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<span>Toggle November 22 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-November_22-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kennedy's_arrival_in_Dallas_and_route_to_Dealey_Plaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy's_arrival_in_Dallas_and_route_to_Dealey_Plaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kennedy's arrival in Dallas and route to Dealey Plaza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy's_arrival_in_Dallas_and_route_to_Dealey_Plaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shooting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_in_Dealey_Plaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_in_Dealey_Plaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aftermath in Dealey Plaza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_in_Dealey_Plaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oswald's_flight,_killing_of_J._D._Tippit,_and_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oswald's_flight,_killing_of_J._D._Tippit,_and_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Oswald's flight, killing of J. D. Tippit, and arrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oswald's_flight,_killing_of_J._D._Tippit,_and_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kennedy_declared_dead;_Johnson_sworn_in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_declared_dead;_Johnson_sworn_in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Kennedy declared dead; Johnson sworn in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_declared_dead;_Johnson_sworn_in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediate_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Immediate aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immediate aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immediate_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autopsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autopsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Autopsy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autopsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_of_Oswald" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_Oswald"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Killing of Oswald</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_Oswald-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_and_photographs_of_the_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_photographs_of_the_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Films and photographs of the assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_photographs_of_the_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Official investigations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_investigations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Official investigations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Official_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dallas_Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dallas_Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dallas Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dallas_Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FBI_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FBI_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>FBI investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FBI_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warren_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warren_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Warren Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warren_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_of_Clay_Shaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Trial of Clay Shaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_of_Clay_Shaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramsey_Clark_Panel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramsey_Clark_Panel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Ramsey Clark Panel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramsey_Clark_Panel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rockefeller_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockefeller_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Rockefeller Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockefeller_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Church Committee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>United States House Select Committee on Assassinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JFK_Act_and_Assassination_Records_Review_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JFK_Act_and_Assassination_Records_Review_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>JFK Act and Assassination Records Review Board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JFK_Act_and_Assassination_Records_Review_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_impact_and_memorialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_impact_and_memorialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Political impact and memorialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_impact_and_memorialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact_and_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact_and_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cultural impact and depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact_and_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artifacts,_museums,_and_locations_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts,_museums,_and_locations_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Artifacts, museums, and locations today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts,_museums,_and_locations_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_institutional_documents_and_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_institutional_documents_and_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Government and institutional documents and reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_institutional_documents_and_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warren_Commission_documents,_exhibits,_and_testimonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warren_Commission_documents,_exhibits,_and_testimonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Warren Commission documents, exhibits, and testimonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warren_Commission_documents,_exhibits,_and_testimonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.4</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.5</span> <span>Magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_publications_and_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_publications_and_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.6</span> <span>News publications and websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_publications_and_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Kennedy: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mord_an_US-Pr%C3%A4sident_Kennedy" title="Mord an US-Präsident Kennedy – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mord an US-Präsident Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="اغتيال جون كينيدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اغتيال جون كينيدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Kennedinin_q%C9%99tli" title="Con Kennedinin qətli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Kennedinin qətli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Убийство на Джон Кенеди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Убийство на Джон Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentat_na_Johna_F._Kennedyja" title="Atentat na Johna F. Kennedyja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atentat na Johna F. Kennedyja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazhadenn_John_F._Kennedy" title="Lazhadenn John F. Kennedy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lazhadenn John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atemptat_contra_John_F._Kennedy" title="Atemptat contra John F. Kennedy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atemptat contra John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atent%C3%A1t_na_Johna_Fitzgeralda_Kennedyho" title="Atentát na Johna Fitzgeralda Kennedyho – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atentát na Johna Fitzgeralda Kennedyho" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llofruddiaeth_John_F._Kennedy" title="Llofruddiaeth John F. Kennedy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llofruddiaeth John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentatet_p%C3%A5_John_F._Kennedy" title="Attentatet på John F. Kennedy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Attentatet på John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentat_auf_John_F._Kennedy" title="Attentat auf John F. Kennedy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Attentat auf John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_atentaat" title="John F. Kennedy atentaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John F. Kennedy atentaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Δολοφονία του Τζον Φιτζέραλντ Κένεντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δολοφονία του Τζον Φιτζέραλντ Κένεντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asesinato_de_John_F._Kennedy" title="Asesinato de John F. Kennedy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asesinato de John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenco_kontra%C5%AD_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="Atenco kontraŭ John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atenco kontraŭ John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedyren_hilketa" title="John F. Kennedyren hilketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John F. Kennedyren hilketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81._%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ترور جان اف. کندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترور جان اف. کندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinat_de_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassinat de John F. Kennedy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assassinat de John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asasinato_de_John_F._Kennedy" title="Asasinato de John F. Kennedy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Asasinato de John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_F._%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EB%94%94_%EC%95%94%EC%82%B4_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="존 F. 케네디 암살 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 F. 케네디 암살 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Քենեդու սպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Քենեդու սպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentat_na_Johna_F._Kennedyja" title="Atentat na Johna F. Kennedyja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atentat na Johna F. Kennedyja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_John_F._Kennedy" title="Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%B0i%C3%B0_%C3%A1_John_F._Kennedy" title="Morðið á John F. Kennedy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Morðið á John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinio_di_John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="Assassinio di John Fitzgerald Kennedy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assassinio di John Fitzgerald Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="רצח ג'ון קנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח ג'ון קנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ჯონ კენედის მკვლელობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ კენედის მკვლელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D2%A3_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Джон Кеннедидің өлімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Кеннедидің өлімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atent%C4%81ts_pret_D%C5%BEonu_Kenediju" title="Atentāts pret Džonu Kenediju – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atentāts pret Džonu Kenediju" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_meggyilkol%C3%A1sa" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy meggyilkolása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy meggyilkolása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Убиство на Џон Кенеди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Убиство на Џон Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_John_F._Kennedy" title="Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moord_op_president_Kennedy" title="Moord op president Kennedy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moord op president Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E6%9A%97%E6%AE%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="ケネディ大統領暗殺事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケネディ大統領暗殺事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentatet_mot_John_F._Kennedy" title="Attentatet mot John F. Kennedy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Attentatet mot John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedyning_o%CA%BBldirilishi" title="John F. Kennedyning oʻldirilishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John F. Kennedyning oʻldirilishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamach_na_Johna_F._Kennedy%E2%80%99ego" title="Zamach na Johna F. Kennedy’ego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamach na Johna F. Kennedy’ego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassinato_de_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassinato de John F. Kennedy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assassinato de John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asasinarea_lui_John_F._Kennedy" title="Asasinarea lui John F. Kennedy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asasinarea lui John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Убийство Джона Кеннеди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Убийство Джона Кеннеди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrasja_e_Xhon_F._Kenedi" title="Vrasja e Xhon F. Kenedi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vrasja e Xhon F. Kenedi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9D%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ජෝන් එෆ්. කෙනඩි ඝාතනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝන් එෆ්. කෙනඩි ඝාතනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atent%C3%A1t_na_Johna_Fitzgeralda_Kennedyho" title="Atentát na Johna Fitzgeralda Kennedyho – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atentát na Johna Fitzgeralda Kennedyho" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentat_na_Johna_Kennedyja" title="Atentat na Johna Kennedyja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atentat na Johna Kennedyja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Атентат на Џона Кенедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атентат на Џона Кенедија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atentat_na_Johna_F._Kennedyja" title="Atentat na Johna F. Kennedyja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atentat na Johna F. Kennedyja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedyn_salamurha" title="John F. Kennedyn salamurha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John F. Kennedyn salamurha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordet_p%C3%A5_John_F._Kennedy" title="Mordet på John F. Kennedy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mordet på John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpatay_kay_John_F._Kennedy" title="Pagpatay kay John F. Kennedy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpatay kay John F. Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="การลอบสังหารจอห์น เอฟ. เคนเนดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลอบสังหารจอห์น เอฟ. เคนเนดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Suikast%C4%B1" title="John F. Kennedy Suikastı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John F. 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Kennedy}}{{Redirect|November 22, 1963|the date|November 1963#November 22, 1963 (Friday){{!}}November 22, 1963 (Friday)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Redirect|Kennedy assassination|the assassination of John's brother Robert|Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy}}{{Redirect|November 22, 1963|the date|November 1963#November 22, 1963 (Friday){{!}}November 22, 1963 (Friday)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Featured article}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Featured article}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| time = 12:30 p.m.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| time = 12:30 p.m.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| weapons = {{ubl|[[John F. Kennedy assassination rifle|6.5×52mm Italian Carcano M91/38 rifle]] (Kennedy)|[[John F. Kennedy assassination rifle#Revolver|.38 cal Smith & Wesson revolver]] (Tippit)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| weapons = {{ubl|[[John F. Kennedy assassination rifle|6.5×52mm Italian Carcano M91/38 rifle]] (Kennedy)|[[John F. Kennedy assassination rifle#Revolver|.38 cal Smith & Wesson<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Victory Model</ins> revolver]] (Tippit)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| fatalities = {{ubl|John F. Kennedy|[[J. D. Tippit]]}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| fatalities = {{ubl|John F. Kennedy|[[J. D. Tippit]]}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| injuries = {{ubl|[[John Connally]]|[[James Tague]]}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| injuries = {{ubl|[[John Connally]]|[[James Tague]]}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 23:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On November 22, 1963, [[John F. Kennedy]], the 35th [[president of the United States]], was [[assassinated]] while riding in a presidential [[motorcade]] through [[Dealey Plaza]] in [[Dallas]], Texas. Kennedy was in the vehicle with his wife [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]], Texas <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Governor</del> [[John Connally]], and Connally's wife [[Nellie Connally|Nellie]], when he was fatally shot from the nearby [[Texas School Book Depository]] by [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]]. The motorcade rushed to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]], where Kennedy was pronounced dead about 30 minutes after the shooting; Connally was also wounded in the attack but recovered. Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|was hastily sworn in as president]] two hours and eight minutes later aboard [[Air Force One]] at [[Dallas Love Field]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On November 22, 1963, [[John F. Kennedy]], the 35th [[president of the United States]], was [[assassinated]] while riding in a presidential [[motorcade]] through [[Dealey Plaza]] in [[Dallas]], Texas. Kennedy was in the vehicle with his wife [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline]], Texas <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">governor</ins> [[John Connally]], and Connally's wife [[Nellie Connally|Nellie]], when he was fatally shot from the nearby [[Texas School Book Depository]] by [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]]. The motorcade rushed to [[Parkland Memorial Hospital]], where Kennedy was pronounced dead about 30 minutes after the shooting; Connally was also wounded in the attack but recovered. Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] [[First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson|was hastily sworn in as president]] two hours and eight minutes later aboard [[Air Force One]] at [[Dallas Love Field]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>After the assassination, Oswald returned home to retrieve a pistol; he shot and killed lone Dallas policeman [[J. D. Tippit]] shortly afterwards. Around 70 minutes after Kennedy and Connally were shot, Oswald was apprehended by the [[Dallas Police Department]] and charged under Texas state law with the murders of Kennedy and Tippit. Two days later, at 11:21&nbsp;a.m. on November 24, 1963, as live television cameras covered Oswald's being moved through the basement of [[Dallas Municipal Building|Dallas Police Headquarters]], he was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub operator [[Jack Ruby]]. Like Kennedy, Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he soon died. Ruby was convicted of Oswald's murder, though the decision was overturned on appeal, and Ruby died in prison in 1967 while awaiting a new trial.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>After the assassination, Oswald returned home to retrieve a pistol; he shot and killed lone Dallas policeman [[J. D. Tippit]] shortly afterwards. Around 70 minutes after Kennedy and Connally were shot, Oswald was apprehended by the [[Dallas Police Department]] and charged under Texas state law with the murders of Kennedy and Tippit. Two days later, at 11:21&nbsp;a.m. on November 24, 1963, as live television cameras covered Oswald's being moved through the basement of [[Dallas Municipal Building|Dallas Police Headquarters]], he was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub operator [[Jack Ruby]]. Like Kennedy, Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he soon died. Ruby was convicted of Oswald's murder, though the decision was overturned on appeal, and Ruby died in prison in 1967 while awaiting a new trial.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 42:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 42:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|Lee Harvey Oswald}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|Lee Harvey Oswald}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| align = right</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = right</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| total_width = 450</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 450</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| image1 = Pizzo Exh B-Oswald leaflets FPFC-WH Vol21 139.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = Pizzo Exh B-Oswald leaflets FPFC-WH Vol21 139.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| alt1 = Oswald is pictured passing out pamphlets on a street in New Orleans. Other men, possibly Cuban, are also passing out pamphlets behind him.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = Oswald is pictured passing out pamphlets on a street in New Orleans. Other men, possibly Cuban, are also passing out pamphlets behind him.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| caption1 = [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] (center) and others distributing pro-[[Fidel Castro|Castro]] leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] (center) and others distributing pro-[[Fidel Castro|Castro]] leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| image2 = Lee Harvey Oswald with rifle, taken in Oswald's back yard, Neely Street, Dallas Texas, March 1963, CE133A.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = Lee Harvey Oswald with rifle, taken in Oswald's back yard, Neely Street, Dallas Texas, March 1963, CE133A.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| alt2 = Oswald is pictured posing in a backyard. He holds rifle in his left hand and a leftist publication in his right.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = Oswald is pictured posing in a backyard. He holds rifle in his left hand and a leftist publication in his right.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>| caption2 = A photograph of Oswald posing with [[John F. Kennedy assassination rifle|his rifle]], holstered pistol, and communist literature{{efn|group=note|This photo and a similar one are known as the "backyard photographs"; according to Bugliosi, it is one of the pieces of evidence most damning for Oswald. Oswald told Dallas police that the photographs were not genuine and that someone must have superimposed his head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 792.</ref> Marina Oswald testified that she took the pictures.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 793.</ref>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = A photograph of Oswald posing with [[John F. Kennedy assassination rifle|his rifle]], holstered pistol, and communist literature{{efn|group=note|This photo and a similar one are known as the "backyard photographs"; according to Bugliosi, it is one of the pieces of evidence most damning for Oswald. Oswald told Dallas police that the photographs were not genuine and that someone must have superimposed his head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 792.</ref> Marina Oswald testified that she took the pictures.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 793.</ref>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Lee Harvey Oswald (born 1939)<ref>[[#Pontchartrain|Pontchartrain (2019)]]</ref> was a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] who had served in Japan and the Philippines and had espoused communist beliefs since reading [[Karl Marx]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at the age of</del> 14.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 683.</ref><ref name="Philippines">[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], p. 28.</ref><ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 17–19.</ref> After accidentally shooting his elbow with an unauthorized handgun and fighting an officer, Oswald was court-martialed twice and demoted.<ref name="Philippines"/> In September 1959, he received a [[Military discharge|dependency discharge]] after claiming his mother was disabled.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 32–33.</ref> A 19-year-old Oswald sailed on a freighter from [[New Orleans]] to France and then traveled to Finland, where he was issued a Soviet visa.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 32–33, 46.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Lee Harvey Oswald (born 1939)<ref>[[#Pontchartrain|Pontchartrain (2019)]]</ref> was a former [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine]] who had served in Japan and the Philippines and had espoused communist beliefs since reading [[Karl Marx]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">aged</ins> 14.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 683.</ref><ref name="Philippines">[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], p. 28.</ref><ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 17–19.</ref> After accidentally shooting his elbow with an unauthorized handgun and fighting an officer, Oswald was court-martialed twice and demoted.<ref name="Philippines"/> In September 1959, he received a [[Military discharge|dependency discharge]] after claiming his mother was disabled.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 32–33.</ref> A 19-year-old Oswald sailed on a freighter from [[New Orleans]] to France and then traveled to Finland, where he was issued a Soviet visa.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 32–33, 46.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Oswald [[defection|defected]] to the Soviet Union,<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 46–53.</ref>{{efn|group=note|In 1964, KGB Agent [[Yuri Nosenko]] defected to the United States. He divulged that Soviet intelligence surveilled Oswald, regarded him as mentally unstable, and had no association with him.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 34–36.</ref> Although the FBI trusted Nosenko, the CIA believed that he was a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] and convinced the Warren Commission not to interview him.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 38–39.</ref>}} and in January 1960 he was sent to work at a factory in [[Minsk]], Belarus.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 697.</ref><ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], p. 53.</ref> In 1961, he met and married [[Marina Oswald Porter|Marina Prusakova]],<ref>[[#McMillan|McMillan (1977)]], pp. 64–65.</ref> with whom he had a child.<ref name="Warren 1964, p. 712">[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 712.</ref> In 1962, he returned to the United States with a repatriation loan from the U.S. Embassy.<ref name="Warren 1964, p. 712"/> He settled in the [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth]] area,<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 714.</ref> where he socialized with Russian émigrés—notably [[George de Mohrenschildt]].<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 82–83, 85, 100.</ref><ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], pp. 152–160.</ref> In March 1963, a bullet narrowly missed General [[Edwin Walker]] at his Dallas residence; a witness observed two conspicuous men. Relying on Marina's testimony, a note left by Oswald, and ballistic evidence, the [[Warren Commission]] attributed this assassination attempt to Oswald.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 183.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Oswald [[defection|defected]] to the Soviet Union,<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 46–53.</ref>{{efn|group=note|In 1964, KGB Agent [[Yuri Nosenko]] defected to the United States. He divulged that Soviet intelligence surveilled Oswald, regarded him as mentally unstable, and had no association with him.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 34–36.</ref> Although the FBI trusted Nosenko, the CIA believed that he was a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] and convinced the Warren Commission not to interview him.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 38–39.</ref>}} and in January 1960 he was sent to work at a factory in [[Minsk]], Belarus.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 697.</ref><ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], p. 53.</ref> In 1961, he met and married [[Marina Oswald Porter|Marina Prusakova]],<ref>[[#McMillan|McMillan (1977)]], pp. 64–65.</ref> with whom he had a child.<ref name="Warren 1964, p. 712">[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 712.</ref> In 1962, he returned to the United States with a repatriation loan from the U.S. Embassy.<ref name="Warren 1964, p. 712"/> He settled in the [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth]] area,<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 714.</ref> where he socialized with Russian émigrés—notably [[George de Mohrenschildt]].<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 82–83, 85, 100.</ref><ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], pp. 152–160.</ref> In March 1963, a bullet narrowly missed General [[Edwin Walker]] at his Dallas residence; a witness observed two conspicuous men. Relying on Marina's testimony, a note left by Oswald, and ballistic evidence, the [[Warren Commission]] attributed this assassination attempt to Oswald.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 183.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 60:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 60:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==November 22==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==November 22==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{see <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also</del>|Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{see <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">timeline</ins>|Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Kennedy's arrival in Dallas and route to Dealey Plaza===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Kennedy's arrival in Dallas and route to Dealey Plaza===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| align<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = right</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align = right</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 500</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 500</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Kennedys arrive at Dallas 11-22-63.JPG</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1 = Kennedys arrive at Dallas 11-22-63.JPG</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| caption1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = President Kennedy and First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] arriving at [[Dallas Love Field]] on November 22, 1963.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption1 = President Kennedy and First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]] arriving at [[Dallas Love Field]] on November 22, 1963.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Kennedy and the First Lady, dresseing in a pink outfit and holding a bouquet of flowers, depart from Air Force One and greet welcomers.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1 = Kennedy and the First Lady, dresseing in a pink outfit and holding a bouquet of flowers, depart from Air Force One and greet welcomers.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Dealey-plaza-annotated.png</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2 = Dealey-plaza-annotated.png</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The route of the motorcade: A right turn from Main Street onto Houston Street, then shortly thereafter a left turn before the Texas School Book Depository onto the snaking Elm Street, passing by the Grassy Knoll and exiting Dealey Plaza udner the Triple Underpass bridge.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt2 = The route of the motorcade: A right turn from Main Street onto Houston Street, then shortly thereafter a left turn before the Texas School Book Depository onto the snaking Elm Street, passing by the Grassy Knoll and exiting Dealey Plaza udner the Triple Underpass bridge.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| caption2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The route of Kennedy's motorcade through [[Dealey Plaza]]. The shooting occurred on Elm Street.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption2 = The route of Kennedy's motorcade through [[Dealey Plaza]]. The shooting occurred on Elm Street.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 80:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 80:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Shooting===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Shooting===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{wide image|File:Dallas Elm Street.jpg|1400px|dir=rtl|alt=A panoramic view of Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas, the location where President John F. Kennedy is assassinated on November 22, 1963.|[[Dealey Plaza]] in 2006, with Elm Street on the right and the Triple Underpass <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</del> the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">middle</del>. The white concrete pergola, from which [[Zapruder film|Zapruder was filming]], is at the center, behind the lamp-post, and the [[Grassy Knoll]] is slightly to its left. The red building partially visible at the extreme upper right is the [[Texas School Book Depository]]. Kennedy's motorcade moved from right to left, and Kennedy was struck by the final bullet just left of the lamp-post in front of the pergola.}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{wide image|File:Dallas Elm Street.jpg|1400px|dir=rtl|alt=A panoramic view of Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas, the location where President John F. Kennedy is assassinated on November 22, 1963.|[[Dealey Plaza]] in 2006, with Elm Street on the right and the Triple Underpass <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on</ins> the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</ins>. The white concrete pergola, from which [[Zapruder film|Zapruder was filming]], is at the center, behind the lamp-post, and the [[Grassy Knoll]] is slightly to its left. The red building partially visible at the extreme upper right is the [[Texas School Book Depository]]. Kennedy's motorcade moved from right to left, and Kennedy was struck by the final bullet just left of the lamp-post in front of the pergola.}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| align<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = right</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align = right</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 500</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 500</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Robert Croft photo showing JFK's car on Elm Street.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1 = Robert Croft photo showing JFK's car on Elm Street.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = John F. Kennedy is seen sitting in a limousine, waving with a crowd on Elm Street, Dealey Plaza.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1 = John F. Kennedy is seen sitting in a limousine, waving with a crowd on Elm Street, Dealey Plaza.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Moorman photo of JFK assassination.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2 = Moorman photo of JFK assassination.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = John F. Kennedy is fatally shot in the head, with Jacqueline Kennedy sitting beside him. Jacqueline can be seen turning over and looking at him at that moment.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt2 = John F. Kennedy is fatally shot in the head, with Jacqueline Kennedy sitting beside him. Jacqueline can be seen turning over and looking at him at that moment.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| footer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Robert Croft's photograph of Kennedy in [[Dealey Plaza]], before the first shot struck Kennedy (left), and the [[Mary Moorman|Mary Moorman photograph]] (right), taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| footer = Robert Croft's photograph of Kennedy in [[Dealey Plaza]], before the first shot struck Kennedy (left), and the [[Mary Moorman|Mary Moorman photograph]] (right), taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 94:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 94:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>From Houston Street, the limousine made the planned left turn onto Elm, passing the Texas School Book Depository.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], pp. 56, 58.</ref> As it continued down Elm Street, multiple shots were fired: about 80% of the witnesses recalled hearing three shots.<ref name="Earwitnesses">[[#McAdams|McAdams (2012)]]</ref> The Warren Commission concluded that three shots were fired and noted that most witnesses recalled that the second and third shots were bunched together.