CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Maynila (historical polity) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9d371302-d75a-4ce6-ac56-0a8479016e0b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Maynila_(historical_polity)","wgTitle":"Maynila (historical polity)","wgCurRevisionId":1273685440,"wgRevisionId":1273685440,"wgArticleId":19933561,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Accuracy disputes from June 2019","All accuracy disputes","Articles that may contain original research from June 2019","All articles that may contain original research", "Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use Philippine English from February 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English","Use mdy dates from February 2023","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Pages with plain IPA","Pages with Portuguese IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017","Philippines articles missing geocoordinate data","All articles needing coordinates","Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata","1571 disestablishments","States and territories established in 1500","Precolonial barangays","Former countries in Bruneian history","Former countries in Philippine history","Historical regions","History of the Philippines (900–1565)","History of Manila","History of Luzon","States and territories established in the 1500s","1500 establishments in Asia","City-states", "Former monarchies"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Maynila_(historical_polity)","wgRelevantArticleId":19933561,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4401247", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png/1200px-Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1310"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png/800px-Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="873"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png/640px-Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="699"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Maynila (historical polity) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Maynila_historical_polity rootpage-Maynila_historical_polity skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Maynila+%28historical+polity%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Maynila+%28historical+polity%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Maynila+%28historical+polity%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Maynila+%28historical+polity%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maynila_as_the_Kingdom_of_Luzon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maynila_as_the_Kingdom_of_Luzon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Maynila as the Kingdom of Luzon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maynila_as_the_Kingdom_of_Luzon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maynila_as_a_bayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maynila_as_a_bayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Maynila as a bayan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maynila_as_a_bayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Prehistory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prehistory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistoric migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austronesian_expansion_(c._3,500_years_ago)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austronesian_expansion_(c._3,500_years_ago)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Austronesian expansion (c. 3,500 years ago) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austronesian_expansion_(c._3,500_years_ago)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagalog_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagalog_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Tagalog migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagalog_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theories_and_legends_regarding_the_establishment_of_Maynila_(c._mid-13th_century_–_c._early_16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_and_legends_regarding_the_establishment_of_Maynila_(c._mid-13th_century_–_c._early_16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Theories and legends regarding the establishment of Maynila (c. mid-13th century – c. early 16th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_and_legends_regarding_the_establishment_of_Maynila_(c._mid-13th_century_–_c._early_16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_through_defeat_of_Rajah_Avirjirkaya_by_Rajah_Ahmad_of_Brunei_(c._1258)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_through_defeat_of_Rajah_Avirjirkaya_by_Rajah_Ahmad_of_Brunei_(c._1258)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Establishment through defeat of Rajah Avirjirkaya by Rajah Ahmad of Brunei (c. 1258) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_through_defeat_of_Rajah_Avirjirkaya_by_Rajah_Ahmad_of_Brunei_(c._1258)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanhai_Zhi_annals_(1304)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanhai_Zhi_annals_(1304)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Nanhai Zhi annals (1304) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanhai_Zhi_annals_(1304)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Brunei_(early_16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Brunei_(early_16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Influence of Brunei (early 16th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Brunei_(early_16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maynila_as_Saludang/Selurong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maynila_as_Saludang/Selurong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Maynila as Saludang/Selurong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maynila_as_Saludang/Selurong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_presence_(1511_–_1540s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_presence_(1511_–_1540s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_presence_(1511_–_1540s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_conflicts_with_Tondo_(before_1521)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_conflicts_with_Tondo_(before_1521)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Territorial conflicts with Tondo (before 1521) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_conflicts_with_Tondo_(before_1521)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Prince_Ache_by_the_Elcano_expedition_(1521)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Prince_Ache_by_the_Elcano_expedition_(1521)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Capture of Prince Ache by the Elcano expedition (1521) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Prince_Ache_by_the_Elcano_expedition_(1521)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_advent_(1570s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_advent_(1570s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Spanish advent (1570s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_advent_(1570s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Class structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Leadership and governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture and society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing_and_accoutrements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing_and_accoutrements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Clothing and accoutrements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing_and_accoutrements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coexistence_with_and_syncretistic_adaptation_from_other_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coexistence_with_and_syncretistic_adaptation_from_other_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Coexistence with and syncretistic adaptation from other beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coexistence_with_and_syncretistic_adaptation_from_other_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagalog_religious_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagalog_religious_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Tagalog religious cosmology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagalog_religious_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Foreign cultural influences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_cultural_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign cultural influences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_and_cultural_influences_from_China,_India,_and_Maritime_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_cultural_influences_from_China,_India,_and_Maritime_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Trade and cultural influences from China, India, and Maritime Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_cultural_influences_from_China,_India,_and_Maritime_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_Islamization_in_Luzon_(1175_–_1500s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_Islamization_in_Luzon_(1175_–_1500s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Beginnings of Islamization in Luzon (1175 – 1500s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_Islamization_in_Luzon_(1175_–_1500s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Redistribution_of_Chinese_and_Japanese_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redistribution_of_Chinese_and_Japanese_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Redistribution of Chinese and Japanese goods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redistribution_of_Chinese_and_Japanese_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crop_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Crop production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_rulers_of_Maynila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_rulers_of_Maynila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notable rulers of Maynila </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_rulers_of_Maynila-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable rulers of Maynila subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_rulers_of_Maynila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_rulers_of_Maynila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_rulers_of_Maynila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Historical rulers of Maynila </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_rulers_of_Maynila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legendary_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Legendary rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Maynila (historical polity)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" > 10 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Manila" title="Reino de Manila – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Manila" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Maynila" title="Royaume de Maynila – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Maynila" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Manila" title="Kerajaan Manila – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Manila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Maynila" title="Regno di Maynila – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Maynila" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Manila" title="Kerajaan Manila – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Manila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Селудонг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Селудонг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Maynila" title="Kaharian ng Maynila – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian ng Maynila" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynila_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Maynila Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maynila Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Маніла (країна) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маніла (країна)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%BC%E6%8B%89%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="梅尼拉王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梅尼拉王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4401247#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Maynila_(historical_polity)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Maynila_(historical_polity)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&oldid=1273685440" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Maynila_%28historical_polity%29&id=1273685440&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaynila_%28historical_polity%29">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMaynila_%28historical_polity%29">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Maynila_%28historical_polity%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4401247" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major historical polity in Luzon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Special:EditPage/Maynila (historical polity)">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Talk:Maynila (historical polity)">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Maynila_(historical_polity)#Disputed" title="Talk:Maynila (historical polity)">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Maynila</div><div class="ib-country-names">Bayan ng Maynila (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1046610773">.mw-parser-output .script-baybayin{font-family:"Tagalog Stylized","Baybayin Lopez","Tagalog Doctrina 1593","Noto Sans Tagalog","Noto Sans Hanunoo",Code2000}</style>ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜌ᜔ᜈᜒᜎ (<a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1571</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Maynila_(1570).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the fortified bayan of Maynila (colored yellow) in 1570."><img alt="Location of the fortified bayan of Maynila (colored yellow) in 1570." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png/250px-Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png/375px-Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png/500px-Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2734" data-file-height="2984" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of the fortified bayan of Maynila (colored yellow) in 1570.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Classical_Malay" title="History of the Malay language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[Notes 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog polytheism">Hinduised Tagalog polytheism</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osborne2004-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jocano2001-5">[4]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah">Rajah</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 1500s – c. 1521 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Salalila" title="Rajah Salalila">Salalila</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• c. 1521 – August 1572 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Ache</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1571–1575 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Sulayman III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment of Maynila and conversion to Islam </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Death of Rajah Salalila and territorial conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> before 1521</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Marriage between Prince Ache and a princess of Brunei </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1521</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Capture and release of Prince Ache by the first Castilian expedition to the Moluccas </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1521</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Battle of Manila</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1570</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Rajah Ache's allegiance to the Kingdom of Spain<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1571</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Gold coin</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan"> Pasig</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines"> Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Manila (province)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width:15em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:History of the Philippines">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/338px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carta_Hydrographica_y_Chorographica_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas_Dedicada_al_Rey_Nuestro_Se%C3%B1or_por_el_Mariscal_d._Campo_D._Fernando_Valdes_Tamon_Cavall%C2%BA_del_Orden_de_Santiago_de_Govor._Y_Capn.