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<ul id="toc-Formulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Processes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vapor_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vapor_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vapor deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vapor_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_vapor_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_vapor_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Chemical vapor deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_vapor_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_vapor_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_vapor_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Physical vapor deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_vapor_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_and_electrochemical_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_and_electrochemical_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chemical and electrochemical techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_and_electrochemical_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spraying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Spraying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roll-to-roll_coating_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roll-to-roll_coating_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Roll-to-roll coating processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roll-to-roll_coating_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Physical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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title="Recubrimiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Recubrimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaldura-produktu" title="Estaldura-produktu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estaldura-produktu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrobage" title="Enrobage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enrobage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%A5_(%EC%A0%9C%EC%A1%B0)" title="도장 (제조) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도장 (제조)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevlaka_(tehnologija)" title="Prevlaka (tehnologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prevlaka (tehnologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelapisan" title="Pelapisan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelapisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_(materiale)" title="Film (materiale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Film (materiale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8" title="ಲೇಪನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೇಪನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Металмен қаптау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Металмен қаптау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA" title="लेप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salutan" title="Salutan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Salutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coating" title="Coating – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Coating" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%97%E8%A3%85" title="塗装 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="塗装" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C5%82oka_(materia%C5%82oznawstwo)" title="Powłoka (materiałoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powłoka (materiałoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revestimento" title="Revestimento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revestimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Покрытие (материал) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Покрытие (материал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B4" title="ڕووپۆش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووپۆش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevlaka_(tehnologija)" title="Prevlaka (tehnologija) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prevlaka (tehnologija)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevlaka_(tehnologija)" title="Prevlaka (tehnologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prevlaka (tehnologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4ggning" title="Beläggning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beläggning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance spread over a surface</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spraying_lacquer_on_cabinets_LCCN2016850642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spraying_lacquer_on_cabinets_LCCN2016850642.jpg/220px-Spraying_lacquer_on_cabinets_LCCN2016850642.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spraying_lacquer_on_cabinets_LCCN2016850642.jpg/330px-Spraying_lacquer_on_cabinets_LCCN2016850642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spraying_lacquer_on_cabinets_LCCN2016850642.jpg/440px-Spraying_lacquer_on_cabinets_LCCN2016850642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="4239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a> being sprayed onto a <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>coating</b> is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, or <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science)" title="Substrate (materials science)">substrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coatings may be applied as <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solids</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">powder coatings</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquers</a> are coatings that mostly have dual uses, which are protecting the substrate and being decorative, although some artists paints are only for decoration, and the paint on large industrial pipes is for identification (e.g. blue for process water, red for fire-fighting control) in addition to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">preventing corrosion</a>. Along with corrosion resistance, functional coatings may also be applied to change the surface properties of the substrate, such as <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">wettability</a>, or wear resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases the coating adds a completely new property, such as a magnetic response or electrical conductivity (as in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor device fabrication</a>, where the substrate is a <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafer</a>), and forms an essential part of the finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major consideration for most coating processes is controlling coating thickness. Methods of achieving this range from a simple brush to expensive precision machinery in the electronics industry. Limiting coating area is crucial in some applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roll-to-roll_processing" title="Roll-to-roll processing">"Roll-to-roll"</a> or "web-based" coating is the process of applying a thin film of functional material to a substrate on a roll, such as paper, <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabric</a>, film, foil, or sheet stock. This continuous process is highly efficient for producing large volumes of coated materials, which are essential in various industries including printing, packaging, and electronics. The technology allows for consistent high-quality application of the coating material over large surface areas, enhancing productivity and uniformity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coatings can be both decorative and have other functions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pipe carrying water for a fire suppression system can be coated with a red (for identification) anticorrosion paint. Most coatings to some extent protect the substrate, such as maintenance coatings for metals and concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decorative coating can offer a particular reflective property, such as high gloss, satin, matte, or flat appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major coating application is to protect metal from corrosion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automotive coatings are used to enhance the appearance and durability of vehicles. These include primers, basecoats, and clearcoats, primarily applied with spray guns and electrostatically.