facilities, produce both electric power and heat for process heat or space heating, such as steam and hot water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Toledo_Edison_Steam_Plant_circa_1900_-_DPLA_-_38c9a4f0c9e18a5a9abd27d45146ac14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_of_the_Toledo_Edison_Steam_Plant_circa_1900_-_DPLA_-_38c9a4f0c9e18a5a9abd27d45146ac14.jpg/220px-Interior_of_the_Toledo_Edison_Steam_Plant_circa_1900_-_DPLA_-_38c9a4f0c9e18a5a9abd27d45146ac14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_of_the_Toledo_Edison_Steam_Plant_circa_1900_-_DPLA_-_38c9a4f0c9e18a5a9abd27d45146ac14.jpg/330px-Interior_of_the_Toledo_Edison_Steam_Plant_circa_1900_-_DPLA_-_38c9a4f0c9e18a5a9abd27d45146ac14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_of_the_Toledo_Edison_Steam_Plant_circa_1900_-_DPLA_-_38c9a4f0c9e18a5a9abd27d45146ac14.jpg/440px-Interior_of_the_Toledo_Edison_Steam_Plant_circa_1900_-_DPLA_-_38c9a4f0c9e18a5a9abd27d45146ac14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Toledo Edison Steam Plant, Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">reciprocating steam engine</a> has been used to produce mechanical power since the 18th century, with notable improvements being made by <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>. When the first commercially developed central electrical power stations were established in 1882 at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station">Pearl Street Station</a> in New York and <a href="/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct_power_station" title="Holborn Viaduct power station">Holborn Viaduct power station</a> in London, reciprocating steam engines were used. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> in 1884 provided larger and more efficient machine designs for central generating stations. By 1892 the turbine was considered a better alternative to reciprocating engines;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> turbines offered higher speeds, more compact machinery, and stable speed regulation allowing for parallel synchronous operation of generators on a common bus. After about 1905, turbines entirely replaced reciprocating engines in almost all large central power stations. </p><p>The largest reciprocating engine-generator sets ever built were completed in 1901 for the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Elevated_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Elevated Railway">Manhattan Elevated Railway</a>. Each of seventeen units weighed about 500 tons and was rated 6000 kilowatts; a contemporary turbine set of similar rating would have weighed about 20% as much.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermal_power_generation_efficiency">Thermal power generation efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thermal power generation efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feedwater-heating.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Feedwater-heating.png/354px-Feedwater-heating.png" decoding="async" width="354" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Feedwater-heating.png 1.5x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a> with a two-stage <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> and a single feed water heater.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">energy efficiency</a> of a conventional thermal power station is defined as saleable energy produced as a percent of the <a href="/wiki/Heating_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating value">heating value</a> of the fuel consumed. A simple cycle <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> achieves energy conversion efficiencies from 20 to 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-energy.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energy.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical coal-based power plants operating at steam pressures of 170 bar and 570 °C run at efficiency of 35 to 38%,<sup id="cite_ref-Zactruba_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zactruba-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with state-of-the-art fossil fuel plants at 46% efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant#Efficiency_of_CCGT_plants" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined-cycle systems</a> can reach higher values. As with all heat engines, their efficiency is limited, and governed by the laws of <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic">thermodynamics</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Carnot_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnot efficiency">Carnot efficiency</a> dictates that higher efficiencies can be attained by increasing the temperature of the steam. Sub-critical pressure fossil fuel power stations can achieve 36–40% efficiency. <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">Supercritical</a> designs have efficiencies in the low to mid 40% range, with new "ultra critical" designs using pressures above 4,400 psi (30 MPa) and multiple stage reheat reaching 45–48% efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Zactruba_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zactruba-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above the <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical point</a> for <a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">water</a> of 705 °F (374 °C) and 3,212 psi (22.15 MPa), there is no <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> from water to steam, but only a gradual decrease in <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>. </p><p>Currently most nuclear power stations must operate below the temperatures and pressures that coal-fired plants do, in order to provide more conservative safety margins within the systems that remove heat from the nuclear fuel. This, in turn, limits their thermodynamic efficiency to 30–32%. Some advanced reactor designs being studied, such as the <a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">very-high-temperature reactor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">supercritical water reactor</a>, would operate at temperatures and pressures similar to current coal plants, producing comparable thermodynamic efficiency. </p><p>The energy of a thermal power station not utilized in power production must leave the plant in the form of heat to the environment. This <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> can go through a <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">condenser</a> and be disposed of with <a href="/wiki/Cooling_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling water">cooling water</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a>. If the waste heat is instead used for <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a>, it is called <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a>. An important class of thermal power station is that associated with <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and in these plants freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products. </p><p>Other types of power stations are subject to different efficiency limitations. Most <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydropower stations</a> in the United States are about 90 percent