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<li id="toc-Shift_to_chlorinated_solvents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shift_to_chlorinated_solvents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Shift to chlorinated solvents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shift_to_chlorinated_solvents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solvent_reprocessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvent_reprocessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Solvent reprocessing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solvent_reprocessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garment_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garment_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Garment compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garment_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Care_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Care symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solvents_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvents_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Solvents used</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Solvents_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Solvents used subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Solvents_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perchloroethylene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perchloroethylene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Perchloroethylene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perchloroethylene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_flash_hydrocarbons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_flash_hydrocarbons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>High flash hydrocarbons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_flash_hydrocarbons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trichloroethylene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trichloroethylene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Trichloroethylene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trichloroethylene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercritical_CO2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercritical_CO2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercritical_CO2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_solvents:_niche_and_emerging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_solvents:_niche_and_emerging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Other solvents: niche and emerging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_solvents:_niche_and_emerging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsolete_solvents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_solvents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Obsolete solvents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_solvents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dry cleaning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81" title="تنظيف جاف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنظيف جاف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quru_t%C9%99mizl%C9%99m%C9%99" title="Quru təmizləmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quru təmizləmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ড্রাই ক্লিনিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ড্রাই ক্লিনিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Химическо чистене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химическо чистене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentatge_en_sec" title="Rentatge en sec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rentatge en sec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Химилле тасатав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле тасатав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Such%C3%A9_%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Suché čištění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Suché čištění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sych-lanhau" title="Sych-lanhau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sych-lanhau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Reinigung" title="Chemische Reinigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemische Reinigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Στεγνό καθάρισμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στεγνό καθάρισμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpieza_en_seco" title="Limpieza en seco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Limpieza en seco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkturejo" title="Tinkturejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tinkturejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خشک‌شویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خشک‌شویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettoyage_%C3%A0_sec" title="Nettoyage à sec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nettoyage à sec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirimghlanadh" title="Tirimghlanadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tirimghlanadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8A%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8A%D9%8A%D9%8A" title="خۊشکشۊيي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="خۊشکشۊيي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%9D" title="드라이 클리닝 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드라이 클리닝" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="सूखी धुलाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूखी धुलाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaggio_a_secco" title="Lavaggio a secco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lavaggio a secco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A9" title="ניקוי יבש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקוי יבש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅಜಲಧಾವನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಜಲಧಾವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiltiszt%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Textiltisztítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Textiltisztítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡ്രൈ ക്ലീനിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡ്രൈ ക്ലീനിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucian_kering" title="Cucian kering – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cucian kering" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasamaki_mamaca" title="Sasamaki mamaca – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sasamaki mamaca" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomerij" title="Stomerij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stomerij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ドライクリーニング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドライクリーニング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renseri" title="Renseri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Renseri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavagem_a_seco" title="Lavagem a seco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lavagem a seco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Химчистка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химчистка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dry cleaning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_pesu" title="Kemiallinen