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="4365" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistoric period</a> (pre-900)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines#Kalinga_artifacts_and_fossil_fauna_remains" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Early hominin activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">Homo luzonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Man" title="Tabon Man">Tabon Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_migration_to_the_Philippines" title="Models of migration to the Philippines">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angono_Petroglyphs" title="Angono Petroglyphs">Angono Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Precolonial barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul> Events/Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Cordillera Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_grave_goods_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric grave goods in the Philippines">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_beads_in_the_Philippines" title="Prehistoric beads in the Philippines">Prehistoric beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_tools_in_the_Philippines" title="Shell tools in the Philippines">Shell tools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Precolonial period</a> (900–1565)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;">Historically documented states/polities (north to south) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan (historical polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu (historical state)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Sultanates of Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li></ul> Events/Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas" title="Maragtas">Maragtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_tombs_of_Kamhantik" title="Limestone tombs of Kamhantik">Limestone tombs of Kamhantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabayan_Mummies" title="Kabayan Mummies">Kabayan Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijang" title="Ijang">Batanes Ijang fortresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Golden Tara of Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Silver_Paleograph" title="Butuan Silver Paleograph">Butuan Silver Paleograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloncitos" title="Piloncitos">Piloncitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter_rings" title="Barter rings">Barter rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> (1565–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;">Events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi#Expedition_to_the_Philippines" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandugo" title="Sandugo">Sandugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cebu_(1565)" title="Treaty of Cebu (1565)">Treaty of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Cebu" title="Blockade of Cebu">Blockade of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">Spanish capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay" title="Battle of Bangkusay">Battle of Bangkusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_Conspiracy" title="Tondo Conspiracy">Tondo Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Revolts and uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_resistance_to_Spanish_colonization" title="Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization">Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny" title="1872 Cavite mutiny">1872 Cavite mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)" title="Battle of Manila (1898)">American capture of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li></ul> Artifacts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Baybayin_Documents" title="University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents">UST Baybayin Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarde_map" title="Velarde map">Velarde map</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> (1898–1946)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Negros Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Zamboanga Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippine resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap" title="Hukbalahap">Hukbalahap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Post-independence</a> (1946–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93Philippines)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukbalahap Rebellion">Hukbalahap Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_First_policy" title="Filipino First policy">Filipino First policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos era</a> (1965–1986)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_armed_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines">Communist rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#Martial_law_(1972–1981)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Contemporary period</a> (1986–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Philippine_campaign_against_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="2000 Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front">2000 campaign against the MILF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">2nd People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_III" title="EDSA III">EDSA III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood_mutiny" title="Oakwood mutiny">Oakwood mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">Territorial disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Siege of Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Ancient religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Philippine_consorts" title="List of ancient Philippine consorts">Queen consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence_of_agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Emergence of agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Philippines" title="List of conflicts in the Philippines">Conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">Cultural achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Filipino_diet_and_health" title="Ancient Filipino diet and health">Diet and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines#History" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Philippines" title="Historiography of the Philippines">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of medicine in the Philippines">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Baybayin_Ba.svg/40px-Baybayin_Ba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Baybayin_Ba.svg/60px-Baybayin_Ba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Baybayin_Ba.svg/80px-Baybayin_Ba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> script. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Baybayin" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Baybayin characters.</div></div> </div> Maynila, also known commonly as Manila, was a major <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayan_(political_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan (political entity)">bayan</a> ("country" or "city-state")<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> situated along the modern-day district of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, at the southern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abinales2005-8">[7]</a> It was considered to be one of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine archipelago">Philippine archipelago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_pre-colonial_Philippines#Fortifications" title="Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines">fortified</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">wooden palisade</a> which was appropriate for the <a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_pre-colonial_Philippines#Scorched_earth_tactics" title="Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines">predominant battle tactics of its time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> At the northern bank of the river lies the separately-led polity of <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo.</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> Maynila was led by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">paramount rulers</a> who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja".<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> In popular literature and in <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">history texts from the first few decades after Philippine independence</a>, precolonial Maynila is often referred to as the "Kingdom of Maynila", and its Rajas portrayed as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a "<a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">monopoly on the legitimate use of force</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rafael2005-10">[9]</a> Instead, limited population sizes, the ready availability of land, and seasonally migratory agricultural practices meant that their authority was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations vis a vis clearly defined territorial dominion.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScottSlavery-11">[10]</a> Maynila is sometimes interpreted to be the Kingdom of Luzon, although some historians suggest that this might rather refer to the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> region as a whole, expanding the possible dominion of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso2016-12">[11]</a> The earliest oral traditions suggest that Maynila was founded as a Muslim settlement as early as the 1250s, supposedly supplanting an even older pre-Islamic settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> However, the earliest archeological findings for organized human settlements in the area dates to around 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> By the 16th century, it was already an important trading center, with extensive political ties with the Sultanate of Brunei and extensive trade relations with traders from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> With Tondo, the polity on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, it established a duopoly on the intraarchipelagic trade of Chinese goods.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> For political reasons, the historical rulers of Maynila maintained close cognatic ties through intermarriage with the ruling houses of the Sultanate of Brunei, but Brunei's political influence over Maynila is not considered to have extended to military or political rule.<a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> Intermarriage was a common strategy for large <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thassalocratic</a> states such as Brunei to extend their influence, and for local rulers such as those of Maynila to help strengthen their family claims to nobility.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Actual political and military rule over the large distances characteristic of Maritime Southeast Asia was not possible until relatively modern times.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> By 1570, Maynila was under the rule of two <a href="/wiki/Paramount_ruler" title="Paramount ruler">paramount rulers</a> (the more senior <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a> and the younger <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a>), who in turn had several lower-ranked rulers ("<a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datu</a>") under them.<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> This was the political situation encountered by <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Goiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin de Goiti">Martin de Goiti</a> when he attacked Maynila in May of that year.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales2005-8">[7]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1570)" title="Battle of Manila (1570)">"Battle of Maynila"</a> ended with a fire that destroyed the fortified settlement of Maynila,<a href="#cite_note-Abinales2005-8">[7]</a> although it is not clear whether the fire was set by Goiti or by the inhabitants themselves as part of the scorched earth tactics typically used in the archipelago during that era.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> Maynila had been partially rebuilt by the following year, 1571, when the full forces of de Goiti's superior, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a>, arrived in the city to claim it as a territory of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales2005-8">[7]</a> After extensive negotiations with the leaders of Maynila and those of the neighbouring settlement in Tondo,<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Maynila was declared as the new Spanish <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">city of Manila</a> on June 24, 1571, effectively ending Maynila's history as an independent polity.<a href="#cite_note-Abinales2005-8">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Laura Lee Junker, in her 1998 review of primary sources regarding archaic Philippine polities, lists the primary sources of information regarding the river delta polities of Maynila and Tondo as "Malay texts, Philippine oral traditions, Chinese tributary records and geographies, early Spanish writings, and archaeological evidence."<a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> Primary sources for the history of Rajah Kalamayin's <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a>, further upriver, include artifacts dug up from archaeological digs (the earliest of which was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_Fox" title="Robert Bradford Fox">Robert Fox</a>’s<a href="#cite_note-LocsinandLocsin1967-16">[15]</a> work for the National Museum in 1977) and Spanish colonial records (most notably those compiled by the 19th century Franciscan Historian <a href="/wiki/Fray_Felix_Huerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Felix Huerta">Fray Felix Huerta</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Huerta1865-17">[16]</a> Junker noted the inherent biases of each of the written sources, emphasizing the need to counter-check their narratives with one another, and with empirical archeological evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manila#Etymology" title="Manila">Manila § Etymology</a></div> Maynilà comes from the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> phrase may-nilà, which translates to "where indigo is found."<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a> Nilà is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word nīla (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:नील">नील</a>) which refers to <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, and, by extension, to <a href="/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">several plant species</a> from which this natural <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> can be extracted.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-chamberlain-19">[18]</a> The Maynilà name is more likely in reference to the presence of indigo-yielding plants growing in the area surrounding the settlement, rather than Maynilà being known as a settlement that trades in indigo dye,<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a> since the settlement was founded several hundred years before indigo dye extraction became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a> The native <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> name for the indigo plant, tayum (or variations thereof)<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-medicinal-20">[19]</a> actually finds use in another toponym within the Manila area: <a href="/wiki/Tayuman_Street" title="Tayuman Street">Tayuman</a>, "where the indigo (plant) is." An inaccurate but nevertheless persistent etymology asserts the origin of the placename as may-nilad ("where nilad is found").<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a> Here, nilad refers to either: (incorrectly) the <a href="/wiki/Water_hyacinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hyacinth">water hyacinth</a> (Eichhornia crassipes), which is a colonial introduction to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and therefore could not have been the plant species referred to in the toponym; or (correctly) a shrub-like tree (<a href="/wiki/Scyphiphora_hydrophyllacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea">Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea</a>, formerly Ixora manila Blanco<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a>) found in or near <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamps,<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a> and known as nilád or nilár in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-merrill-22">[21]</a> From a linguistic perspective, it is unlikely for native <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> speakers to completely drop the final consonant /d/ in nilad to achieve the present form Maynilà.<a href="#cite_note-baumgartner-18">[17]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth Ocampo</a> also states that in all early documents the place had always been called "Maynilà" (eventually adopted into <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> as Manila) — and never referred to with the final /d/.