efficient in converting the energy of falling water into electricity<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the efficiency of a <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> is limited by <a href="/wiki/Betz%27s_law" title="Betz's law">Betz's law</a>, to about 59.3%, and actual wind turbines show lower efficiency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity_cost">Electricity cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electricity cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The direct cost of electric energy produced by a thermal power station is the result of cost of fuel, capital cost for the plant, operator labour, maintenance, and such factors as ash handling and disposal. Indirect social or environmental costs, such as the economic value of environmental impacts, or environmental and health effects of the complete fuel cycle and plant decommissioning, are not usually assigned to generation costs for thermal stations in utility practice, but may form part of an environmental impact assessment. Those indirect costs belong to the broader concept of <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boiler_and_steam_cycle">Boiler and steam cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boiler and steam cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tmi-2_schematicaux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tmi-2_schematicaux.svg/220px-Tmi-2_schematicaux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tmi-2_schematicaux.svg/330px-Tmi-2_schematicaux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Tmi-2_schematicaux.svg/440px-Tmi-2_schematicaux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized water reactor</a> simplified schematic</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear plant</a> field, <i><a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(nuclear_power)" title="Steam generator (nuclear power)">steam generator</a></i> refers to a specific type of large <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> used in a <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactor</a> (PWR) to thermally connect the primary (reactor plant) and secondary (steam plant) systems, which generates steam. In a <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">boiling water reactor</a> (BWR), no separate steam generator is used and water boils in the reactor core. </p><p>In some industrial settings, there can also be steam-producing heat exchangers called <i><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator" title="Heat recovery steam generator">heat recovery steam generators</a></i> (HRSG) which utilize heat from some industrial process, most commonly utilizing hot exhaust from a gas turbine. The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal plants</a> do not need boilers because they use naturally occurring steam sources. Heat exchangers may be used where the geothermal steam is very corrosive or contains excessive suspended solids. </p><p>A fossil fuel steam generator includes an <a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">economizer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Steam_drum" title="Steam drum">steam drum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnace</a> with its steam generating tubes and superheater coils. Necessary <a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valves</a> are located at suitable points to protect against excessive boiler pressure. The air and <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> path equipment include: forced draft (FD) <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">fan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_preheater" title="Air preheater">air preheater</a> (AP), boiler furnace, induced draft (ID) fan, fly ash collectors (<a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">electrostatic precipitator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dust_collector#Fabric_filters" title="Dust collector">baghouse</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_stack" title="Flue-gas stack">flue-gas stack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babcock_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babcock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feed_water_heating">Feed water heating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feed water heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boiler feed water used in the <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> boiler is a means of transferring heat energy from the burning fuel to the mechanical energy of the spinning <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>. The total feed water consists of recirculated <i>condensate</i> water and purified <i>makeup water</i>. Because the metallic materials it contacts are subject to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> at high temperatures and pressures, the makeup water is highly purified before use. A system of <a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">water softeners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> demineralizes produces water so pure that it coincidentally becomes an electrical <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulator</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">conductivity</a> in the range of 0.3–1.0 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)#Definition" title="Siemens (unit)">microsiemens</a> per centimeter. The makeup water in a 500 MWe plant amounts to perhaps 120 US gallons per minute (7.6 L/s) to replace water drawn off from the boiler drums for water purity management, and to also offset the small losses from steam leaks in the system. </p><p>The feed water cycle begins with condensate water being pumped out of the <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">condenser</a> after traveling through the steam turbines. The condensate flow rate at full load in a 500 MW plant is about 6,000 US gallons per minute (400 L/s). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deaerator-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Deaerator-en.svg/391px-Deaerator-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="391" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Deaerator-en.svg/587px-Deaerator-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Deaerator-en.svg/782px-Deaerator-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of boiler feed water deaerator (with vertical, domed aeration section and horizontal water storage section).