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 110.</ref> Shortly after Kennedy began waving, some witnesses heard the first gunshot, but few in the crowd or motorcade reacted, many interpreting the sound as a firecracker or [[back-fire|backfire]].<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 49.</ref><ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], pp. 58–60.</ref>{{efn|group=note|After the first shot, witness Virgie Rachley—an employee at the Texas School Book Depository—reported seeing sparks on the pavement shortly behind the president's limousine.<ref name="bugliosi39">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 39.</ref>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>From Houston Street, the limousine made the planned left turn onto Elm, passing the Texas School Book Depository.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], pp. 56, 58.</ref> As it continued down Elm Street, multiple shots were fired: about 80% of the witnesses recalled hearing three shots.<ref name="Earwitnesses">[[#McAdams|McAdams (2012)]]</ref> The Warren Commission concluded that three shots were fired and noted that most witnesses recalled that the second and third shots were bunched together.<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 110.</ref> Shortly after Kennedy began waving, some witnesses heard the first gunshot, but few in the crowd or motorcade reacted, many interpreting the sound as a firecracker or [[back-fire|backfire]].<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], p. 49.</ref><ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], pp. 58–60.</ref>{{efn|group=note|After the first shot, witness Virgie Rachley—an employee at the Texas School Book Depository—reported seeing sparks on the pavement shortly behind the president's limousine.<ref name="bugliosi39">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 39.</ref>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| align<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = left</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align = left</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| direction<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = vertical</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| direction = vertical</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 230</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 230</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Sbt2.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1 = Sbt2.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Sbt critics.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2 = Sbt critics.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = A curve showing the same bullet's trajectory in an alternative scenario where Kennedy sat directly behind Connally, according to conspiracy theorists.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt2 = A curve showing the same bullet's trajectory in an alternative scenario where Kennedy sat directly behind Connally, according to conspiracy theorists.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| footer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Per the [[Warren Commission]]'s [[single-bullet theory]] (top), one bullet caused Kennedy's nonfatal wound and Connally's wounds. Conspiracy theorists, neglecting that Kennedy was not directly behind Connally, claim that the trajectory required a "magic bullet" (bottom).<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xxix, 458.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| footer = Per the [[Warren Commission]]'s [[single-bullet theory]] (top), one bullet caused Kennedy's nonfatal wound and Connally's wounds. Conspiracy theorists, neglecting that Kennedy was not directly behind Connally, claim that the trajectory required a "magic bullet" (bottom).<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xxix, 458.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = A straight line is shown illustrating the trajectory of the bullet that hit John F. Kennedy and John Connally, according to the single-bullet theory.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1 = A straight line is shown illustrating the trajectory of the bullet that hit John F. Kennedy and John Connally, according to the single-bullet theory.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 111:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 110:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>According to the Warren Commission's [[single-bullet theory]]—derided as the "magic bullet theory" by conspiracy theorists—Governor Connally was injured by the same bullet that exited Kennedy's neck. The bullet created an oval-shaped entry wound near Connally's shoulder, struck and destroyed several inches of his right fifth rib, and exited his chest just below his right nipple, [[Pneumothorax|puncturing and collapsing his lung]]. That same bullet then entered his arm just above his right wrist and shattered his right [[radius (bone)|radius bone]]. The bullet exited just below the wrist at the inner side of his right palm and finally lodged in his left thigh.<ref name="posnerbullet">[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 335–336.</ref><ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], pp. 85–96.</ref><ref name="sabato216"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>According to the Warren Commission's [[single-bullet theory]]—derided as the "magic bullet theory" by conspiracy theorists—Governor Connally was injured by the same bullet that exited Kennedy's neck. The bullet created an oval-shaped entry wound near Connally's shoulder, struck and destroyed several inches of his right fifth rib, and exited his chest just below his right nipple, [[Pneumothorax|puncturing and collapsing his lung]]. That same bullet then entered his arm just above his right wrist and shattered his right [[radius (bone)|radius bone]]. The bullet exited just below the wrist at the inner side of his right palm and finally lodged in his left thigh.<ref name="posnerbullet">[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], pp. 335–336.</ref><ref>[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], pp. 85–96.</ref><ref name="sabato216"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| align<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = right</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align = right</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 300</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 300</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1 = HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = A sketch shows an arrow illustrating the first bullet that struck John F. Kennedy. The bullet is seen entering into his neck and exiting the throat.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1 = A sketch shows an arrow illustrating the first bullet that struck John F. Kennedy. The bullet is seen entering into his neck and exiting the throat.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2 = HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Another sketch shows an arrow illustrating the second bullet that fatally hit Kennedy in the head. Fragments are shown breaking from his skull.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt2 = Another sketch shows an arrow illustrating the second bullet that fatally hit Kennedy in the head. Fragments are shown breaking from his skull.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| footer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The trajectories of the two bullets that struck Kennedy, per the [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations|House Select Committee on Assassinations]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| footer = The trajectories of the two bullets that struck Kennedy, per the [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations|House Select Committee on Assassinations]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 133:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 131:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>As the motorcade left Dealey Plaza, some witnesses sought cover,<ref name="trask76">[[#Trask|Trask (1994)]], p. 76.</ref> and others joined police officers to run up the grassy knoll in search of a shooter.<ref name="haygood"/><ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], pp. 56–57.</ref> No shooter was found behind the knoll's picket fence.<ref name="bug852"/> Among the 178 witnesses who testified to the Warren Commission, 78 were unsure of the shots' origin, 49 believed they came from the Depository, and 21 thought they came from the grassy knoll.<ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], p. 35.</ref> No witness ever reported seeing anyone—with or without a gun—immediately behind the knoll's picket fence at the time of the shooting.<ref name="bug852"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>As the motorcade left Dealey Plaza, some witnesses sought cover,<ref name="trask76">[[#Trask|Trask (1994)]], p. 76.</ref> and others joined police officers to run up the grassy knoll in search of a shooter.<ref name="haygood"/><ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], pp. 56–57.</ref> No shooter was found behind the knoll's picket fence.<ref name="bug852"/> Among the 178 witnesses who testified to the Warren Commission, 78 were unsure of the shots' origin, 49 believed they came from the Depository, and 21 thought they came from the grassy knoll.<ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], p. 35.</ref> No witness ever reported seeing anyone—with or without a gun—immediately behind the knoll's picket fence at the time of the shooting.<ref name="bug852"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Lee Bowers]] was in a two-story [[switch tower|railroad switch tower]] {{convert|120|yd|m}} behind the grassy knoll's picket fence; he was watching the motorcade and had an unobstructed view of the only route by which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">any</del> shooter could flee the grassy knoll; he saw no one leaving the scene.<ref name="bug852">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 852.</ref> Bowers testified to the Warren Commission that "one or two" men were between him and the fence during the assassination: one was a familiar parking lot attendant and the other wore a uniform like a county courthouse custodian. He testified seeing "some commotion" on the grassy knoll at the time of the assassination: "something out of the ordinary, a sort of milling around, but something occurred in this particular spot which was out of the ordinary, which attracted my eye for some reason which I could not identify".<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 898.</ref>{{efn|group=note|Bugliosi notes that Lee Bowers Jr. did not mention the "commotion" in an earlier affidavit, in which Bowers did take time to list all other suspicious happenings like circling vehicles with "[[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater for '64]]" stickers. Moreover, conspiracy theorist Jim Moore questions whether Bowers could even have seen the area. Bowers testified that he "threw [the] red-on-red [signal]" just after the fatal shot, but the grassy knoll was partially obstructed from Bowers' position at the work panel.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 898–899.</ref>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Lee Bowers]] was in a two-story [[switch tower|railroad switch tower]] {{convert|120|yd|m}} behind the grassy knoll's picket fence; he was watching the motorcade and had an unobstructed view of the only route by which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</ins> shooter could flee the grassy knoll; he saw no one leaving the scene.<ref name="bug852">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 852.</ref> Bowers testified to the Warren Commission that "one or two" men were between him and the fence during the assassination: one was a familiar parking lot attendant and the other wore a uniform like a county courthouse custodian. He testified seeing "some commotion" on the grassy knoll at the time of the assassination: "something out of the ordinary, a sort of milling around, but something occurred in this particular spot which was out of the ordinary, which attracted my eye for some reason which I could not identify".<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 898.</ref>{{efn|group=note|Bugliosi notes that Lee Bowers Jr. did not mention the "commotion" in an earlier affidavit, in which Bowers did take time to list all other suspicious happenings like circling vehicles with "[[Barry Goldwater|Goldwater for '64]]" stickers. Moreover, conspiracy theorist Jim Moore questions whether Bowers could even have seen the area. Bowers testified that he "threw [the] red-on-red [signal]" just after the fatal shot, but the grassy knoll was partially obstructed from Bowers' position at the work panel.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 898–899.</ref>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>At 12:36&nbsp;p.m., teenager Amos Euins approached Dallas police Sergeant D.V. Harkness to report having seen a "[[Colored|colored man]] ... leaning out of the window [with] a rifle" on the sixth floor of the Depository during the assassination; in response, Harkness radioed that he was sealing off the Depository.<ref name="bug80">[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 80.</ref> Witness [[Howard Brennan]] then approached a police inspector to report seeing a shooter—a white man in khaki clothing—in the same window.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 81.</ref><ref>[[#Brennan|Testimony of Howard Brennan]], Warren Commission Hearings.</ref> Police broadcast Brennan's description of the man at 12:45 p.m.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 64.</ref> Brennan testified that, after the second shot, "This man{{nbsp}}... was aiming for his last shot&nbsp;... and maybe paused for another second as though to assure himself that he had hit his mark."<ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], p. 62.</ref> Witness James R. Worrell Jr. also reported seeing a gun barrel emerge from a sixth floor Depository window.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 60.</ref> Bonnie Ray Williams, who was on the fifth floor of the Depository, stated that the rifle's report was so loud and near that ceiling plaster fell onto his head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 40.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>At 12:36&nbsp;p.m., teenager Amos Euins approached Dallas police Sergeant D.V. Harkness to report having seen a "[[Colored|colored man]] ... leaning out of the window [with] a rifle" on the sixth floor of the Depository during the assassination; in response, Harkness radioed that he was sealing off the Depository.<ref name="bug80">[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 80.</ref> Witness [[Howard Brennan]] then approached a police inspector to report seeing a shooter—a white man in khaki clothing—in the same window.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 81.</ref><ref>[[#Brennan|Testimony of Howard Brennan]], Warren Commission Hearings.</ref> Police broadcast Brennan's description of the man at 12:45 p.m.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 64.</ref> Brennan testified that, after the second shot, "This man{{nbsp}}... was aiming for his last shot&nbsp;... and maybe paused for another second as though to assure himself that he had hit his mark."<ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], p. 62.</ref> Witness James R. Worrell Jr. also reported seeing a gun barrel emerge from a sixth floor Depository window.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 60.</ref> Bonnie Ray Williams, who was on the fifth floor of the Depository, stated that the rifle's report was so loud and near that ceiling plaster fell onto his head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 40.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 140:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 138:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Further|John F. Kennedy assassination rifle}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Further|John F. Kennedy assassination rifle}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| align<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = right</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align = right</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 500</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 500</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = HowardBrennan.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1 = HowardBrennan.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = A photograph of the Texas School Book Depository, showing its view from a witness of John F. Kennedy's assassination. The window from the sixth floor is marked A, and another window from the fifth floor marked B.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1 = A photograph of the Texas School Book Depository, showing its view from a witness of John F. Kennedy's assassination. The window from the sixth floor is marked A, and another window from the fifth floor marked B.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = View from Sniper's nest to Elm Street, CE724.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2 = View from Sniper's nest to Elm Street, CE724.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = A view through a window to Elm Street, Dealey Plaza, from the shooter's location in the Depository to kill Kennedy, the so-called "sniper's nest".</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt2 = A view through a window to Elm Street, Dealey Plaza, from the shooter's location in the Depository to kill Kennedy, the so-called "sniper's nest".</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| footer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The view of the [[Texas School Book Depository]] from witness [[Howard Brennan]]: circle "A" indicates where he saw Oswald firing a rifle. At right, the view from the "sniper's nest" in the Texas School Book Depository.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| footer = The view of the [[Texas School Book Depository]] from witness [[Howard Brennan]]: circle "A" indicates where he saw Oswald firing a rifle. At right, the view from the "sniper's nest" in the Texas School Book Depository.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 179:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 177:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| fontsize=85%</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| fontsize=85%</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>President Kennedy's autopsy was performed at [[National Naval Medical Center|Bethesda Naval Hospital]] in [[Maryland]] on the night of November 22. Jacqueline Kennedy had selected a naval hospital as the postmortem site as President Kennedy had been a [[naval officer]] during World War II.<ref>[[#assoc|Associated Press (1963)]], pp. 29–31.</ref><ref>[[#Sabato|Sabato (2013)]], p. 22.</ref> The autopsy was conducted by three physicians: naval commanders James Humes and J. Thornton Boswell, with assistance from ballistics wound expert Pierre A. Finck; Humes led the procedure.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 139–140.</ref> Under pressure from the Kennedy family and White House staffers to expedite the procedure, the physicians conducted a "rushed" and incomplete autopsy.<ref>[[#Sabato|Sabato (2013)]], p. 213.</ref> Kennedy's personal physician, Rear Admiral George Burkley,<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 137–138.</ref> signed a [[death certificate]] on November 23 and recorded that the [[cause of death]] was a gunshot wound to the skull.<ref name="amex">[[#Amex|"Oswald's Ghost". PBS]]</ref><ref>[[#Burkley|Burkley (1963)]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>President Kennedy's autopsy was performed at [[National Naval Medical Center|Bethesda Naval Hospital]] in [[Maryland]] on the night of November 22. Jacqueline Kennedy had selected a naval hospital as the postmortem site as President Kennedy had been a [[naval officer]] during <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>World War II<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.<ref>[[#assoc|Associated Press (1963)]], pp. 29–31.</ref><ref>[[#Sabato|Sabato (2013)]], p. 22.</ref> The autopsy was conducted by three physicians: naval commanders James Humes and J. Thornton Boswell, with assistance from ballistics wound expert Pierre A. Finck; Humes led the procedure.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 139–140.</ref> Under pressure from the Kennedy family and White House staffers to expedite the procedure, the physicians conducted a "rushed" and incomplete autopsy.<ref>[[#Sabato|Sabato (2013)]], p. 213.</ref> Kennedy's personal physician, Rear Admiral George Burkley,<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 137–138.</ref> signed a [[death certificate]] on November 23 and recorded that the [[cause of death]] was a gunshot wound to the skull.<ref name="amex">[[#Amex|"Oswald's Ghost". PBS]]</ref><ref>[[#Burkley|Burkley (1963)]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Three years after the autopsy, Kennedy's brain—which had been removed and preserved for later analysis—was found to be missing when the Kennedy family transferred material to the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]].<ref name="bug431">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 431.</ref><ref name="brain"/> Conspiracy theorists often claim that the brain may have shown that the headshot entered from the front. Alternatively, the HSCA concluded that an assistant to Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], the president's brother, likely removed the footlocker holding the brain and other materials at his direction, and he "either destroyed these materials or otherwise rendered them inaccessible" to prevent "misuse" of said material or to hide the extent of the [[John F. Kennedy#Health|president's chronic illnesses]] and consequent medication.<ref name="bug432">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 432</ref><ref name="brain">[[#Saner|Saner (2013)]]</ref> Some autopsy X-rays and photographs have also been lost.<ref>[[#Kurtz|Kurtz (1982)]], p. 9.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Three years after the autopsy, Kennedy's brain—which had been removed and preserved for later analysis—was found to be missing when the Kennedy family transferred material to the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]].<ref name="bug431">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 431.</ref><ref name="brain"/> Conspiracy theorists often claim that the brain may have shown that the headshot entered from the front. Alternatively, the HSCA concluded that an assistant to Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], the president's brother, likely removed the footlocker holding the brain and other materials at his direction, and he "either destroyed these materials or otherwise rendered them inaccessible" to prevent "misuse" of said material or to hide the extent of the [[John F. Kennedy#Health|president's chronic illnesses]] and consequent medication.<ref name="bug432">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 432</ref><ref name="brain">[[#Saner|Saner (2013)]]</ref> Some autopsy X-rays and photographs have also been lost.<ref>[[#Kurtz|Kurtz (1982)]], p. 9.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 214:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 212:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Zapruder was one of at least 32 people in Dealey Plaza known to have made film or still photographs at or around the time of the shooting.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (1998)]], p. 291.</ref> Most notably among the photographers, [[Mary Moorman]] took several photos of Kennedy with her [[Instant camera|Polaroid]], including one of Kennedy less than one-sixth of a second after the headshot.<ref name="bug885">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 885.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Zapruder was one of at least 32 people in Dealey Plaza known to have made film or still photographs at or around the time of the shooting.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (1998)]], p. 291.</ref> Most notably among the photographers, [[Mary Moorman]] took several photos of Kennedy with her [[Instant camera|Polaroid]], including one of Kennedy less than one-sixth of a second after the headshot.<ref name="bug885">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 885.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">well</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</del> Zapruder, Charles Bronson, [[Marie Muchmore]], and [[Orville Nix]] filmed the assassination, but at farther distances than Zapruder.<ref>[[#Friedman|Friedman (1963)]], p. 17.</ref><ref name="bug452">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 452.</ref> Of the three, only Nix — who filmed the assassination from the opposite side of Elm Street from Zapruder, capturing the grassy knoll — actually recorded the fatal shot.<ref name="bug452"/><ref name="nix"/>{{efn|group=note|Nix himself believed that the shots had come from the grassy knoll.<ref name="nix"/>}} In 1966, Nix claimed that, after he gave the film to the FBI, the duplicate that they returned had frames "missing" or "ruined". Although lower-quality duplicates exist, the original film has been missing since 1978.<ref name="nix">[[#Rose|Rose (2015)]]</ref> Previously unknown footage filmed by George Jefferies was released in 2007.<ref>[[#Jeffries1|"George Jefferies Film". Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza.]]</ref><ref>[[#Jeffries2|"Newly released film of JFK before assassination". Associated Press.]]</ref> Recorded a few blocks before the shooting, the film captures Kennedy's bunched suit jacket, explaining the [[Single-bullet theory#Location of back wound|discrepancies between the location of the bullet hole in Kennedy's back and his jacket]].<ref>[[#MacAskill|MacAskill (2007)]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">addition</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</ins> Zapruder, Charles Bronson, [[Marie Muchmore]], and [[Orville Nix]] filmed the assassination, but at farther distances than Zapruder.<ref>[[#Friedman|Friedman (1963)]], p. 17.</ref><ref name="bug452">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 452.</ref> Of the three, only Nix — who filmed the assassination from the opposite side of Elm Street from Zapruder, capturing the grassy knoll — actually recorded the fatal shot.<ref name="bug452"/><ref name="nix"/>{{efn|group=note|Nix himself believed that the shots had come from the grassy knoll.<ref name="nix"/>}} In 1966, Nix claimed that, after he gave the film to the FBI, the duplicate that they returned had frames "missing" or "ruined". Although lower-quality duplicates exist, the original film has been missing since 1978.<ref name="nix">[[#Rose|Rose (2015)]]</ref> Previously unknown footage filmed by George Jefferies was released in 2007.<ref>[[#Jeffries1|"George Jefferies Film". Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza.]]</ref><ref>[[#Jeffries2|"Newly released film of JFK before assassination". Associated Press.]]</ref> Recorded a few blocks before the shooting, the film captures Kennedy's bunched suit jacket, explaining the [[Single-bullet theory#Location of back wound|discrepancies between the location of the bullet hole in Kennedy's back and his jacket]].<ref>[[#MacAskill|MacAskill (2007)]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Some films and photographs captured an unidentified woman apparently filming the assassination; researchers have nicknamed her the [[Babushka Lady]] due to the [[Headscarf|shawl]] around her head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 1045.</ref> In 1978, [[Gordon Arnold]] came forward and claimed that he had filmed the assassination from the grassy knoll and that a police officer had confiscated his film.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 886–887.</ref> Arnold is not visible in any photographs taken of the area, which [[Vincent Bugliosi]]—author of ''[[Reclaiming History]]''—called "conclusive photographic proof that Arnold's story was fabricated".<ref name="bug887">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 887.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Some films and photographs captured an unidentified woman apparently filming the assassination; researchers have nicknamed her the [[Babushka Lady]] due to the [[Headscarf|shawl]] around her head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 1045.</ref> In 1978, [[Gordon Arnold]] came forward and claimed that he had filmed the assassination from the grassy knoll and that a police officer had confiscated his film.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 886–887.</ref> Arnold is not visible in any photographs taken of the area, which [[Vincent Bugliosi]]—author of ''[[Reclaiming History]]''—called "conclusive photographic proof that Arnold's story was fabricated".<ref name="bug887">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 887.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 226:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 224:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Captain [[J. W. Fritz]] of the Homicide and Robbery Bureau did most of the questioning and kept only rudimentary notes.<ref name="fritz"/><ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 113–116, 126, 123–132.</ref> Days later, Fritz wrote a report of the interrogation from notes he made afterwards.<ref name="fritz">[[#Fritz|Report of Capt. J. W. Fritz, Dallas Police Department]], Warren Commission Hearings.</ref> There were no stenographic or tape recordings. Representatives of other law enforcement agencies were also present, including the FBI and the Secret Service, and occasionally participated in the questioning.<ref name="warren180195"/> Several of the FBI agents who were present wrote contemporaneous reports of the interrogation.<ref>[[#FBI|Reports of Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1964)]], Warren Commission Hearings.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Captain [[J. W. Fritz]] of the Homicide and Robbery Bureau did most of the questioning and kept only rudimentary notes.<ref name="fritz"/><ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 113–116, 126, 123–132.</ref> Days later, Fritz wrote a report of the interrogation from notes he made afterwards.<ref name="fritz">[[#Fritz|Report of Capt. J. W. Fritz, Dallas Police Department]], Warren Commission Hearings.</ref> There were no stenographic or tape recordings. Representatives of other law enforcement agencies were also present, including the FBI and the Secret Service, and occasionally participated in the questioning.<ref name="warren180195"/> Several of the FBI agents who were present wrote contemporaneous reports of the interrogation.<ref>[[#FBI|Reports of Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (1964)]], Warren Commission Hearings.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On the evening of November 22, Dallas Police performed [[paraffin <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test</del>]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s</del> on Oswald's hands and right cheek in an effort to establish whether or not he had recently fired a weapon. The results were positive for the hands and negative for the right cheek. Such tests were unreliable,<ref name="warren180195"/><ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 164–165.</ref> and the Warren Commission did not rely on these results.<ref name="warren180195">[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], pp. 180–195.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On the evening of November 22, Dallas Police performed [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gunshot residue|</ins>paraffin <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tests</ins>]] on Oswald's hands and right cheek in an effort to establish whether or not he had recently fired a weapon. The results were positive for the hands and negative for the right cheek. Such tests were unreliable,<ref name="warren180195"/><ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 164–165.</ref> and the Warren Commission did not rely on these results.<ref name="warren180195">[[#Warren|Warren (1964)]], pp. 180–195.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Dallas police forced Oswald to host a press conference after midnight on November 23, and, early in the investigation, made many leaks to the media. Their conduct angered Johnson, who instructed the FBI to tell them to "stop talking about the assassination".<ref name="kurtz2"/> Dallas Police, after the FBI expressed concerns that someone might try to kill Oswald, assured federal authorities that they would provide him adequate protection.<ref>[[#Pappalardo|Pappalardo (2017)]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Dallas police forced Oswald to host a press conference after midnight on November 23, and, early in the investigation, made many leaks to the media. Their conduct angered Johnson, who instructed the FBI to tell them to "stop talking about the assassination".<ref name="kurtz2"/> Dallas Police, after the FBI expressed concerns that someone might try to kill Oswald, assured federal authorities that they would provide him adequate protection.<ref>[[#Pappalardo|Pappalardo (2017)]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 268:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 266:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1975, President [[Gerald Ford]]—who had been a member of the Warren Commission a decade prior—established the [[United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States]], better known as the Rockefeller Commission after its chairman, Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]].<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xix, 369.</ref><ref name="ford">[[#Ford|"U.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States Files, [1947-74] 1975". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum.]]</ref> The commission received a mandate to determine if any domestic activities by the CIA were unlawful and to make appropriate recommendations: accordingly, it also re-examined the Kennedy assassination.<ref name="bug369">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 369.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In 1975, President [[Gerald Ford]]—who had been a member of the Warren Commission a decade prior—established the [[United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States]], better known as the Rockefeller Commission after its chairman, Vice President [[Nelson Rockefeller]].<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xix, 369.</ref><ref name="ford">[[#Ford|"U.S. President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States Files, [1947-74] 1975". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum.]]</ref> The commission received a mandate to determine if any domestic activities by the CIA were unlawful and to make appropriate recommendations: accordingly, it also re-examined the Kennedy assassination.<ref name="bug369">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 369.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Back-and-to-the-left-fairuse.png|thumb|left|upright=1.7|alt=Four juxtaposed frames from the Zapruder film illustrating the backwards motion of his head and body after the fatal head shot|The [[Rockefeller Commission]] first proposed that the backwards motion of Kennedy following the fatal shot—which conspiracy theorists claim is indicative of a shot from the grassy knoll—was due to a "seizure-like neuromuscular reaction".]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Back-and-to-the-left-fairuse.png|thumb|left|upright=1.7|alt=Four juxtaposed frames from the Zapruder film illustrating the backwards motion of his head and body after the fatal head shot|The [[Rockefeller Commission]] first proposed that the backwards motion of Kennedy following the fatal shot—which conspiracy theorists claim is indicative of a shot from the grassy knoll—was due to a "seizure-like neuromuscular reaction".]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>After five months of investigation, the Rockefeller Commission submitted its report to President Ford.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 1214.</ref> The report reviewed the medical evidence and agreed that Kennedy had been killed by two shots from behind.<ref name="bug369"/> Refuting Garrison's claims that the backwards motion of Kennedy's head seen on the Zapruder film was indicative of a grassy knoll shooter,<ref name="backandtotheleft"/> the commission found that "such a motion would be caused by a violent straightening and stiffening of the entire body as a result of a seizure-like neuromuscular reaction to major damage inflicted to nerve centers in the brain".<ref name="reitzes">[[#Reitzes|Reitzes (2013)]]</ref> The later HSCA suggested that the "[[Newton's laws of motion#Third|propulsive effect resulting from brain matter]]" ejected from the exit wound may have been responsible.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 484.</ref> Pathologist [[Vincent Di Maio]] testified before the HSCA that the notion of a "transfer of momentum" from a grassy knoll bullet was unfounded and something from "[[Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography|Arnold Schwarzenegger<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> pictures".<ref name="reitzes"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>After five months of investigation, the Rockefeller Commission submitted its report to President Ford.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 1214.</ref> The report reviewed the medical evidence and agreed that Kennedy had been killed by two shots from behind.<ref name="bug369"/> Refuting Garrison's claims that the backwards motion of Kennedy's head seen on the Zapruder film was indicative of a grassy knoll shooter,<ref name="backandtotheleft"/> the commission found that "such a motion would be caused by a violent straightening and stiffening of the entire body as a result of a seizure-like neuromuscular reaction to major damage inflicted to nerve centers in the brain".<ref name="reitzes">[[#Reitzes|Reitzes (2013)]]</ref> The later HSCA suggested that the "[[Newton's laws of motion#Third|propulsive effect resulting from brain matter]]" ejected from the exit wound may have been responsible.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 484.</ref> Pathologist [[Vincent Di Maio]] testified before the HSCA that the notion of a "transfer of momentum" from a grassy knoll bullet was unfounded and something from "[[Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography|Arnold Schwarzenegger pictures<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>".