pesu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen pesu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemtv%C3%A4tt" title="Kemtvätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemtvätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="உலர் சலவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உலர் சலவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cleaning of fabrics in non-aqueous solvents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British band, see <a href="/wiki/Dry_Cleaning_(band)" title="Dry Cleaning (band)">Dry Cleaning (band)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Dry_Cleaning_(film)" title="Dry Cleaning (film)">Dry Cleaning (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0226-0010,_Dommitzsch-Trossin,_Blick_in_die_Reinigung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0226-0010%2C_Dommitzsch-Trossin%2C_Blick_in_die_Reinigung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0226-0010%2C_Dommitzsch-Trossin%2C_Blick_in_die_Reinigung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0226-0010%2C_Dommitzsch-Trossin%2C_Blick_in_die_Reinigung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0226-0010%2C_Dommitzsch-Trossin%2C_Blick_in_die_Reinigung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0226-0010%2C_Dommitzsch-Trossin%2C_Blick_in_die_Reinigung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-P0226-0010%2C_Dommitzsch-Trossin%2C_Blick_in_die_Reinigung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A dry-cleaner in East Germany, 1975</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dry cleaning</b> is any cleaning process for <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Clothes are instead soaked in a water-free liquid solvent (usually <a href="/wiki/Non-polar" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-polar">non-polar</a>, as opposed to water which is a <a href="/wiki/Solvent#Solvent_classifications" title="Solvent">polar solvent</a>). <a href="/wiki/Perchloroethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Perchloroethylene">Perchloroethylene</a> (known in the industry as "perc") is the most commonly used solvent, although alternative solvents such as hydrocarbons, and <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercritical CO2">supercritical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> are also used. </p><p>Most natural fibers can be washed in water but some synthetics (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Viscose" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscose">viscose</a>) react poorly with water and should be dry cleaned if possible.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If not, this could result in changes in texture, strength, and shape. Additionally, certain specialty fabrics, including silk and rayon, may also benefit from dry cleaning to prevent damage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donini_dry_cleaning_machines_(Bologna)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Donini_dry_cleaning_machines_%28Bologna%29_3.jpg/220px-Donini_dry_cleaning_machines_%28Bologna%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Donini_dry_cleaning_machines_%28Bologna%29_3.jpg/330px-Donini_dry_cleaning_machines_%28Bologna%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Donini_dry_cleaning_machines_%28Bologna%29_3.jpg/440px-Donini_dry_cleaning_machines_%28Bologna%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Italian dry cleaning machine used in France in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: better historical coverage and citations. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ancient Greeks and Romans had some waterless methods to clean textiles, involving the use of powdered chemicals and absorbent clay (<a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">fuller's earth</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the 1700s, the French were using <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a>-based solvents for specialized cleaning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern solvent-based dry cleaning may have originated in 1821 with American entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Jennings" title="Thomas L. Jennings">Thomas L. Jennings</a>. Jennings referred to his method as "dry scouring".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French dye-works operator Jean Baptiste Jolly<sup id="cite_ref-Ogunseitan2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogunseitan2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed his own method using <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> to clean fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogunseitan2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogunseitan2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He opened the first dry cleaning service in Paris in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-Information1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Information1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flammability concerns led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, to develop in 1924 <a href="/wiki/Stoddard_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoddard solvent">Stoddard solvent</a> (white spirit) as a slightly less <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> alternative to gasoline-based solvents. </p><p>The use of highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions, resulting in government regulation of dry cleaners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shift_to_chlorinated_solvents">Shift to chlorinated solvents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shift to chlorinated solvents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, dry cleaners began using <a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">chlorinated</a> solvents. These solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had improved cleaning power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Early solvents were <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a> (TCE), but they gradually were phased out as their adverse health effects became more known. TCE may still occasionally be used for spot cleaning of difficult stains. </p><p>By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had started to use <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a> (also called perchloroethylene or PCE) as the solvent. It has excellent cleaning power and is nonflammable and compatible with most garments. Because it is stable, tetrachloroethylene is readily recycled, but it is persistent if released into the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the customer's perspective, dry cleaning businesses are either "plants" or "drop shops". The former does on-site cleaning, while a drop shop receives garments from customers, sends them to a large plant, and then has the cleaned garments returned to the shop for pickup by the customer. The latter setup minimized the risk of fire or dangerous fumes created by the cleaning process. At the time, dry cleaning had been accomplished by using two machines—one for the cleaning process and the second to remove the solvent from the garments. </p><p>Machines of this era were described as "vented"; their drying exhausts were expelled into the atmosphere, the same as many modern tumble-dryer exhausts. This contributed to environmental contamination, and much potentially reusable solvent was lost to the