</figcaption></figure> <p>The water is usually pressurized in two stages, and typically flows through a series of six or seven intermediate feed water heaters, heated up at each point with steam extracted from an appropriate extraction connection on the turbines and gaining temperature at each stage. Typically, in the middle of this series of feedwater heaters, and before the second stage of pressurization, the condensate plus the makeup water flows through a <a href="/wiki/Deaerator" title="Deaerator">deaerator</a><sup id="cite_ref-Spirax_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirax-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that removes dissolved air from the water, further purifying and reducing its corrosiveness. The water may be dosed following this point with <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>, a chemical that removes the remaining <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the water to below 5 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_billion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per billion">parts per billion</a> (ppb). It is also dosed with <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> control agents such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Morpholine" title="Morpholine">morpholine</a> to keep the residual <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a> low and thus non-corrosive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boiler_operation">Boiler operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Boiler operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boiler is a rectangular <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnace</a> about 50 feet (15 m) on a side and 130 feet (40 m) tall. Its walls are made of a web of high pressure steel tubes about 2.3 inches (58 mm) in diameter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fuel such as <a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">pulverized coal</a> is air-blown into the furnace through burners located at the four corners, or along one wall, or two opposite walls, and it is ignited to rapidly burn, forming a large fireball at the center. The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">thermal radiation</a> of the fireball heats the water that circulates through the boiler tubes near the boiler perimeter. The water circulation rate in the boiler is three to four times the throughput. As the water in the <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> circulates it absorbs heat and changes into steam. It is separated from the water inside a drum at the top of the furnace. The saturated steam is introduced into <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheat</a> pendant tubes that hang in the hottest part of the combustion gases as they exit the furnace. Here the steam is superheated to 1,000 °F (540 °C) to prepare it for the turbine. </p><p>Plants that use gas turbines to heat the water for conversion into steam use boilers known as <a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator" title="Heat recovery steam generator">heat recovery steam generators</a> (HRSG). The exhaust heat from the gas turbines is used to make superheated steam that is then used in a conventional water-steam generation cycle, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station#Gas_turbine_plants" title="Fossil fuel power station">gas turbine combined-cycle plants</a> section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boiler_furnace_and_steam_drum">Boiler furnace and steam drum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Boiler furnace and steam drum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called the <a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">economizer</a>. From the economizer it passes to the <a href="/wiki/Steam_drum" title="Steam drum">steam drum</a> and from there it goes through downcomers to inlet headers at the bottom of the water walls. From these headers the water rises through the water walls of the furnace where some of it is turned into steam and the mixture of water and steam then re-enters the steam drum. This process may be driven purely by <a href="/wiki/Natural_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural circulation">natural circulation</a> (because the water is the downcomers is denser than the water/steam mixture in the water walls) or assisted by pumps. In the steam drum, the water is returned to the downcomers and the steam is passed through a series of <a href="/wiki/Steam_separator" title="Steam separator">steam separators</a> and dryers that remove water droplets from the steam. The dry steam then flows into the superheater coils. </p><p>The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> feed nozzles and igniter guns, <a href="/wiki/Soot_blower" title="Soot blower">soot blowers</a>, water lancing, and observation ports (in the furnace walls) for observation of the furnace interior. Furnace <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> due to any accumulation of combustible gases after a trip-out are avoided by flushing out such gases from the combustion zone before igniting the coal. </p><p>The steam drum (as well as the <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheater</a> coils and headers) have air vents and drains needed for initial start up. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superheater">Superheater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Superheater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fossil fuel power stations often have a <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheater</a> section in the steam generating furnace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The steam passes through drying equipment inside the steam drum on to the superheater, a set of tubes in the furnace. Here the steam picks up more energy from hot flue gases outside the tubing, and its temperature is now superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam is then piped through the main steam lines to the valves before the high-pressure turbine. </p><p>Nuclear-powered steam plants do not have such sections but produce steam at essentially saturated conditions. Experimental nuclear plants were equipped with fossil-fired superheaters in an attempt to improve overall plant operating cost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_condensing">Steam condensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Steam condensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into liquid to allow it to be pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust steam is reduced and efficiency of the <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">cycle</a> increases. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surface_Condenser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Surface_Condenser.png" decoding="async" width="354" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a typical water-cooled surface condenser.<sup id="cite_ref-Babcock_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babcock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa.gov_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa.gov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Energy_savings_in_steam_systems_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_savings_in_steam_systems-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The surface condenser is a <a href="/wiki/Shell_and_tube_heat_exchanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell and tube heat exchanger">shell and tube heat exchanger</a> in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes.<sup id="cite_ref-Babcock_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babcock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa.gov_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa.gov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Energy_savings_in_steam_systems_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_savings_in_steam_systems-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhaust steam from the low-pressure turbine enters the shell, where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent diagram. Such condensers use <a href="/wiki/Injector" title="Injector">steam ejectors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rotary_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary motor">rotary motor</a>-driven exhausts for continuous removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintain <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. </p><p>For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be kept significantly below 100 °C where the <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> of water is much less than atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works under <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. Thus leaks of non-condensible air into the closed loop must be prevented. </p><p>Typically the cooling water causes the steam to condense at a temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F) and that creates an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute pressure">absolute pressure</a> in the condenser of about 2–7 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (0.59–2.07 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a>), i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> of about −95 kPa (−28 inHg) relative to atmospheric pressure. The large decrease in volume that occurs when water vapor condenses to liquid creates the vacuum that generally increases the efficiency of the turbines. </p><p>The limiting factor is the temperature of the cooling water and that, in turn, is limited by the prevailing average climatic conditions at the power station's location (it may be possible to lower the temperature beyond the turbine limits during winter, causing excessive condensation in the turbine). Plants operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer; unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of high electrical demand for <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>. </p><p>The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling tower</a> to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or <a href="/wiki/Water_cooling#Steam_power_stations" title="Water cooling">once-through cooling</a> (OTC) water from a river, lake or ocean. In the United States, about two-thirds of power plants use OTC systems, which often have significant adverse environmental impacts. The impacts include <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a> and killing large numbers of fish and other aquatic species at <a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">cooling water intakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Marley_industrial_cooling_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/A_Marley_industrial_cooling_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>A Marley mechanical induced draft cooling tower</figcaption></figure> <p>The heat absorbed by the circulating cooling water in the condenser tubes must also be removed to maintain the ability of the water to cool as it circulates. This is done by pumping the warm water from the condenser through either natural draft, forced draft or induced draft <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a> (as seen in the adjacent image) that reduce the temperature of the water by evaporation, by about 11 to 17 °C (52 to 63 °F)—expelling <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a> to the atmosphere. The circulation flow rate of the cooling water in a 500 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a> unit is about 14.2 m<sup>3</sup>/s (500 ft<sup>3</sup>/s or 225,000 US gal/min) at full load.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The condenser tubes are typically made <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> or other alloys to resist corrosion from either side. Nevertheless, they may become internally fouled during operation by bacteria or algae in the cooling water or by mineral scaling, all of which inhibit heat transfer and reduce <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic efficiency">thermodynamic efficiency</a>. Many plants include an automatic cleaning system that circulates sponge rubber balls through the tubes to scrub them clean without the need to take the system off-line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cooling water used to condense the steam in the condenser returns to its source without having been changed other than having been warmed. If the water returns to a local water body (rather than a circulating cooling tower), it is often tempered with cool 'raw' water to prevent thermal shock when discharged into that body of water. </p><p>Another form of condensing system is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air-cooled_condenser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air-cooled condenser (page does not exist)">air-cooled condenser</a>. The process is similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiator</a> and fan. Exhaust heat from the low-pressure section of a steam turbine runs through the condensing tubes, the tubes are usually finned and ambient air is pushed through the fins with the help of a large fan. The steam condenses to water to be reused in the water-steam cycle. Air-cooled condensers typically operate at a higher temperature than water-cooled versions. While saving water, the efficiency of the cycle is reduced (resulting in more carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour of electricity). </p><p>From the bottom of the condenser, powerful <a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">condensate pumps</a> recycle the condensed steam (water) back to the water/steam cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reheater">Reheater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reheater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Power station furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue gases outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high-pressure turbine is passed through these heated tubes to collect more energy before driving the intermediate and then low-pressure turbines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_path">Air path</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Air path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The Primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and, first warms the air in the air preheater for better economy. Primary air then passes through the coal pulverizers, and carries the coal dust to the burners for injection into the furnace. The Secondary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and, first warms the air in the air preheater for better economy. Secondary air is mixed with the coal/primary air flow in the burners. </p><p>The induced draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out combustible gases from the furnace, maintaining slightly below atmospheric pressure in the furnace to avoid leakage of combustion products from the boiler casing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steam_turbine_generator">Steam turbine generator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Steam turbine generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A steam turbine generator consists of a series of steam <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> interconnected to each other and a generator on a common shaft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_turbine">Steam turbine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Steam turbine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg/220px-Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg/330px-Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg/440px-Dampfturbine_Laeufer01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>Rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power station</figcaption></figure> <p>There is usually a high-pressure turbine at one end, followed by an intermediate-pressure turbine, and finally one, two, or three low-pressure turbines, and the shaft that connects to the generator. As steam moves through the system and loses pressure and thermal energy, it expands in volume, requiring increasing diameter and longer blades at each succeeding stage to extract the remaining energy. The entire rotating mass may be over 200 metric tons and 100 feet (30 m) long. It is so heavy that it must be kept turning slowly even when shut down (at 3 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>) so that the shaft will not bow even slightly and become unbalanced. This is so important that it is one of only six functions of blackout emergency power batteries on site. (The other five being <a href="/wiki/Emergency_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency lighting">emergency lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, station alarms, generator hydrogen seal system, and turbogenerator lube oil.) </p><p>For a typical late 20th-century power station, superheated steam from the boiler is delivered through 14–16-inch-diameter (360–410 mm) piping at 2,400 psi (17 MPa; 160 atm) and 1,000 °F (540 °C) to the high-pressure turbine, where it falls in pressure to 600 psi (4.1 MPa; 41 atm) and to 600 °F (320 °C) in temperature through the stage. It exits via 24–26-inch-diameter (610–660 mm) cold reheat lines and passes back into the boiler, where the steam is reheated in special reheat pendant tubes back to 1,000 °F (540 °C). The hot reheat steam is conducted to the intermediate-pressure turbine, where it falls in both <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> and exits directly to the long-bladed low-pressure turbines and finally exits to the condenser.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="numerical data for power plant sizing not referenced! (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbo_generator">Turbo generator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Turbo generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">Turbo generator</a></div> <p>The generator, typically about 30 feet (9 m) long and 12 feet (3.7 m) in diameter, contains a stationary <a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">stator</a> and a spinning <a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">rotor</a>, each containing miles of heavy <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> conductor. There is generally no permanent <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>, thus preventing <a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">black starts</a>. In operation it generates up to 21,000 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a> at 24,000 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> (504 MWe) as it spins at either 3,000 or 3,600 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>, synchronized to the <a href="/wiki/Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grid</a>. The rotor spins in a sealed chamber cooled with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas, selected because it has the highest known <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficient" title="Heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficient</a> of any gas and for its low <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, which reduces <a href="/wiki/Windage" title="Windage">windage</a> losses. This system requires special handling during startup, with air in the chamber first displaced by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that a highly <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> hydrogen–<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> environment is not created. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">power grid frequency</a> is 60 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> across <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and 50 Hz in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> are notable exceptions), and parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. The desired frequency affects the design of large turbines, since they are highly optimized for one particular speed. </p><p>The electricity flows to a distribution yard where <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> increase the voltage for transmission to its destination. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">steam turbine-driven generators</a> have auxiliary systems enabling them to work satisfactorily and safely. The steam turbine generator, being rotating equipment, generally has a heavy, large-diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has to be kept in position while running. To minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a number of <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>. The bearing shells, in which the shaft rotates, are lined with a low-friction material like <a href="/wiki/Babbitt_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Babbitt metal">Babbitt metal</a>. Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction between shaft and bearing surface and to limit the heat generated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stack_gas_path_and_cleanup">Stack gas path and cleanup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stack gas path and cleanup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_emissions_from_fossil-fuel_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion">Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">Flue-gas desulfurization</a></div> <p>As the combustion <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Air_preheater" title="Air preheater">air preheater</a>. The gas exiting the boiler is laden with <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>, which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> along with combustion products <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">nitrogen oxides</a>. The fly ash is removed by <a href="/wiki/Dust_collector#Fabric_filters" title="Dust collector">fabric bag filters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghouse" title="Baghouse">baghouses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">electrostatic precipitators</a>. Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. This cleaning up of flue gases, however, only occurs in plants that are fitted with the appropriate technology. Still, the majority of coal-fired power stations in the world do not have these facilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution. Japan has been using flue gas cleaning technology for over 30 years and the US has been doing the same for over 25 years. China is now beginning to grapple with the pollution caused by coal-fired power stations. </p><p>Where required by law, the sulfur and nitrogen oxide <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> are removed by <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">stack gas scrubbers</a> which use a pulverized <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> wet slurry to remove those pollutants from the exit stack gas. Other devices use <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalysts</a> to remove <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> compounds from the flue-gas stream. The gas travelling up the <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_stack" title="Flue-gas stack">flue-gas stack</a> may by this time have dropped to about 50 °C (120 °F). A typical flue-gas stack may be 150–180 metres (490–590 ft) tall to disperse the remaining flue gas components in the atmosphere. The tallest flue-gas stack in the world is 419.7 metres (1,377 ft) tall at the <a href="/wiki/Ekibastuz_GRES-2_Power_Station" title="Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station">Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. </p><p>In the United States and a number of other countries, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">atmospheric dispersion modeling</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studies are required to determine the flue-gas stack height needed to comply with the local <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> regulations. The United States also requires the height of a flue-gas stack to comply with what is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Good_engineering_practice" title="Good engineering practice">good engineering practice</a>" (GEP) stack height.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of existing flue gas stacks that exceed the GEP stack height, any air pollution dispersion modeling studies for such stacks must use the GEP stack height rather than the actual stack height. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a> (CCS) captures carbon dioxide from the <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> of power plants or other industry, transporting it to an appropriate location where it can be buried securely in an underground reservoir. Between 1972 and 2017, plans were made to add CCS to enough coal and gas power plants to sequester 171 million tonnes of <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> per year, but by 2021 over 98% of these plans had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cost, the absence of measures to address long-term liability for stored CO<sub>2</sub>, and limited social acceptability have all contributed to project cancellations.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 133">: 133 </span></sup> As of 2024, CCS is in operation at only five power plants worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auxiliary_systems">Auxiliary systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Auxiliary systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermal_power_station" title="Special:EditPage/Thermal power station">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">"Thermal power station"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+power+station%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+power+station%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+power+station%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boiler_make-up_water_treatment_plant_and_storage">Boiler make-up water treatment plant and storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Boiler make-up water treatment plant and storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since there is continuous withdrawal of steam and continuous return of <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensate</a> to the boiler, losses due to <a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">blowdown</a> and leakages have to be made up to maintain a desired water level in the boiler steam drum. For this, continuous make-up water is added to the boiler water system. Impurities in the raw water input to the plant generally consist of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> salts which impart <a href="/wiki/Water_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hardness">hardness</a> to the water. Hardness in the make-up water to the boiler will form deposits on the tube water surfaces which will lead to overheating and failure of the tubes. Thus, the salts have to be removed from the water, and that is done by a water demineralising treatment plant (DM). A DM plant generally consists of cation, anion, and mixed bed exchangers. Any ions in the final water from this process consist essentially of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which recombine to form pure water. Very pure DM water becomes highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere because of its very high affinity for oxygen. </p><p>The capacity of the DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salts in the raw water input. However, some storage is essential as the DM plant may be down for maintenance. For this purpose, a storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously withdrawn for boiler make-up. The storage tank for DM water is made from materials not affected by corrosive water, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel. Sometimes, a steam blanketing arrangement or stainless steel doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the tank to avoid contact with air. DM water make-up is generally added at the steam space of the <a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">surface condenser</a> (i.e., the vacuum side). This arrangement not only sprays the water but also DM water gets deaerated, with the dissolved gases being removed by a de-aerator through an ejector attached to the condenser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel_preparation_system">Fuel preparation system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fuel preparation system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_Conveyors_at_Salem_Harbor_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coal_Conveyors_at_Salem_Harbor_Station.jpg/220px-Coal_Conveyors_at_Salem_Harbor_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coal_Conveyors_at_Salem_Harbor_Station.jpg/330px-Coal_Conveyors_at_Salem_Harbor_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coal_Conveyors_at_Salem_Harbor_Station.jpg/440px-Coal_Conveyors_at_Salem_Harbor_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>Conveyor system for moving coal (visible at far left) into a power station.