<a href="#cite_note-ambeth-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-lookingback-24">[23]</a> Despite the may-nilad etymology being erroneous, it continues to be perpetuated through uncritical repetition in both literature<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saenger-26">[25]</a> and popular imagination.<a href="#cite_note-ambeth-23">[22]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg/210px-Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg/315px-Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg/420px-Captioned_Detail_of_Jean_Mallat_1846_Illustration_Tagalog_Couple_Pounding_Rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Detail of an illustration from Jean Mallat's 1846 book "The Philippines: history, geography, customs, agriculture, industry, and commerce of the Spanish colonies in Oceania", showing "a Tagalog couple pounding rice." The mortar depicted is known as a lusong, a large, cylindrical, deep-mouthed wooden mortal used to de-husk rice.<a href="#cite_note-EulitoandJavier2008-27">[26]</a>: 44  Linguist Jean Paul Potet explains that the Old Tagalog name of the Pasig River delta,<a href="#cite_note-Potet2013-28">[27]</a> in which Tondo was located, was derived from this mortar.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maynila_as_the_Kingdom_of_Luzon">Maynila as the Kingdom of Luzon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maynila as the Kingdom of Luzon">edit</a>]</div> Portuguese and Spanish records in the 1500s<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> state that Maynila was the same as the kingdom that was referred to as the Kingdom of Luzon (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Luçon, possibly from the name "Lusong"), and whose citizens had been called "<a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A7%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Luções">Luções</a>".<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso2016-12">[11]</a> Magellan expedition member Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz's account of the events of 1521 specifically describes<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> how the Magellan expedition, then under the command of Sebastian Elcano after the death of Magellan, captured of one of the Luções:<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Prince Ache, who would later be known as <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a>, who was then serving as a commander of the Naval forces of Brunei.<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> Aganduru Moriz described the "young prince" as being "the Prince of Luzon - or Manila, which is the same.”<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> corroborated by fellow expedition member Gines de Mafra<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> and the account of expedition scribe Antonio Pigaffetta.<a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b-30">[29]</a> This description of Ache as "King of Luzon" was further confirmed by the Visayan allies of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who, learning that he wanted to "befriend" the ruler of Luzon, led him to write a letter to Ache, whom he addressed as the "King of Luzon".<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Kapampangan researcher Ian Christopher Alfonso,<a href="#cite_note-Alfonso2016-12">[11]</a> however, notes that the demonym Luções was probably expansive enough to include even Kapampangan sailors, such as the sailors from Hagonoy and Macabebe who would later be involved in the 1571 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bangkusay Channel">Battle of Bangkusay Channel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alfonso2016-12">[11]</a> The name Luzon, which French linguist Jean-Paul Potet explains was the name given to the Pasig River delta area,<a href="#cite_note-Potet2013-28">[27]</a> is thought to derive from the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> word lusong, which is a large wooden <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar</a> used in dehusking rice.<a href="#cite_note-EulitoandJavier2008-27">[26]</a> A 2008 PIDS research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a Lusong, and explains that, <blockquote>"Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages."<a href="#cite_note-EulitoandJavier2008-27">[26]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maynila_as_a_bayan">Maynila as a bayan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maynila as a bayan">edit</a>]</div> According to the earliest Tagalog dictionaries,<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> large coastal settlements like Tondo and Maynila, which were ultimately led by a lakan or rajah, were called bayan in the Tagalog language.<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1990-31">[30]</a> This term (which is translated today as "town") was common among the various languages of the Philippine archipelago,<a href="#cite_note-Odal2000-32">[31]</a> and eventually came to refer to the entire Philippines, alongside the word bansa (or bangsa, meaning "nation"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Manila" title="Timeline of Manila">Timeline of Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Timeline of Philippine history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History of Manila</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_migrations">Prehistoric migrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistoric migrations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Manila" title="Prehistory of Manila">Prehistory of Manila</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austronesian_expansion_(c._3,500_years_ago)">Austronesian expansion (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3,500 years ago)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austronesian expansion (c. 3,500 years ago)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/320px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/480px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/640px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the extent of the Austronesian expansion.</figcaption></figure>There is some debate<a href="#cite_note-Alvina2011-33">[32]</a> about whether the Austronesian culture first came to the island of Luzon from continental Asia as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Peter Bellwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Alvina2011-33">[32]</a> or from Maritime Southeast Asia as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solheim" title="Wilhelm Solheim">Wilhelm Solheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Meacham" title="William Meacham">William Meacham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alvina2011-33">[32]</a> But whichever route these Austronesians first used to get to the Philippine archipelago, the general consensus among scholars<a href="#cite_note-Alvina2011-33">[32]</a> is that they settled on what is now the island of Luzon during the earliest stages of their migratory dispersal no later than about 3,500 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Alvina2011-33">[32]</a> and later waves of migration spread from the Philippine archipelago to reach as far east as Easter Island,<a href="#cite_note-Langdon2001-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vantilburg1994-35">[34]</a> and as far west as Madagascar.<a href="#cite_note-Burney2004-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dewar1993-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tagalog_migrations">Tagalog migrations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tagalog migrations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog people</a></div> Not much is known about when the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples came to occupy the lands surrounding Manila Bay, but <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> such as Dr. <a href="/wiki/David_Zorc" class="mw-redirect" title="David Zorc">David Zorc</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Northeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> or the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>. The Tagalog language is believed to have branched out from a hypothesized "proto-language" which linguists have dubbed "Proto-Philippine language," another branch of which was the <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zorc1977-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust1991-39">[38]</a> Some Filipino historians such as Jaime Tiongson<a href="#cite_note-Tiongson20061111-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tiongson20061129-41">[40]</a> have asserted that some of the words used in the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a> came from <a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a>, although the text itself used the Javanese <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Postma-42">[41]</a> Like the majority of peoples of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, the Tagalog people who established the fortified polity of Maynila were <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesians</a>.: 12 <a href="#cite_note-Alvina20112-43">[42]</a> They had a rich, complex culture, with its own expressions of language and writing, religion, art, and music. This Austronesian culture was already in place before the cultural influences of China, the southern thassalocracatic mandalas of Srivijaya and Majapahit, and Brunei, and eventually, the western colonial powers. The core elements of this Austronesian culture also persisted despite the introductions of Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and, later, Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Maggay19992-44">[43]</a> Elements of these belief systems were syncretized by the Tagalogs to enrich their already-existing worldviews, elements of which still persist today in the syncretic forms of folk Catholicism and folk Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Maggay19992-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soulbook2-45">[44]</a> These Austronesian cultures are defined by their languages, and by a number of key technologies including the cultural prominence of boats, the construction of thatched houses on piles, the cultivation of tubers and rice, and a characteristic social organization typically led by a “big man” or “man of power”. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_and_legends_regarding_the_establishment_of_Maynila_(c._mid-13th_century_–_c._early_16th_century)">Theories and legends regarding the establishment of Maynila (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> mid-13th century – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> early 16th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theories and legends regarding the establishment of Maynila (c. mid-13th century – c. early 16th century)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_through_defeat_of_Rajah_Avirjirkaya_by_Rajah_Ahmad_of_Brunei_(c._1258)">Establishment through defeat of Rajah Avirjirkaya by Rajah Ahmad of Brunei (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1258)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Establishment through defeat of Rajah Avirjirkaya by Rajah Ahmad of Brunei (c. 1258)">edit</a>]</div> According to Mariano A. Henson's genealogical research<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> (later brought up by Majul in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-Majul1973-47">[46]</a> and by Santiago in 1990)<a href="#cite_note-Santiago1990-48">[47]</a> a settlement in the Maynila area already existed by the year 1258. This settlement was ruled by "Rajah Avirjirkaya" whom Henson described as a "Majapahit Suzerain". According to Henson, this settlement was attacked by a Bruneian commander named Rajah Ahmad, who defeated Avirjirkaya and established Maynila as a "Muslim principality".<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nanhai_Zhi_annals_(1304)">Nanhai Zhi annals (1304)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nanhai Zhi annals (1304)">edit</a>]</div> The Chinese History Annals, the Nanhai Zhi (South Seas Chronicles) made mentions of polities such as Malilu (麻裏蘆), Mayi (麻逸), Meikun (美昆), Puduan (蒲端), Sulou (苏录), Shahuchong (沙胡重), Yachen (哑陈), Manaluonu (麻拿囉奴) and Wenduling (文杜陵), which was ruled by Foni (佛坭).<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> According to Chinese historian Wang Zhenping,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> the locations mentioned in the chronicle can be attributed to the following modern equivalent places: <ul><li>Foni (佛坭) - <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li>Malilu (麻裏蘆) - Manila or <a href="/wiki/Polillo,_Quezon" title="Polillo, Quezon">Polillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Mayi</a> (麻逸) - <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a></li> <li>Meikun (美昆) - <a href="/wiki/Manukan,_Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Manukan, Zamboanga del Norte">Manukan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a></li> <li>Puduan (蒲端) - <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li>Sulou (苏录) - <a href="/wiki/Lupah_Sug" title="Lupah Sug">Sulu</a></li> <li>Shahuchong (沙胡重) - <a href="/wiki/Siocon" title="Siocon">Siocon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Siaton" title="Siaton">Siaton</a></li> <li>Yachen (哑陈) - <a href="/wiki/Oton" title="Oton">Oton</a></li> <li>Manaluonu (麻拿囉奴) - <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a> or the Malanu tribe in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li>Wenduling (文杜陵) - <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Mindanao</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Brunei_(early_16th_century)">Influence of Brunei (early 16th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Influence of Brunei (early 16th century)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunei_Empire_Extent_15th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Brunei_Empire_Extent_15th_century.svg/220px-Brunei_Empire_Extent_15th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Brunei_Empire_Extent_15th_century.svg/330px-Brunei_Empire_Extent_15th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Brunei_Empire_Extent_15th_century.svg/440px-Brunei_Empire_Extent_15th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>By the start of the 16th century, the Bruneian Empire exerted influence over the western shores of the Philippines.</figcaption></figure> Maynila, along with Tondo, was a prosperous trading settlement by the 16th century, ruled by Bruneian aristocrats intermarried with the Tagalog elite. The ruling class were fluent in both Malay and Tagalog, and many of the people in Maynila were literate, compared to those of the Visayas. It was because of this relationship that the Tagalog language used in Maynila began absorbing Malay words into their own vocabulary. Somewhere in the early 16th century, the ruler of Maynila, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Salalila" title="Rajah Salalila">Rajah Salalila</a> or Panguiran Salalila, was married to a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bolkiah" title="Bolkiah">Sultan Bolkiah</a> and princess Puteri Laila Menchanai of Sulu.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Apart from ruling over Maynila, Panguiran Salalila was also acknowledged by the chiefs of Mindoro to be their overlord.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maynila_as_Saludang/Selurong">Maynila as Saludang/Selurong</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maynila as Saludang/Selurong">edit</a>]</div> In the 14th century, according to the epic eulogy poem <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>, which was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Madjapahit</a>, Saludang, also called Seludong/Selurung was listed in Canto 14 alongside Sulot (<a href="/wiki/Sulu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Province">Sulu</a>) and Kalka as its territories.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The idea of Maynila being Saludang was first mentioned in a book by Cesar A. Majul titled 'Muslims in the Philippines' (1973), stating:<blockquote>"Brunei Sultan Bulkeiah (Nakhoda Ragam), who "was the Rajah who conquered the kingdom of Soolook and made a dependency of the country of Selurong, the Rajah of which was called DATOH GAMBAN", according to the Brunei Selesilah. Now, according to Brunei tradition, Selurong is said to be "in the island of Luzon and the site of the present town of Manila".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a>: 79 </blockquote>Many other scholars, such as William Henry Scott (1994) and Mohammed Jamil Al-Sufri (2000),<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> acknowledged the theory of Maynila as Selurong/Saludang. Scott noted that "according to Bruneian folk history",<a href="#cite_note-Scott19942-55">[54]</a>: 191  [ ] "Manila was probably founded as a Bornean trading colony about 1500, with a royal prince marrying into the local ruling family."