<ref name="reitzes"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Rockefeller Commission also sought to determine whether CIA operatives—particularly [[E. Howard Hunt]] and [[Frank Sturgis]]—were present in Dealey Plaza during the assassination, and whether they were among the "[[three tramps]]" pictured shortly after the assassination. The commission found no evidence for these claims.<ref name="ford"/> It also inquired into purported connections between the CIA and Oswald and Ruby, for which it found no evidence and concluded was "farfetched speculation".<ref name="ford"/> They concluded that there was "no credible evidence of CIA involvement".<ref name="bug369"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Rockefeller Commission also sought to determine whether CIA operatives—particularly [[E. Howard Hunt]] and [[Frank Sturgis]]—were present in Dealey Plaza during the assassination, and whether they were among the "[[three tramps]]" pictured shortly after the assassination. The commission found no evidence for these claims.<ref name="ford"/> It also inquired into purported connections between the CIA and Oswald and Ruby, for which it found no evidence and concluded was "farfetched speculation".<ref name="ford"/> They concluded that there was "no credible evidence of CIA involvement".<ref name="bug369"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 283:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 281:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Main|United States House Select Committee on Assassinations}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Main|United States House Select Committee on Assassinations}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| align<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = right</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align = right</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| direction<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = vertical</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| direction = vertical</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 230</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 230</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1 = HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = JFK Assassination - HSCA - Dr. Cyril Wecht's testimony.ogg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2 = JFK Assassination - HSCA - Dr. Cyril Wecht's testimony.ogg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| caption1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The HSCA concurred with the [[Warren Commission]]'s [[single-bullet theory]]. (The figure illustrates how the oblong wound in Connally's back was indicative of a bullet which had been tumbling after striking an intervening object.)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption1 = The HSCA concurred with the [[Warren Commission]]'s [[single-bullet theory]]. (The figure illustrates how the oblong wound in Connally's back was indicative of a bullet which had been tumbling after striking an intervening object.)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| caption2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Of the nine-member medical panel, only Dr. [[Cyril Wecht]] (testimony above) rejected the theory.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 859.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption2 = Of the nine-member medical panel, only Dr. [[Cyril Wecht]] (testimony above) rejected the theory.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 859.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = A illustration shows the bullet, which had hit Kennedy a moment before, rotating and tumbling before entering Connally's skin, causing his entry wound.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1 = A illustration shows the bullet, which had hit Kennedy a moment before, rotating and tumbling before entering Connally's skin, causing his entry wound.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>As a result of increasing public and congressional skepticism of the Warren Commission's findings and the transparency of government agencies,<ref name="thehorror"/> in 1976 the House Select Committee on Assassinations was created to investigate the assassinations of Kennedy and [[Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that of </del>Martin Luther King, Jr.]]<ref>[[#Stokes|Stokes (1979)]], pp. 9–16.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>As a result of increasing public and congressional skepticism of the Warren Commission's findings and the transparency of government agencies,<ref name="thehorror"/> in 1976 the House Select Committee on Assassinations was created to investigate the assassinations of Kennedy and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> of</ins> [[Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King, Jr.]]<ref>[[#Stokes|Stokes (1979)]], pp. 9–16.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The HSCA conducted its inquiry until 1978 and issued its final report the following year, concluding that Kennedy was likely assassinated as a result of a [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]].<ref>[[#Stokes|Stokes (1979)]], p. 2.</ref> They concluded that there was a "high probability" that a fourth shot was fired from the grassy knoll, but they stated that this shot missed Kennedy.<ref name="bugxii">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (1998)]], p. xxii.</ref> Concerning the conclusions of "probable conspiracy", four of the twelve committee members wrote dissenting opinions.<ref name="stokes2">[[#Stokes|Stokes (1979)]], pp. 483–511.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The HSCA conducted its inquiry until 1978 and issued its final report the following year, concluding that Kennedy was likely assassinated as a result of a [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]].<ref>[[#Stokes|Stokes (1979)]], p. 2.</ref> They concluded that there was a "high probability" that a fourth shot was fired from the grassy knoll, but they stated that this shot missed Kennedy.<ref name="bugxii">[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (1998)]], p. xxii.</ref> Concerning the conclusions of "probable conspiracy", four of the twelve committee members wrote dissenting opinions.<ref name="stokes2">[[#Stokes|Stokes (1979)]], pp. 483–511.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 314:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 312:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{main|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{main|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| align<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = right</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| align = right</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| total_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 500</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| total_width = 500</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Grassy Knoll.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image1 = Grassy Knoll.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| caption1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The wooden fence on the [[grassy knoll]], where many theories claim that a second gunman stood.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption1 = The wooden fence on the [[grassy knoll]], where many theories claim that a second gunman stood.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The wooden fence on the grassy knoll</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt1 = The wooden fence on the grassy knoll</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Badgeman.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image2 = Badgeman.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| alt2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = A photo of the purported badgeman</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| alt2 = A photo of the purported badgeman</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| caption2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = The "[[Badge Man]]" can purportedly be seen firing a weapon from the grassy knoll in this expansion of the [[Mary Moorman photograph]].<ref name="bug885"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| caption2 = The "[[Badge Man]]" can purportedly be seen firing a weapon from the grassy knoll in this expansion of the [[Mary Moorman photograph]].<ref name="bug885"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Kennedy assassination has been described as "the mother of all conspiracies".<ref>[[#Broderick|Broderick (2008)]], p. 203.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Kennedy assassination has been described as "the mother of all conspiracies".<ref>[[#Broderick|Broderick (2008)]], p. 203.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>For decades, polls have consistently found that a majority of Americans believe there was a conspiracy;<ref name="Gallup, Inc">[[#Gallup|"Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators". Gallup.]]</ref><ref>[[#Chinni|Chinni (2017)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Decades Later, Most Americans Doubt Lone Gunman Killed JFK |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/514310/decades-later-americans-doubt-lone-gunman-killed-jfk.aspx |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=November 13, 2023 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=[[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] |archive-date=November 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113122327/https://news.gallup.com/poll/514310/decades-later-americans-doubt-lone-gunman-killed-jfk.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> some 1,000 to 2,000 books—mostly pro-conspiracy—have been written about the killing.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xiv, 974.</ref> Across different theories, Oswald's role varies from co-conspirator to entirely innocent.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], p. ix.</ref><ref name="ARRB-C1"/> Common culprits include the FBI, the CIA, the U.S. military,<ref name="ARRB-C1">[[#ARRB|Assassination Records Review Board (1998)]], p. 6.</ref> the Mafia,<ref name="xlii">[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. xlii.</ref> the [[military-industrial complex]],<ref name="xlii"/> Vice President Johnson, Castro, the [[KGB]], or some combination thereof.<ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], p. 238.</ref> Bugliosi estimated that a total of 42 groups, 82 assassins, and 214 people had been accused in various assassination theories.<ref>[[#Patterson|Patterson (2013)]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>For decades, polls have consistently found that a majority of Americans believe there was a conspiracy;<ref name="Gallup, Inc">[[#Gallup|"Majority in U.S. Still Believe JFK Killed in a Conspiracy: Mafia, federal government top list of potential conspirators". Gallup.]]</ref><ref>[[#Chinni|Chinni (2017)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Decades Later, Most Americans Doubt Lone Gunman Killed JFK |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/514310/decades-later-americans-doubt-lone-gunman-killed-jfk.aspx |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=November 13, 2023 |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=[[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] |archive-date=November 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113122327/https://news.gallup.com/poll/514310/decades-later-americans-doubt-lone-gunman-killed-jfk.aspx |url-status=live<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref> some 1,000 to 2,000 books—mostly pro-conspiracy—have been written about the killing.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xiv, 974.</ref> Across different theories, Oswald's role varies from co-conspirator to entirely innocent.<ref>[[#Posner|Posner (1993)]], p. ix.</ref><ref name="ARRB-C1"/> Common culprits include the FBI, the CIA, the U.S. military,<ref name="ARRB-C1">[[#ARRB|Assassination Records Review Board (1998)]], p. 6.</ref> the Mafia,<ref name="xlii">[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. xlii.</ref> the [[military-industrial complex]],<ref name="xlii"/> Vice President Johnson, Castro, the [[KGB]], or some combination thereof.<ref>[[#Summers|Summers (2013)]], p. 238.</ref> Bugliosi estimated that a total of 42 groups, 82 assassins, and 214 people had been accused in various assassination theories.<ref>[[#Patterson|Patterson (2013)]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Conspiracy theorists often argue that there were multiple shooters—a "triangulation of crossfire"—and that the fatal shot was fired from the grassy knoll and struck Kennedy in the front of the head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 390, 1012.</ref> Individuals present in Dealey Plaza have been the subject of much speculation, including the [[three tramps]], the [[umbrella man (JFK assassination)|umbrella man]], and the purported [[Badge Man]].<ref>[[#nym|"Oswald Didn't Kill Kennedy". ''New York Magazine''.]]</ref><ref>[[#Michaud|Michaud (2011)]]</ref><ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 903–904.</ref> Conspiracy theorists argue that the autopsy and official investigations were flawed or, at worst, complicit,<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xiv, 385, 440, 1057–1059.</ref> and that witnesses to the Kennedy assassination met mysterious and suspicious deaths.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 1012.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Conspiracy theorists often argue that there were multiple shooters—a "triangulation of crossfire"—and that the fatal shot was fired from the grassy knoll and struck Kennedy in the front of the head.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 390, 1012.</ref> Individuals present in Dealey Plaza have been the subject of much speculation, including the [[three tramps]], the [[umbrella man (JFK assassination)|umbrella man]], and the purported [[Badge Man]].<ref>[[#nym|"Oswald Didn't Kill Kennedy". ''New York Magazine''.]]</ref><ref>[[#Michaud|Michaud (2011)]]</ref><ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 903–904.</ref> Conspiracy theorists argue that the autopsy and official investigations were flawed or, at worst, complicit,<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xiv, 385, 440, 1057–1059.</ref> and that witnesses to the Kennedy assassination met mysterious and suspicious deaths.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2008|Bugliosi (2008)]], p. 1012.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 339:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 337:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>On November 29, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11129, renaming Florida's [[Cape Canaveral]]—a name borne since at least 1530—to Cape Kennedy.<ref>[[#Fantova|Fantova (1964)]], pp. 57–58, 62.</ref>{{efn|group=note|In 1973, due to Floridians' discontent with the change, Florida Governor [[Reubin Askew]] mandated that Cape Kennedy be referred to as Cape Canaveral on all state documents and maps. The [[U.S. Board of Geographic Names]] accepted the name change later that year.<ref>[[#Canaveral|"History of Cape Canaveral" ''Spaceline''.]]</ref>}} NASA's Launch Operations Center, located on the cape, was also renamed as the [[Kennedy Space Center]].<ref>[[#NASA|"History of John F. Kennedy Space Center". NASA.]]</ref> The federal government honored Kennedy in other ways, such as replacing the [[Franklin half dollar|Benjamin Franklin half dollar]] with the [[Kennedy half dollar]],<ref name="mint">[[#NASA|"Minting a Legacy: The History of the Kennedy Half Dollar". NPS.]]</ref> and renaming Washington, D.C.'s long-planned National Culture Center as the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]].<ref>[[#Robertson|Robertson (1971)]]</ref> New York City's airport was also renamed as the [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]].<ref>[[#nyc|"JFK International Marks Major Milestones in 2013 as 50th Anniversary of Airport Renaming Approaches". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>On November 29, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11129, renaming Florida's [[Cape Canaveral]]—a name borne since at least 1530—to Cape Kennedy.<ref>[[#Fantova|Fantova (1964)]], pp. 57–58, 62.</ref>{{efn|group=note|In 1973, due to Floridians' discontent with the change, Florida Governor [[Reubin Askew]] mandated that Cape Kennedy be referred to as Cape Canaveral on all state documents and maps. The [[U.S. Board of Geographic Names]] accepted the name change later that year.<ref>[[#Canaveral|"History of Cape Canaveral" ''Spaceline''.]]</ref>}} NASA's Launch Operations Center, located on the cape, was also renamed as the [[Kennedy Space Center]].<ref>[[#NASA|"History of John F. Kennedy Space Center". NASA.]]</ref> The federal government honored Kennedy in other ways, such as replacing the [[Franklin half dollar|Benjamin Franklin half dollar]] with the [[Kennedy half dollar]],<ref name="mint">[[#NASA|"Minting a Legacy: The History of the Kennedy Half Dollar". NPS.]]</ref> and renaming Washington, D.C.'s long-planned National Culture Center as the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]].<ref>[[#Robertson|Robertson (1971)]]</ref> New York City's airport was also renamed as the [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]].<ref>[[#nyc|"JFK International Marks Major Milestones in 2013 as 50th Anniversary of Airport Renaming Approaches". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Kennedy's assassination also resulted in an overhaul of the Secret Service and its procedures. Open limousines were eliminated, staffing was significantly increased, and specialized teams like [[Counter-sniper tactics|counter-sniper]] units were established. The agency's budget has also increased, from $5.5 million in 1963 (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equivalent to $</del>{{Inflation|US|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5.5</del>|1963<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|2013</del>|fmt=|r=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0</del>}}<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;million in 2013</del>) to over $1.6 billion by the 50th anniversary in 2013.<ref>[[#Naylor|Naylor (2013)]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Kennedy's assassination also resulted in an overhaul of the Secret Service and its procedures. Open limousines were eliminated, staffing was significantly increased, and specialized teams like [[Counter-sniper tactics|counter-sniper]] units were established. The agency's budget has also increased, from $5.5 million in 1963 ({{Inflation|US|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5500000</ins>|1963|fmt=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eq</ins>|r=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-5</ins>}}) to over $1.6 billion by the 50th anniversary in 2013.<ref>[[#Naylor|Naylor (2013)]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Cultural impact and depictions===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Cultural impact and depictions===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 359:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 357:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>John F. Kennedy's assassination was the first of four major assassinations during the 1960s, coming two years before the [[assassination of Malcolm X]] in 1965, and five years before the assassinations of [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] in 1968.<ref>[[#Shahidullah|Shahidullah (2015)]], p. 94.</ref> For the public, Kennedy's assassination mythologized him into a heroic figure.<ref>[[#Ball|Ball (1982)]], p. 105.</ref> Although scholars typically regard Kennedy as a good but not great president,<ref name="brinkley"/> public opinion polls consistently find him the most popular post-WWII president.<ref name="brinkley">[[#Brinkley|Brinkley (2013)]]</ref><ref>[[#Dugan|Dugan (2013)]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>John F. Kennedy's assassination was the first of four major assassinations during the 1960s, coming two years before the [[assassination of Malcolm X]] in 1965, and five years before the assassinations of [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] and [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|Robert F. Kennedy]] in 1968.<ref>[[#Shahidullah|Shahidullah (2015)]], p. 94.</ref> For the public, Kennedy's assassination mythologized him into a heroic figure.<ref>[[#Ball|Ball (1982)]], p. 105.</ref> Although scholars typically regard Kennedy as a good but not great president,<ref name="brinkley"/> public opinion polls consistently find him the most popular post-WWII president.<ref name="brinkley">[[#Brinkley|Brinkley (2013)]]</ref><ref>[[#Dugan|Dugan (2013)]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Kennedy's murder left a [[Flashbulb memory|lasting impression]] on many worldwide. As with the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] of December 7, 1941, and, much later, the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, asking "Where were you when you heard about President Kennedy's assassination?" became a common topic of discussion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Brinkley's Beat |first=David |last=Brinkley |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |year=2003 |author-link=David Brinkley |isbn=0-375-40644-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/brinkleysbeatpeo00brin}}</ref><ref>[[#White|White (1965)]], p. 6.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Shock Like Pearl Harbor |first=Joseph F. |last=Dinneen |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=November 24, 1963 |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people-press.org/2011/09/01/united-in-remembrance-divided-over-policies/ |title=United in Remembrance, Divided over Policies |date=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 </del>September 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mudd|2008|p=126}}</ref> Journalist [[Dan Rather]] opined that the Kennedy assassination will be discussed "a hundred years from now, a thousand years from now, in somewhat the same way as people discuss the ''[[Iliad]]''. Different people read [[Homer]]'s description of the war and come to different conclusions, and so it shall be for Kennedy's death."<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xliii–xliv.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Kennedy's murder left a [[Flashbulb memory|lasting impression]] on many worldwide. As with the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] of December 7, 1941, and, much later, the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, asking "Where were you when you heard about President Kennedy's assassination?" became a common topic of discussion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Brinkley's Beat |first=David |last=Brinkley |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |year=2003 |author-link=David Brinkley |isbn=0-375-40644-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/brinkleysbeatpeo00brin<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref><ref>[[#White|White (1965)]], p. 6.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A Shock Like Pearl Harbor |first=Joseph F. |last=Dinneen |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=November 24, 1963 |page=10<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people-press.org/2011/09/01/united-in-remembrance-divided-over-policies/ |title=United in Remembrance, Divided over Policies |date=September<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 1,</ins> 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mudd|2008|p=126<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>}}</ref> Journalist [[Dan Rather]] opined that the Kennedy assassination will be discussed "a hundred years from now, a thousand years from now, in somewhat the same way as people discuss the ''[[Iliad]]''. Different people read [[Homer]]'s description of the war and come to different conclusions, and so it shall be for Kennedy's death."<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. xliii–xliv.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Along with Oliver Stone's ''JFK'', the assassination has been portrayed in several films: the pro-conspiracy, [[Dalton Trumbo]]–written ''[[Executive Action (film)|Executive Action]]'' (1973) was the first feature film to depict the assassination.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 996.</ref> Besides explicit portrayals, some critics have argued that the Zapruder film—which itself has been featured in many films and television episodes—advanced [[cinéma vérité]] or inspired more [[Violence in art#In films|graphic depictions of violence]] in [[American cinema]].<ref name="frenchies">[[#Hollywood|"How the JFK Zapruder film 'revolutionised' Hollywood". France24.]]</ref><ref>[[#Wrone|Wrone (2003)]], p. 47.</ref><ref>[[#Scott|Scott (2013)]]</ref><ref>[[#Cilento|Cilento (2018)]] pp. 149—178.</ref> Many works of literature have also explored the killing, such as [[Don DeLillo]]'s 1988 novel ''[[Libra (novel)|Libra]]'' in which Oswald is a CIA agent,<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 1356–1357; [[#Lawson|Lawson (2017)]]; [[#Thomas1|Thomas (1997)]]</ref> [[James Ellroy]]'s 1995 work ''[[American Tabloid]]'',<ref>[[#Goldstein|Goldstein (1995)]]; [[#Vollman|Vollman (1995)]]; [[#Jordison|Jordison (2019)]]</ref> and [[Stephen King]]'s 2011 time travel novel ''[[11/22/63]]''.<ref>[[#Lawson2011|Lawson (2011)]]; [[#Maslin|Maslin (2011)]]; [[#Morris|Morris (2011)]]</ref> The assassination has also been featured in several musical compositions, such as [[Igor Stravinsky]]'s 1964 piece ''[[Elegy for J.F.K.]]'' and [[Phil Ochs]]' 1966 song "[[Crucifixion (song)|Crucifixion]]",<ref>[[#Stravinsky|"Music: Stravinsky Leads; Composer Conducts at Philharmonic Hall". ''The New York Times''.]]; [[#Lengel|Lengel]]; [[#Payne|Payne (1965)]]</ref><ref name="gates"/> which reportedly brought Robert Kennedy to tears.<ref name="gates">[[#Gates1|Gates (1998)]]</ref><ref>[[#Newfield|Newfield (2002)]], pp. 176–178.</ref> Other songs include "[[Abraham, Martin and John]]" (1968) and [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[Murder Most Foul (song)|Murder Most Foul]]" (2020).<ref>[[#AJC|D'Angelo (2018)]]; [[#Margolick|Margolick (2018)]]; [[#Paulson|Paulson (2020)]]</ref><ref>[[#Dettmar|Dettmar (2020)]]; [[#Hogan|Hogan (2020)]]; [[#Petridis|Petridis (2020)]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Along with Oliver Stone's ''JFK'', the assassination has been portrayed in several films: the pro-conspiracy, [[Dalton Trumbo]]–written ''[[Executive Action (film)|Executive Action]]'' (1973) was the first feature film to depict the assassination.<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], p. 996.</ref> Besides explicit portrayals, some critics have argued that the Zapruder film—which itself has been featured in many films and television episodes—advanced [[cinéma vérité]] or inspired more [[Violence in art#In films|graphic depictions of violence]] in [[American cinema]].<ref name="frenchies">[[#Hollywood|"How the JFK Zapruder film 'revolutionised' Hollywood". France24.]]</ref><ref>[[#Wrone|Wrone (2003)]], p. 47.</ref><ref>[[#Scott|Scott (2013)]]</ref><ref>[[#Cilento|Cilento (2018)]] pp. 149—178.</ref> Many works of literature have also explored the killing, such as [[Don DeLillo]]'s 1988 novel ''[[Libra (novel)|Libra]]''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> in which Oswald is a CIA agent,<ref>[[#Bugliosi2007|Bugliosi (2007)]], pp. 1356–1357; [[#Lawson|Lawson (2017)]]; [[#Thomas1|Thomas (1997)]]</ref> [[James Ellroy]]'s 1995 work ''[[American Tabloid]]'',<ref>[[#Goldstein|Goldstein (1995)]]; [[#Vollman|Vollman (1995)]]; [[#Jordison|Jordison (2019)]]</ref> and [[Stephen King]]'s 2011 time travel novel ''[[11/22/63]]''.<ref>[[#Lawson2011|Lawson (2011)]]; [[#Maslin|Maslin (2011)]]; [[#Morris|Morris (2011)]]</ref> The assassination has also been featured in several musical compositions, such as [[Igor Stravinsky]]'s 1964 piece ''[[Elegy for J.F.K.]]'' and [[Phil Ochs]]' 1966 song "[[Crucifixion (song)|Crucifixion]]",<ref>[[#Stravinsky|"Music: Stravinsky Leads; Composer Conducts at Philharmonic Hall". ''The New York Times''.]]; [[#Lengel|Lengel]]; [[#Payne|Payne (1965)]]</ref><ref name="gates"/> which reportedly brought Robert Kennedy to tears.<ref name="gates">[[#Gates1|Gates (1998)]]</ref><ref>[[#Newfield|Newfield (2002)]], pp. 176–178.</ref> Other songs include "[[Abraham, Martin and John]]" (1968) and [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[Murder Most Foul (song)|Murder Most Foul]]" (2020).<ref>[[#AJC|D'Angelo (2018)]]; [[#Margolick|Margolick (2018)]]; [[#Paulson|Paulson (2020)]]</ref><ref>[[#Dettmar|Dettmar (2020)]]; [[#Hogan|Hogan (2020)]]; [[#Petridis|Petridis (2020)]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Artifacts, museums, and locations today===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Artifacts, museums, and locations today===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 368:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 366:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1993, the [[National Park Service]] designated Dealey Plaza, the surrounding buildings, the overpass, and a portion of the adjacent railyard as a [[National Historic Landmark District]].<ref name="dealey">[[#nps|"Dealey Plaza Historic District". NPS.]]</ref> The Depository and its [[Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza|Sixth Floor Museum]], operated by the city of Dallas, draw over 325,000 visitors annually.<ref>[[#q|"Q: Why is it called The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza?". Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza.]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In 1993, the [[National Park Service]] designated Dealey Plaza, the surrounding buildings, the overpass, and a portion of the adjacent railyard as a [[National Historic Landmark District]].<ref name="dealey">[[#nps|"Dealey Plaza Historic District". NPS.]]</ref> The Depository and its [[Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza|Sixth Floor Museum]], operated by the city of Dallas, draw over 325,000 visitors annually.<ref>[[#q|"Q: Why is it called The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza?". Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza.]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The [[VC-137C SAM 26000|Boeing 707]] that served as Air Force One at the time of the assassination is on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]]; Kennedy's limousine is at the [[Henry Ford Museum]].<ref name="relics">[[#Keen|Keen (2009)]]</ref> The [[Lincoln Catafalque]], on which Kennedy's coffin rested in the Capitol, is exhibited at the [[United States Capitol Visitor Center|Capitol Visitor Center]].<ref>[[#Catafalque|"The Catafalque". Architect of the Capitol.]]</ref> Jacqueline's pink suit, autopsy X-rays, and President Kennedy's blood-stained clothing are in the National Archives, with access controlled by the Kennedy family. Other items in the Archives include Parkland Hospital trauma room equipment; Oswald's rifle, diary, and revolver; bullet fragments; and the limousine's windshield.<ref name="relics" /> The Texas State Archives preserve Connally's bullet-punctured clothes; the gun Ruby used to kill Oswald came into the possession of Ruby's brother Earl, and was sold in 1991 for $220,000<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|220,000|r=-3|1991}}}} in 2022).</del><ref>[[#Rubytuesday|"Jack Ruby's Gun Sold For $220,000". Associated Press.]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The [[VC-137C SAM 26000|Boeing 707]] that served as Air Force One at the time of the assassination is on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]]; Kennedy's limousine is at the [[Henry Ford Museum]].<ref name="relics">[[#Keen|Keen (2009)]]</ref> The [[Lincoln Catafalque]], on which Kennedy's coffin rested in the Capitol, is exhibited at the [[United States Capitol Visitor Center|Capitol Visitor Center]].<ref>[[#Catafalque|"The Catafalque". Architect of the Capitol.]]</ref> Jacqueline's pink suit, autopsy X-rays, and President Kennedy's blood-stained clothing are in the National Archives, with access controlled by the Kennedy family. Other items in the Archives include Parkland Hospital trauma room equipment; Oswald's rifle, diary, and revolver; bullet fragments; and the limousine's windshield.<ref name="relics" /> The Texas State Archives preserve Connally's bullet-punctured clothes; the gun Ruby used to kill Oswald came into the possession of Ruby's brother Earl, and was sold in 1991 for $220,000<ref>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</ins>#Rubytuesday|"Jack Ruby's Gun Sold For $220,000". Associated Press.]]</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> ({{Inflation|index=US|value=220000|start_year=1991|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}).</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>At the direction of Robert F. Kennedy, some items were destroyed. The casket in which Kennedy's body was transported from Dallas to Washington was dropped into the sea, because "its public display would be extremely offensive and contrary to public policy".<ref>[[#Lancer|"Documents State JFK's Dallas Coffin Disposed At Sea". Associated Press.]]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>At the direction of Robert F. Kennedy, some items were destroyed. The casket in which Kennedy's body was transported from Dallas to Washington was dropped into the sea, because "its public display would be extremely offensive and contrary to public policy".<ref>[[#Lancer|"Documents State JFK's Dallas Coffin Disposed At Sea". Associated Press.]]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 448:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 446:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite report |last1=Fantova |first1=Johanna |date=Autumn 1964 |title=Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |publisher=Princeton University |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |ref=Fantova |jstor=26402928}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite report |last1=Fantova |first1=Johanna |date=Autumn 1964 |title=Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle |publisher=Princeton University |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |ref=Fantova |jstor=26402928}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=Max |date=2001 |title=The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination |journal=Studies in Intelligence |volume=45 |issue=5 |ref=Holland}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=Max |date=2001 |title=The Lie That Linked CIA to the Kennedy Assassination |journal=Studies in Intelligence |volume=45 |issue=5 |ref=Holland}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite journal |last=Huber |first=Patrick |date=Winter 2007 |title=Father Oscar Huber, the Kennedy Assassination, and the News Leak Controversy: A Research Note |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=380–393 |doi=10.1353/swh.2007.0016 |ref=Huber |jstor=30240454 |s2cid=143939686|issn=0038-478X}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite journal |last=Huber |first=Patrick |date=Winter 2007 |title=Father Oscar Huber, the Kennedy Assassination, and the News Leak Controversy: A Research Note |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=380–393 |doi=10.1353/swh.2007.0016 |ref=Huber |jstor=30240454 |s2cid=143939686<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|issn=0038-478X}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite journal |last1=Kurtz |first1=Michael L. |date=November 1982 |title=The Assassination of John F. Kennedy: A Historical Perspective |journal=The Historian |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1982.tb01568.x |jstor=24445228 |ref=Kurtz}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite journal |last1=Kurtz |first1=Michael L. |date=November 1982 |title=The Assassination of John F. Kennedy: A Historical Perspective |journal=The Historian |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1982.tb01568.x |jstor=24445228 |ref=Kurtz}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite journal |last=Ogg |first=E. Jerald |date=Spring 2004 |title=Life and the Prosecution of Clay Shaw: A More Curious Silence |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=133–149 |ref=Ogg |jstor=4233998}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite journal |last=Ogg |first=E. Jerald |date=Spring 2004 |title=Life and the Prosecution of Clay Shaw: A More Curious Silence |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=133–149 |ref=Ogg |jstor=4233998}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 558:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 556:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==External links==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==External links==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Commons category}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Commons category}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080526082205/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://www.jfk.org/go/home The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza] (archived May 26, 2008)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080526082205/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://www.jfk.org/go/home The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza] (archived May 26, 2008)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/ The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection] – National Archives and Records Administration</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/ The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection] – National Archives and Records Administration</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* [<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://www.cbsnews.com/feature/jfk-assassination/ JFK Assassination:A look back at the death of President John F. Kennedy 50 years ago] – CBS News</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* [<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://www.cbsnews.com/feature/jfk-assassination/ JFK Assassination:A look back at the death of President John F. Kennedy 50 years ago] – CBS News</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>* {{cite web |title=November 22, 1963: Death of the President |url=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>* {{cite web |title=November 22, 1963: Death of the President |url=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx |publisher=John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://archive.org/details/nationalsecurityarchive-weisberg "Weisberg Collection on the JFK Assassination"] – Internet Archive</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://archive.org/details/nationalsecurityarchive-weisberg "Weisberg Collection on the JFK Assassination"] – Internet Archive</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [https://books.google.com/books?id=DFMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 LIFE Magazine Nov. 25, 1966]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [https://books.google.com/books?id=DFMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38 LIFE Magazine Nov. 25, 1966]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 568:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 566:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Assassination of John F. Kennedy|state=expanded}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Assassination of John F. Kennedy|state=expanded}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{John F. Kennedy}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{John F. Kennedy}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Assassination of presidents of the United States}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{US Presidential Assassinations}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{US history}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{US history}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 11:01, 26 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1963 murder in Dallas, Texas, U.S.