</figcaption></figure> <p>In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal storage area is first crushed into small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal is next <a href="/wiki/Pulverizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulverizers">pulverized</a> into a very fine powder. The pulverizers may be <a href="/wiki/Ball_mill" title="Ball mill">ball mills</a>, rotating drum <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">grinders</a>, or other types of grinders. </p><p>Some power stations burn <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> rather than coal. The oil must kept warm (above its <a href="/wiki/Pour_point" title="Pour point">pour point</a>) in the fuel oil storage tanks to prevent the oil from congealing and becoming unpumpable. The oil is usually heated to about 100 °C before being pumped through the furnace fuel oil spray nozzles. </p><p>Boilers in some power stations use <a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_processing" title="Natural-gas processing">processed natural gas</a> as their main fuel. Other power stations may use processed natural gas as auxiliary fuel in the event that their main fuel supply (coal or oil) is interrupted. In such cases, separate gas burners are provided on the boiler furnaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barring_gear">Barring gear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Barring gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barring_engine" title="Barring engine">Barring gear</a> (or "turning gear") is the mechanism provided to rotate the turbine generator shaft at a very low speed after unit stoppages. Once the unit is "tripped" (i.e., the steam inlet valve is closed), the turbine coasts down towards standstill. When it stops completely, there is a tendency for the turbine shaft to deflect or bend if allowed to remain in one position too long. This is because the heat inside the turbine casing tends to concentrate in the top half of the casing, making the top half portion of the shaft hotter than the bottom half. The shaft therefore could warp or bend by millionths of inches. </p><p>This small shaft deflection, only detectable by eccentricity meters, would be enough to cause damaging vibrations to the entire steam turbine generator unit when it is restarted. The shaft is therefore automatically turned at low speed (about one percent rated speed) by the barring gear until it has cooled sufficiently to permit a complete stop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_system">Oil system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Oil system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at the start-up of the steam turbine generator. It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbine's main inlet steam stop valve, the governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant hydraulic relays and other mechanisms. </p><p>At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine main shaft takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generator_cooling">Generator cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Generator cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While small generators may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, larger units generally require special cooling arrangements. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> gas cooling, in an oil-sealed casing, is used because it has the highest known <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_coefficient" title="Heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficient</a> of any gas and for its low <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> which reduces <a href="/wiki/Windage" title="Windage">windage</a> losses. This system requires special handling during start-up, with air in the generator enclosure first displaced by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that the highly <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> hydrogen does not mix with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the air. </p><p>The hydrogen pressure inside the casing is maintained slightly higher than <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> to avoid outside air ingress, and up to about two atmospheres pressure to improve heat transfer capacity. The hydrogen must be sealed against outward leakage where the shaft emerges from the casing. Mechanical seals around the shaft are installed with a very small annular gap to avoid rubbing between the shaft and the seals on smaller turbines, with labyrinth type seals on larger machines.. Seal oil is used to prevent the hydrogen gas leakage to atmosphere. </p><p>The generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are at a potential of about 22 <a href="/wiki/Kilovolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilovolt">kV</a>, an insulating barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the water line and the generator high-voltage windings. Demineralized water of low conductivity is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generator_high-voltage_system">Generator high-voltage system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Generator high-voltage system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The generator voltage for modern utility-connected generators ranges from <span class="nowrap">11 kV</span> in smaller units to <span class="nowrap">30 kV</span> in larger units. The generator high-voltage leads are normally large aluminium channels because of their high current as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are enclosed in well-grounded aluminium bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The generator high-voltage leads are connected to step-up <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> for connecting to a high-voltage <a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">electrical substation</a> (usually in the range of 115 kV to 765 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid. </p><p>The necessary <a href="/wiki/Power-system_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-system protection">protection</a> and metering devices are included for the high-voltage leads. Thus, the steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit. Smaller units may share a common generator step-up transformer with individual circuit breakers to connect the generators to a common bus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_and_alarm_system">Monitoring and alarm system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Monitoring and alarm system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the power station operational controls are automatic. However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from their normal range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery-supplied_emergency_lighting_and_communication">Battery-supplied emergency lighting and communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battery-supplied emergency lighting and communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A central battery system consisting of <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid cell</a> units is provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power station's control systems, communication systems, generator hydrogen seal system, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an emergency situation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulating_water_system">Circulating water system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Circulating water system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circulating_water_plant" title="Circulating water plant">Circulating water plant</a></div> <p>To dissipate the thermal load of main turbine exhaust steam, condensate from gland steam condenser, and condensate from Low Pressure Heater by providing a continuous supply of cooling water to the main condenser thereby leading to condensation. </p><p>The consumption of cooling water by inland power stations is estimated to reduce power availability for the majority of thermal power stations by 2040–2069.