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body and underbody of automobiles receive some form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Underbody_coating&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underbody coating (page does not exist)">underbody coating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such anticorrosion coatings may use <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> in combination with water-based <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coatings are used to seal the surface of concrete, such as <a href="/wiki/Flooring" title="Flooring">seamless polymer/resin flooring</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bunding" title="Bunding">bund wall/containment lining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterproofing" title="Waterproofing">waterproofing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">damp proofing</a> concrete walls, and <a href="/wiki/Bridge_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge deck">bridge decks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Roof_coating" title="Roof coating">roof coatings</a> are designed primarily for waterproofing, though sun reflection (to reduce heating and cooling) may also be a consideration. They tend to be <a href="/wiki/Elastomeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastomeric">elastomeric</a> to allow for movement of the roof without cracking within the coating membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood has been a key material in construction since ancient times, so its preservation by coating has received much attention.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts to improve the performance of wood coatings continue.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coatings are used to alter <a href="/wiki/Tribological" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribological">tribological</a> properties and wear characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include anti-friction, wear and scuffing resistance coatings for <a href="/wiki/Rolling-element_bearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling-element bearings">rolling-element bearings</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other functions of coatings include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fouling" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fouling">Anti-fouling</a> coatings<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-microbial">Anti-microbial</a> coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating" title="Anti-reflective coating">Anti-reflective coatings</a> for example on spectacles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Coatings that alter or have magnetic, electrical or electronic properties.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a> coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flame-retardant materials and coatings are being developed that are <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and bio-based.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include coatings with <a href="/wiki/Intumescent" title="Intumescent">intumescent</a> functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-stick">Non-stick</a> <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">PTFE</a> coated cooking pots/pans.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">Optical coatings</a> are available that alter optical properties of a material or object.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV_coating" title="UV coating">UV coatings</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_characterization">Analysis and characterization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis and characterization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhotothermalCoatingThicknessGauges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PhotothermalCoatingThicknessGauges.jpg/220px-PhotothermalCoatingThicknessGauges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PhotothermalCoatingThicknessGauges.jpg/330px-PhotothermalCoatingThicknessGauges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PhotothermalCoatingThicknessGauges.jpg/440px-PhotothermalCoatingThicknessGauges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>photothermal coating thickness gauges (OptiSense Paintchecker Gun-R & Coatmaster Flex)</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous destructive and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods exist for characterizing coatings.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common destructive method is <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> of a mounted <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(electronics)" title="Cross section (electronics)">cross-section</a> of the coating and its substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common non-destructive techniques include <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing" title="Ultrasonic testing">ultrasonic</a> thickness measurement, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> (XRF),<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/X-Ray_diffraction" class="mw-redirect" title="X-Ray diffraction">X-Ray diffraction</a> (XRD), photothermal coating thickness measurement<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Indentation_hardness#microhardness" title="Indentation hardness">micro hardness indentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy">X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy</a> (XPS) is also a classical characterization method to investigate the chemical composition of the nanometer thick surface layer of a material.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscopy</a> coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (<a href="/wiki/SEM-EDX" class="mw-redirect" title="SEM-EDX">SEM-EDX</a>, or SEM-EDS) allows to visualize the surface texture and to probe its elementary chemical composition.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other characterization methods include <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">transmission electron microscopy</a> (TEM), <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">atomic force microscopy</a> (AFM), <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a> (STM), and <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_backscattering_spectrometry" title="Rutherford backscattering spectrometry">Rutherford backscattering spectrometry</a> (RBS). Various methods of <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> are also used,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as thermogravimetric analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulation">Formulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Formulation" title="Formulation">formulation</a> of a coating depends primarily on the function required of the coating and also on aesthetics required such as color and gloss.