atmosphere. Today, much stricter controls on solvent emissions have ensured that all dry cleaning machines in the Western world are fully enclosed, and no solvent fumes are vented to the atmosphere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In enclosed machines, solvent extracted during the drying process is recovered and purified by <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, so it can be reused to clean further loads or safely disposed of. Most modern enclosed machines also incorporate a computer-controlled drying sensor, which automatically senses when all detectable traces of PCE have been removed. This system ensures that only small amounts of PCE fumes are released at the end of the cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose_Sessel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg/220px-Cellulose_Sessel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg/330px-Cellulose_Sessel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cellulose_Sessel.svg/440px-Cellulose_Sessel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Structure of cellulose, the main constituent of cotton. The many OH <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">groups</a> bind water, leading to swelling of the fabric and leading to wrinkling, which is minimized when these materials are treated with tetrachloroethylene or other dry cleaning solvents.</figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of mechanism, dry cleaning selectively solubilizes stains on the article. The <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> are non-polar and tend to selectively extract many compounds that cause stains. These stains would otherwise only dissolve in aqueous detergent mixtures at high temperatures, potentially damaging delicate fabrics. </p><p>Non-polar solvents are also good for some fabrics, especially natural fabrics, as the solvent does not interact with any polar groups within the fabric. Water binds to these polar groups which results in the swelling and stretching of proteins within fibers during laundering. Also, the binding of water molecules interferes with weak attractions within the fiber, resulting in the loss of the fiber's original shape. After the laundry cycle, water molecules will evaporate. However, the original shape of the fibers has already been distorted and this commonly results in shrinkage. Non-polar solvents prevent this interaction, protecting more delicate fabrics. </p><p>The usage of an effective solvent coupled with mechanical friction from tumbling effectively removes stains. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EazyClean_EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/EazyClean_EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg/220px-EazyClean_EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/EazyClean_EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg/330px-EazyClean_EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/EazyClean_EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg/440px-EazyClean_EC124_dry_cleaning_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A modern dry cleaning machine with touchscreen and SPS control. Manufacturer: EazyClean, type EC124. Photo taken prior to installation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drycleanmachine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Drycleanmachine.JPG/170px-Drycleanmachine.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Drycleanmachine.JPG/255px-Drycleanmachine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Drycleanmachine.JPG/340px-Drycleanmachine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Series 3 dry cleaning machine with PLC control. Manufacturer: BÖWE Textile Cleaning; Germany.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_clean_rack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dry_clean_rack.jpg/220px-Dry_clean_rack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dry_clean_rack.jpg/330px-Dry_clean_rack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Dry_clean_rack.jpg/440px-Dry_clean_rack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Many dry cleaners place cleaned clothes inside thin clear plastic garment bags.</figcaption></figure> <p>A dry cleaning machine is similar to a combination of a domestic washing machine and clothes dryer. Garments are placed in the washing or extraction chamber (referred to as the "basket" or "drum"), which constitutes the core of the machine. The washing chamber contains a horizontal-axis, perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. The shell holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the garment load. The basket capacity is between about 10 and 40 kilograms (22 and 88 lb).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the wash cycle, the chamber is filled approximately one-third full of solvent and begins to rotate, agitating the clothing. The solvent temperature is maintained at 30 °C (86 °F) or lower, as a higher temperature may damage it. During the wash cycle, the solvent in the chamber (commonly known as the "cage" or "tackle box") is passed through a filtration chamber and then fed back into the "cage". This is known as the cycle, and is continued for the wash duration. The solvent is then removed and sent to a <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> unit consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>. The condensed solvent is fed into a separator unit where any remaining water is separated from the solvent, and the refined solvent fed into the clean solvent tank. The ideal flow rate is roughly 8 liters of solvent per kilogram of garments per minute (very approximately one gallon per pound of garments), depending on the size of the machine. </p><p>A typical wash cycle lasts for 8–15 minutes depending on the type of garments and degree of soiling. During the first three minutes, solvent-soluble soils dissolve into the perchloroethylene and loose, insoluble soil comes off. It takes 10–12 minutes after the loose soil has come off to remove any ground-in insoluble soil from garments. Machines using hydrocarbon solvents require a wash cycle of at least 25 minutes because of the much slower rate of solvation of solvent-soluble soils. A dry cleaning <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> "soap" may also be added. </p><p>At the end of the wash cycle, the machine starts a rinse cycle where the garment load is rinsed with freshly distilled solvent dispensed from the solvent tank. This pure solvent rinse prevents discoloration caused by soil particles being deposited back into the garment from the "dirty" working solvent. </p><p>After the rinse cycle, the machine begins the extraction process, which recovers the solvent for reuse. Modern machines recover approximately 99.99% of the solvent employed. The extraction cycle begins by draining the solvent from the washing chamber and accelerating the basket to 350–450 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>, causing much of the solvent to spin free of the fabric. Until this time, the cleaning is done in normal temperature, as the solvent is never heated during dry cleaning process. When no more solvent can be spun out, the machine starts the drying cycle. </p><p>During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a stream of warm air (60–63 °C; 140–145 °F) that circulates throughout the basket, evaporating traces of solvent left after the spin cycle. The air temperature is controlled to prevent heat damage to the garments. The exhausted warm air from the machine