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kennedy assassination" redirects here. For the assassination of John's brother Robert, see <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"November 22, 1963" redirects here. For the date, see <a href="/wiki/November_1963#November_22,_1963_(Friday)" title="November 1963">November 22, 1963 (Friday)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_limousine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President John F. Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline, Texas governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie in the presidential limousine minutes before the assassination in Dallas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/220px-JFK_limousine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/330px-JFK_limousine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JFK_limousine.png/440px-JFK_limousine.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline</a>, Texas governor <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>, and Connally's wife <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Connally" title="Nellie Connally">Nellie</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)#Kennedy_X-100_(1961–1977)" title="Presidential state car (United States)">presidential limousine</a> minutes before the assassination in Dallas</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="32.779277777778" data-lon="-96.8085" data-overlays="["_deda3f8d0a8c1576465b5036d60d9f4f2cf6ce6a"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/32.779277777778/-96.8085/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,32.779277777778,-96.8085,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy&revid=1259660567&groups=_deda3f8d0a8c1576465b5036d60d9f4f2cf6ce6a" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,32.779277777778,-96.8085,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy&revid=1259660567&groups=_deda3f8d0a8c1576465b5036d60d9f4f2cf6ce6a 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy&params=32_46_45.4_N_96_48_30.6_W_region:US-TX_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°46′45.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">96°48′30.6″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.779278°N 96.808500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.779278; -96.808500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">November 22, 1963<span class="noprint">; 61 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963-11-22</span>)</span> <br />12:30 p.m. (<a href="/wiki/Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Standard Time">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">6.5×52mm Italian Carcano M91/38 rifle</a> (Kennedy)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle#Revolver" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">.38 cal Smith & Wesson Victory Model revolver</a> (Tippit)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>John F. Kennedy</li><li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Tippit" title="J. D. Tippit">J. D. Tippit</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Tague" title="James Tague">James Tague</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Charges</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murder_(United_States_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder (United States law)">Murder</a> with <a href="/wiki/Malice_(law)" title="Malice (law)">malice</a> (2 counts, <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lee_Harvey_Oswald" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Lee Harvey Oswald">murdered</a> before trial)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On November 22, 1963, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, the 35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated">assassinated</a> while riding in a presidential <a href="/wiki/Motorcade" title="Motorcade">motorcade</a> through <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas. Kennedy was in the vehicle with his wife <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline</a>, Texas governor <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>, and Connally's wife <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Connally" title="Nellie Connally">Nellie</a>, when he was fatally shot from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine</a>. The motorcade rushed to <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Memorial Hospital</a>, where Kennedy was pronounced dead about 30 minutes after the shooting; Connally was also wounded in the attack but recovered. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">was hastily sworn in as president</a> two hours and eight minutes later aboard <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a>. </p><p>After the assassination, Oswald returned home to retrieve a pistol; he shot and killed lone Dallas policeman <a href="/wiki/J._D._Tippit" title="J. D. Tippit">J. D. Tippit</a> shortly afterwards. Around 70 minutes after Kennedy and Connally were shot, Oswald was apprehended by the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Police_Department" title="Dallas Police Department">Dallas Police Department</a> and charged under Texas state law with the murders of Kennedy and Tippit. Two days later, at 11:21 a.m. on November 24, 1963, as live television cameras covered Oswald's being moved through the basement of <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Municipal_Building" title="Dallas Municipal Building">Dallas Police Headquarters</a>, he was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub operator <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a>. Like Kennedy, Oswald was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where he soon died. Ruby was convicted of Oswald's murder, though the decision was overturned on appeal, and Ruby died in prison in 1967 while awaiting a new trial. </p><p>After a 10-month investigation, the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> concluded that Oswald assassinated Kennedy, and that there was no evidence that either Oswald or Ruby was part of a conspiracy. In 1967, New Orleans District Attorney <a href="/wiki/Jim_Garrison" title="Jim Garrison">Jim Garrison</a> brought the only <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">trial for Kennedy's murder</a>, against businessman <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw" title="Clay Shaw">Clay Shaw</a>; Shaw was acquitted. Subsequent federal investigations—such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_within_the_United_States" title="United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States">Rockefeller Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>—agreed with the Warren Commission's general findings. In its 1979 report, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">United States House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> (HSCA) concluded that Kennedy was likely "<a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">assassinated as a result of a conspiracy</a>". The HSCA did not identify possible conspirators, but concluded that there was "a high probability that two gunmen fired at [the] President". The HSCA's conclusions were largely based on a <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_Dictabelt_recording" title="John F. Kennedy assassination Dictabelt recording">police Dictabelt recording</a> later debunked by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a>. </p><p>Kennedy's assassination is still the subject of widespread debate and has spawned many conspiracy theories and alternative scenarios; polls found that a vast majority of Americans believed there was a conspiracy. The assassination left a profound impact and was the first of four major assassinations during the <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="1960s in the United States">1960s in the United States</a>, coming two years before the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">assassination of Malcolm X</a> in 1965, and five years before the assassinations of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and Kennedy's brother <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Robert</a> in 1968. Kennedy was the fourth U.S. president to be assassinated and is the most recent to have <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States who died in office">died in office</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy">Kennedy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Kennedy is pictured speaking behind a podium. Rice University's stadium is visible behind him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/130px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/195px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg/260px-John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> delivering his "<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>" speech at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1960, John F. Kennedy, then a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, was elected the 35th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> as his vice presidential running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bugliosixi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugliosixi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy's tenure saw the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and much of his foreign policy was dedicated to countering the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As president, he authorized operations to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s communist government in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which culminated in the failed <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> in 1961, during which he declined to directly involve American troops.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Kennedy deescalated the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, an incident widely regarded as the closest that humanity has come to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Kennedy decided to travel to Texas to smooth over frictions in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">state's Democratic Party</a> between liberal U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a> and conservative Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit was first agreed upon by Kennedy, Johnson, and Connally during a meeting in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> in June.<sup id="cite_ref-WarrenCommission-Page28_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarrenCommission-Page28-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-warren40_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren40-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy also viewed the Texas trip as an informal launch of his <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 reelection campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oswald">Oswald</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oswald is pictured passing out pamphlets on a street in New Orleans. Other men, possibly Cuban, are also passing out pamphlets behind him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg/242px-Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg/363px-Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg/484px-Pizzo_Exh_B-Oswald_leaflets_FPFC-WH_Vol21_139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (center) and others distributing pro-<a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a> leaflets in New Orleans, August 16, 1963.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Harvey_Oswald_with_rifle,_taken_in_Oswald%27s_back_yard,_Neely_Street,_Dallas_Texas,_March_1963,_CE133A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oswald is pictured posing in a backyard. He holds rifle in his left hand and a leftist publication in his right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_with_rifle%2C_taken_in_Oswald%27s_back_yard%2C_Neely_Street%2C_Dallas_Texas%2C_March_1963%2C_CE133A.jpg/192px-Lee_Harvey_Oswald_with_rifle%2C_taken_in_Oswald%27s_back_yard%2C_Neely_Street%2C_Dallas_Texas%2C_March_1963%2C_CE133A.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_with_rifle%2C_taken_in_Oswald%27s_back_yard%2C_Neely_Street%2C_Dallas_Texas%2C_March_1963%2C_CE133A.jpg/288px-Lee_Harvey_Oswald_with_rifle%2C_taken_in_Oswald%27s_back_yard%2C_Neely_Street%2C_Dallas_Texas%2C_March_1963%2C_CE133A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_with_rifle%2C_taken_in_Oswald%27s_back_yard%2C_Neely_Street%2C_Dallas_Texas%2C_March_1963%2C_CE133A.jpg/384px-Lee_Harvey_Oswald_with_rifle%2C_taken_in_Oswald%27s_back_yard%2C_Neely_Street%2C_Dallas_Texas%2C_March_1963%2C_CE133A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2306" data-file-height="2280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A photograph of Oswald posing with <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">his rifle</a>, holstered pistol, and communist literature<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Lee Harvey Oswald (born 1939)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine</a> who had served in Japan and the Philippines and had espoused communist beliefs since reading <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> aged 14.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Philippines_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippines-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After accidentally shooting his elbow with an unauthorized handgun and fighting an officer, Oswald was court-martialed twice and demoted.<sup id="cite_ref-Philippines_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philippines-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1959, he received a <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">dependency discharge</a> after claiming his mother was disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 19-year-old Oswald sailed on a freighter from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to France and then traveled to Finland, where he was issued a Soviet visa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oswald <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defected</a> to the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in January 1960 he was sent to work at a factory in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, he met and married <a href="/wiki/Marina_Oswald_Porter" title="Marina Oswald Porter">Marina Prusakova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with whom he had a child.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_1964,_p._712_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_1964,_p._712-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, he returned to the United States with a repatriation loan from the U.S. Embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_1964,_p._712_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_1964,_p._712-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He settled in the <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas/Fort Worth</a> area,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he socialized with Russian émigrés—notably <a href="/wiki/George_de_Mohrenschildt" title="George de Mohrenschildt">George de Mohrenschildt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1963, a bullet narrowly missed General <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Walker" title="Edwin Walker">Edwin Walker</a> at his Dallas residence; a witness observed two conspicuous men. Relying on Marina's testimony, a note left by Oswald, and ballistic evidence, the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> attributed this assassination attempt to Oswald.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1963, Oswald returned to his birthplace, New Orleans,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and established an independent chapter of the pro-Castro <a href="/wiki/Fair_Play_for_Cuba_Committee" title="Fair Play for Cuba Committee">Fair Play for Cuba Committee</a>, of which he was the sole member.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While passing out pro-Castro literature alongside unknown compatriots, Oswald was arrested after scuffling with anti-Castro <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban exiles">Cuban exiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late September 1963, Oswald traveled to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where, according to the Warren Commission, he visited the Soviet and Cuban embassies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 3, Oswald returned to Dallas and found work at the <a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WCR-C1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR-C1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the workweek he lived separately from Marina at <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_Rooming_House" title="Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House">a Dallas rooming house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturday2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturday2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of the assassination, he carried a long package (which he told coworkers contained curtain rods) into the Depository;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Warren Commission concluded that this package contained Oswald's disassembled rifle.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="November_22">November 22</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy's_arrival_in_Dallas_and_route_to_Dealey_Plaza"><span id="Kennedy.27s_arrival_in_Dallas_and_route_to_Dealey_Plaza"></span>Kennedy's arrival in Dallas and route to Dealey Plaza</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedys_arrive_at_Dallas_11-22-63.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kennedy and the First Lady, dresseing in a pink outfit and holding a bouquet of flowers, depart from Air Force One and greet welcomers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kennedys_arrive_at_Dallas_11-22-63.JPG/233px-Kennedys_arrive_at_Dallas_11-22-63.JPG" decoding="async" width="233" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kennedys_arrive_at_Dallas_11-22-63.JPG/350px-Kennedys_arrive_at_Dallas_11-22-63.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kennedys_arrive_at_Dallas_11-22-63.JPG/466px-Kennedys_arrive_at_Dallas_11-22-63.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="2656" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">President Kennedy and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> arriving at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a> on November 22, 1963.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dealey-plaza-annotated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The route of the motorcade: A right turn from Main Street onto Houston Street, then shortly thereafter a left turn before the Texas School Book Depository onto the snaking Elm Street, passing by the Grassy Knoll and exiting Dealey Plaza udner the Triple Underpass bridge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dealey-plaza-annotated.png/251px-Dealey-plaza-annotated.png" decoding="async" width="251" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dealey-plaza-annotated.png/377px-Dealey-plaza-annotated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dealey-plaza-annotated.png/502px-Dealey-plaza-annotated.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The route of Kennedy's motorcade through <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a>. The shooting occurred on Elm Street.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On November 22, <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a> at 11:40 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Kennedy and the First Lady boarded a <a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">1961 Lincoln Continental convertible limousine</a> to travel to a luncheon at the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Trade_Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Trade Mart">Dallas Trade Mart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odonnell_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odonnell-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-warren40_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren40-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other occupants of this vehicle—the second in the motorcade—were <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a> Agent <a href="/wiki/William_Greer" title="William Greer">Bill Greer</a>, who drove; Special Agent <a href="/wiki/Roy_Kellerman" title="Roy Kellerman">Roy Kellerman</a> in the front passenger seat; and Governor Connally and his wife Nellie, who sat just forward of the Kennedys.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four Dallas police motorcycle officers accompanied the Kennedy limousine.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vice President Johnson, his wife <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird</a>, and Senator Yarborough rode in another convertible.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The motorcade's meandering 10-mile (16 km) route through Dallas was designed to give Kennedy maximum exposure to crowds by passing through a suburban section of Dallas,<sup id="cite_ref-odonnell_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odonnell-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-warren40_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren40-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Main_Street_District,_Dallas" title="Main Street District, Dallas">Main Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Dallas" title="Downtown Dallas">Downtown Dallas</a>, before turning right on Houston Street. After another block, the motorcade was to turn left onto Elm Street, pass through Dealey Plaza, and travel a short segment of the <a href="/wiki/Stemmons_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Stemmons Freeway">Stemmons Freeway</a> to the Trade Mart.<sup id="cite_ref-warren40_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren40-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planned route had been reported in newspapers several days in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-warren40_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren40-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite concerns about hostile protestors—Kennedy's UN Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> had been spat on in Dallas a month earlier—Kennedy was greeted warmly by enthusiastic crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shooting">Shooting</h3></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1408px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="‪Dealey Plaza in 2006, with Elm Street on the right and the Triple Underpass on the left. The white concrete pergola, from which Zapruder was filming, is at the center, behind the lamp-post, and the Grassy Knoll is slightly to its left. The red building partially visible at the extreme upper right is the Texas School Book Depository. Kennedy's motorcade moved from right to left, and Kennedy was struck by the final bullet just left of the lamp-post in front of the pergola.‬"><img alt="A panoramic view of Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas, the location where President John F. Kennedy is assassinated on November 22, 1963." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg/1400px-Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="1400" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg/2100px-Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg/2800px-Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6662" data-file-height="1204" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_Elm_Street.jpg" title="File:Dallas Elm Street.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a> in 2006, with Elm Street on the right and the Triple Underpass on the left. The white concrete pergola, from which <a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder was filming</a>, is at the center, behind the lamp-post, and the <a href="/wiki/Grassy_Knoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassy Knoll">Grassy Knoll</a> is slightly to its left. The red building partially visible at the extreme upper right is the <a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a>. Kennedy's motorcade moved from right to left, and Kennedy was struck by the final bullet just left of the lamp-post in front of the pergola.</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:261px;max-width:261px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Croft_photo_showing_JFK%27s_car_on_Elm_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John F. Kennedy is seen sitting in a limousine, waving with a crowd on Elm Street, Dealey Plaza." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Robert_Croft_photo_showing_JFK%27s_car_on_Elm_Street.jpg/259px-Robert_Croft_photo_showing_JFK%27s_car_on_Elm_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Robert_Croft_photo_showing_JFK%27s_car_on_Elm_Street.jpg/389px-Robert_Croft_photo_showing_JFK%27s_car_on_Elm_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Robert_Croft_photo_showing_JFK%27s_car_on_Elm_Street.jpg/518px-Robert_Croft_photo_showing_JFK%27s_car_on_Elm_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moorman_photo_of_JFK_assassination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John F. Kennedy is fatally shot in the head, with Jacqueline Kennedy sitting beside him. Jacqueline can be seen turning over and looking at him at that moment." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Moorman_photo_of_JFK_assassination.jpg/225px-Moorman_photo_of_JFK_assassination.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Moorman_photo_of_JFK_assassination.jpg/338px-Moorman_photo_of_JFK_assassination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Moorman_photo_of_JFK_assassination.jpg/450px-Moorman_photo_of_JFK_assassination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="2690" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Robert Croft's photograph of Kennedy in <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a>, before the first shot struck Kennedy (left), and the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moorman" title="Mary Moorman">Mary Moorman photograph</a> (right), taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot.</div></div></div></div> <p>Kennedy's limousine entered Dealey Plaza at 12:30 p.m. CST.<sup id="cite_ref-bugliosixi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugliosixi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nellie Connally turned and commented to Kennedy, who was sitting behind her, "Mr. President, they can't make you believe now that there are not some in Dallas who love and appreciate you, can they?" Kennedy's reply – "No, they sure can't" – were his last words.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Houston Street, the limousine made the planned left turn onto Elm, passing the Texas School Book Depository.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it continued down Elm Street, multiple shots were fired: about 80% of the witnesses recalled hearing three shots.<sup id="cite_ref-Earwitnesses_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Earwitnesses-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Warren Commission concluded that three shots were fired and noted that most witnesses recalled that the second and third shots were bunched together.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Kennedy began waving, some witnesses heard the first gunshot, but few in the crowd or motorcade reacted, many interpreting the sound as a firecracker or <a href="/wiki/Back-fire" title="Back-fire">backfire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sbt2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A straight line is shown illustrating the trajectory of the bullet that hit John F. Kennedy and John Connally, according to the single-bullet theory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sbt2.jpg/218px-Sbt2.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sbt2.jpg/327px-Sbt2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Sbt2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sbt_critics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A curve showing the same bullet's trajectory in an alternative scenario where Kennedy sat directly behind Connally, according to conspiracy theorists." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sbt_critics.jpg/218px-Sbt_critics.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sbt_critics.jpg/327px-Sbt_critics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Sbt_critics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Per the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory" title="Single-bullet theory">single-bullet theory</a> (top), one bullet caused Kennedy's nonfatal wound and Connally's wounds. Conspiracy theorists, neglecting that Kennedy was not directly behind Connally, claim that the trajectory required a "magic bullet" (bottom).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Within one second of each other, Governor Connally and Mrs. Kennedy turned abruptly from their left to their right.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connally—an experienced hunter—immediately recognized the sound as that of a rifle and turned his head and torso rightward, noting nothing unusual behind him.<sup id="cite_ref-bugliosi39_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugliosi39-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He testified that he could not see Kennedy, so he started to turn forward again (turning from his right to his left), and that when his head was facing about 20 degrees left of center,<sup id="cite_ref-johnconnally_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnconnally-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was struck in his upper right back by a shot he did not hear,<sup id="cite_ref-johnconnally_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnconnally-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bug61_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug61-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then shouted, "My God. They're going to kill us all!"<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Warren Commission and the HSCA, Kennedy was waving to the crowds on his right when a shot entered his upper back and exited his throat just beneath his <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He raised his elbows and clenched his fists in front of his face and neck, then leaned forward and leftward. Mrs. Kennedy, facing him, put her arms around him.<sup id="cite_ref-johnconnally_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnconnally-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aarclibrary.org_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aarclibrary.org-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a serious wound, it likely would have been survivable.<sup id="cite_ref-sabato216_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabato216-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Warren Commission's <a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory" title="Single-bullet theory">single-bullet theory</a>—derided as the "magic bullet theory" by conspiracy theorists—Governor Connally was injured by the same bullet that exited Kennedy's neck. The bullet created an oval-shaped entry wound near Connally's shoulder, struck and destroyed several inches of his right fifth rib, and exited his chest just below his right nipple, <a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">puncturing and collapsing his lung</a>. That same bullet then entered his arm just above his right wrist and shattered his right <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius bone</a>. The bullet exited just below the wrist at the inner side of his right palm and finally lodged in his left thigh.<sup id="cite_ref-posnerbullet_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posnerbullet-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sabato216_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sabato216-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sketch shows an arrow illustrating the first bullet that struck John F. Kennedy. The bullet is seen entering into his neck and exiting the throat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg/145px-HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg/218px-HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/HSCA-JFK-neck2-6-43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="291" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another sketch shows an arrow illustrating the second bullet that fatally hit Kennedy in the head. Fragments are shown breaking from his skull." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg/139px-HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg/209px-HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg/278px-HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The trajectories of the two bullets that struck Kennedy, per the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">House Select Committee on Assassinations</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>As the limousine passed the <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">grassy knoll</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-haygood_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haygood-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy was struck a second time, by a fatal shot to the head.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Warren Commission made no finding as to whether this was the second or third bullet fired, and concluded—as did the HSCA—that the second shot to strike Kennedy entered the rear of his head. It then passed in fragments through his skull, creating a large, "roughly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ovular" class="extiw" title="wikt:ovular">ovular</a>"  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] hole on the rear, right side of the head, and spraying blood and fragments. His brain and blood spatter landed as far as the following Secret Service car and the motorcycle officers.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secret Service Agent <a href="/wiki/Clint_Hill_(Secret_Service)" title="Clint Hill (Secret Service)">Clint Hill</a> was riding on the <a href="/wiki/Running_board" title="Running board">running board</a> of the car immediately behind Kennedy's limousine.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill testified to the Warren Commission that he heard one shot, jumped onto the street, and ran forward to board the limousine and protect Kennedy. Hill stated that he heard the fatal headshot as he reached the Lincoln, "approximately five seconds" after the first shot that he heard.<sup id="cite_ref-cjhill_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cjhill-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the headshot, Mrs. Kennedy began climbing onto the limousine's trunk, but she later had no recollection of doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-jacqueline_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacqueline-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill believed she may have been reaching for a piece of Kennedy's skull.<sup id="cite_ref-cjhill_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cjhill-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He jumped onto the limousine's bumper, and he clung to the car as it exited Dealey Plaza and sped to <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Memorial Hospital</a>. After Mrs. Kennedy crawled back into her seat, both Governor and Mrs. Connally heard her repeatedly saying: "They have killed my husband. I have his brains in my hand."<sup id="cite_ref-johnconnally_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnconnally-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nellieconnally_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nellieconnally-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bystander <a href="/wiki/James_Tague" title="James Tague">James Tague</a> received a minor wound to the cheek—either from bullet or concrete curb fragments—while standing by the triple underpass.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine months later, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> removed the curb, and spectrographic analysis revealed metallic residue consistent with the lead core in Oswald's ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_112814_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek_112814-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tague testified before the Warren Commission and initially stated that he was wounded by either the second or third shot of the three shots that he remembered hearing. When the commission counsel pressed him to be more specific, Tague testified that he was wounded by the second shot.