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four primary ingredients are the <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> (or binder), <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> which may be water (or solventless), <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>(s) and additives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (February 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research is ongoing to remove <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> from coating formulations completely.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, on the basis of experimental and epidemiological evidence, it has been classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a> (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as a human carcinogen by inhalation (class I) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sicurezza.com/ispesl">ISPESL</a>, 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coating processes may be classified as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vapor_deposition">Vapor deposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vapor deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_vapor_deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical vapor deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">Chemical vapor deposition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalorganic_vapour_phase_epitaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy">Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_spray_assisted_vapour_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition">Electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition</a> (ESAVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherardizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherardizing">Sherardizing</a></li> <li>Some forms of <a href="/wiki/Epitaxy" title="Epitaxy">Epitaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_beam_epitaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular beam epitaxy">Molecular beam epitaxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_vapor_deposition">Physical vapor deposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Physical vapor deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition" title="Physical vapor deposition">Physical vapor deposition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodic_arc_deposition" title="Cathodic arc deposition">Cathodic arc deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_physical_vapor_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam physical vapor deposition">Electron beam physical vapor deposition</a> (EBPVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_plating" title="Ion plating">Ion plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_beam_assisted_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion beam assisted deposition">Ion beam assisted deposition</a> (IBAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetron_sputtering" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron sputtering">Magnetron sputtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsed_laser_deposition" title="Pulsed laser deposition">Pulsed laser deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputter_deposition" title="Sputter deposition">Sputter deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_deposition" title="Vacuum deposition">Vacuum deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_evaporation" title="Vacuum evaporation">Vacuum evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evaporation_(deposition)" title="Evaporation (deposition)">evaporation (deposition)</a></li> <li>Pulsed electron deposition (PED)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_and_electrochemical_techniques">Chemical and electrochemical techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemical and electrochemical techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_coating" title="Conversion coating">Conversion coating</a> <ul><li>Autophoretic, the registered trade name of a proprietary series of auto-depositing coatings specifically for ferrous metal substrates<sup id="cite_ref-?_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-?-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anodising" class="mw-redirect" title="Anodising">Anodising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromate_conversion_coating" title="Chromate conversion coating">Chromate conversion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_electrolytic_oxidation" title="Plasma electrolytic oxidation">Plasma electrolytic oxidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_(coating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate (coating)">Phosphate (coating)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_beam_mixing" title="Ion beam mixing">Ion beam mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling_(metal)" title="Pickling (metal)">Pickled and oiled</a>, a type of plate <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> coating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroplating#Alternatives_to_electroplating" title="Electroplating">Electroless plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_electroplating" title="Nickel electroplating">nickel plating</a> coating using a different material to preserve mechanical properties<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">Electroplating</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spraying">Spraying</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spraying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spray_painting" title="Spray painting">Spray painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_velocity_oxygen_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="High velocity oxygen fuel">High velocity oxygen fuel</a> (HVOF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_spraying" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma spraying">Plasma spraying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_spray" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal spray">Thermal spraying</a></li> <li>Kinetic metallization (KM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_transferred_wire_arc_thermal_spraying" title="Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying">Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying</a></li> <li>The common forms of <a href="/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">Powder coating</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roll-to-roll_coating_processes">Roll-to-roll coating processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roll-to-roll coating processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common <a href="/wiki/Roll-to-roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll-to-roll">roll-to-roll</a> coating processes include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_knife" title="Air knife">Air knife</a> coating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilox" title="Anilox">Anilox</a> coater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexo" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexo">Flexo</a> coater</li> <li>Gap Coating <ul><li>Knife-over-roll coating</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravure">Gravure</a> coating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_melt_coating" title="Hot melt coating">Hot melt coating</a>- when the necessary coating viscosity is achieved by temperature rather than solution of the polymers etc. This method commonly implies slot-die coating above room temperature, but it also is possible to have hot-melt roller coating; hot-melt metering-rod coating, etc.