then passes through a chiller unit where solvent vapors are condensed and returned to the distilled solvent tank. Modern dry cleaning machines use a closed-loop system in which the chilled air is reheated and recirculated. This results in high solvent recovery rates and reduced air pollution. In the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchloroethylene were vented to the atmosphere because it was regarded as cheap and believed to be harmless. </p><p>After the drying cycle is complete, a deodorizing (<a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a>) cycle cools the garments and removes further traces of solvent by circulating cool outside air over the garments and then through a vapor recovery filter made from <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> and polymer resins. After the aeration cycle, the garments are clean and ready for pressing and finishing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solvent_reprocessing">Solvent reprocessing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Solvent reprocessing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelzreinigung_-_Multimatic_II_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pelzreinigung_-_Multimatic_II_a.jpg/170px-Pelzreinigung_-_Multimatic_II_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pelzreinigung_-_Multimatic_II_a.jpg/255px-Pelzreinigung_-_Multimatic_II_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pelzreinigung_-_Multimatic_II_a.jpg/340px-Pelzreinigung_-_Multimatic_II_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Solvent reprocessing machinery (Germany)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saver40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Saver40.jpg/220px-Saver40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Saver40.jpg/330px-Saver40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Saver40.jpg/440px-Saver40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>A Firbimatic Saver Series. This machine uses activated clay filtration instead of distillation. It uses much less energy than conventional methods.</figcaption></figure> <p>Working solvent from the washing chamber passes through several <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> steps before it is returned to the washing chamber. The first step is a button trap, which prevents small objects such as lint, fasteners, buttons, and coins from entering the solvent pump. </p><p>Over time, a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Filter_cake" title="Filter cake">filter cake</a> (called "muck") accumulates on the lint filter. The muck is removed regularly (commonly once per day) and then processed to recover solvent trapped in the muck. Many machines use "spin <a href="/wiki/Disk_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk filter">disk filters</a>", which remove the muck from the filter by <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> while it is back washed with solvent. </p><p>After the lint filter, the solvent passes through an <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorptive</a> cartridge filter. This filter, which contains activated clays and <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a>, removes fine insoluble soil residues, non-volatile residues, and dyes from the solvent. Finally, the solvent passes through a polishing filter, which removes any contaminants not previously removed. The clean solvent is then returned to the working solvent tank. </p><p>"Cooked powder residue" is the name for the waste material generated by cooking down or distilling muck. It will contain residual solvent, powdered filter material (diatomite), carbon, non-volatile residues, lint, dyes, grease, soils, and water. The waste sludge or solid residue from the still contains residual solvent, water, soils, carbon, and other non-volatile residues. Used filters are another form of waste, as is waste water, which are also subject to regulation by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (US EPA) and local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enhance cleaning power, small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergent</a> (0.5–1.5%) are added to the working solvent, and are essential to its functionality. These detergents emulsify <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> soils and keep soil from redepositing on garments. Depending on the machine's design, either an <a href="/wiki/Anionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anionic">anionic</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Cationic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cationic">cationic</a> detergent is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garment_compatibility">Garment compatibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Garment compatibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garments should be carefully checked for foreign objects before being placed in the machine. Items such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> pens may dissolve in the solvent bath, damaging the entire batch of textiles. Certain textile <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> are "loose" and will shed dye during solvent immersion. </p><p>Fragile items, such as feather bedspreads or tasseled rugs or hangings, may be protected by enclosing them in a loose <a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">mesh bag</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of perchloroethylene is around 1.62 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at room temperature (62% heavier than water), and the sheer weight of absorbed solvent may cause the textile to fail under typical forces during the spin extraction cycle, unless the mesh bag provides mechanical support. </p><p>Not all <a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">stains</a> can be removed by dry cleaning. Some need to be treated with spotting solvents – sometimes by steam jet or by soaking in special stain-remover liquids – before garments are washed or dry cleaned. Also, garments which have been stored in soiled condition for a long time are difficult to bring back to their original color and texture, since irreversible chemical reactions (such as oxidation) may occur over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Care_symbols">Care symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Care symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The international <a href="/wiki/GINETEX" title="GINETEX">GINETEX</a> <a href="/wiki/Laundry_symbol" title="Laundry symbol">laundry symbol</a> for dry cleaning is a circle. It may have the letter "P" inside it to indicate perchloroethylene solvent, or the letter "F" to indicate a flammable solvent (German: <i>Feuergefährliches Schwerbenzin</i>). A bar underneath the circle indicates that only mild cleaning processes are recommended. A crossed-out empty circle indicates that an item should not be dry cleaned at all.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 652px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professionelle_reinigung.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Professional cleaning symbol"><img alt="Professional cleaning symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Professionelle_reinigung.svg/120px-Professionelle_reinigung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Professionelle_reinigung.svg/180px-Professionelle_reinigung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Professionelle_reinigung.svg/240px-Professionelle_reinigung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Professional cleaning symbol</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professionelle_reinigung_(F).