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_in_Dealey_Plaza">Aftermath in Dealey Plaza</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newman_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Witness hunker down on the grassy incline before the grassy knoll after the shooting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Newman_Family.jpg/260px-Newman_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Newman_Family.jpg/390px-Newman_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Newman_Family.jpg/520px-Newman_Family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Civilians shielding their children after hearing shots and dropping to the grass. The grassy knoll and its picket fence are visible in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As the motorcade left Dealey Plaza, some witnesses sought cover,<sup id="cite_ref-trask76_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask76-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others joined police officers to run up the grassy knoll in search of a shooter.<sup id="cite_ref-haygood_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haygood-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No shooter was found behind the knoll's picket fence.<sup id="cite_ref-bug852_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug852-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 178 witnesses who testified to the Warren Commission, 78 were unsure of the shots' origin, 49 believed they came from the Depository, and 21 thought they came from the grassy knoll.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No witness ever reported seeing anyone—with or without a gun—immediately behind the knoll's picket fence at the time of the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-bug852_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug852-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bowers" title="Lee Bowers">Lee Bowers</a> was in a two-story <a href="/wiki/Switch_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch tower">railroad switch tower</a> 120 yards (110 m) behind the grassy knoll's picket fence; he was watching the motorcade and had an unobstructed view of the only route by which a shooter could flee the grassy knoll; he saw no one leaving the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-bug852_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug852-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowers testified to the Warren Commission that "one or two" men were between him and the fence during the assassination: one was a familiar parking lot attendant and the other wore a uniform like a county courthouse custodian. He testified seeing "some commotion" on the grassy knoll at the time of the assassination: "something out of the ordinary, a sort of milling around, but something occurred in this particular spot which was out of the ordinary, which attracted my eye for some reason which I could not identify".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 12:36 p.m., teenager Amos Euins approached Dallas police Sergeant D.V. Harkness to report having seen a "<a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">colored man</a> ... leaning out of the window [with] a rifle" on the sixth floor of the Depository during the assassination; in response, Harkness radioed that he was sealing off the Depository.<sup id="cite_ref-bug80_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug80-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witness <a href="/wiki/Howard_Brennan" title="Howard Brennan">Howard Brennan</a> then approached a police inspector to report seeing a shooter—a white man in khaki clothing—in the same window.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police broadcast Brennan's description of the man at 12:45 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brennan testified that, after the second shot, "This man<span class="nowrap"> </span>... was aiming for his last shot ... and maybe paused for another second as though to assure himself that he had hit his mark."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witness James R. Worrell Jr. also reported seeing a gun barrel emerge from a sixth floor Depository window.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonnie Ray Williams, who was on the fifth floor of the Depository, stated that the rifle's report was so loud and near that ceiling plaster fell onto his head.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oswald's_flight,_killing_of_J._D._Tippit,_and_arrest"><span id="Oswald.27s_flight.2C_killing_of_J._D._Tippit.2C_and_arrest"></span>Oswald's flight, killing of J. D. Tippit, and arrest</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">John F. Kennedy assassination rifle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HowardBrennan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the Texas School Book Depository, showing its view from a witness of John F. Kennedy's assassination. The window from the sixth floor is marked A, and another window from the fifth floor marked B." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/HowardBrennan.jpg/236px-HowardBrennan.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/HowardBrennan.jpg/354px-HowardBrennan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/HowardBrennan.jpg/472px-HowardBrennan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Sniper%27s_nest_to_Elm_Street,_CE724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view through a window to Elm Street, Dealey Plaza, from the shooter's location in the Depository to kill Kennedy, the so-called "sniper's nest"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_from_Sniper%27s_nest_to_Elm_Street%2C_CE724.jpg/248px-View_from_Sniper%27s_nest_to_Elm_Street%2C_CE724.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_from_Sniper%27s_nest_to_Elm_Street%2C_CE724.jpg/372px-View_from_Sniper%27s_nest_to_Elm_Street%2C_CE724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_from_Sniper%27s_nest_to_Elm_Street%2C_CE724.jpg/496px-View_from_Sniper%27s_nest_to_Elm_Street%2C_CE724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The view of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> from witness <a href="/wiki/Howard_Brennan" title="Howard Brennan">Howard Brennan</a>: circle "A" indicates where he saw Oswald firing a rifle. At right, the view from the "sniper's nest" in the Texas School Book Depository.</div></div></div></div> <p>When searching the sixth floor of the Depository, two deputies found an Italian <a href="/wiki/Carcano" title="Carcano">Carcano</a> M91/38 bolt-action rifle.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oswald had purchased the used rifle the previous March under the alias "A. Hidell" and had it delivered to his Dallas <a href="/wiki/Post-office_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-office box">P.O. box</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FBI found Oswald's partial palm print on the barrel,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bug801_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug801-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fibers on the rifle were consistent with those of Oswald's shirt.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bullet found on Governor Connally's hospital <a href="/wiki/Gurney" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurney">gurney</a> and two fragments found in the limousine were <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic fingerprinting">ballistically matched</a> to the Carcano.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oswald left the Depository and traveled by bus to his boarding house, where he retrieved a jacket and revolver.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 1:12 p.m., police officer <a href="/wiki/J._D._Tippit" title="J. D. Tippit">J. D. Tippit</a> spotted Oswald walking in the residential neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Oak_Cliff" title="Oak Cliff">Oak Cliff</a> and called him to his patrol car. After an exchange of words, Tippit exited his vehicle; Oswald then shot Tippit three times in the chest. As Tippit lay on the ground, Oswald fired a final shot into Tippit's right <a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">temple</a>. Oswald then calmly walked away before running as witnesses emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 20em; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">Oswald speaking in custody</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZYAIiErTNg">Oswald professing innocence</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/video/oswald-holds-press-conference/">Oswald's "press conference"</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As Dallas police officers conducted a roll call of Depository employees, Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly realized that Oswald was absent and notified the police.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on a false identification of Oswald, Dallas police raided a library in Oak Cliff before realizing their mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 1:36 p.m., the police were called after a conspicuous Oswald, tired from running, was seen sneaking into the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Theatre" title="Texas Theatre">Texas Theatre</a> without paying.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the film <i><a href="/wiki/War_Is_Hell_(film)" title="War Is Hell (film)">War Is Hell</a></i> still playing, Dallas policemen arrested Oswald after a brief struggle in which Oswald drew his fully loaded gun.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He denied shooting anyone and claimed he was being made a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patsy#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:patsy">patsy</a>" because he had lived in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy_declared_dead;_Johnson_sworn_in"><span id="Kennedy_declared_dead.3B_Johnson_sworn_in"></span>Kennedy declared dead; Johnson sworn in</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office,_November_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lyndon B. Johnson raises his hand above an outstretched Bible as he is sworn in as President as Air Force One prepares to depart Love Field in Dallas. Jacqueline Kennedy, still in her blood-spattered clothes (not visible), looks on." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/290px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/435px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg/580px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_taking_the_oath_of_office%2C_November_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7750" data-file-height="6132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cecil_W._Stoughton" title="Cecil W. Stoughton">Cecil W. Stoughton</a>'s photograph of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> being sworn in as President as <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a> prepares to depart Love Field in Dallas. <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>, still in <a href="/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy">her Chanel suit</a> (the blood spatters not visible here), looks on.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 12:38 p.m., Kennedy arrived in the emergency room of <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Memorial Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kennedy was still breathing after the shooting, his personal physician, <a href="/wiki/George_Burkley" class="mw-redirect" title="George Burkley">George Burkley</a>, immediately saw that survival was impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hub_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hub-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Parkland surgeons performed futile <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiac massage</a>, Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m., 30 minutes after the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-hub_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hub-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBS host <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> broke the news on live television.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Secret Service was concerned about the possibility of a larger plot and urged Johnson to leave Dallas and return to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, but Johnson refused to do so without any proof of Kennedy's death.<sup id="cite_ref-boyd_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson returned to Air Force One around 1:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m., and shortly thereafter, he received telephone calls from advisors <a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jenkins" title="Walter Jenkins">Walter Jenkins</a> advising him to depart for Washington, D.C., immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire;_September_16,_2013_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire;_September_16,_2013-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He replied that he would not leave Dallas without Jacqueline Kennedy and that she would not leave without Kennedy's body.<sup id="cite_ref-boyd_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esquire;_September_16,_2013_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire;_September_16,_2013-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i>, Johnson did "not want to be remembered as an abandoner of beautiful widows".<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire;_September_16,_2013_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire;_September_16,_2013-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of Kennedy's assassination, the murder of a president was not <a href="/wiki/Federal_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Federal crime in the United States">under federal jurisdiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kurtz2_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurtz2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Dallas County medical examiner <a href="/wiki/Earl_Rose_(coroner)" title="Earl Rose (coroner)">Earl Rose</a> insisted that Texas law required him to perform an autopsy.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A heated exchange between Kennedy's aides and Dallas officials nearly erupted into a fistfight before the Texans yielded and allowed Kennedy's body to be transported to Air Force One.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bug110_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug110-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2:38 p.m., with Jacqueline Kennedy at his side, <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson was administered the oath of office</a> by federal judge <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Tilghman_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Tilghman Hughes">Sarah Tilghman Hughes</a> aboard Air Force One, shortly before departing for Washington with Kennedy's coffin.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediate_aftermath">Immediate aftermath</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autopsy">Autopsy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autopsy_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Autopsy of John F. Kennedy">Autopsy of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: MistyRose; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Where bungled autopsies are concerned, President Kennedy's is the exemplar. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Dr. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Baden" title="Michael Baden">Michael Baden</a>, chairman of the forensic pathology panel of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">House Select Committee on Assassinations</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bugliosi_2007_p._382_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugliosi_2007_p._382-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>President Kennedy's autopsy was performed at <a href="/wiki/National_Naval_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Naval Medical Center">Bethesda Naval Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> on the night of November 22. Jacqueline Kennedy had selected a naval hospital as the postmortem site as President Kennedy had been a <a href="/wiki/Naval_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval officer">naval officer</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autopsy was conducted by three physicians: naval commanders James Humes and J. Thornton Boswell, with assistance from ballistics wound expert Pierre A. Finck; Humes led the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from the Kennedy family and White House staffers to expedite the procedure, the physicians conducted a "rushed" and incomplete autopsy.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy's personal physician, Rear Admiral George Burkley,<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed a <a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">death certificate</a> on November 23 and recorded that the <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">cause of death</a> was a gunshot wound to the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-amex_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amex-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three years after the autopsy, Kennedy's brain—which had been removed and preserved for later analysis—was found to be missing when the Kennedy family transferred material to the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bug431_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug431-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brain_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conspiracy theorists often claim that the brain may have shown that the headshot entered from the front. Alternatively, the HSCA concluded that an assistant to Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, the president's brother, likely removed the footlocker holding the brain and other materials at his direction, and he "either destroyed these materials or otherwise rendered them inaccessible" to prevent "misuse" of said material or to hide the extent of the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Health" title="John F. Kennedy">president's chronic illnesses</a> and consequent medication.<sup id="cite_ref-bug432_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug432-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brain_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brain-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some autopsy X-rays and photographs have also been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most historians regard the autopsy as the "most botched" segment of the government's investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bugliosi_2007_p._382_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugliosi_2007_p._382-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HSCA forensic pathology panel concluded that the autopsy had "extensive failings", including failure to take sufficient photographs, failure to determine the exact exit or entry point of the head bullet, not dissecting the back and neck, and neglecting to determine the angles of gunshot injuries relative to <a href="/wiki/Body_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Body axis">body axis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The panel further concluded that the two doctors were not qualified to have conducted a forensic autopsy. Panel member Milton Helpern—<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Chief_Medical_Examiner_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York">Chief Medical Examiner for New York City</a>—said that selecting Humes (who had only taken a single course on forensic pathology) to lead the autopsy was "like sending a seven-year-old boy who has taken three lessons on the violin over to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a> and expecting him to perform a <a href="/wiki/Tchaikovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a> symphony".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral of John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_Lying_in_State_November_25,_1963_(10965631824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kennedy's coffin in front of the US Capitol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_F._Kennedy_Lying_in_State_November_25%2C_1963_%2810965631824%29.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy_Lying_in_State_November_25%2C_1963_%2810965631824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_F._Kennedy_Lying_in_State_November_25%2C_1963_%2810965631824%29.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy_Lying_in_State_November_25%2C_1963_%2810965631824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/John_F._Kennedy_Lying_in_State_November_25%2C_1963_%2810965631824%29.jpg/440px-John_F._Kennedy_Lying_in_State_November_25%2C_1963_%2810965631824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy's coffin is carried from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a>, November 25.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the autopsy, Kennedy lay in repose in the <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room of the White House</a> for 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Johnson issued <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_3561" class="extiw" title="s:Proclamation 3561">Presidential Proclamation 3561</a>, declaring November 25 to be a <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national day of mourning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AssociatedPress-Page40_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssociatedPress-Page40-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that only essential emergency workers be at their posts.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coffin was then carried on a <a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">horse</a>-drawn <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">caisson</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> to lie in state. Hundreds of thousands of mourners lined up to view the guarded casket,<sup id="cite_ref-WhitePage16_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitePage16-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a quarter million passing through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">rotunda</a> during the 18 hours of lying in state.<sup id="cite_ref-WhitePage16_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitePage16-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the Soviet Union—according to a memo by FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>—news of the assassination "was greeted by great shock and consternation and church bells were tolled in the memory of President Kennedy".<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Matthew_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle">St. Matthew's Cathedral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WhitePage17_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitePage17-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">Requiem Mass</a> led by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WhitePage17_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitePage17-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1,200 guests, including representatives from over 90 countries, attended.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nbc126_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc126-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was no formal eulogy,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auxiliary Bishop <a href="/wiki/Philip_M._Hannan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip M. Hannan">Philip M. Hannan</a> read excerpts from Kennedy's speeches and writings.<sup id="cite_ref-nbc126_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc126-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the service, Kennedy was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">An eternal flame</a> was lit at his burial site in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_of_Oswald">Killing of Oswald</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby_shoots_Oswald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the moment Jack Ruby shot Oswald" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ruby_shoots_Oswald.jpg/300px-Ruby_shoots_Oswald.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ruby_shoots_Oswald.jpg/450px-Ruby_shoots_Oswald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ruby_shoots_Oswald.jpg/600px-Ruby_shoots_Oswald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson_(photographer)" title="Robert H. Jackson (photographer)">Robert H. Jackson</a>'s photograph <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby_Shoots_Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald">Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald</a></i>. Oswald was being escorted by police detective <a href="/wiki/Jim_Leavelle" title="Jim Leavelle">Jim Leavelle</a> (tan suit) for the transfer from the city jail to the county jail. Ruby died in prison in 1967.</figcaption></figure> <p>On Sunday, November 24, at 11:21 a.m., as Oswald was being escorted to a car in the basement of Dallas Police headquarters for the transfer from the city jail to the county jail, he was shot by Dallas nightclub owner <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a>. The shooting was broadcast live on television.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturday2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturday2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson_(photographer)" title="Robert H. Jackson (photographer)">Robert H. Jackson</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Times_Herald" title="Dallas Times Herald">Dallas Times Herald</a></i> photographed the shooting which was titled, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby_Shoots_Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald">Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald</a> for which he was awarded the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Photography" title="Pulitzer Prize for Photography">Pulitzer Prize for Photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drifting in and out of consciousness, Oswald was taken by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital; he was treated by the same surgeons who had tried to save Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bullet had entered his lower left chest but had not exited; major heart blood vessels such as the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> were severed, and the spleen, kidney, and liver were hit.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite surgical intervention and <a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">defibrillation</a>, Oswald died at 1:07 p.m.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrested immediately after the shooting, Ruby testified to the Warren Commission that he had been distraught by Kennedy's death and that killing Oswald would spare "Mrs. Kennedy the discomfiture of coming back to trial". He also stated he shot Oswald on the spur of the moment when the opportunity presented itself, without considering any reason for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-rubyWC_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubyWC-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Ruby wished to represent himself in his trial until his lawyer <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Belli" title="Melvin Belli">Melvin Belli</a> dissuaded him: Belli argued that Ruby had an episode of <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">psychomotor epilepsy</a> and was thus not responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-bug357_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug357-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruby was convicted, but the <a href="/wiki/Rubenstein_v._State" title="Rubenstein v. State">decision was overturned on appeal</a>. While awaiting retrial in 1967,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruby died of a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, secondary to cancer. Like Oswald and Kennedy, Ruby was declared dead at Parkland Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films_and_photographs_of_the_assassination">Films and photographs of the assassination</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:19.3em; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: powderblue; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>My god, I saw the whole thing. I saw the man's brains come out of his head. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder" title="Abraham Zapruder">Abraham Zapruder</a><sup id="cite_ref-trask76_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask76-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaprudercamera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Bell & Howell Zoomatic movie camera used by Abraham Zapruder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zaprudercamera.jpg/220px-Zaprudercamera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zaprudercamera.jpg/330px-Zaprudercamera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zaprudercamera.jpg/440px-Zaprudercamera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell</a> Zoomatic movie camera used by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder" title="Abraham Zapruder">Abraham Zapruder</a> to capture footage of the motorcade and Kennedy's killing, which later came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder film</a>. The camera is preserved within the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Standing on the pergola wall some 65 feet (20 m) from the road,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tailor <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder" title="Abraham Zapruder">Abraham Zapruder</a> recorded Kennedy's killing on 26 seconds of silent <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm film</a> — known as the <a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lifezap_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifezap-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frame 313 captures the exact moment at which Kennedy's head explodes.<sup id="cite_ref-frenchies_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frenchies-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine published frame enlargements from the Zapruder film shortly after the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-lifezap_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifezap-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The footage itself was first publicly shown at the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">trial of Clay Shaw</a>, and on television in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Rivera" title="Geraldo Rivera">Geraldo Rivera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, an arbitration panel ordered the federal government to pay $615,384 per second of film to Zapruder's heirs, valuing the complete film at $16 million (equivalent to $27.5 million in 2022).<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zapruder was one of at least 32 people in Dealey Plaza known to have made film or still photographs at or around the time of the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably among the photographers, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moorman" title="Mary Moorman">Mary Moorman</a> took several photos of Kennedy with her <a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">Polaroid</a>, including one of Kennedy less than one-sixth of a second after the headshot.<sup id="cite_ref-bug885_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug885-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Zapruder, Charles Bronson, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Muchmore" title="Marie Muchmore">Marie Muchmore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orville_Nix" title="Orville Nix">Orville Nix</a> filmed the assassination, but at farther distances than Zapruder.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bug452_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug452-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three, only Nix — who filmed the assassination from the opposite side of Elm Street from Zapruder, capturing the grassy knoll — actually recorded the fatal shot.<sup id="cite_ref-bug452_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug452-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nix_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nix-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Nix claimed that, after he gave the film to the FBI, the duplicate that they returned had frames "missing" or "ruined". Although lower-quality duplicates exist, the original film has been missing since 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-nix_193-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nix-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously unknown footage filmed by George Jefferies was released in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recorded a few blocks before the shooting, the film captures Kennedy's bunched suit jacket, explaining the <a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory#Location_of_back_wound" title="Single-bullet theory">discrepancies between the location of the bullet hole in Kennedy's back and his jacket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some films and photographs captured an unidentified woman apparently filming the assassination; researchers have nicknamed her the <a href="/wiki/Babushka_Lady" title="Babushka Lady">Babushka Lady</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">shawl</a> around her head.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Arnold" title="Gordon Arnold">Gordon Arnold</a> came forward and claimed that he had filmed the assassination from the grassy knoll and that a police officer had confiscated his film.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnold is not visible in any photographs taken of the area, which <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi" title="Vincent Bugliosi">Vincent Bugliosi</a>—author of <i><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_History" title="Reclaiming History">Reclaiming History</a></i>—called "conclusive photographic proof that Arnold's story was fabricated".<sup id="cite_ref-bug887_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug887-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_investigations">Official investigations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dallas_Police">Dallas Police</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_Harvey_Oswald_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oswald in police custody" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_1963.jpg/170px-Lee_Harvey_Oswald_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_1963.jpg/255px-Lee_Harvey_Oswald_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_1963.jpg/340px-Lee_Harvey_Oswald_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> in police custody.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the Dallas Police headquarters, officers interrogated Oswald about the shootings of Kennedy and Tippit; these intermittent interviews lasted for approximately 12 hours between 2:30 p.m. on November 22 and 11 a.m. on November 24.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout, Oswald denied any involvement and resorted to statements that were found to be false.<sup id="cite_ref-warren180195_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren180195-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain <a href="/wiki/J._W._Fritz" title="J. W. Fritz">J. W. Fritz</a> of the Homicide and Robbery Bureau did most of the questioning and kept only rudimentary notes.<sup id="cite_ref-fritz_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritz-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days later, Fritz wrote a report of the interrogation from notes he made afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-fritz_203-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritz-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no stenographic or tape recordings. Representatives of other law enforcement agencies were also present, including the FBI and the Secret Service, and occasionally participated in the questioning.<sup id="cite_ref-warren180195_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren180195-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the FBI agents who were present wrote contemporaneous reports of the interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of November 22, Dallas Police performed <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_residue" title="Gunshot residue">paraffin tests</a> on Oswald's hands and right cheek in an effort to establish whether or not he had recently fired a weapon. The results were positive for the hands and negative for the right cheek. Such tests were unreliable,<sup id="cite_ref-warren180195_202-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren180195-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Warren Commission did not rely on these results.<sup id="cite_ref-warren180195_202-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren180195-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dallas police forced Oswald to host a press conference after midnight on November 23, and, early in the investigation, made many leaks to the media. Their conduct angered Johnson, who instructed the FBI to tell them to "stop talking about the assassination".<sup id="cite_ref-kurtz2_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurtz2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dallas Police, after the FBI expressed concerns that someone might try to kill Oswald, assured federal authorities that they would provide him adequate protection.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FBI_investigation">FBI investigation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presentation_of_the_Young_American_Medals_for_Bravery._Attorney_General_Robert_F._Kennedy,_Director_of_F.B.I._J...._-_NARA_-_194254.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and President John F. Kennedy are pictured speaking at the White House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presentation_of_the_Young_American_Medals_for_Bravery._Attorney_General_Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Director_of_F.B.I._J...._-_NARA_-_194254.jpg/220px-Presentation_of_the_Young_American_Medals_for_Bravery._Attorney_General_Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Director_of_F.B.I._J...._-_NARA_-_194254.