</li> <li>Immersion <a href="/wiki/Dip_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Dip coating">dip coating</a></li> <li>Kiss coating</li> <li>Metering rod (Meyer bar) coating</li> <li>Roller coating <ul><li>Forward roller coating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_roll_coating" title="Reverse roll coating">Reverse roll coating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen-printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen-printing">Silk Screen</a> coater <ul><li>Rotary screen</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot-die_coating" title="Slot-die coating">Slot Die coating</a> - Slot die coating was originally developed in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slot die coating has a low operational cost and is an easily scaled processing technique for depositing thin and uniform films rapidly, while minimizing material waste.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slot die coating technology is used to deposit a variety of liquid chemistries onto substrates of various materials such as <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> by precisely metering the process <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> and dispensing it at a controlled rate while the coating die is precisely moved relative to the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex inner geometry of conventional slot dies require <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a> or can be accomplished with <a href="/wiki/3-D_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D printing">3-D printing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a> - generally high pressure, often high temperature, and with the web travelling much faster than the speed of the extruded polymer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a>- low viscosity, with the slot vertically above the web and a gap between slot-die and web.</li> <li>Slide coating- bead coating with an angled slide between the slot-die and the bead. Commonly used for multilayer coating in the photographic industry.</li> <li>Slot die bead coating- typically with the web backed by a roller and a very small gap between slot-die and web.</li> <li>Tensioned-web slot-die coating- with no backing for the web.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet">Inkjet</a> printing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexography" title="Flexography">Flexography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Physical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir%E2%80%93Blodgett_film" title="Langmuir–Blodgett film">Langmuir-Blodgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_coating" title="Spin coating">Spin coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dip_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Dip coating">Dip coating</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/coating" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/coating">coating</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_Tester" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhesion Tester">Adhesion Tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (physics)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_coating" title="Electrostatic coating">Electrostatic coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_coating" title="Film coating">Film coating</a> drugs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_coating" title="Food coating">Food coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Formulations">Formulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir-Blodgett_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Langmuir-Blodgett film">Langmuir-Blodgett film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle_deposition" title="Nanoparticle deposition">Nanoparticle deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optically_active_additive" title="Optically active additive">Optically active additive</a>, for inspection purposes after a coating operation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Paper coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">Seal (mechanical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_barrier_coating" title="Thermal barrier coating">Thermal barrier coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_cleaning" title="Thermal cleaning">Thermal cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin-film deposition">Thin-film deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Vitreous enamel</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3dprintingindustry.com&rft.atitle=Open+Source+3D+printing+cuts+cost+from+%244%2C000+to+only+%240.25+says+new+study+-+3D+Printing+Industry&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F3dprintingindustry.com%2Fnews%2Fopen-source-3d-printing-cuts-cost-4000-0-25-says-new-study-127484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coating&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2006" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Bodo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76886114"><i>Coatings formulation : an international textbook</i></a>. Urlich Poth. Hannover: Vincentz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87870-177-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-87870-177-2"><bdi>3-87870-177-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76886114">76886114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coatings+formulation+%3A+an+international+textbook&rft.place=Hannover&rft.pub=Vincentz&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76886114&rft.isbn=3-87870-177-2&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Bodo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F76886114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoating" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpyrou2012" class="citation book cs1">Spyrou, Emmanouil (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828194496"><i>Powder coatings chemistry and technology</i></a> (3 ed.). Vincentz Network. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86630-884-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86630-884-8"><bdi>978-3-86630-884-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/828194496">828194496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powder+coatings+chemistry+and+technology&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Vincentz+Network&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F828194496&rft.isbn=978-3-86630-884-8&rft.aulast=Spyrou&rft.aufirst=Emmanouil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F828194496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoating" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Titanium and titanium alloys</i>, edited by C. Leyens and M. Peters, Wiley-VCH, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-30534-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-30534-3">3-527-30534-3</a>, table 6.2: <i>overview of several coating systems and fabriction processes for titanium alloys and titanium aluminides</i> (amended)</li> <li>Coating Materials for Electronic Applications: Polymers, Processes, Reliability, Testing by James J. Licari; William Andrew Publishing, Elsevier, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8155-1492-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8155-1492-1">0-8155-1492-1</a></li> <li>High-Performance Organic Coatings, ed. 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