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dry clean, hydrocarbon solvent only (HCS)"><img alt="Dry clean, hydrocarbon solvent only (HCS)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29.svg/120px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29.svg/180px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29.svg/240px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dry clean, hydrocarbon solvent only (HCS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professionelle_reinigung_(F)s.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents"><img alt="Gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29s.svg/120px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29s.svg/180px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29s.svg/240px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professionelle_reinigung_(F)ss.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Very gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents"><img alt="Very gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29ss.svg/120px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29ss.svg/180px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29ss.svg/240px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28F%29ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Very gentle cleaning with hydrocarbon solvents</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicht_chemisch_reinigen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Do not dry clean"><img alt="Do not dry clean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nicht_chemisch_reinigen.svg/120px-Nicht_chemisch_reinigen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nicht_chemisch_reinigen.svg/180px-Nicht_chemisch_reinigen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nicht_chemisch_reinigen.svg/240px-Nicht_chemisch_reinigen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Do not dry clean</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professionelle_reinigung_(P).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dry clean, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) only"><img alt="Dry clean, tetrachloroethylene (PCE) only" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29.svg/120px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29.svg/180px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29.svg/240px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dry clean, <a href="/wiki/Tetrachloroethylene" title="Tetrachloroethylene">tetrachloroethylene</a> (PCE) only</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professionelle_reinigung_(P)s.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gentle cleaning with PCE"><img alt="Gentle cleaning with PCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29s.svg/120px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29s.svg/180px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29s.svg/240px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gentle cleaning with PCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Professionelle_reinigung_(P)ss.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Very gentle cleaning with PCE"><img alt="Very gentle cleaning with PCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29ss.svg/120px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29ss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29ss.svg/180px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29ss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29ss.svg/240px-Professionelle_reinigung_%28P%29ss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Very gentle cleaning with PCE</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solvents_used">Solvents used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Solvents used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perchloroethylene">Perchloroethylene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Perchloroethylene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrachloroethylene.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tetrachloroethylene.svg/220px-Tetrachloroethylene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tetrachloroethylene.svg/330px-Tetrachloroethylene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Tetrachloroethylene.svg/440px-Tetrachloroethylene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Perchloroethylene is the main solvent used in dry cleaning</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Perchloroethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Perchloroethylene">Perchloroethylene</a> (PCE or "perc", tetrachloroethylene) has been in use since the 1930s. PCE is the most common solvent, the "standard" for cleaning performance. It is a highly effective cleaning solvent, and it is thermally stable, recyclable, and has very low toxicity and a pleasant smell. PCE is recycled by distillation at its boiling point (121 °C). </p><p>The solvent can cause color bleeding/loss, especially at higher temperatures. In some cases it may damage special trims, buttons and beads on some garments. It is better for oil-based stains than more common water-soluble stains, such as coffee, wine, blood. </p><p>The toxicity of tetrachloroethylene is moderate to low and reports of human injury are uncommon despite its wide usage in dry cleaning and degreasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullman2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullman2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetrachloroethylene is classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2A) by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC). There is a possibility that it is carcinogenic to humans in long term, but the evidence is limited since most of the evaluated dry-cleaners had heavy smoking and drinking habits.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exposure to tetrachloroethylene in a typical dry cleaner is considered far below the levels required to cause any risk.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that 50% to 70% of dry cleaners in the US were using PCE as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative solvents are available, but these may require major changes in equipment, procedures, and operator training.