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presentation_of_the_Young_American_Medals_for_Bravery._Attorney_General_Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Director_of_F.B.I._J...._-_NARA_-_194254.jpg/330px-Presentation_of_the_Young_American_Medals_for_Bravery._Attorney_General_Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Director_of_F.B.I._J...._-_NARA_-_194254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Presentation_of_the_Young_American_Medals_for_Bravery._Attorney_General_Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Director_of_F.B.I._J...._-_NARA_-_194254.jpg/440px-Presentation_of_the_Young_American_Medals_for_Bravery._Attorney_General_Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Director_of_F.B.I._J...._-_NARA_-_194254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>FBI Director <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a> (pictured between <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in May 1963) wrote in a 1964 memo that "we left no stone unturned".<sup id="cite_ref-bug338_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug338-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The FBI immediately launched an investigation into the assassination, relying on a federal statute that forbade assaulting a federal officer. Within 24 hours of the killing, FBI Director Hoover sent President Johnson a preliminary report finding that Oswald was the sole culprit. After Ruby killed Oswald, Johnson decided that the Texan authorities were incompetent and instructed the FBI to conduct a complete investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-kurtz2_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurtz2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 9, 1963, the Warren Commission received the FBI's report of its investigation which concluded that three bullets had been fired‍—‌the first striking Kennedy in the upper back; the second striking Connally; and the third striking Kennedy in the head, killing him.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FBI continued to serve as the main investigative arm of the Warren Commission in the field. A total of 169 FBI agents worked on the case, conducting over 25,000 interviews and writing over 2,300 reports.<sup id="cite_ref-bug338_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug338-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thoroughness of the FBI's investigation is contested. Bugliosi applauded its quality and cites conspiracy theorist Harrison Edward Livingstone's praise of the FBI's commitment to following all leads.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its 1979 report, the HSCA found that the FBI's investigation of pro- and anti-Castro Cubans, and any connections to Oswald or Ruby, was insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-bug338_208-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug338-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HSCA also noted that Hoover "seemed determined [to make the case that Oswald was the lone assassin] within 24 hours of the assassination".<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warren_Commission">Warren Commission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Members of the Warren Commission present their report to President Johnson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/300px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/450px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/600px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> presents its report to President Johnson. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John McCloy</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Lee_Rankin" title="J. Lee Rankin">J. Lee Rankin</a> (General Counsel), Senator <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Russell, Jr.">Richard Russell</a>, Congressman <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">John Sherman Cooper</a>, and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 29, President Johnson established by executive order "<a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy</a>" and selected Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> to chair the investigation, commonly known as the Warren Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kurtz2_139-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurtz2-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 888-page final report was presented to Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded that <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> had acted alone in killing Kennedy and wounding Connally, and that <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> acted alone in killing Oswald.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It made no conclusions as to Oswald's motive, but noted his <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, violent tendencies, failure to form personal relationships, and his desire to be significant in history.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon examining the Zapruder film, commission staffers realized that the FBI's gunshot theory was impossible. The reaction times of Kennedy and Connally were too close to have been caused by two bullets from Oswald: the reaction interval was less than the 2.3 seconds that it took to reload.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one of the commission's most crucial findings: that a single shot caused the non-fatal wounds of Kennedy and Connally, known as the "single-bullet theory".<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1964, staffer <a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a> replicated the single bullet's trajectory via a reenactment in Dealey Plaza: the bullet's path was exactly consistent with Kennedy's and Connally's wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of the eight commission members, three—Representative <a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a> and Senators <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">John Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell</a>—found the theory "improbable"; their qualms were not mentioned in the final report.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conspiracy theorists labelled this theory the "magic bullet theory", partly due to the bullet's intact and purportedly pristine state. However, the HSCA's <a href="/wiki/Michael_Baden" title="Michael Baden">Michael Baden</a> noted that the bullet, despite its lack of fragmentation, was fundamentally deformed.<sup id="cite_ref-posnerbullet_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-posnerbullet-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Secret Service Agent Paul Landis—who had stood on the running board of Kennedy's car—told <i>The New York Times</i> that he retrieved the "magic bullet" from immediately behind Kennedy's seat upon arrival at Parkland, and that he placed it on Kennedy's stretcher. Landis believes that the bullet dislodged from a shallow wound in Kennedy's back.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as the Warren Report's 27 published volumes, the commission created hundreds of thousands of pages of investigative reports and documents. <a href="/wiki/Relman_Morin" title="Relman Morin">Relman Morin</a> stated that "Never in history was a crime probed as intensely"; Bugliosi concluded that the commission's basic findings have "held up remarkably well".<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Posner" title="Gerald Posner">Gerald Posner</a>, the Warren report is "universally derided" by the American public.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter Cronkite noted that, "Although the Warren Commission had full power to conduct its own independent investigation, it permitted the FBI and the CIA to investigate themselves – and so cast a permanent shadow on the answers."<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2014 report by CIA Chief Historian David Robarge, then-CIA director <a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a> was involved in a "benign cover-up" by withholding information from the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_of_Clay_Shaw">Trial of Clay Shaw</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">Trial of Clay Shaw</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cart%C3%A3o_de_imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Clay_LaVergne_Shaw_(frente)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Clay Shaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cart%C3%A3o_de_imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Clay_LaVergne_Shaw_%28frente%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Cart%C3%A3o_de_imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Clay_LaVergne_Shaw_%28frente%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cart%C3%A3o_de_imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Clay_LaVergne_Shaw_%28frente%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Cart%C3%A3o_de_imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Clay_LaVergne_Shaw_%28frente%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cart%C3%A3o_de_imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Clay_LaVergne_Shaw_%28frente%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Cart%C3%A3o_de_imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Clay_LaVergne_Shaw_%28frente%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw" title="Clay Shaw">Clay Shaw</a> (pictured in 1951) was <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">acquitted</a> by the New Orleans jury after less than an hour of deliberation.</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 22, 1967, New Orleans District Attorney <a href="/wiki/Jim_Garrison" title="Jim Garrison">Jim Garrison</a> arrested and charged New Orleans businessman <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw" title="Clay Shaw">Clay Shaw</a> with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy, with the help of Oswald, <a href="/wiki/David_Ferrie" title="David Ferrie">David Ferrie</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-bug1347_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug1347-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A respected businessman who had helped renovate and preserve the <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bug1347_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug1347-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaw was described as "the unlikeliest villain since <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Shaw and the neurotic, avidly anti-Castro Ferrie were members of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Louisiana">New Orleans' gay community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferrie died, possibly by suicide, four days after news of the investigation broke.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a></i> in 1968, Garrison first publicly alleged that Shaw and Ferrie had been part of a <a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">larger CIA scheme</a> to kill Kennedy and frame Oswald.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 34-day trial conducted in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-Bugliosi_2007_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugliosi_2007-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garrison played the Zapruder film and argued that the backwards motion of Kennedy's head after the fatal shot was indicative of a shooter in front on the grassy knoll.<sup id="cite_ref-backandtotheleft_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backandtotheleft-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a brief deliberation, the jury found Shaw not guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-Bugliosi_2007_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugliosi_2007-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lane_(author)" title="Mark Lane (author)">Mark Lane</a> interviewed the jurors after the trial and stated that some believed that Shaw likely was involved in a conspiracy but that there was insufficient evidence to convict.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lane's claims have been disputed by playwright <a href="/wiki/James_Kirkwood,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Kirkwood, Jr.">James Kirkwood</a>—a personal friend of Clay Shaw—who said that he met several jurors who denied ever speaking to Lane.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkwood also questioned Lane's claim that the jury believed that there was a conspiracy:<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jury foreman Sidney Hebert told Kirkwood, "I didn't think too much of the Warren Report either until the trial. Now I think a lot more of it than I did before."<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to academic E. Jerald Ogg, the Shaw trial is now widely regarded as a "travesty of justice";<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirkwood likened the trial to a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other observers have characterized the proceedings as relying on homophobia.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains the only trial to be brought for the Kennedy assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-bug1347_228-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug1347-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, former CIA director <a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a> testified that Shaw had been a part-time contact of the <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_the_United_States#1951" title="CIA activities in the United States">Domestic Contact Service</a> of the CIA, through which Shaw volunteered information from his travels abroad, mostly to Latin America. However, according to <a href="/wiki/Max_Holland" title="Max Holland">Max Holland</a>, some 150,000 Americans were contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the PBS program <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></i> obtained a group photograph that featured Ferrie and Oswald together at a 1955 cookout for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a>: Ferrie had denied ever knowing Oswald.<sup id="cite_ref-frontline_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontline-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramsey_Clark_Panel">Ramsey Clark Panel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_and_Attorney_General_Ramsey_Clark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Lyndon B. Johnson and Attorney General Ramsey Clark shaking hands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_and_Attorney_General_Ramsey_Clark.jpg/220px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_and_Attorney_General_Ramsey_Clark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_and_Attorney_General_Ramsey_Clark.jpg/330px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_and_Attorney_General_Ramsey_Clark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_and_Attorney_General_Ramsey_Clark.jpg/440px-President_Lyndon_B._Johnson_and_Attorney_General_Ramsey_Clark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5527" data-file-height="3724" /></a><figcaption>The panel organized by Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> (pictured with President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in 1968) found that two bullets struck Kennedy from behind.</figcaption></figure> <p>Excluding Chief Justice Warren, the members of Warren Commission did not view the photographs or X-rays taken during Kennedy's autopsy. According to Warren, this was to avoid having to publicly release the explicit material to "sensation mongers".<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to persistent speculation, in February 1968, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a> convened a panel of four medical experts to examine the photographs and X-rays from the Kennedy autopsy. Their findings concurred with the Warren Commission: Kennedy was struck by two bullets, both from behind.<sup id="cite_ref-bug369_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug369-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rockefeller_Commission">Rockefeller Commission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_within_the_United_States" title="United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States">United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States</a></div> <p>In 1975, President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>—who had been a member of the Warren Commission a decade prior—established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_President%27s_Commission_on_CIA_Activities_within_the_United_States" title="United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States">United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States</a>, better known as the Rockefeller Commission after its chairman, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ford_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission received a mandate to determine if any domestic activities by the CIA were unlawful and to make appropriate recommendations: accordingly, it also re-examined the Kennedy assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-bug369_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug369-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Back-and-to-the-left-fairuse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four juxtaposed frames from the Zapruder film illustrating the backwards motion of his head and body after the fatal head shot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Back-and-to-the-left-fairuse.png/370px-Back-and-to-the-left-fairuse.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8f/Back-and-to-the-left-fairuse.png 1.5x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Commission">Rockefeller Commission</a> first proposed that the backwards motion of Kennedy following the fatal shot—which conspiracy theorists claim is indicative of a shot from the grassy knoll—was due to a "seizure-like neuromuscular reaction".</figcaption></figure> <p>After five months of investigation, the Rockefeller Commission submitted its report to President Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report reviewed the medical evidence and agreed that Kennedy had been killed by two shots from behind.<sup id="cite_ref-bug369_247-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug369-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refuting Garrison's claims that the backwards motion of Kennedy's head seen on the Zapruder film was indicative of a grassy knoll shooter,<sup id="cite_ref-backandtotheleft_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-backandtotheleft-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the commission found that "such a motion would be caused by a violent straightening and stiffening of the entire body as a result of a seizure-like neuromuscular reaction to major damage inflicted to nerve centers in the brain".<sup id="cite_ref-reitzes_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reitzes-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later HSCA suggested that the "<a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Third" title="Newton's laws of motion">propulsive effect resulting from brain matter</a>" ejected from the exit wound may have been responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathologist <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Di_Maio" title="Vincent Di Maio">Vincent Di Maio</a> testified before the HSCA that the notion of a "transfer of momentum" from a grassy knoll bullet was unfounded and something from "<a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_filmography" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography">Arnold Schwarzenegger pictures</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-reitzes_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reitzes-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rockefeller Commission also sought to determine whether CIA operatives—particularly <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sturgis" title="Frank Sturgis">Frank Sturgis</a>—were present in Dealey Plaza during the assassination, and whether they were among the "<a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">three tramps</a>" pictured shortly after the assassination. The commission found no evidence for these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-ford_249-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also inquired into purported connections between the CIA and Oswald and Ruby, for which it found no evidence and concluded was "farfetched speculation".<sup id="cite_ref-ford_249-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that there was "no credible evidence of CIA involvement".<sup id="cite_ref-bug369_247-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug369-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_Committee">Church Committee</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_Committee_report_(Book_II)_(page_1_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page of Book II of the Church Committee report" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Church_Committee_report_%28Book_II%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg/150px-Church_Committee_report_%28Book_II%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Church_Committee_report_%28Book_II%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg/225px-Church_Committee_report_%28Book_II%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Church_Committee_report_%28Book_II%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg/300px-Church_Committee_report_%28Book_II%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Church Committee report (Book II)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1975, following the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> and the revelation of CIA misconduct by <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a> (the CIA's so-called "<a href="/wiki/Family_Jewels_(Central_Intelligence_Agency)" title="Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)">Family Jewels</a>"), the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_to_Study_Governmental_Operations_with_Respect_to_Intelligence_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities">United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities</a>—better known as the Church Committee after its chairman, Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee was to investigate all improper and unlawful actions by the CIA and FBI, both foreign and domestic. Due to persisting theories, the Church Committee organized a subcommittee (staffed by Senators <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Richard Schweiker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a>) to examine CIA and FBI conduct pertaining to the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-bug370_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug370-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its final report, the Church Committee concluded that there was no evidence of a CIA- or FBI-led conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-bug370_256-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug370-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found that the original investigation into the assassination was "deficient" and criticized the FBI and CIA for withholding information from the Warren Commission. In particular, it noted that knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/CIA_Assassination_attempts_on_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Assassination attempts on Fidel Castro">CIA's many failed attempts to assassinate Castro</a> may have significantly affected the course of the investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-bug370_256-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug370-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thehorror_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehorror-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Church Committee revealed that the CIA had conspired with the <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American Mafia">Mafia</a> in these plots against Castro.<sup id="cite_ref-bug370_256-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug370-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These revelations led to further public scrutiny of the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-thehorror_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehorror-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations">United States House Select Committee on Assassinations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">United States House Select Committee on Assassinations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A illustration shows the bullet, which had hit Kennedy a moment before, rotating and tumbling before entering Connally's skin, causing his entry wound." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg/218px-HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg/327px-HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg/436px-HSCA-Connally-7-166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The HSCA concurred with the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory" title="Single-bullet theory">single-bullet theory</a>. (The figure illustrates how the oblong wound in Connally's back was indicative of a bullet which had been tumbling after striking an intervening object.)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:-nanpx;max-width:-nanpx"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:infpx;overflow:hidden"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3722" data-mwtitle="JFK_Assassination_-_HSCA_-_Dr._Cyril_Wecht's_testimony.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/JFK_Assassination_-_HSCA_-_Dr._Cyril_Wecht%27s_testimony.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/JFK_Assassination_-_HSCA_-_Dr._Cyril_Wecht%27s_testimony.ogg/JFK_Assassination_-_HSCA_-_Dr._Cyril_Wecht%27s_testimony.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Of the nine-member medical panel, only Dr. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wecht" title="Cyril Wecht">Cyril Wecht</a> (testimony above) rejected the theory.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>As a result of increasing public and congressional skepticism of the Warren Commission's findings and the transparency of government agencies,<sup id="cite_ref-thehorror_257-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehorror-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1976 the House Select Committee on Assassinations was created to investigate the assassinations of Kennedy and of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HSCA conducted its inquiry until 1978 and issued its final report the following year, concluding that Kennedy was likely assassinated as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that there was a "high probability" that a fourth shot was fired from the grassy knoll, but they stated that this shot missed Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-bugxii_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugxii-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the conclusions of "probable conspiracy", four of the twelve committee members wrote dissenting opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-stokes2_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokes2-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HSCA also concluded that previous investigations into Oswald's responsibility were "thorough and reliable" but did not adequately investigate the possibility of a conspiracy, and that federal agencies performed with "varying degrees of competency".<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the FBI and CIA were found to be deficient in sharing information with other agencies and the Warren Commission. Instead of furnishing all relevant information, the FBI and CIA only responded to specific requests and were still occasionally inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Secret Service did not properly analyze information it possessed prior to the assassination and was inadequately prepared to protect Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-stokes2_263-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stokes2-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chief reason for the conclusion of "probable conspiracy" was, according to the report's dissent, the subsequently discredited acoustic analysis of a <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_Dictabelt_recording" title="John F. Kennedy assassination Dictabelt recording">police channel Dictabelt recording</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bugxii_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugxii-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBAReport_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBAReport-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JusticeDeptMemo_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JusticeDeptMemo-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the recommendations of the HSCA, the Dictabelt recording and acoustic evidence of a second assassin was subsequently reexamined. In light of investigative reports from the FBI's Technical Services Division and a specially appointed <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> Committee determining that "reliable acoustic data do not support a conclusion that there was a second gunman",<sup id="cite_ref-CBAReport_266-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBAReport-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Justice Department concluded "that no persuasive evidence can be identified to support the theory of a conspiracy" in the Kennedy assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-JusticeDeptMemo_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JusticeDeptMemo-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JFK_Act_and_Assassination_Records_Review_Board">JFK Act and Assassination Records Review Board</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992" title="President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992">President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Stone_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of Oliver Stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Oliver_Stone_01.jpg/180px-Oliver_Stone_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Oliver_Stone_01.jpg/270px-Oliver_Stone_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Oliver_Stone_01.jpg/360px-Oliver_Stone_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>'s 1991 film <i><a href="/wiki/JFK_(film)" title="JFK (film)">JFK</a></i> spurred the "<a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992" title="President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992">JFK Act</a>", which mandated the release of all relevant classified files.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/JFK_(film)" title="JFK (film)">JFK</a></i> renewed interest in the assassination and particularly in the still-classified files relating to the killing. In response, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992" title="President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992">JFK Records Act</a>, which called for the National Archives to collect and release all assassination-related documents within 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017a_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017a-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act also mandated the creation of an independent office, the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_Records_Review_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination Records Review Board">Assassination Records Review Board</a>, to review the submitted records for completeness and continued secrecy. From 1994 until 1998, the Assassination Records Review Board gathered and unsealed about 60,000 documents comprising over 4 million pages.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1998 staff report for the Assassinations Records Review Board contended that brain photographs in the Kennedy records may not be of Kennedy's brain, reportedly showing much less damage than Kennedy sustained. Dr. Boswell refuted these allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board also found that, conflicting with the photographic images showing no such defect, several witnesses (at both Parkland hospital and the autopsy) remembered a large wound in the back of Kennedy's head.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board, and board member Jeremy Gunn, stressed the problems with witness testimony, urging people to weigh all of the evidence, with due concern for human error, rather than take single statements as "proof" for one theory or another.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All remaining assassination-related records were scheduled to be released by October 2017, with the exception of documents certified for continued postponement by succeeding presidents due to "identifiable harm... to the military, defense, intelligence operations, law enforcement, or conduct of foreign relations... of such gravity that it outweighs the public interest in disclosure."<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trump_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trump-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> said in October 2017 that he would not block the release of documents,<sup id="cite_ref-Trump_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trump-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in April 2018—the deadline he set to release all JFK records—Trump blocked the release of some records until October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017a_269-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017a-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, citing the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, delayed the release further,<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before releasing 13,173 unredacted documents in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-matza_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matza-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second group of files were unsealed in June 2023, at which point 99 percent of documents had been made public.<sup id="cite_ref-matza_281-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matza-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:223px;max-width:223px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grassy_Knoll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The wooden fence on the grassy knoll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grassy_Knoll.jpg/221px-Grassy_Knoll.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grassy_Knoll.jpg/332px-Grassy_Knoll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Grassy_Knoll.jpg/442px-Grassy_Knoll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4831" data-file-height="3221" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The wooden fence on the <a href="/wiki/Grassy_knoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassy knoll">grassy knoll</a>, where many theories claim that a second gunman stood.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badgeman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of the purported badgeman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Badgeman.jpg/263px-Badgeman.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Badgeman.jpg/395px-Badgeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Badgeman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The "<a href="/wiki/Badge_Man" title="Badge Man">Badge Man</a>" can purportedly be seen firing a weapon from the grassy knoll in this expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moorman_photograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Moorman photograph">Mary Moorman photograph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bug885_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug885-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Kennedy assassination has been described as "the mother of all conspiracies".<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For decades, polls have consistently found that a majority of Americans believe there was a conspiracy;<sup id="cite_ref-Gallup,_Inc_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup,_Inc-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 1,000 to 2,000 books—mostly pro-conspiracy—have been written about the killing.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across different theories, Oswald's role varies from co-conspirator to entirely innocent.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARRB-C1_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARRB-C1-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common culprits include the FBI, the CIA, the U.S. military,<sup id="cite_ref-ARRB-C1_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARRB-C1-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mafia,<sup id="cite_ref-xlii_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xlii-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-industrial complex">military-industrial complex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-xlii_290-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xlii-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vice President Johnson, Castro, the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, or some combination thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bugliosi estimated that a total of 42 groups, 82 assassins, and 214 people had been accused in various assassination theories.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conspiracy theorists often argue that there were multiple shooters—a "triangulation of crossfire"—and that the fatal shot was fired from the grassy knoll and struck Kennedy in the front of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals present in Dealey Plaza have been the subject of much speculation, including the <a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">three tramps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_man_(JFK_assassination)" title="Umbrella man (JFK assassination)">umbrella man</a>, and the purported <a href="/wiki/Badge_Man" title="Badge Man">Badge Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conspiracy theorists argue that the autopsy and official investigations were flawed or, at worst, complicit,<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that witnesses to the Kennedy assassination met mysterious and suspicious deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conspiracy theories have been espoused by notable figures, such as <a href="/wiki/L._Fletcher_Prouty" title="L. Fletcher Prouty">L. Fletcher Prouty</a>, Chief of Special Operations for the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> under Kennedy, who believed that elements of the U.S. military and intelligence communities had conspired to assassinate the president.