<a href="#cite_note-Scott19942-55">[54]</a>: 191  In the original Selesilah however,<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[55]</a>: 11 Datu Imam Aminuddin mentions: <blockquote>"... and the Sultan begot Sultan Bolkiah, who fought a war with the people of Sulu and defeated the kingdoms of Sulu and Seludang whose ruler was Datu Gamban. Sultan Bolkiah was also named by the elders as 'Nakhoda Ragam'. He married Princess Lela Manjani (Menchanai)."<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[55]</a>: 11 </blockquote>French linguist Jean-Paul Potet notes that "According to some, Luzon and Manila would have been called Seludong or Selurong by the Malays of Brunei before the Spanish conquest (Cebu 1565, Manila 1571)."<a href="#cite_note-Potet20132-57">[56]</a>: 122  However, Potet also points out that "there is no text to support this claim. Conversely, Borneo has a mountain site called Seludong."<a href="#cite_note-Potet20132-57">[56]</a>: 122  Saunders (1994) meanwhile suggests that Saludang or Seludang is located on the Serudong River in eastern <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_presence_(1511_–_1540s)">Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portuguese presence (1511 – 1540s)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A7%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Luções">Luções</a></div> During the early 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> sailors in Malaysia<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> referred to the Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay ("Lusong", <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Luçon)<a href="#cite_note-Pires-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lach-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reid-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso2016-12">[11]</a> Luções (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Portuguese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[luˈsõjʃ]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish</a>: Luzones). Surviving primary documents referring to these Luções include the accounts of <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a> (1614);<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a> (whose written documents were published in 1944);<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> and the survivors of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>'s expedition, including expedition members Gines de Mafra<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> and Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> and the Italian scholar <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a><a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b-30">[29]</a> who served as the expedition's primary scribe, and published his account in 1524.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> The Portuguese first established a presence in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">their capture of Malacca in 1511</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Newton1929-62">[61]</a> and their contacts with the seafarers they described as Luções (lit. people from "lusong", the area now known as Manila Bay)<a href="#cite_note-Scott19943-63">[62]</a> became the first European accounts of the Tagalog people,<a href="#cite_note-Reid2-64">[63]</a> as Anthony Reid recounts:<blockquote>The first European reports on the Tagalogs classify them as "Luzons", a nominally Muslim commercial people trading out of Manila, and "almost one people" with the Malays of Brunei.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2-64">[63]</a></blockquote>The Portuguese chronicler <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tome Pires</a> noted that in their own country, the Luções had "foodstuffs, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, honey, inferior grade gold", had no king, and were governed instead by a group of elders.<a href="#cite_note-Pires2-65">[64]</a> They traded with tribes from Borneo and Indonesia, and Filipino historians note that the language of the Luções was one of the 80 different languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> As skilled sailors, the Lucoes were actively involved in the political and military/naval affairs of those who sought to take control of the economically strategic highway of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, serving in the fleets of the Sultans of Ache<a href="#cite_note-Pinto-67">[66]</a> and Brunei,<a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b2-68">[67]</a> and the former Sultan of Malacca,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Scholars have suggested that they may have served as highly skilled naval mercenaries sought after by various fleets of the time.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2-64">[63]</a> Portuguese and Spanish accounts from the early<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz18822-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b2-68">[67]</a> to mid<a href="#cite_note-Scott19943-63">[62]</a> 1500s state that the Maynila polity was the same as the "kingdom"<a href="#cite_note-71">[Notes 2]</a> that had been referred to as the "Kingdom of Luzon" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Luçon, locally called "Lusong"), and whose residents had been called "Luções".<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz18822-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b2-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott19943-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dery20012-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfonso20162-73">[71]</a> However, Kapampangan scholars such as Ian Christopher Alfonso<a href="#cite_note-Alfonso20162-73">[71]</a> add that it is also possible that while the Portuguese and Spanish chroniclers specifically equated "Luçon" with Rajah Matanda's Maynila polity, the description may have been expansive enough to describe other polities in the Manila bay area, including Tondo as well as the Kapampangans of Hagonoy and Macabebe.<a href="#cite_note-Alfonso20162-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_conflicts_with_Tondo_(before_1521)">Territorial conflicts with Tondo (before 1521)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Territorial conflicts with Tondo (before 1521)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the account of Rajah Matanda as recalled by Magellan expedition members Gines de Mafra, Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz, and expedition scribe Antonio Pigafetta, Rajah Matanda's father (whose name was not mentioned in the accounts) died when he was still very young. Rajah Matanda's mother (also unnamed in the Spanish accounts) then became the paramount ruler of the Maynila polity. In the meantime, Rajah Matanda, then simply known as the "Young Prince" Ache,<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> was raised alongside his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo, although not specifically named in the Spanish accounts.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> During this time, Ache realized that his cousin, who was ruler of Tondo, was "slyly", taking advantage of Ache's mother, by taking over territory belonging to Maynila. When Ache asked his mother for permission to address the matter, his mother refused, encouraging the young prince to keep his peace instead. Prince Ache could not accept this and thus left Maynila with some of his father's trusted men, to go to his "grandfather", the Sultan of Brunei, to ask for assistance. The Sultan responded by giving Ache a position as commander of his naval force.<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> Pigaffetta noted that Ache was "much feared in these parts", but especially the non-Muslim locals, who considered the Sultan of Brunei an enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Prince_Ache_by_the_Elcano_expedition_(1521)">Capture of Prince Ache by the Elcano expedition (1521)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Capture of Prince Ache by the Elcano expedition (1521)">edit</a>]</div> In 1521, Ache was coming fresh from a military victory at the helm of the Bruneian navy as he just razed the Buddhist city of Laoue in Southwest Borneo to the ground, under orders from his grandfather, the Bruneian Sultan,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and was supposedly on his way to Maynila with the intent of confronting his cousin when he came upon and attacked the remnants of the Magellan expedition, then under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Elcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Elcano">Sebastian Elcano</a>. Some historians<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-RizalAche-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> suggest that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by a desire to expand his fleet even further as he made his way back to Lusong and Maynila,<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> where he could use the size of his fleet as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> Ache was eventually released,<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> supposedly after the payment of a large ransom.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> One of Ache's slaves, who was not included in the ransom payment, then became a translator for the Elcano expedition.<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_advent_(1570s)">Spanish advent (1570s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spanish advent (1570s)">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-16th century, the areas of present-day Manila were governed by native rajahs. <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a> (whose real name was recorded by the Legaspi expedition as Ache) and his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a> "Rajah Mura" or "Rajah Muda" (a Sanskrit title for a Prince), ruled the Muslim communities south of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>, including Maynila while <a href="/wiki/Lakandula" title="Lakandula">Lakandula</a> ruled non-Muslim Tondo north of the river.<a href="#cite_note-JoaquinManila-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> These settlements held ties with the sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>). Maynila was centered on a fortress (kota) along the Pasig delta. When the Spanish came and invaded Manila they described the bayan as a settlement with a fortress of <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockades</a> lined with <a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">cannons</a> (lantaka) between <a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">battlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The cannons were locally manufactured and forged by Panday Piray. When the Spanish invaded and burned the kota to the ground, they built up the Christian walled city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> on the ruins of Islamic Manila. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_structure">Class structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Class structure">edit</a>]</div> The precolonial Tagalog barangays of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a> had a more complex social structure than the Visayans (except for lowland Panay), directly participating in commerce elsewhere with the rest of Southeast and East Asia through their Bornean political contacts and proximity to the South China Sea tradewinds, and engaging in widespread <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet rice agriculture</a> provided by the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savanna</a> landscape. The Tagalogs were thus described by the Spanish Augustinian friar <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Rada" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin de Rada">Martin de Rada</a> as more traders than warriors.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In his seminal 1994 work "Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society" (further simplified in the briefer by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office in 2015), historian <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">William Henry Scott</a> delineates the three classes of Tagalog society during the 1500s:<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>the maginoo<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a> (ruling class), which included the Lakan or Rajah and the Datus under him;</li> <li>A class described as "Freemen"<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a> consisting of timawa and maharlika; and</li> <li>Alipin (slaves),<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a> which could further be subcategorized as aliping namamahay or alipin sa gigilid.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leadership_and_governance">Leadership and governance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Leadership and governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">Paramount rulers in early Philippine history</a></div> One of the most cosmopolitan of the early historic settlements on the Philippine archipelago, Maynila was led by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">paramount rulers</a> who were referred to using the Malay title of "Raja," which is in turn derived from the Sanskrit language.<a href="#cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> In popular literature, Maynila is often referred to as a "kingdom", and its Rajas as "kings," even if they did not exercise sovereignty in the technical sense of achieving a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">"monopoly on the legitimate use of force"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rafael2005-10">[9]</a> Because population density throughout the archipelago was very low<a href="#cite_note-ScottSlavery-11">[10]</a> and agricultural practices involved regularly changing planting locations every season and year to maximize the fertility value of the soil,<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> rulership was based on interpersonal loyalty structures and social obligations rather than clearly defined territorial dominion.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ScottSlavery-11">[10]</a> These leaders butressed their right to rule by gaining prestige, notably by establishing trade and family relations with other regional powers.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> This was manifested in these leaders taking on foreign symbols of prestige such as the sanskrit title raja and nominaly claiming Islamic beliefs, although early chroniclers noted that the population at large did not seem to hold on to Islamic beliefs and practices and continued, for example, to retain pork as an important part of their diet.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture and society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing_and_accoutrements">Clothing and accoutrements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Clothing and accoutrements">edit</a>]</div> Early Spanish accounts describe the Tagalogs as using local plants to dye their cotton clothing.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> This included tayum or tagum, which produced a blue dye, and dilao, which produced a yellow dye.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Unlike the Bicolanos and Visayans to the east and south and the peoples of the northern Luzon highlands, the Tagalogs did not practice tattooing.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> In fact, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a> used tattooedness as a pejorative description when the Spanish forces first met him; Sulayman said that Tagalogs were unlike the "painted" Visayans, and thus would not allow themselves to be taken advantage of as easily.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people</a></div> Historical accounts,<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> supported by archeological and linguistic evidence<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Odal2000-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> and corroborated by anthropological studies,<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> show that the Tagalog people, including those in Tondo and Maynila, practiced a set of Austronesian beliefs and practices which date back to the arrival of Austronesian peoples,<a href="#cite_note-Almocera2005-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-BenitezJohannot2011-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> although various elements were later syncretized from Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-Osborne2004-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> The Tagalogs did not have a specific name for this set of religious beliefs and practices, although later scholars and popular writers refer to it as Anitism,<a href="#cite_note-Almocera2005-79">[77]</a> or, less accurately, using the general term animism.