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flammable solvents may require installation of expensive <a href="/wiki/Fire-suppression_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire-suppression system">fire-suppression systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because PCE has been the longtime <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standard</a> solvent for dry cleaning, there is considerable interest in finding a "drop-in" substitute solvent which could be used with minimal changes to existing equipment and procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_flash_hydrocarbons">High flash hydrocarbons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: High flash hydrocarbons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_K_Series_Dry_Cleaning_Machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Union_K_Series_Dry_Cleaning_Machine.jpg/220px-Union_K_Series_Dry_Cleaning_Machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Union_K_Series_Dry_Cleaning_Machine.jpg/330px-Union_K_Series_Dry_Cleaning_Machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Union_K_Series_Dry_Cleaning_Machine.jpg/440px-Union_K_Series_Dry_Cleaning_Machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>A modern dry cleaning machine for use with various solvents</figcaption></figure> <p>High flash <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>, characterized as having a <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a> higher than 60 °C (140 °F), are considered to be safer than traditional hydrocarbon solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18–19">: 18–19 </span></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Exxon-Mobil" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon-Mobil">Exxon-Mobil</a>'s DF-2000 or <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron Phillips">Chevron Phillips</a>' EcoSolv, and Pure Dry. These <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>-based solvents are less aggressive but also less effective than PCE. Although hydrocarbons are combustible, risk of fire or explosion can be minimized when they are used properly; a fire-suppression system may also be required. Hydrocarbons are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compound</a> (VOC) pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18–19">: 18–19 </span></sup> Hydrocarbons retain about 10-12% of the market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trichloroethylene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a> (TCE) is more aggressive than PCE but is very rarely used today. With superior degreasing properties, it was often used for industrial workwear/overalls cleaning in the past. It is chemically related to tetrachloroethylene. TCE is classified as <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a> to humans by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supercritical_CO2">Supercritical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Supercritical CO2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercritical CO2">Supercritical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> is an alternative to PCE; however, it is inferior in removing some forms of grime.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additive surfactants improve the efficacy of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> is almost entirely nontoxic (but is an <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiant">asphyxiant</a> risk in high concentrations).<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> dry cleaning process involves charging a sealed chamber which has been loaded with clothes, using gaseous carbon dioxide from a storage vessel to approximately 200 to 300 psi (14 to 21 bar) of pressure. This step in the process is initiated as a precaution to avoid <a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">thermal shock</a> to the cleaning chamber. Liquid carbon dioxide is then pumped into the cleaning chamber from a separate storage vessel by a hydraulic or electrically driven pump (which preferably has dual pistons). The pump increases the pressure of the liquid carbon dioxide to approximately 900 to 1,500 psi (62 to 103 bar). A separate sub-cooler reduces the temperature of the carbon dioxide by 2 to 3 °C (3.6 to 5.4 °F) below the boiling point, in an effort to prevent <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> which could lead to premature degradation of the pump.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i> rated supercritical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> superior to conventional methods, but the Drycleaning and Laundry Institute commented on its "fairly low cleaning ability" in a 2007 report.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supercritical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is a mild solvent overall, which lowers its ability to aggressively attack stains. </p><p>One deficiency with supercritical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is that its <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> is low. As mentioned in the Mechanisms section, dry cleaning utilizes both chemical and mechanical properties to remove stains. When solvent interacts with the fabric's surface, the friction dislocates dirt. At the same time, the friction also builds up an electrical charge. Fabrics are very poor conductors, but usually this build-up of <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a> is dissipated through the solvent. This discharge does not occur in liquid carbon dioxide, and the build-up of an electrical charge on the surface of the fabric attracts the dirt back on to the surface, diminishing the cleaning efficiency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To compensate for the poor solubility and conductivity of supercritical carbon dioxide, research has focused on additives. For increased solubility, <a href="/wiki/2-propanol" class="mw-redirect" title="2-propanol">2-propanol</a> has shown increased cleaning effects for liquid carbon dioxide, as it increases the ability of the solvent to dissolve polar compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Machinery for use of supercritical CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is expensive – up to $90,000 more than a PCE machine, making affordability difficult for small businesses. Some cleaners with these machines keep traditional machines on-site for more-heavily soiled textiles, but others find plant-derived enzymes to be equally effective and more environmentally sustainable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_solvents:_niche_and_emerging">Other solvents: niche and emerging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other solvents: niche and emerging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For decades, efforts have been made to replace PCE. These alternatives have not proven popular thus far: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycol_ethers" title="Glycol ethers">Glycol ethers</a> (also called "propylene glycol ethers") are a class of organic solvents which were introduced in the 1990s as an alternative to PCE.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup> These solvent mixes are flammable, but are considered comparable to high flash hydrocarbons in fire hazard. They are not considered to be carcinogenic, and have relatively benign persistence and environmental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane" title="Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane">Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane</a> ("siloxane" or "liquid silicone", trademarked Siloxane D5),<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> was initially popularized by GreenEarth Cleaning.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is more expensive than PCE.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is marketed as an eco-friendly product that degrades quickly in the environment, but is controlled in the European Union due to its <a href="/wiki/Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances" title="Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances">persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic</a> characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutoxymethane" title="Dibutoxymethane">Dibutoxymethane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> dibutyl acetal, also referred to as "butylal", loosely referred to as "acetal", and trademarked as SolvonK4)<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> is a bipolar solvent that removes water-based stains and oil-based stains.