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Connally also rejected the single-bullet theory,<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and President Johnson reportedly expressed doubt regarding the Warren Commission's conclusions prior to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a>, his father believed that the Warren Report was a "shoddy piece of craftsmanship" and that John F. Kennedy had been killed by a conspiracy, possibly involving Cuban exiles and the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communist rulers like Castro and Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> believed that Kennedy had been killed by right-wing Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former CIA director <a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey" class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey">R. James Woolsey</a> has argued that Oswald killed Kennedy as part of a Soviet conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_impact_and_memorialization">Political impact and memorialization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Half_Dollar_Obverse_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 2015 Kennedy half dollar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US_Half_Dollar_Obverse_2015.png/180px-US_Half_Dollar_Obverse_2015.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US_Half_Dollar_Obverse_2015.png/270px-US_Half_Dollar_Obverse_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US_Half_Dollar_Obverse_2015.png/360px-US_Half_Dollar_Obverse_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Congress authorized the minting of a new 50-cent piece, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a>, in December 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-mint_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mint-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On November 27—five days after the assassination—President Johnson delivered his "<a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Continue" title="Let Us Continue">Let Us Continue</a>" speech to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effectively an <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">inaugural address</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson called for the realization of Kennedy's policies, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a>; this effort soon materialized as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confusion surrounding Johnson's succession led to the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the U.S Constitution</a>, which was adopted in 1967 and affirmed that the vice president became president upon the president's death.<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 29, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11129, renaming Florida's <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>—a name borne since at least 1530—to Cape Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA's Launch Operations Center, located on the cape, was also renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal government honored Kennedy in other ways, such as replacing the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Benjamin Franklin half dollar</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mint_306-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mint-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and renaming Washington, D.C.'s long-planned National Culture Center as the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York City's airport was also renamed as the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy's assassination also resulted in an overhaul of the Secret Service and its procedures. Open limousines were eliminated, staffing was significantly increased, and specialized teams like <a href="/wiki/Counter-sniper_tactics" title="Counter-sniper tactics">counter-sniper</a> units were established. The agency's budget has also increased, from $5.5 million in 1963 (equivalent to $54,700,000 in 2023) to over $1.6 billion by the 50th anniversary in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_impact_and_depictions">Cultural impact and depictions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28em; ; font-size: 85%; color: #202122;background-color: powderblue; padding:1.5em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>They say they can't believe it; It's a sacrilegious shame.</li> <li>Now, who would want to hurt such a hero of the game?</li> <li>But you know I predicted it; I knew he had to fall.</li> <li>How did it happen? Hope his suffering was small.</li> <li>Tell me every detail, for I've got to know it all,</li> <li>And do you have a picture of the pain?</li></ul> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a>' song "<a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(song)" title="Crucifixion (song)">Crucifixion</a>" (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>John F. Kennedy's assassination was the first of four major assassinations during the 1960s, coming two years before the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Malcolm_X" title="Assassination of Malcolm X">assassination of Malcolm X</a> in 1965, and five years before the assassinations of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the public, Kennedy's assassination mythologized him into a heroic figure.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although scholars typically regard Kennedy as a good but not great president,<sup id="cite_ref-brinkley_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkley-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public opinion polls consistently find him the most popular post-WWII president.<sup id="cite_ref-brinkley_321-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkley-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy's murder left a <a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memory" title="Flashbulb memory">lasting impression</a> on many worldwide. As with the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> of December 7, 1941, and, much later, the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, asking "Where were you when you heard about President Kennedy's assassination?" became a common topic of discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Dan Rather</a> opined that the Kennedy assassination will be discussed "a hundred years from now, a thousand years from now, in somewhat the same way as people discuss the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Different people read <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s description of the war and come to different conclusions, and so it shall be for Kennedy's death."<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with Oliver Stone's <i>JFK</i>, the assassination has been portrayed in several films: the pro-conspiracy, <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Trumbo" title="Dalton Trumbo">Dalton Trumbo</a>–written <i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Action_(film)" title="Executive Action (film)">Executive Action</a></i> (1973) was the first feature film to depict the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides explicit portrayals, some critics have argued that the Zapruder film—which itself has been featured in many films and television episodes—advanced <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">cinéma vérité</a> or inspired more <a href="/wiki/Violence_in_art#In_films" title="Violence in art">graphic depictions of violence</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="American cinema">American cinema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frenchies_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frenchies-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many works of literature have also explored the killing, such as <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>'s 1988 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Libra_(novel)" title="Libra (novel)">Libra</a></i>, in which Oswald is a CIA agent,<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Ellroy" title="James Ellroy">James Ellroy</a>'s 1995 work <i><a href="/wiki/American_Tabloid" title="American Tabloid">American Tabloid</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>'s 2011 time travel novel <i><a href="/wiki/11/22/63" title="11/22/63">11/22/63</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assassination has also been featured in several musical compositions, such as <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s 1964 piece <i><a href="/wiki/Elegy_for_J.F.K." title="Elegy for J.F.K.">Elegy for J.F.K.</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a>' 1966 song "<a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(song)" title="Crucifixion (song)">Crucifixion</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gates_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reportedly brought Robert Kennedy to tears.<sup id="cite_ref-gates_337-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gates-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other songs include "<a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">Abraham, Martin and John</a>" (1968) and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Murder_Most_Foul_(song)" title="Murder Most Foul (song)">Murder Most Foul</a>" (2020).<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifacts,_museums,_and_locations_today"><span id="Artifacts.2C_museums.2C_and_locations_today"></span>Artifacts, museums, and locations today</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X_in_Road_Marks_Where_Fatal_Shot_Hit_President_Kennedy_-_Dealey_Plaza_-_Dallas_-_Texas_-_USA_(19474957334).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painted white "X" marks where the spot on Elm Street where the fatal bullet hit Kennedy in Dealey Plaza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/X_in_Road_Marks_Where_Fatal_Shot_Hit_President_Kennedy_-_Dealey_Plaza_-_Dallas_-_Texas_-_USA_%2819474957334%29.jpg/170px-X_in_Road_Marks_Where_Fatal_Shot_Hit_President_Kennedy_-_Dealey_Plaza_-_Dallas_-_Texas_-_USA_%2819474957334%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/X_in_Road_Marks_Where_Fatal_Shot_Hit_President_Kennedy_-_Dealey_Plaza_-_Dallas_-_Texas_-_USA_%2819474957334%29.jpg/255px-X_in_Road_Marks_Where_Fatal_Shot_Hit_President_Kennedy_-_Dealey_Plaza_-_Dallas_-_Texas_-_USA_%2819474957334%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/X_in_Road_Marks_Where_Fatal_Shot_Hit_President_Kennedy_-_Dealey_Plaza_-_Dallas_-_Texas_-_USA_%2819474957334%29.jpg/340px-X_in_Road_Marks_Where_Fatal_Shot_Hit_President_Kennedy_-_Dealey_Plaza_-_Dallas_-_Texas_-_USA_%2819474957334%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>An "X" in the <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a> roadway marks where the fatal bullet struck Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-dealey_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dealey-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> designated Dealey Plaza, the surrounding buildings, the overpass, and a portion of the adjacent railyard as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District" title="National Historic Landmark District">National Historic Landmark District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dealey_341-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dealey-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Depository and its <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Floor_Museum_at_Dealey_Plaza" title="Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza">Sixth Floor Museum</a>, operated by the city of Dallas, draw over 325,000 visitors annually.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/VC-137C_SAM_26000" title="VC-137C SAM 26000">Boeing 707</a> that served as Air Force One at the time of the assassination is on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>; Kennedy's limousine is at the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ford Museum">Henry Ford Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-relics_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relics-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Catafalque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Catafalque">Lincoln Catafalque</a>, on which Kennedy's coffin rested in the Capitol, is exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Capitol Visitor Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacqueline's pink suit, autopsy X-rays, and President Kennedy's blood-stained clothing are in the National Archives, with access controlled by the Kennedy family. Other items in the Archives include Parkland Hospital trauma room equipment; Oswald's rifle, diary, and revolver; bullet fragments; and the limousine's windshield.<sup id="cite_ref-relics_343-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relics-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Texas State Archives preserve Connally's bullet-punctured clothes; the gun Ruby used to kill Oswald came into the possession of Ruby's brother Earl, and was sold in 1991 for $220,000<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $490,000 in 2023). </p><p>At the direction of Robert F. Kennedy, some items were destroyed. The casket in which Kennedy's body was transported from Dallas to Washington was dropped into the sea, because "its public display would be extremely offensive and contrary to public policy".<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This photo and a similar one are known as the "backyard photographs"; according to Bugliosi, it is one of the pieces of evidence most damning for Oswald. Oswald told Dallas police that the photographs were not genuine and that someone must have superimposed his head.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marina Oswald testified that she took the pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1964, KGB Agent <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Nosenko" title="Yuri Nosenko">Yuri Nosenko</a> defected to the United States. He divulged that Soviet intelligence surveilled Oswald, regarded him as mentally unstable, and had no association with him.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the FBI trusted Nosenko, the CIA believed that he was a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a> and convinced the Warren Commission not to interview him.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At Oswald's request, he met with FBI Special Agent John Quigley while in custody. Posner cites this as proof that Oswald was not a government agent, questioning why he might "blow his cover".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Dougherty, the only witness who saw Oswald enter the Depository on the morning of the assassination, testified to the Warren Commission that he did not remember seeing Oswald with any package.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bugliosi questioned his reliability as a witness: Dougherty's father told FBI agents on November 23 that his son "had considerable difficulty in coordinating his mental facilities with his speech".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the first shot, witness Virgie Rachley—an employee at the Texas School Book Depository—reported seeing sparks on the pavement shortly behind the president's limousine.<sup id="cite_ref-bugliosi39_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugliosi39-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Student Billy Harper later found a fragment of Kennedy's skull on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The journalists pictured with them arrived as the end of the motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bugliosi notes that Lee Bowers Jr. did not mention the "commotion" in an earlier affidavit, in which Bowers did take time to list all other suspicious happenings like circling vehicles with "<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater for '64</a>" stickers. Moreover, conspiracy theorist Jim Moore questions whether Bowers could even have seen the area. Bowers testified that he "threw [the] red-on-red [signal]" just after the fatal shot, but the grassy knoll was partially obstructed from Bowers' position at the work panel.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three spent cartridges were found on the floor. One live round was found in the rifle. Dallas policemen thoroughly photographed the rifle before its removal.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieutenant Day of the Dallas police examined the weapon prior to its seizure by the FBI. He found and photographed fingerprints on the trigger housing. Although Day believed the prints to be those of Oswald's right middle and ring fingers, the ridges were not clear enough to make a positive identification. Day then discovered a palm-print on the barrel underneath the wooden stock. He tentatively identified it as Oswald's, but was not able to photograph or analyze it in more depth as the FBI took the Carcano.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In D.C., FBI fingerprint expert Sebastian Latona found the photographs and extant prints to be "insufficient" as to make any conclusion. The rifle was returned to the Dallas police on November 24.<sup id="cite_ref-bug801_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bug801-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five days later, the FBI made a positive identification using a card from Day.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time of Kennedy's assassination, most of his cabinet was on a trip to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nix himself believed that the shots had come from the grassy knoll.<sup id="cite_ref-nix_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nix-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1973, due to Floridians' discontent with the change, Florida Governor <a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a> mandated that Cape Kennedy be referred to as Cape Canaveral on all state documents and maps. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Board_of_Geographic_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Board of Geographic Names">U.S. Board of Geographic Names</a> accepted the name change later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#WhiteHouse">"John F. Kennedy". The White House.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Senate">"John F. Kennedy: A Featured Biography". United States Senate.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bugliosixi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bugliosixi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bugliosixi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (1998)</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Electoral">"1960 Electoral College Results". National Archives.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cold">"1960 The Cold War". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sabato">Sabato (2013)</a>, pp. 422–423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hinckle_and_Turner">Hinckle & Turner (1981)</a>, pp. ix, 15, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jones">Jones (2008)</a>, pp. 41, 50, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Borger">Borger (2022)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 13–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 17–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarrenCommission-Page28-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WarrenCommission-Page28_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warren40-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warren40_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren40_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren40_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren40_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren40_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#White">White (1965)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 792.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pontchartrain">Pontchartrain (2019)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philippines-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philippines_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philippines_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 32–33, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 46–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 34–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 697.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McMillan">McMillan (1977)</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren_1964,_p._712-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_1964,_p._712_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_1964,_p._712_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 712.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 82–83, 85, 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Summers">Summers (2013)</a>, pp. 152–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 125–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, pp. 728–729.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Summers">Summers (2013)</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 153–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 172–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR-C1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCR-C1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saturday2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saturday2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saturday2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bagdikian">Bagdikian (1963)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 6, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 819.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 820.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, pp. 130–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odonnell-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odonnell_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odonnell_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#O'Donnell">Testimony of Kenneth P. O'Donnell</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Blaine">Blaine (2011)</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 25, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 19–20, 30–38, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Death">"November 22, 1963: Death of the President". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 56, 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earwitnesses-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Earwitnesses_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#McAdams">McAdams (2012)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bugliosi39-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bugliosi39_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bugliosi39_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. xxix, 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Appendix1">HSCA Appendix to Hearings</a>, Vol VI. p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnconnally-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnconnally_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnconnally_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnconnally_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnconnally_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#GovConnally">Testimony of Gov. John Bowden Connally, Jr</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bug61-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bug61_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stokes">Stokes (1979)</a>, pp. 41–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aarclibrary.org-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aarclibrary.org_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw">Testimony of Dr. Robert Roeder Shaw</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sabato216-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sabato216_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabato216_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sabato">Sabato (2013)</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-posnerbullet-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-posnerbullet_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-posnerbullet_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Posner">Posner (1993)</a>, pp. 335–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, pp. 85–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haygood-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haygood_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haygood_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Haygood">Testimony of Clyde A. Haygood</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, pp. 111–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. xx, 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hargis">Testimony of Bobby W. Hargis</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Summers">Summers (2013)</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cjhill-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cjhill_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cjhill_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CJHill">Testimony of Clinton J. Hill, Special Agent, Secret Service</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacqueline-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacqueline_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackie">Testimony of Mrs. John F. Kennedy</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nellieconnally-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nellieconnally_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MsConnally">Testimony of Mrs. John Bowden Connally, Jr</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Sabato">Sabato (2013)</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek_112814-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek_112814_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#behind">Holland (2014)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Tague">Testimony of James Thomas Tague</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Trask">Trask (1994)</a>, pp. 38–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trask76-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trask76_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trask76_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Trask">Trask (1994)</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Summers">Summers (2013)</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bug852-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bug852_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bug852_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bug852_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Summers">Summers (2013)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 898.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 898–899.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bug80-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bug80_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brennan">Testimony of Howard Brennan</a>, Warren Commission Hearings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Summers">Summers (2013)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bug801-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bug801_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bug801_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 801.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 800.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 801−802.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Warren">Warren (1964)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 110−111, 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 122–124, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, pp. 94–95, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, pp. 150–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Arlington">"Biographical sketch of Dr. George Gregory Burkley". Arlington National Cemetery.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hub-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hub_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hub_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Huber">Huber (2007)</a>, pp. 380–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2008">Bugliosi (2008)</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cronkite">"Walter Cronkite On The Assassination Of John F. Kennedy". NPR.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Daniel">Daniel (2007)</a>, pp. 87, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyd-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boyd_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boyd_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Boyd">Boyd (2015)</a>, pp. 59, 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ball">Ball (1982)</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esquire;_September_16,_2013-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire;_September_16,_2013_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire;_September_16,_2013_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire;_September_16,_2013_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jonesesq">Jones (2013)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurtz2-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurtz2_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurtz2_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurtz2_139-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurtz2_139-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kurtz">Kurtz (1982)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munson-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munson_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munson_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Munson">Munson (2012)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stafford">Stafford (2012)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bug110-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bug110_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bugliosi2007">Bugliosi (2007)</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Oath">"President Lyndon B. Johnson takes Oath of Office, 22 November 1963". John F. 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Associated Press.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Boyd" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, John W. (2015). <i>Parkland</i>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467134002" title="Special:BookSources/9781467134002"><bdi>9781467134002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parkland&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781467134002&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Heritage" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a> (1964). <i>Four Days: The Historical Record of the Death of President Kennedy</i>. American Heritage Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923323127">923323127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Days%3A+The+Historical+Record+of+the+Death+of+President+Kennedy&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F923323127&rft.au=United+Press+International&rft.au=American+Heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Beat" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brinkley" title="David Brinkley">Brinkley, David</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brinkleysbeatpeo00brin"><i>Brinkley's Beat: People, Places, and Events That Shaped My Time</i></a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375406447" title="Special:BookSources/9780375406447"><bdi>9780375406447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brinkley%27s+Beat%3A+People%2C+Places%2C+and+Events+That+Shaped+My+Time&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780375406447&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrinkleysbeatpeo00brin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bugliosi2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi" title="Vincent Bugliosi">Bugliosi, Vincent</a> (2008). <i>Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy</i>. W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393332155" title="Special:BookSources/9780393332155"><bdi>9780393332155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Days+in+November%3A+The+Assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780393332155&rft.aulast=Bugliosi&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bugliosi2007" class="citation book cs1">——— (2007). <i>Reclaiming History</i>. W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393045253" title="Special:BookSources/9780393045253"><bdi>9780393045253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+History&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780393045253&rft.aulast=Bugliosi&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cilento" class="citation book cs1">Cilento, Fabrizio (2018). <i>The Ontology of Replay: The Zapruder Video and American Conspiracy Films</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030064891" title="Special:BookSources/9783030064891"><bdi>9783030064891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ontology+of+Replay%3A+The+Zapruder+Video+and+American+Conspiracy+Films&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783030064891&rft.aulast=Cilento&rft.aufirst=Fabrizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Daniel" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Douglass K. (2007). <i>Harry Reasoner: A Life in the News</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292714779" title="Special:BookSources/9780292714779"><bdi>9780292714779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+Reasoner%3A+A+Life+in+the+News&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780292714779&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Douglass+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fischer" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fischer, Heinz-D; Fischer, Erika J. (2003). <i>The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-Winning Materials in Journalism, Letters and Arts</i>. Vol. 17 Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917–2000. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110939125" title="Special:BookSources/9783110939125"><bdi>9783110939125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pulitzer+Prize+Archive%3A+A+History+and+Anthology+of+Award-Winning+Materials+in+Journalism%2C+Letters+and+Arts&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783110939125&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Heinz-D&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Erika+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hinckle_and_Turner" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hinckle" title="Warren Hinckle">Hinckle, Warren</a>; Turner, William W. (1981). <i>The Fish is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro</i>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060380038" title="Special:BookSources/9780060380038"><bdi>9780060380038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fish+is+Red%3A+The+Story+of+the+Secret+War+Against+Castro&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780060380038&rft.aulast=Hinckle&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Turner%2C+William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jones" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (2008). <i>The Bay of Pigs</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195173833" title="Special:BookSources/9780195173833"><bdi>9780195173833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bay+of+Pigs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195173833&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kirkwood" class="citation book cs1">Kirkwood Jr., James (1992). <i>American Grotesque: An Account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison-Kennedy Assassination Trial in New Orleans</i>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060975234" title="Special:BookSources/9780060975234"><bdi>9780060975234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Grotesque%3A+An+Account+of+the+Clay+Shaw-Jim+Garrison-Kennedy+Assassination+Trial+in+New+Orleans&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780060975234&rft.aulast=Kirkwood+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudd2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mudd" title="Roger Mudd">Mudd, Roger</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobewashing00mudd"><i>The place to be: Washington, CBS, and the glory days of television news</i></a></span>. New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-576-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-576-4"><bdi>978-1-58648-576-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+place+to+be%3A+Washington%2C+CBS%2C+and+the+glory+days+of+television+news&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-576-4&rft.aulast=Mudd&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacetobewashing00mudd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="nyc" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Semple_Jr." title="Robert B. Semple Jr.">Semple, Robert B. Jr.</a> (ed.). <i>Four days in November: The Original Coverage of the John F. Kennedy Assassination</i>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1149162285">1149162285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+days+in+November%3A+The+Original+Coverage+of+the+John+F.+Kennedy+Assassination&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1149162285&rft.au=The+New+York+Times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Newfield" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Newfield" title="Jack Newfield">Newfield, Jack</a> (2002). <i>Somebody's Gotta Tell It: A Journalist's Life on the Lines</i>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312269005" title="Special:BookSources/0312269005"><bdi>0312269005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somebody%27s+Gotta+Tell+It%3A+A+Journalist%27s+Life+on+the+Lines&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0312269005&rft.aulast=Newfield&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NBC" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> (1966). <i>There Was a President</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000GOFC9O">B000GOFC9O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+Was+a+President&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000GOFC9O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=NBC+News&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="assoc" class="citation book cs1">Pett, Saul; Moody, Sidney C.; Henshaw, Tom (1963). <i>The Torch Is Passed: The Associated Press Story of the Death of a President</i>. Associated Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13554948">13554948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torch+Is+Passed%3A+The+Associated+Press+Story+of+the+Death+of+a+President&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13554948&rft.aulast=Pett&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft.au=Moody%2C+Sidney+C.