<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coexistence_with_and_syncretistic_adaptation_from_other_beliefs">Coexistence with and syncretistic adaptation from other beliefs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Coexistence with and syncretistic adaptation from other beliefs">edit</a>]</div> One specific exception to the predominance of Anitism in early Tondo and Maynila was that the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">apex-level leaders</a> of these polities identified themselves as Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> as did the migrant sailor <a href="/wiki/Luzones" title="Luzones">Luzones</a> who were encountered by early 15th century chroniclers in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osborne2004-4">[3]</a> However, the various ethnographic reports of the period indicate that this seemed to only be a nominal identification ("Muslim by name") because there was only a surface level acknowledgement of Muslim norms (avoidance of pork, non-consumption of blood, etc.) without an "understanding of Mohammedan teachings."<a href="#cite_note-B&R3Anonymous1572-81">[79]</a> Scholars generally believe that this nominal practice of Islam actually represented the early stages of Islamization, which would have seen a much more extensive practice of Muslim beliefs<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> had the Spanish not arrived and introduced their brand of Iberian Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-Maggay1999-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Osborne (2004) describes a similar process of "adaptation" happening in connection with Hindu and Buddhist influences in the various cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia,<a href="#cite_note-Osborne2004-4">[3]</a> and emphasizes that this "indianization" of Southeast Asia did not per-se overwrite existing indigenous patterns, cultures, and beliefs: <blockquote>"Because Indian culture “came” to Southeast Asia, one must not think that Southeast Asians lacked a culture of their own. Indeed, the generally accepted view is that Indian culture made such an impact on Southeast Asia because it fitted easily with the existing cultural patterns and religious beliefs of populations that had already moved a considerable distance along the path of civilization.[…] Southeast Asians, to summarize the point, borrowed but they also adapted. In some very important cases, they did not need to borrow at all.<a href="#cite_note-Osborne2004-4">[3]</a>: 24 "</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tagalog_religious_cosmology">Tagalog religious cosmology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tagalog religious cosmology">edit</a>]</div> The Tagalog belief system was more or less anchored on the idea that the world is inhabited by spirits and supernatural entities, both good and bad, and that respect must be accorded to them through worship.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> According to the early Spanish missionary-ethnographers, the Tagalog people believed in a creator-god named Bathala,<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a> whom they referred to both as maylicha (creator; lit. "actor of creation") and maycapal (lord, or almighty; lit. "actor of power").<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Loarca and Chirino also report that in some places, they were "Molayri" (Molaiari) or "Diwata" (Dioata)." However, these early missionary-ethnographers also noted that the Tagalogs did not include Bathala in their daily acts of worship (pagaanito).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Buenaventura was informed that this was because the Tagalogs believed Bathala was too mighty and distant to be bothered with the concerns of mortal man, and so the Tagalogs focused their acts of appeasement to "lesser" deities and powers,<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a> immediate spirits which they believed had control over their day-to-day life.<a href="#cite_note-Maggay1999-82">[80]</a> Because the Tagalogs did not have a collective word to describe all these spirits together, Spanish missionaries eventually decided to call them "anito," since they were the subject of the Tagalog's act of pagaanito (worship).<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> According to Scott, accounts and early dictionaries describe them as intermediaries ("Bathala's agents"), and the dictionaries "used the word abogado (advocate) when defining their realms." These sources also show, however, that in practice, they were addressed directly: "in actual prayers, they were petitioned directly, not as intermediaries." Modern day writers divide these spirits are broadly into the categories of "Ancestor spirits, nature spirits, and guardian spirits," although they also note that the dividing line between these categories is often blurred.<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a> Demetrio, Cordero-Fernando, and Nakpil Zialcita<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a> observe that the Luzon Tagalogs and Kapampangans' use of the word anito, instead of the word diwata which was more predominant in the Visayan regions, indicated that these peoples of Luzon were less influenced by the Hindu and Buddhist beliefs of the Madjapahit empire than the Visayans were.<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a> They also observed that the words were used alternately amongst the peoples in the southernmost portions of Luzon - the Bicol Region, Marinduque, Mindoro, etc. They suggested that this have represented transitional area, the front lines of an increased "Indianized" Madjapahit influence which was making its way north<a href="#cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">[2]</a> the same way Islam was making its way north from Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_cultural_influences">Foreign cultural influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Foreign cultural influences">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_cultural_influences_from_China,_India,_and_Maritime_Southeast_Asia">Trade and cultural influences from China, India, and Maritime Southeast Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trade and cultural influences from China, India, and Maritime Southeast Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></div> The early inhabitants of the present-day Manila engaged in trade relations with its Asian neighbours as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Hindu empires</a> of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-JocanoJr2012-84">[82]</a> as confirmed by archaeological findings. Trade ties with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> became extensive by the 10th century, while contact with <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> merchants reached its peak in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-lonelyplanet-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_Islamization_in_Luzon_(1175_–_1500s)">Beginnings of Islamization in Luzon (1175 – 1500s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Beginnings of Islamization in Luzon (1175 – 1500s)">edit</a>]</div> Archeological findings provide evidence that followers of Islam had reached the Pasig River area by 1175;<a href="#cite_note-AyalaMuseum2004-86">[84]</a> among the graves found on the Sta. Ana burial site were a number of Muslim burials.<a href="#cite_note-AyalaMuseum2004-86">[84]</a> Islamization was a slow process which occurred with the steady conversion of the citizenry of Tondo and Manila created Muslim domains. The Bruneians installed the Muslim rajahs, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulaiman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah Sulaiman I">Rajah Salalila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a> in the south (now the <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a> district) and the Buddhist-Hindu settlement was ruled under <a href="/wiki/Lakan_Dula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakan Dula">Lakan Dula</a> in northern Tundun (now <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Islamization of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> began in the sixteenth century when traders from Brunei settled in the Manila area and married locals while maintaining kinship and trade links with Brunei and thus other Muslim centres in Southeast Asia. The Muslims were called "<a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a>" by the Spanish who assumed they occupied the whole coast. There is no evidence that Islam had become a major political or religious force in the region, with Father Diego de Herrera recording that the Moros lived only in some villages and were Muslim in name only.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> Historians widely agree that the larger coastal polities which flourished throughout the Philippine archipelago in the period immediately prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers (including Tondo and Maynila) were "organizationally complex", demonstrating both economic specialization and a level of social stratification which would have led to a local demand for "prestige goods".<a href="#cite_note-Jocano2001-5">[4]</a> Specialized industries in the Tagalog and Kapampangan regions, including Tondo and Maynila, included <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">textile weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">basketry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> The social stratification which gave birth to the maginoo class created a demand for prestige products including <a href="/wiki/Tradeware_ceramics_in_the_Philippines" title="Tradeware ceramics in the Philippines">ceramics</a>, silk textiles, and precious stones.<a href="#cite_note-Junker1990-31">[30]</a> This demand, in turn, served as the impetus for both internal and external trade. Junker notes that significant work still needs to be done in analyzing the internal/local supply and demand dynamics in pre-Spanish era polities, because much of the prior research has tended to focus on their external trading activities.<a href="#cite_note-Junker1990-31">[30]</a> Scott notes that early Spanish lexicons are particularly useful for this analysis, because these early dictionaries captured many words which demonstrate the varied nuances of these local economic activities.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> Junker describes coastal polities of Tondo and Maynila's size as "administrative and commercial centers functioning as important nodes in networks of external and internal trade."<a href="#cite_note-Junker1990-31">[30]</a> While the basic model for the movement of trade goods in early Philippine history saw coastal settlements at the mouth of large rivers (in this case, the Pasig river delta) controlling the flow of goods to and from settlements further upriver (in this case, the upland lakeside barangays of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Junker1990-31">[30]</a> Tondo and Maynila had trade arrangements which allowed them to control trade throughout the rest of the archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Scott observes that while the port of Tondo had the monopoly on arriving Chinese merchant ships, it was Maynila's fleet of trading vessels which in turn retailed them to settlements throughout the rest of the archipelago, so much so that Maynila's vessels, alongside Bornean, came to be known as "Chinese" (sinina).<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redistribution_of_Chinese_and_Japanese_goods">Redistribution of Chinese and Japanese goods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Redistribution of Chinese and Japanese goods">edit</a>]</div> The most lucrative of Tondo's economic activities involved the redistribution of Chinese goods, which would arrive in Manila bay through Tondo's port and be distributed throughout the rest of the archipelago, mostly through Maynila's extensive shipping activities.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> The Chinese and Japanese migrations to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> shore began in the 7th century and reached their peak after 1644 owing to the <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">China</a>. These Chinese and Japanese immigrants settled in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a> included, and in the other ports, which were annually visited by their trade <a href="/wiki/Junks" class="mw-redirect" title="Junks">junks</a>, they have cargoes of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>, and their precious <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> stones.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> According to William Henry Scott (1982), when ships from China and Japan came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, these goods would be traded throughout the rest of the archipelago. The result was that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese and Japanese directly, but from Tondo<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> and Maynila,<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> who made a tidy profit as a result. Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says that the Tagalogs were "more traders than warriors",<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> and Scott notes in a later book (1994)<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> that Maynila's ships got their goods from Tondo and then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese" or "Japanese' (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese and Japanese goods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> The people of Maynila engaged in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> A report[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] during the time of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> noted of the great abundance of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> as well as great numbers of <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabaos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, wild <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> husbandry in Luzon. In addition, there were also great quantities of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and colored clothes, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palms</a> produced by the native peoples, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine">swine</a>, fowls, wax and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> abound. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crop_production">Crop production</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Crop production">edit</a>]</div> Rice was the staple food of the Tagalogs and Kapampangans, and its ready availability in Luzon despite variations in annual rainfall was one of the reasons Legaspi wanted to locate his colonial headquarters on Manila bay.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Scott's study of early Tagalog lexicons revealed that the Tagalogs had words for at least 22 different varieties of rice.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> In most other places in the archipelago, rootcrops served as an alternate staple in seasons when rice was not readily available.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> These were also available in Luzon, but they were desired more as vegetables, rather than as a staple.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Ubi, tugi, gabi and a local root crop which the Spanish called kamoti (apparently not the same as the sweet potato, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, Ipomoea batatas) were farmed in swiddens, while "laksa" and "nami" grew wild.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Sweet potatoes (now called camote) were later introduced by the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Millet was common enough that the Tagalogs had a word which meant "milletlike": "dawa-dawa".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="Category:History of the Philippines (900–1565)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial history of the Philippines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturales_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/125px-Naturales_4.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/188px-Naturales_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Naturales_4.png/250px-Naturales_4.