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the solvent is relatively new in cleaning applications, there has been relatively little specific research into health and environmental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Alt_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Alt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21–22">: 21–22 </span></sup></li> <li>Brominated solvents (<a href="/wiki/N-propyl_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="N-propyl bromide"><i>n</i>-propyl bromide</a>, Fabrisolv, DrySolv) are solvents with higher <a href="/wiki/Kauri-butanol_value" title="Kauri-butanol value">KB-values</a> than PCE. This allows faster cleaning, but can damage some synthetic beads and sequins if not used correctly. Healthwise, there are reported risks associated with nPB such as numbness of nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmentally, it is approved by the US EPA. It is among the more expensive solvents, but it has advantages of faster cleaning, lower temperatures, and quick drying times. In 2016, the state of Massachusetts listed the solvent as a "Higher Hazard Substance" due to increased concerns about its health and environmental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-TURI-Bromide_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TURI-Bromide-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolete_solvents">Obsolete solvents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Obsolete solvents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoddard_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoddard solvent">Stoddard solvent</a> – flammable and explosive, relatively low 38 °C (100 °F) <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</a> (CCl<sub>4</sub>) was once widely used in dry cleaning as the first chlorinated solvent, but its use was abandoned after its high <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a> was discovered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">1,1,1-Trichloroethane</a> was also used in dry cleaning, until its use was banned due to its harmful effects on the ozone layer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFC-113" class="mw-redirect" title="CFC-113">CFC-113</a> (Freon-113), a <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFC</a>, is now banned as <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion_potential" title="Ozone depletion potential">ozone-unfriendly</a>. In the 1970s CFC-113 was marketed as "the solvent of the future", under the name <i>Arklone</i> by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric restoration">Fabric restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laundry_topics" title="List of laundry topics">List of laundry topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_cleaning" title="Wet cleaning">Wet cleaning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some sources incorrectly<sup id="cite_ref-Prince1965_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prince1965-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referred to as "Jolly-Belin"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHunter2019" class="citation news cs1">Hunter, Jennifer (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/smarter-living/wirecutter/dry-cleaning-your-wool-sweaters-dont-bother.html">"Dry Cleaning Your Wool Sweaters? Don't Bother"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530205050/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/smarter-living/wirecutter/dry-cleaning-your-wool-sweaters-dont-bother.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dry+Cleaning+Your+Wool+Sweaters%3F+Don%27t+Bother.&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F22%2Fsmarter-living%2Fwirecutter%2Fdry-cleaning-your-wool-sweaters-dont-bother.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+cleaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2017" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Shontavia (15 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/americas-always-had-black-inventors-even-when-the-patent-system-explicitly-excluded-them-72619">"America's always had black inventors – even when the patent system explicitly excluded them"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215194916/http://theconversation.com/americas-always-had-black-inventors-even-when-the-patent-system-explicitly-excluded-them-72619">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=America%27s+always+had+black+inventors+%E2%80%93+even+when+the+patent+system+explicitly+excluded+them&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Shontavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Famericas-always-had-black-inventors-even-when-the-patent-system-explicitly-excluded-them-72619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+cleaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogunseitan2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogunseitan2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogunseitan2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOladele_Ogunseitan2011" class="citation book cs1">Oladele Ogunseitan (3 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCt1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135"><i>Green Health: An A-to-Z Guide</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 135–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6621-3"><bdi>978-1-4522-6621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Health%3A+An+A-to-Z+Guide&rft.pages=135-&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6621-3&rft.au=Oladele+Ogunseitan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCt1AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+cleaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prince1965-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prince1965_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAncliffe_Prince1965" class="citation book cs1">Ancliffe Prince (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oy1BAAAAYAAJ"><i>Laundering and Cleaning: Yesterday, To-day, and To-morrow</i></a>. Iliffe Technical Publications. <q>In Britain America the discovery was for long attributed to a supposed Paris tailor by name of Jolly-Belin [...] Actually the discoverer of drycleaning was not named Jolly-Belin but Jean-Baptiste Jell</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laundering+and+Cleaning%3A+Yesterday%2C+To-day%2C+and+To-morrow&rft.pub=Iliffe+Technical+Publications&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Ancliffe+Prince&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doy1BAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+cleaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Information1986-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Information1986_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu6wFrdExO4C&pg=PA33"><i>New Scientist</i></a>. Reed Business Information. 13 February 1986. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Scientist&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Reed+Business+Information&rft.date=1986-02-13&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGu6wFrdExO4C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+cleaning" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann2000-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann2000_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTirsell2000" class="citation book cs1">Tirsell, David C. (2000). 