&rft.au=Henshaw%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Posner" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Posner" title="Gerald Posner">Posner, Gerald</a> (1993). <i>Case Closed</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679418252" title="Special:BookSources/9780679418252"><bdi>9780679418252</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Case+Closed&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780679418252&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shahidullah" class="citation book cs1">Shahidullah, Shahid M. (2015). <i>Crime Policy in America: Laws, Institutions, and Programs</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761866589" title="Special:BookSources/9780761866589"><bdi>9780761866589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+Policy+in+America%3A+Laws%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Programs&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780761866589&rft.aulast=Shahidullah&rft.aufirst=Shahid+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sabato" class="citation book cs1">Sabato, Larry (2013). <i>The Kennedy Half-Century: The Presidency, Assassination, and Lasting Legacy of John F. Kennedy</i>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620402801" title="Special:BookSources/9781620402801"><bdi>9781620402801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Half-Century%3A+The+Presidency%2C+Assassination%2C+and+Lasting+Legacy+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781620402801&rft.aulast=Sabato&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Summers" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Anthony (2013). <i>Not in Your Lifetime</i>. Open Road. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781480435483" title="Special:BookSources/9781480435483"><bdi>9781480435483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+in+Your+Lifetime&rft.pub=Open+Road&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781480435483&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Trask" class="citation book cs1">Trask, Richard B. (1994). <i>Pictures of the Pain: Photography and the Assassination of President Kennedy</i>. Yeoman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780963859501" title="Special:BookSources/9780963859501"><bdi>9780963859501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictures+of+the+Pain%3A+Photography+and+the+Assassination+of+President+Kennedy&rft.pub=Yeoman+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780963859501&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="White" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._White" title="Theodore H. White">White, Theodore H.</a> (1965). <i>The Making of the President, 1964</i>. Atheneum Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003SAGZMQ">B003SAGZMQ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+President%2C+1964&rft.pub=Atheneum+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003SAGZMQ%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wrone" class="citation book cs1">Wrone, David R. (2003). <i>The Zapruder Film: Reframing JFK's Assassination</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700612918" title="Special:BookSources/9780700612918"><bdi>9780700612918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zapruder+Film%3A+Reframing+JFK%27s+Assassination&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780700612918&rft.aulast=Wrone&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_and_institutional_documents_and_reports">Government and institutional documents and reports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Russkies" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">Hoover, J. Edgar</a> (December 1, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/docid-32204484.pdf">Reaction of Soviet and Communist Party Officials to JFK Assassination</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). National Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reaction+of+Soviet+and+Communist+Party+Officials+to+JFK+Assassination&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=1963-12-01&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=J.+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Freleases%2Fdocid-32204484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Warren" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren, Earl</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-WARRENCOMMISSIONREPORT"><i>Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy</i></a>. United States Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0065RJ63E">B0065RJ63E</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+President%27s+Commission+on+the+Assassination+of+President+Kennedy&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0065RJ63E%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fapp%2Fdetails%2FGPO-WARRENCOMMISSIONREPORT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ramsey" class="citation report cs1">Clark, Ramsey (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk-assassination.net/clark.txt">1968 Panel Review of Photographs, X-Ray Films, Documents and Other Evidence Pertaining to the Fatal Wounding of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas</a> (Report). United States Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=1968+Panel+Review+of+Photographs%2C+X-Ray+Films%2C+Documents+and+Other+Evidence+Pertaining+to+the+Fatal+Wounding+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy+on+November+22%2C+1963%2C+in+Dallas%2C+Texas&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ramsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk-assassination.net%2Fclark.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stokes" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Stokes" title="Louis Stokes">Stokes, Louis</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/">Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> (Report). United States Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232215/https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Select+Committee+on+Assassinations+of+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Fselect-committee-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Appendix1" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0018a.htm">HSCA Appendix to Hearings</a> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701040525/https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol6/html/HSCA_Vol6_0018a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2022 – via History Matters Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=HSCA+Appendix+to+Hearings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-matters.com%2Farchive%2Fjfk%2Fhsca%2Freportvols%2Fvol6%2Fhtml%2FHSCA_Vol6_0018a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ARRB" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_Records_Review_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination Records Review Board">Assassination Records Review Board</a> (September 30, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.pdf">"Chapter 1: The Problem of Secrecy and the JFK Act"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Final Report of the Assassination Records Review Board</i>. United States Government Printing Office. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511003730/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Problem+of+Secrecy+and+the+JFK+Act&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+the+Assassination+Records+Review+Board&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1998-09-30&rft.au=Assassination+Records+Review+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Freview-board%2Freport%2Farrb-final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NRC" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10264"><i>Report of the Committee on Ballistic Acoustics</i></a>. National Research Council. 1982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10264">10.17226/10264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780309253727" title="Special:BookSources/9780309253727"><bdi>9780309253727</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206161858/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10264">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Committee+on+Ballistic+Acoustics&rft.pub=National+Research+Council&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10264&rft.isbn=9780309253727&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Frecord_id%3D10264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AARBR" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_Records_Review_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination Records Review Board">Assassination Records Review Board</a> (September 30, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.pdf">Final Report of the Assassination Records Review Board</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). United States Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511003730/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+the+Assassination+Records+Review+Board&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1998-09-30&rft.au=Assassination+Records+Review+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fjfk%2Freview-board%2Freport%2Farrb-final-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warren_Commission_documents,_exhibits,_and_testimonies"><span id="Warren_Commission_documents.2C_exhibits.2C_and_testimonies"></span>Warren Commission documents, exhibits, and testimonies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GovConnally" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0069a.htm">Testimony of Gov. John Bowden Connally, Jr</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. IV. pp. 129–146. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315071911/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0069a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2013 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Gov.+John+Bowden+Connally%2C+Jr&rft.pages=129-146&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh4%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol4_0069a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MsConnally" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0077b.htm">Testimony of Mrs. John Bowden Connally, Jr</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. IV. pp. 146–149. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315072011/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0077b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2013 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Mrs.+John+Bowden+Connally%2C+Jr&rft.pages=146-149&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh4%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol4_0077b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jackie" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0094b.htm">Testimony of Mrs. John F. Kennedy</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. V. June 5, 1964. pp. 178–181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062000/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0094b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2013 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Mrs.+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pages=178-181&rft.date=1964-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh5%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol5_0094b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shaw" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0055a.htm">Testimony of Dr. Robert Roeder Shaw</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. IV. pp. 101–117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720083513/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0055a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2013 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Dr.+Robert+Roeder+Shaw&rft.pages=101-117&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh4%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol4_0055a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Oswaldnotes" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/contents/wc/contents_wh26.htm">Notes of interview of Lee Harvey Oswald — Certified military pay records for Lee Harvey Oswald for the period October 24, 1956, to September 11, 1959</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. 22. p. 705. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019230848/http://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh26/html/WH_Vol26_0241b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2007 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Notes+of+interview+of+Lee+Harvey+Oswald+%E2%80%94+Certified+military+pay+records+for+Lee+Harvey+Oswald+for+the+period+October+24%2C+1956%2C+to+September+11%2C+1959&rft.pages=705&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fcontents%2Fwc%2Fcontents_wh26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Folsom" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0376b.htm">Warren Commission Hearings, Folsom Exhibit No. 1 (cont'd)</a> (Report). Vol. XIX Folsom. p. 734. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165345/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0376b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Warren+Commission+Hearings%2C+Folsom+Exhibit+No.+1+%28cont%27d%29&rft.pages=734&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh19%2Fhtml%2FWH_Vol19_0376b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tague" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0280b.htm">Testimony of James Thomas Tague</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. VII. July 23, 1964. pp. 552–558. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720080510/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0280b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2013 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+James+Thomas+Tague&rft.pages=552-558&rft.date=1964-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh7%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol7_0280b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CJHill" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0070b.htm">Testimony of Clinton J. Hill, Special Agent, Secret Service</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. II. pp. 132–144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015094300/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh2/html/WC_Vol2_0070b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2012 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Clinton+J.+Hill%2C+Special+Agent%2C+Secret+Service&rft.pages=132-144&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh2%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol2_0070b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hargis" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0152a.htm">Testimony of Bobby W. Hargis</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. VI. April 8, 1964. pp. 293–296. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925024321/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0152a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2012 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Bobby+W.+Hargis&rft.pages=293-296&rft.date=1964-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh6%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol6_0152a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Haygood" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0153b.htm">Testimony of Clyde A. Haygood</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. VI. April 9, 1964. pp. 296–302. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720085841/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh6/html/WC_Vol6_0153b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2013 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Clyde+A.+Haygood&rft.pages=296-302&rft.date=1964-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh6%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol6_0153b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Visa" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0422b.htm">Commission Exhibit 2564 - Cuban visa application of Lee Harvey Oswald, September 27, 1963</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. 25. p. 418. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165818/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh25/html/WC_Vol25_0422b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2012 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Commission+Exhibit+2564+-+Cuban+visa+application+of+Lee+Harvey+Oswald%2C+September+27%2C+1963&rft.pages=418&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh25%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol25_0422b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="RubyWC" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0104b.htm">Testimony of Jack Ruby</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. V. pp. 198–200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225211313/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh5/html/WC_Vol5_0104b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Jack+Ruby&rft.pages=198-200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh5%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol5_0104b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="O'Donnell" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0224b.htm">Testimony of Kenneth P. O'Donnell</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. VII. pp. 440–457. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125105924/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh7/html/WC_Vol7_0224b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2012 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Kenneth+P.+O%27Donnell&rft.pages=440-457&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh7%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol7_0224b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brennan" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0076a.htm">Testimony of Howard Brennan</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Vol. III. pp. 144–145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072313/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh3/html/WC_Vol3_0076a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2018 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Howard+Brennan&rft.pages=144-145&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwcvols%2Fwh3%2Fhtml%2FWC_Vol3_0076a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bowers" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626141014/https://www.jfk-assassination.net/russ/testimony/bowers.htm">Testimony of Lee E. Bowers, Jr</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk-assassination.net/russ/testimony/bowers.htm">the original</a> on June 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Lee+E.+Bowers%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk-assassination.net%2Fruss%2Ftestimony%2Fbowers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fritz" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0312a.htm">Report of Capt. J. W. Fritz, Dallas Police Department</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). pp. 599–611. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008103619/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0312a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2012 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+Capt.+J.+W.+Fritz%2C+Dallas+Police+Department&rft.pages=599-611&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwr%2Fhtml%2FWCReport_0312a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FBI" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0318b.htm">Reports of Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>. <i>Warren Commission Hearings</i> (Report). pp. 612–625. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919161505/http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wr/html/WCReport_0318b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2012 – via Assassination Archives and Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Reports+of+Agents+of+the+Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.pages=612-625&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarclibrary.org%2Fpublib%2Fjfk%2Fwc%2Fwr%2Fhtml%2FWCReport_0318b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/nr18-05">"National Archives Releases JFK Assassination Records"</a>. October 26, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422215303/https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/nr18-05">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archives+Releases+JFK+Assassination+Records&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2Fnr18-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Biden" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/22/memorandum-for-the-heads-of-executive-departments-and-agencies-on-the-temporary-certification-regarding-disclosure-of-information-in-certain-records-related-to-the-assassination-of-president-john-f-k/">"Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on the Temporary Certification Regarding Disclosure of Information in Certain Records Related to the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy"</a>. The White House. October 23, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028162124/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/22/memorandum-for-the-heads-of-executive-departments-and-agencies-on-the-temporary-certification-regarding-disclosure-of-information-in-certain-records-related-to-the-assassination-of-president-john-f-k/">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+for+the+Heads+of+Executive+Departments+and+Agencies+on+the+Temporary+Certification+Regarding+Disclosure+of+Information+in+Certain+Records+Related+to+the+Assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2021-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2Fmemorandum-for-the-heads-of-executive-departments-and-agencies-on-the-temporary-certification-regarding-disclosure-of-information-in-certain-records-related-to-the-assassination-of-president-john-f-k%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ball" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Moya Ann (Winter 1994). "The Phantom of the Oval Office: The John F. Kennedy Assassination's Symbolic Impact on Lyndon B. Johnson, His Key Advisers, and the Vietnam Decision-Making Process". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 105–119. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551197">27551197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Phantom+of+the+Oval+Office%3A+The+John+F.+Kennedy+Assassination%27s+Symbolic+Impact+on+Lyndon+B.+Johnson%2C+His+Key+Advisers%2C+and+the+Vietnam+Decision-Making+Process&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-119&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Moya+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Evica" class="citation journal cs1">Evica, George Michael (1992). "Deconstructing the DA: The Garrison Image in JFK". <i>Cinéaste</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 17–19. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688060">41688060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cin%C3%A9aste&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+the+DA%3A+The+Garrison+Image+in+JFK&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-19&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41688060%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Evica&rft.aufirst=George+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fantova" class="citation report cs1">Fantova, Johanna (Autumn 1964). Cape Canaveral to Cape Kennedy. <i>The Princeton University Library Chronicle</i> (Report). Vol. 26. Princeton University. pp. 57–62. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26402928">26402928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cape+Canaveral+to+Cape+Kennedy&rft.pages=57-62&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26402928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fantova&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holland" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, Max (2001). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://211.144.68.84:9998/91keshi/Public/File/38/345-7867/pdf/bmj.e4768.full.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Earl+Rose%3A+Pathologist+prevented+from+performing+autopsy+on+US+President+John+F+Kennedy&rft.volume=345&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.e4768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220100505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F211.144.68.84%3A9998%2F91keshi%2FPublic%2FFile%2F38%2F345-7867%2Fpdf%2Fbmj.e4768.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Thomas1" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Glen (Spring 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/441866">"History, Biography, and Narrative in Don DeLillo's Libra"</a>. <i>Twentieth Century Literature</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 107–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F441866">10.2307/441866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/441866">441866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=History%2C+Biography%2C+and+Narrative+in+Don+DeLillo%27s+Libra&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-124&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F441866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F441866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F441866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Unlock" class="citation journal cs1">Tunheim, John R. (Winter 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfk-assassination.net/arrb/tunheim.htm">"Assassination Records Review Board: Unlocking the Government's Secret Files on the Murder of a President"</a>. <i>The Public Lawyer</i>. <b>8</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Lawyer&rft.atitle=Assassination+Records+Review+Board%3A+Unlocking+the+Government%27s+Secret+Files+on+the+Murder+of+a+President&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Tunheim&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjfk-assassination.net%2Farrb%2Ftunheim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Witherspoon" class="citation journal cs1">Witherspoon, Patricia D. (Summer 1987). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Let Us Continue:" The Rhetorical Initiation of Lyndon Johnson's Presidency". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 531–539. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550444">27550444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Let+Us+Continue%3A%22+The+Rhetorical+Initiation+of+Lyndon+Johnson%27s+Presidency&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=531-539&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27550444%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Witherspoon&rft.aufirst=Patricia+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magazines">Magazines</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bagdikian" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bagdikian" title="Ben Bagdikian">Bagdikian, Ben H.</a> (December 14, 1963). <a href="/wiki/Clay_Blair" title="Clay Blair">Blair, Clay Jr.</a> (ed.). "The Assassin". <i>The Saturday Evening Post</i> (44). The Curtis Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=The+Assassin&rft.issue=44&rft.date=1963-12-14&rft.aulast=Bagdikian&rft.aufirst=Ben+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Friedman" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Rick (November 30, 1963). "Pictures of the Assassination Fall to Amateurs on Street". <i>Editor & Publisher</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Editor+%26+Publisher&rft.atitle=Pictures+of+the+Assassination+Fall+to+Amateurs+on+Street&rft.date=1963-11-30&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shawesq" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Kirkwood_Jr." title="James Kirkwood Jr.">Kirkwood Jr., James</a> (December 1, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic.esquire.com/article/1968/12/1/so-here-you-are-clay-shaw-twenty-months-and-thousands-of-dollars-after-being-charged-with-conspiracy">"So here you are, Clay Shaw, twenty months and thousands of dollars after being charged with conspiracy in the worst crime of the century. What are you doing about it?"</a>. <i>Esquire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=So+here+you+are%2C+Clay+Shaw%2C+twenty+months+and+thousands+of+dollars+after+being+charged+with+conspiracy+in+the+worst+crime+of+the+century.+What+are+you+doing+about+it%3F&rft.date=1968-12-01&rft.aulast=Kirkwood+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassic.esquire.com%2Farticle%2F1968%2F12%2F1%2Fso-here-you-are-clay-shaw-twenty-months-and-thousands-of-dollars-after-being-charged-with-conspiracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_publications_and_websites">News publications and websites</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baker" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (September 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/09/us/politics/jfk-assassination-witness-paul-landis.html?smid=em-share">"J.F.K. Assassination Witness Breaks His Silence and Raises New Questions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230910032655/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/09/us/politics/jfk-assassination-witness-paul-landis.html?smid=em-share">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=J.F.K.+Assassination+Witness+Breaks+His+Silence+and+Raises+New+Questions&rft.date=2023-09-09&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fjfk-assassination-witness-paul-landis.html%3Fsmid%3Dem-share&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baluch" class="citation news cs1">Baluch, Jerry T. (November 30, 1963). "Warren Heads Probe into Assassination". <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Troves+of+files+on+JFK+assassination+remain+secret&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.aulast=Bender&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2013%2F11%2F25%2Fgovernment-still-withholding-thousands-documents-jfk-assassination%2FPvBM2PCgW1H11vadQ4Wp4H%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Arlington" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ggburkle.htm">"Biographical sketch of Dr. George Gregory Burkley, Arlington National Cemetery"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=En+Route+to+the+Grassy+Knoll&rft.date=1995-02-26&rft.aulast=Vollman&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F05%2F20%2Fspecials%2Ftabloid.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cronkite" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/246628793">"Walter Cronkite On The Assassination Of John F. Kennedy"</a>. NPR. November 22, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628013459/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/246628793">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Walter+Cronkite+On+The+Assassination+Of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftranscripts%2F246628793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Frontline" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html">"Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930012241/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Lee+Harvey+Oswald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Foswald%2Fglimpse%2Fferrie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Electoral" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1960">"1960 Electoral College Results"</a>. National Archives. 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Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526082205/https://www.jfk.org/go/home">The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza</a> (archived May 26, 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/">The President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection</a> – National Archives and Records Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/feature/jfk-assassination/">JFK Assassination:A look back at the death of President John F. Kennedy 50 years ago</a> – CBS News</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/November-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx">"November 22, 1963: Death of the President"</a>. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=November+22%2C+1963%3A+Death+of+the+President&rft.pub=John+F.+Kennedy+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FJFK%2FJFK-in-History%2FNovember-22-1963-Death-of-the-President.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalsecurityarchive-weisberg">"Weisberg Collection on the JFK Assassination"</a> – Internet Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DFMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38">LIFE Magazine Nov. 25, 1966</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utarl/02307/arl-02307.html">John F. Kennedy Assassination Collection</a> <a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">finding aid</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington#Libraries" title="University of Texas at Arlington">University of Texas at Arlington Libraries Special Collections</a> via Texas Archival Resources Online (TARO)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle" title="John F. Kennedy assassination rifle">Assassination rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Tippit" title="J. D. Tippit">J. D. Tippit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Connally" title="Nellie Connally">Nellie Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Chanel_suit_of_Jacqueline_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy">Pink Chanel suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tague" title="James Tague">James Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greer" title="William Greer">William Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kellerman" title="Roy Kellerman">Roy Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Hill_(Secret_Service)" title="Clint Hill (Secret Service)">Clint Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zapruder" title="Abraham Zapruder">Abraham Zapruder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Floor_Museum_at_Dealey_Plaza" title="Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza">Sixth Floor Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witnesses_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Witnesses to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Altgens" title="Ike Altgens">Ike Altgens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bowers" title="Lee Bowers">Lee Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hill" title="Jean Hill">Jean Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Muchmore" title="Marie Muchmore">Marie Muchmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Nix" title="Orville Nix">Orville Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">Three tramps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babushka_Lady" title="Babushka Lady">Babushka Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Moorman" title="Mary Moorman">Mary Moorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_man_(JFK_assassination)" title="Umbrella man (JFK assassination)">Umbrella man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Autopsy of John F. Kennedy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby_Shoots_Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald">Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubenstein_v._State" title="Rubenstein v. State">Ruby v. Texas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_Dictabelt_recording" title="John F. Kennedy assassination Dictabelt recording">Dictabelt recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._McClelland" title="Robert N. McClelland">Robert N. McClelland (surgeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Baxter" title="Charles R. Baxter">Charles Baxter (physician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Perry_(physician)" title="Malcolm Perry (physician)">Malcolm Perry (physician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Rose_(coroner)" title="Earl Rose (coroner)">Earl Rose (coroner)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a>'</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badge_Man" title="Badge Man">Badge Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-bullet_theory" title="Single-bullet theory">Single-bullet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_John_F._Kennedy_Assassination_Records_Collection_Act_of_1992" title="President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992">1992 Assassination Records Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">Foreign dignitaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Burial site and Eternal Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Black Jack (horse)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Clay_Shaw" title="Trial of Clay Shaw">Jim Garrison investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">House Select Committee on Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Researchers_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">Researchers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Paine_Home" title="Ruth Paine Home">Ruth Paine Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald_Rooming_House" title="Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House">Lee Harvey Oswald Rooming House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assassinations_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assassination_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Assassination of presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Assassination_of_presidents_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Assassination of presidents of the United States (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assassination_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assassination of presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assassinations_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassinations</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">Booth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Guiteau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">William McKinley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Czolgosz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John F. Kennedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Oswald</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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