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)#Social_classes" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Social classes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <dl><dt>Ruling class (<a href="/wiki/Maginoo" title="Maginoo">Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao</a>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Apo, Datu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagani" title="Bagani">Bagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakan" title="Lakan">Lakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Panglima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimuay" title="Thimuay">Thimuay</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Middle class</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timawa" title="Timawa">Timawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharlika" title="Maharlika">Maharlika</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Commoners, serfs, and slaves</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipin" title="Alipin">Aliping</a> namamahay</li> <li>Alipin sa gigilid</li> <li>Bulisik</li> <li>Bulislis</li> <li>Horohan</li> <li>Uripon</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">Political entities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <dl><dt>Luzon</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalon" title="Ibalon">Ibalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulilu" title="Pulilu">Pulilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandao" title="Sandao">Sandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Visayas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo-ol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bo-ol">Bo-ol/Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mindanao</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kumalarang" title="Kingdom of Kumalarang">Kumalarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Lanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agustin_de_Legazpi" title="Agustin de Legazpi">Agustin de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din I of Sulu">Azim ud-Din I of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batarah_Shah_Tengah" title="Batarah Shah Tengah">Batarah Shah Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu_Daya" title="Datu Daya">Datu Daya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu_Sikatuna" title="Datu Sikatuna">Datu Sikatuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayang_Kalangitan" title="Dayang Kalangitan">Dayang Kalangitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasangcay_Adel" title="Dimasangcay Adel">Dimasangcay Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Sasaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Sasaban">Dayang Sasaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_Pangil" title="Gat Pangil">Gat Pangil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Sarikula" title="Gugu Sarikula">Gugu Sarikula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadewa" title="Jayadewa">Jayadewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_ud-Din_of_Sulu" title="Kamal ud-Din of Sulu">Kamal ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Laut_Buisan" title="Kapitan Laut Buisan">Laut Buisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakandula" title="Lakandula">Lakandula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magat_Salamat" title="Magat Salamat">Magat Salamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muedzul_Lail_Tan_Kiram" title="Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram">Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kudarat" title="Muhammad Kudarat">Muhammad Kudarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwallil_Wasit_I_of_Sulu" title="Muwallil Wasit I of Sulu">Sultan Muwallil Wasit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Lontok" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajah Lontok">Rajah Lontok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Salalila" title="Rajah Salalila">Rajah Salalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Tupas" title="Rajah Tupas">Rajah Tupas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regimo_Diraja" title="Regimo Diraja">Regimo Diraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Kabungsuwan" title="Sharif Kabungsuwan">Kabungsuwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_ul-H%C4%81shim_of_Sulu" title="Sharif ul-Hāshim of Sulu">Sharif ul-Hāshim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lumay" title="Sri Lumay">Sri Lumay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarik_Sulayman" title="Tarik Sulayman">Tarik Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urduja" title="Urduja">Urduja</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Primary sources and artifacts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_Ivory_Seal" title="Butuan Ivory Seal">Butuan Ivory Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monreal_Stones" title="Monreal Stones">Monreal Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Islands,_1493%E2%80%931898" title="The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898">The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_achievements_of_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines">Cultural achievements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Philippine_settlements" title="Historiography of early Philippine settlements">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recorded_monarchs_in_the_Philippines" title="List of recorded monarchs in the Philippines">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Philippine_consorts" title="List of ancient Philippine consorts">consorts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_rulers_in_early_Philippine_history" title="Paramount rulers in early Philippine history">Paramount rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines">Warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_rulers_of_Maynila">Notable rulers of Maynila</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable rulers of Maynila">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_rulers_of_Maynila">Historical rulers of Maynila</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Historical rulers of Maynila">edit</a>]</div> A number of rulers of Maynila are specifically identified in historical documents, which include: <ul><li>the epistolary firsthand accounts of the members of the Magellan and Legaspi expeditions, referred to in Spanish as "relaciones";<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> These include the Sulu and Maguindanao tarsilas, and the Batu Tarsila of Brunei.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a></li> <li>various notarized genealogical records kept by the early Spanish colonial government,<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> mostly in the form of last wills and testaments of descendants of said rulers<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Name </th> <th width="27%">Description </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Primary source(s) </th> <th width="28%">Academic reception of primary source(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rajah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Salalila" title="Rajah Salalila">Salalila</a> </td> <td>Sometimes referred to as "Rajah (Si) Lela",<a href="#cite_note-Majul1973-47">[46]</a> and sometimes as "Rajah Sulaiman I",[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] paramount ruler of Maynila. </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> late 1400s and / or early 1500s (died earlier than 1521) </td> <td>Identified as "Salalila"<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> in Spanish genealogical documents </td> <td>The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> Key scholarly works referencing Salalila include Henson (1955),<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> Majul (1973),<a href="#cite_note-Majul1973-47">[46]</a> Luciano PR Santiago (1990),<a href="#cite_note-Santiago1990-48">[47]</a> W.H. Scott (1994),<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> and Dery (2001).<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Queen"<a href="#endnote_QUEEN">[†]</a> </td> <td>Name Unknown<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> (Mother of <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Ache</a>) </td> <td>Served as paramount ruler of Maynila after the death of her husband;<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> her period of reign covered the youth of Rajah Matanda,<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> including the time Ache spent as commander of the Bruneian navy.<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> late 1400s and / or early 1500s<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1521)<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> </td> <td>Identified as the mother of Prince Ache<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> in the accounts of Magellan expedition members Rodrigo de Aganduru Moriz,<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> Gines de Mafra, and Antonio Pigafetta<a href="#cite_note-Pigafetta1524b-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> </td> <td>Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">scholarly peer review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> genealogical documents also remains subject to scholarly peer review.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rajah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Ache</a> (Matanda) </td> <td>Shared the role of paramount ruler of Maynila with Rajah Sulayman, as of the Spanish advent in the early 1570s. </td> <td>(b.) before 1521<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> – (d.) August 1572<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> </td> <td>Multiple firsthand accounts from the Magellan (1521) and Legaspi Expeditions (late 1560s to early 1570s);<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a> Spanish genealogical documents<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> </td> <td>Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">scholarly peer review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rajah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Sulayman</a> </td> <td>Shared the role of paramount ruler of Maynila with Rajah Matanda, as of the Spanish advent in the early 1570s. </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1571 </td> <td>Multiple accounts from the Legaspi Expedition (early 1570s); Spanish genealogical documents<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> </td> <td>Firsthand accounts generally accepted by Philippine historiographers, although with corrections for hispanocentric bias subject to <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">scholarly peer review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott1994-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> The veracity of claimed links to legendary figures<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a> in genealogical documents are subject to scholarly peer review.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_QUEEN">^</a> [†] Term used by original <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Hispanocentric</a> text); the exact local term used by the individual was not recorded in the historical account.<a href="#cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_rulers">Legendary rulers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Legendary rulers">edit</a>]</div> A number of rulers of Maynila are known only through oral histories, which in turn have been recorded by various documentary sources, ranging from historical documents describing oral histories, to contemporary descriptions of modern (post-colonial/national-era) oral accounts. These include: <ul><li>orally transmitted genealogical traditions, such as the Batu Tarsila, which have since been recorded and cited by scholarly accounts;</li> <li>legends and folk traditions documented by anthropologists, local government units, the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Institute_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Institute of the Philippines">National Historical Institute of the Philippines</a>, and other official sources; and</li> <li>recently published genealogical accounts based on contemporary research.</li></ul> Academic acceptance of the details recounted in these accounts vary from case to case, and are subject to <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">scholarly peer review</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>title </th> <th>Name </th> <th width="27%">Description </th> <th>Dates </th> <th>Primary source(/s) </th> <th width="28%">Academic notes on primary source(/s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rajah </td> <td>Avirjirkaya </td> <td>According to Henson (1955),<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> he was a "Majapahit Suzerain" who ruled Maynila<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> before he was defeated in 1258*<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> by a Bruneian naval commander named Rajah Ahmad,<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> who then established Manila as a Muslim principality.<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> *probably actually in the 15th century when Brunei was already Muslim and Majapahit still prominent. Majapahit did not exist yet in 1258 (it was still Singhasari) and Brunei was not yet Muslim in 1258. </td> <td>before 1258<a href="#cite_note-Majul1973-47">[46]</a> </td> <td>Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> </td> <td>Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",<a href="#cite_note-Majul1973-47">[46]</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman#Colleges_and_Institutes" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">UP Asian Center</a> and in turn referenced widely in semitechnical and popular texts. The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> genealogical documents remains subject to <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">scholarly peer review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rajah </td> <td>Ahmad </td> <td>According to Henson (1955),<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> he established Manila as a Muslim<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> principality in 1258<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> by defeating the Majapahit Suzerain Rajah Avirjirkaya.<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1258<a href="#cite_note-Majul1973-47">[46]</a> </td> <td>Genealogy proposed by Mariano A. Henson in 1955<a href="#cite_note-Henson1955-46">[45]</a> </td> <td>Cited in César Adib Majul's 1973 book "Muslims in the Philippines",<a href="#cite_note-Majul1973-47">[46]</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman#Colleges_and_Institutes" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">UP Asian Center</a> and in turn referenced widely in semi-technical and popular texts. The veracity of "quasi-historical" (meaning not physically original)<a href="#cite_note-Scott1984-13">[12]</a> genealogical documents remains subject to <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_peer_review" title="Scholarly peer review">scholarly peer review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dery2001-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Junker1998-9">[8]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A7%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Luções">Luções</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangkusay_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bangkusay Channel">Battle of Bangkusay Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(Before_1521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (Before 1521)">History of the Philippines (Before 1521)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta (historical polity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo (historical polity)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Among the royalty, nobility, and some freemen (Scott, 1994). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Scott (1994) notes that Spanish chroniclers continued to use the terms "king" and "kingdom" to describe the polities of Tondo and Maynila until late 1571, when Martin de Goiti's first forays into Bulacan and Pampanga clarified to the Spanish that the alliances of the Tondo and Maynila polities with the Kapampangan polities did not include territorial claim or absolute command. San Buenaventura (1613, as cited by Junker, 1990 and Scott, 1994) later noted that Tagalogs only applied the term Hari (King) to foreign monarchs, rather than their own leaders. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Scott1994-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1994_2-79">cb</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-135-4"><bdi>978-971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth+Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoulBook1991-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SoulBook1991_3-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetrioCordero-FernandoNakpil-ZialcitaFeleo1991" class="citation book cs1">Demetrio, Francisco R.; <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Cordero-Fernando" title="Gilda Cordero-Fernando">Cordero-Fernando, Gilda</a>; Nakpil-Zialcita, Roberto B.; Feleo, Fernando (1991). The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion. GCF Books, Quezon City. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007FR4S8G">B007FR4S8G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+Book%3A+Introduction+to+Philippine+Pagan+Religion&rft.pub=GCF+Books%2C+Quezon+City&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB007FR4S8G%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Demetrio&rft.aufirst=Francisco+R.&rft.au=Cordero-Fernando%2C+Gilda&rft.au=Nakpil-Zialcita%2C+Roberto+B.&rft.au=Feleo%2C+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborne2004-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne2004_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne2004_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne2004_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne2004_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne2004_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Osborne" title="Milton Osborne">Osborne, Milton</a> (2004). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History (Ninth ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74114-448-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74114-448-5"><bdi>1-74114-448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.place=Australia&rft.edition=Ninth&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-74114-448-5&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jocano2001-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jocano2001_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jocano2001_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocano2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._Landa_Jocano" title="F. Landa Jocano">Jocano, F. Landa</a> (2001). Filipino Worldview: Ethnography of Local Knowledge. Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-622-005-7" title="Special:BookSources/971-622-005-7"><bdi>971-622-005-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Worldview%3A+Ethnography+of+Local+Knowledge&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Punlad+Research+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=971-622-005-7&rft.aulast=Jocano&rft.aufirst=F.+Landa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/10991/%E2%80%98piloncitos%E2%80%99-and-the-%E2%80%98philippine-golden-age%E2%80%99">"'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'"</a>. August 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Piloncitos%27+and+the+%27Philippine+golden+age%27&rft.date=2011-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F10991%2F%25E2%2580%2598piloncitos%25E2%2580%2599-and-the-%25E2%2580%2598philippine-golden-age%25E2%2580%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCDSPO2015-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCDSPO2015_7-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/">"Pre-colonial Manila"</a>. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila">the original</a> on March 9, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malaca%C3%B1ang+Presidential+Museum+and+Library&rft.atitle=Pre-colonial+Manila&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2F75832-pre-colonial-manila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abinales2005-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales2005_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales2005_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales2005_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales2005_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abinales2005_8-4">e</a> Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker1998-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1998_9-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker,_Laura_Lee1998" class="citation journal cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (1998). "Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms". International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (4): 291–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1022611908759">10.1023/A:1022611908759</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141415414">141415414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Integrating+History+and+Archaeology+in+the+Study+of+Contact+Period+Philippine+Chiefdoms&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1022611908759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141415414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Junker%2C+Laura+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafael2005-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafael2005_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafael2005_10-1">b</a> Rafael, Vicente L. (2005) The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines. </li> <li id="cite_note-ScottSlavery-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScottSlavery_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottSlavery_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScottSlavery_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1991" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William Henry (1991). Slavery in Spanish Philippines. De La Salle University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789711181024" title="Special:BookSources/9789711181024"><bdi>9789711181024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Spanish+Philippines&rft.pub=De+La+Salle+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789711181024&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfonso2016-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso2016_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso2016_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso2016_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso2016_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso2016_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonso,_Ian_Christopher_B.2016" class="citation book cs1">Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. (2016). The Nameless Hero: Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom. Angeles: Holy Angel University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789710546527" title="Special:BookSources/9789710546527"><bdi>9789710546527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nameless+Hero%3A+Revisiting+the+Sources+on+the+First+Filipino+Leader+to+Die+for+Freedom&rft.place=Angeles&rft.pub=Holy+Angel+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789710546527&rft.au=Alfonso%2C+Ian+Christopher+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott1984-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott1984_13-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1984" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9711002268" title="Special:BookSources/978-9711002268"><bdi>978-9711002268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehispanic+Source+Materials+for+the+Study+of+Philippine+History&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-9711002268&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dery2001-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dery2001_14-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDery2001" class="citation book cs1">Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-1069-0"><bdi>978-971-10-1069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Inarticulate&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-971-10-1069-0&rft.aulast=Dery&rft.aufirst=Luis+Camara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2014" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Robert D. (March 25, 2014). Asia's Cauldron: The South China Sea and the End of a Stable Pacific. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452619194" title="Special:BookSources/9781452619194"><bdi>9781452619194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Cauldron%3A+The+South+China+Sea+and+the+End+of+a+Stable+Pacific&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.isbn=9781452619194&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LocsinandLocsin1967-16"><a href="#cite_ref-LocsinandLocsin1967_16-0">^</a> Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines. Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804804478" title="Special:BookSources/0804804478">0804804478</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huerta1865-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Huerta1865_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuerta1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Huerta" title="Felix Huerta">Huerta, Felix, de</a> (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estado+Geografico%2C+Topografico%2C+Estadistico%2C+Historico-Religioso+de+la+Santa+y+Apostolica+Provincia+de+San+Gregorio+Magno&rft.place=Binondo&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+M.+Sanchez+y+Compa%C3%B1ia&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Huerta&rft.aufirst=Felix%2C+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-baumgartner-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumgartner_18-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner1975" class="citation journal cs1">Baumgartner, Joseph (March 1975). "Manila — Maynilad or Maynila?". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 3 (1): 52–54. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791188">29791188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Manila+%E2%80%94+Maynilad+or+Maynila%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1975-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29791188%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chamberlain-19"><a href="#cite_ref-chamberlain_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1901" class="citation journal cs1">Chamberlain, Alexander F. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1Y4AQAAMAAJ">"Philippine Studies: V. The Origin of the Name Manila"</a>. The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal. 23 (5): 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Antiquarian+and+Oriental+Journal&rft.atitle=Philippine+Studies%3A+V.+The+Origin+of+the+Name+Manila&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Alexander+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1Y4AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medicinal-20"><a href="#cite_ref-medicinal_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuartxchange.org/Tayum.html">"Tayum"</a>. Philippine Medicinal Plants. Retrieved August 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Medicinal+Plants&rft.atitle=Tayum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuartxchange.org%2FTayum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235302">"Ixora manila Blanco"</a>. World Marine Species Database. Retrieved August 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Marine+Species+Database&rft.atitle=Ixora+manila+Blanco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinespecies.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D235302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merrill-22"><a href="#cite_ref-merrill_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1903" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Elmer Drew (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofplan00merr#page/88/search/nilar">A Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands</a>. Manila: Bureau of Public Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Plant+Names+of+the+Philippine+Islands&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Public+Printing&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Elmer+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofplan00merr%23page%2F88%2Fsearch%2Fnilar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ambeth-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ambeth_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ambeth_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbeth_Ocampo2008" class="citation cs2">Ambeth Ocampo (June 25, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628110827/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila">Looking Back: Pre-Spanish Manila</a>, Philippine Daily Inquirer, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila">the original</a> on June 28, 2008, retrieved August 21, 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Back%3A+Pre-Spanish+Manila&rft.pub=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft.au=Ambeth+Ocampo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2Finquireropinion%2Fcolumns%2Fview%2F20080625-144587%2FPre-Spanish-Manila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lookingback-24"><a href="#cite_ref-lookingback_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo1990" class="citation book cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCZyAAAAMAAJ">Looking Back, Volume 1</a>. Anvil Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789712700583" title="Special:BookSources/9789712700583"><bdi>9789712700583</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Back%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9789712700583&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCZyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelasquez-TyGarcíaMaceda1955" class="citation book cs1">Velasquez-Ty, Catalina; García, Tomas; Maceda, Antonio J. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IE8OAQAAIAAJ">Your Country and Mine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Country+and+Mine&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Velasquez-Ty&rft.aufirst=Catalina&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Tomas&rft.au=Maceda%2C+Antonio+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIE8OAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saenger-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Saenger_26-0">^</a> An example is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaenger2013" class="citation book cs1">Saenger, Peter (June 29, 2013). Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401599627" title="Special:BookSources/9789401599627"><bdi>9789401599627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mangrove+Ecology%2C+Silviculture+and+Conservation&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-06-29&rft.isbn=9789401599627&rft.aulast=Saenger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EulitoandJavier2008-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EulitoandJavier2008_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EulitoandJavier2008_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EulitoandJavier2008_27-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautistaJavier2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bautista, Eulito U.; Javier, Evelyn F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/rps/pidsrp0802.pdf">"Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02"</a> (PDF). Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series. Philippine Institute of Development Studies: 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Institute+of+Development+Studies+Research+Papers+Series&rft.atitle=Rice+Production+Practices%3A+PIDS+Research+Paper+Series+2008-02&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bautista&rft.aufirst=Eulito+U.&rft.au=Javier%2C+Evelyn+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirp4.pids.gov.ph%2Fris%2Frps%2Fpidsrp0802.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potet2013-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potet2013_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potet2013_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotet2013" class="citation book cs1">Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ">Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog</a>. Lulu.com. p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781291457261" title="Special:BookSources/9781291457261"><bdi>9781291457261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+Persian+Loanwords+in+Tagalog&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781291457261&rft.aulast=Potet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1i-bBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AganduruMoriz1882-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz1882_29-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Aganduru_Moriz1882" class="citation book cs1">de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882). Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+las+Islas+Occidentales+a+la+Asia+adyacentes%2C+llamadas+Philipinas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Impr.+de+Miguel+Ginesta&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=de+Aganduru+Moriz&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pigafetta1524b-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b_30-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigafetta1524" class="citation book cs1">Pigafetta, Antonio (1524). Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relazione+del+primo+viaggio+intorno+al+mondo&rft.date=1524&rft.aulast=Pigafetta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker1990-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1990_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1990_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1990_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1990_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker1990_31-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker,_Laura_Lee1990" class="citation journal cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of IntraRegional and LongDistance Trade in PreHispanic Philippine Complex Societies". Asian Perspectives. 29 (2): 167–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Organization+of+IntraRegional+and+LongDistance+Trade+in+PreHispanic+Philippine+Complex+Societies&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Junker%2C+Laura+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odal2000-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odal2000_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odal2000_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdal-Devora2000" class="citation book cs1">Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). Alejandro, Reynaldo Gamboa; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Yuson" title="Alfred Yuson">Yuson, Alfred A.