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochar#Centralized,_decentralized,_and_mobile_systems" title="Biochar">Biochar processing in thermal power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_stack" title="Flue-gas stack">Flue-gas stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">Integrated gasification combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_powder" title="Iron powder">Iron powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations" title="List of largest power stations">List of largest power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_thermal_power_station_failures" title="List of thermal power station failures">List of thermal power station failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powership" title="Powership">Powership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_condenser" title="Surface condenser">Surface condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-tube_boiler" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_power_station&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manoj1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manoj1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manoj1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManoj_Kumar_Gupta2012" class="citation cs2">Manoj Kumar Gupta (2012), "Thermal Power Plant", <i>Power Plant Engineering</i>, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., p. 13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thermal+Power+Plant&rft.btitle=Power+Plant+Engineering&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Manoj+Kumar+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler_Cleveland2023" class="citation web cs1">Cutler Cleveland (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualizingenergy.org/power-plant-efficiency-since-1900/">"Power plant efficiency since 1900"</a>. <i>Visualizing Energy</i>. Boston University Institute for Global Sustainability<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visualizing+Energy&rft.atitle=Power+plant+efficiency+since+1900&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.au=Cutler+Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisualizingenergy.org%2Fpower-plant-efficiency-since-1900%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMw7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA175"><i>the early days of the power station industry</i></a>. CUP Archive. 1940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+early+days+of+the+power+station+industry&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMw7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maury Klein, <i>The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America</i> Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59691-677-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59691-677-X">1-59691-677-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-energy.gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-energy.gov_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095840/http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/turbines/turbines_howitworks.html">"DOE – Fossil Energy: How Turbine Power Plants Work"</a>. Fossil.energy.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/turbines/turbines_howitworks.html">the original</a> on May 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOE+%E2%80%93+Fossil+Energy%3A+How+Turbine+Power+Plants+Work&rft.pub=Fossil.energy.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffossil.energy.gov%2Fprograms%2Fpowersystems%2Fturbines%2Fturbines_howitworks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zactruba-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zactruba_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zactruba_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Zactruba, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/72369-compare-the-efficiency-of-different-power-plants/">The Efficiency of Power Plants of Different Types</a>, Brighthub Engineering. Retrieved 2019-04-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Global CCS Institute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/energy-efficiency-technologies-overview-report/5-efficiency-thermal-power-generation">5. Efficiency in Thermal Power Generation</a>, <i>Energy efficiency technologies: overview report,</i> 1 March 2014. Retrieved 2019-04-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/Hydropower10%2009_FINAL_cleanPDF.pdf">Climate TechBook, Hydropower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pew_Center_on_Global_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Center on Global Climate Change">Pew Center on Global Climate Change</a>, October 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Electricity_International1991" class="citation book cs1">British Electricity International (1991). <i>Modern Power Station Practice: incorporating modern power system practice</i> (3rd Edition (12 volume set) ed.). Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040510-0"><bdi>978-0-08-040510-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Power+Station+Practice%3A+incorporating+modern+power+system+practice&rft.edition=3rd+Edition+%2812+volume+set%29&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-08-040510-0&rft.au=British+Electricity+International&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babcock-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babcock_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babcock_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babcock_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock_&_Wilcox_Co.2005" class="citation book cs1">Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005). <i>Steam: Its Generation and Use</i> (41st ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9634570-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9634570-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9634570-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steam%3A+Its+Generation+and+Use&rft.edition=41st&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9634570-0-4&rft.au=Babcock+%26+Wilcox+Co.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+power+station" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C._Elliott,_Kao_Chen,_Robert_Swanekamp_(coauthors)1997" class="citation book cs1">Thomas C. 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John Wiley & Sons (Wiley Engineering Handbook Series).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kents%27+Mechanical+Engineers%27+Handbook&rft.edition=Eleventh+edition+%28Two+volumes%29&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+%28Wiley+Engineering+Handbook+Series%29&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Robert+Thurston+Kent+%28Editor+in+Chief%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+power+station" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes/support-documents-final-rule-existing-electric-generating-plants-and-factories">Economic Analysis for the Final Section 316(b) Existing Facilities Rule</a> (Report). 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