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UMass Lowell. June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accessed 2014-Jan-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TURI-Bromide-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TURI-Bromide_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turi.org/content/download/10480/174392/file/Fact%20Sheet.%20n-Propyl%20Bromide%20October%2025%202016.pdf">"Massachusetts Chemical Fact Sheet: N-propyl bromide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TURI: Toxics Use Reduction Institute</i>. UMass Lowell. October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103111115/https://www.turi.org/content/download/10480/174392/file/Fact%20Sheet.%20n-Propyl%20Bromide%20October%2025%202016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TURI%3A+Toxics+Use+Reduction+Institute&rft.atitle=Massachusetts+Chemical+Fact+Sheet%3A+N-propyl+bromide&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turi.org%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F10480%2F174392%2Ffile%2FFact%2520Sheet.%2520n-Propyl%2520Bromide%2520October%252025%25202016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADry+cleaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dry_cleaning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041107232825/http://epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/tet-ethy.html">Hazard Summary</a> provided by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/dryclean/">NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Drycleaning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turi.org/content/download/7383/134432/file/PERC+Alternative+Assessment+Fact+Sheet.pdf">Alternatives to Perchloroethylene Used in Professional Garment Care</a>, Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Institute</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Laundry_navbox" title="Template:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laundry_navbox" title="Template talk:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laundry_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laundry navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laundry123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">Laundry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_laundry_topics" title="List of laundry topics">List of laundry topics</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">Bleach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_softener" title="Fabric softener">Fabric softener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_detergent" title="Laundry detergent">Laundry detergent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_detergent_pod" title="Laundry detergent pod">pods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combo_washer_dryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Combo washer dryer">Combo washer dryer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dry cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_washer" title="Tunnel washer">Tunnel washer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_cleaning" title="Wet cleaning">Wet cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboard_(laundry)" title="Washboard (laundry)">Washboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_copper" title="Wash copper">Wash copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_horse" title="Clothes horse">Clothes horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_line" title="Clothes line">Clothes line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_cabinet" title="Drying cabinet">Drying cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_Hoist" title="Hills Hoist">Hills Hoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangle_(machine)" title="Mangle (machine)">Mangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryer_ball" title="Dryer ball">Dryer ball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folding_machine#Clothes_folder" title="Folding machine">Clothes folder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FoldiMate" title="FoldiMate">FoldiMate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundroid" title="Laundroid">Laundroid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_mangle" title="Box mangle">Box mangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_hanger" title="Clothes hanger">Clothes hanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironing" title="Ironing">Ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_starch" title="Laundry starch">Laundry starch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">Colour fastness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_(laundering_process)" title="Posting (laundering process)">Posting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">Stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Hand_Laundry_Alliance" title="Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance">Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_and_Dry_Cleaning_International_Union" title="Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union">Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_Workers_Industrial_Union" title="Laundry Workers Industrial Union">Laundry Workers Industrial Union</a></li> <li>Project Laundry List</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Launderers" title="Worshipful Company of Launderers">Worshipful Company of Launderers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi" title="Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">Housekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_laundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial laundry">Industrial laundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_symbol" title="Laundry symbol">Laundry symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washerwoman" title="Washerwoman">Washerwoman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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Connolly">Barbier v. Connolly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Laundry_Co._v._United_States" title="Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States">Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muller_v._Oregon" title="Muller v. Oregon">Muller v. Oregon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pearson_v._Chung" title="Pearson v. Chung">Pearson v. Chung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_and_wash_houses_in_Britain" title="Baths and wash houses in Britain">Baths and wash houses in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhobi_Ghat" title="Dhobi Ghat">Dhobi Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavoir" title="Lavoir">Lavoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-service_laundry" title="Self-service laundry">Self-service laundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%A4ttstuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvättstuga">Tvättstuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878156#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009855-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85039795">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967101d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967101d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01042564">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="čištění oděvů"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph203169&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565362805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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