</a> (eds.). The River Dwellers. Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Dwellers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Unilever+Philippines&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Odal-Devora&rft.aufirst=Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvina2011-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alvina2011_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvina2011_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvina2011_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvina2011_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alvina2011_33-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvina2011" class="citation book cs1">Alvina, Corazon S. (September 16, 2011). Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.). Foreword. Makati City, Philippines: Artpostasia Pte Ltd. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719429203" title="Special:BookSources/9789719429203"><bdi>9789719429203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword&rft.place=Makati+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Artpostasia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.isbn=9789719429203&rft.aulast=Alvina&rft.aufirst=Corazon+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Langdon2001-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Langdon2001_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Langdon, Robert (2001). "The Bamboo Raft as a Key to the Introduction of the Sweet Potato in Prehistoric Polynesia". The Journal of Pacific History. 36 (1): 51–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223340120049442">10.1080/00223340120049442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161655060">161655060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Bamboo+Raft+as+a+Key+to+the+Introduction+of+the+Sweet+Potato+in+Prehistoric+Polynesia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223340120049442&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161655060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vantilburg1994-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Vantilburg1994_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Tilburg1994" class="citation book cs1">Van Tilburg, Jo Anne (1994). Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easter+Island%3A+Archaeology%2C+Ecology+and+Culture&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Van+Tilburg&rft.aufirst=Jo+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burney2004-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Burney2004_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurneyBurneyGodfreyJungers2004" class="citation journal cs1">Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JHumE..47...25B">2004JHumE..47...25B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2004.05.005">10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15288523">15288523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+chronology+for+late+prehistoric+Madagascar&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15288523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2004.05.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JHumE..47...25B&rft.aulast=Burney&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Burney%2C+LP&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+LR&rft.au=Jungers%2C+WL&rft.au=Goodman%2C+SM&rft.au=Wright%2C+HT&rft.au=Jull%2C+AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewar1993-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Dewar1993_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewarWright1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dewar, RE; Wright, HT (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45256/1/10963_2004_Article_BF00997802.pdf">"The culture history of Madagascar"</a> (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00997802">10.1007/BF00997802</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F45256">2027.42/45256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21753825">21753825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+culture+history+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E466&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F45256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21753825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00997802&rft.aulast=Dewar&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Wright%2C+HT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F45256%2F1%2F10963_2004_Article_BF00997802.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zorc1977-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Zorc1977_38-0">^</a> Zorc, David. 1977. "The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction". Pacific Linguistics C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust1991-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Blust1991_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1991" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3623084">10.2307/3623084</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623084">3623084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Greater+Central+Philippines+Hypothesis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3623084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3623084%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiongson20061111-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Tiongson20061111_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiongson2006" class="citation web cs1">Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121128015427/http://blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/puliran-in-laguna-copperplate.html">"Puliran in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription: Laguna de Bay or Pulilan, Bulacan?"</a>. Bayang Pinagpala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/puliran-in-laguna-copperplate.html">the original</a> on November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bayang+Pinagpala&rft.atitle=Puliran+in+the+Laguna+Copperplate+Inscription%3A+Laguna+de+Bay+or+Pulilan%2C+Bulacan%3F&rft.date=2006-11-11&rft.aulast=Tiongson&rft.aufirst=Jaime+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.bayangpinagpala.org%2F2006%2F11%2Fpuliran-in-laguna-copperplate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiongson20061129-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Tiongson20061129_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiongson2006" class="citation web cs1">Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707143824/blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/pailah-is-pila-laguna.html">"Pailah is Pila, Laguna"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.bayangpinagpala.org/2006/11/pailah-is-pila-laguna.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pailah+is+Pila%2C+Laguna&rft.date=2006-11-29&rft.aulast=Tiongson&rft.aufirst=Jaime+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.bayangpinagpala.org%2F2006%2F11%2Fpailah-is-pila-laguna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Postma-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Postma_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma2008" class="citation journal cs1">Postma, Antoon (June 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018">"The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary"</a>. Philippine Studies. 40 (2). Ateneo de Manila University: 182–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Laguna+Copper-Plate+Inscription%3A+Text+and+Commentary&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Antoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fps%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1033%2F1018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alvina20112-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Alvina20112_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvina2011" class="citation book cs1">Alvina, Corazon S. (September 16, 2011). Benitez-Johannot, Purissima (ed.). Foreword. Makati City, Philippines: Artpostasia Pte Ltd. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719429203" title="Special:BookSources/9789719429203"><bdi>9789719429203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword&rft.place=Makati+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Artpostasia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.isbn=9789719429203&rft.aulast=Alvina&rft.aufirst=Corazon+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Maggay19992-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maggay19992_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maggay19992_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggay1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melba_Padilla_Maggay" title="Melba Padilla Maggay">Maggay, Melba Padilla</a> (1999). Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-8743-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-8743-07-2"><bdi>978-971-8743-07-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Religious+Consciousness&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Institute+for+Studies+in+Asian+Church+and+Culture&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-8743-07-2&rft.aulast=Maggay&rft.aufirst=Melba+Padilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soulbook2-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Soulbook2_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetrioCordero-FernandoNakpil-ZialcitaFeleo1991" class="citation book cs1">Demetrio, Francisco R.; <a href="/wiki/Gilda_Cordero-Fernando" title="Gilda Cordero-Fernando">Cordero-Fernando, Gilda</a>; Nakpil-Zialcita, Roberto B.; Feleo, Fernando (1991). The Soul Book: Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion. GCF Books, Quezon City. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007FR4S8G">B007FR4S8G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+Book%3A+Introduction+to+Philippine+Pagan+Religion&rft.pub=GCF+Books%2C+Quezon+City&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB007FR4S8G%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Demetrio&rft.aufirst=Francisco+R.&rft.au=Cordero-Fernando%2C+Gilda&rft.au=Nakpil-Zialcita%2C+Roberto+B.&rft.au=Feleo%2C+Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henson1955-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henson1955_46-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenson,_Mariano_A1955" class="citation book cs1">Henson, Mariano A (1955). The Province of Pampanga and its towns (A.D. 1300–1955) with the genealogy of the rulers of central Luzon. Manila: Villanueva Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Province+of+Pampanga+and+its+towns+%28A.D.+1300%E2%80%931955%29+with+the+genealogy+of+the+rulers+of+central+Luzon&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Villanueva+Books&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Henson%2C+Mariano+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majul1973-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Majul1973_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majul1973_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majul1973_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majul1973_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majul1973_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majul1973_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majul1973_47-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajul,_César_Adib1973" class="citation book cs1">Majul, César Adib (1973). Muslims in the Philippines. Diliman: University of the Philippines Asian Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Diliman&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Asian+Center&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Majul%2C+C%C3%A9sar+Adib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santiago1990-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santiago1990_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santiago1990_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago1990" class="citation journal cs1">Santiago, Luciano P.R. (1990). "The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571–1898]: Genealogy and Group Identity". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Houses+of+Lakandula%2C+Matanda%2C+and+Soliman+%5B1571%E2%80%931898%5D%3A+Genealogy+and+Group+Identity&rft.volume=18&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Santiago&rft.aufirst=Luciano+P.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLü1304" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chen, Dazhen; Lü, Guisun (1304). <a class="external text" href="https://zh.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E5%BF%97">South Seas Chronicles</a> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Seas+Chronicles&rft.date=1304&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Dazhen&rft.au=L%C3%BC%2C+Guisun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258D%2597%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%25BF%2597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf">Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines</a> By Wang Zhenping Page 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines. Oxford, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=Patricio+N.&rft.au=Amoroso%2C+Donna+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerini1905" class="citation journal cs1">Gerini, G. E. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2245091">"The Nagarakretagama List of Countries on the Indo-Chinese Mainland (Circâ 1380 A.D.)"</a>. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 37 (3): 485–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00033517">10.1017/S0035869X00033517</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25210168">25210168</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163895579">163895579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Nagarakretagama+List+of+Countries+on+the+Indo-Chinese+Mainland+%28Circ%C3%A2+1380+A.D.%29&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163895579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25210168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00033517&rft.aulast=Gerini&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2245091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajul1973" class="citation book cs1">Majul, Cesar Adib (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GVxAAAAMAAJ">Muslims in the Philippines</a>. University of the Philippines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-188-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-188-1"><bdi>978-971-542-188-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-971-542-188-1&rft.aulast=Majul&rft.aufirst=Cesar+Adib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GVxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwang.)2000" class="citation book cs1">Awang.), Mohd Jamil Al-Sufri (Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Seri Utama Haji (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWeuDAEACAAJ">Tarsilah Brunei: The early history of Brunei up to 1432 AD</a>. Brunei History Centre, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarsilah+Brunei%3A+The+early+history+of+Brunei+up+to+1432+AD&rft.pub=Brunei+History+Centre%2C+Ministry+of+Culture%2C+Youth+and+Sports&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Awang.%29&rft.aufirst=Mohd+Jamil+Al-Sufri+%28Pehin+Orang+Kaya+Amar+Diraja+Dato+Seri+Utama+Haji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWeuDAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott19942-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott19942_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott19942_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth+Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhaimi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Suhaimi, Dk Umi Nadiah Pg (2011). "Development of Islamic Law in Brunei Darussalam: A Critical Evaluation". Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sultan+Sharif+Ali+Islamic+University&rft.atitle=Development+of+Islamic+Law+in+Brunei+Darussalam%3A+A+Critical+Evaluation&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Suhaimi&rft.aufirst=Dk+Umi+Nadiah+Pg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potet20132-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potet20132_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potet20132_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotet2013" class="citation book cs1">Potet, Jean-Paul G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ">Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog</a>. Lulu.com. p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-45726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-291-45726-1"><bdi>978-1-291-45726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+Persian+Loanwords+in+Tagalog&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-291-45726-1&rft.aulast=Potet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1i-bBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1994" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Graham E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vFuAAAAMAAJ">A History of Brunei</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-65-3049-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-65-3049-3"><bdi>978-967-65-3049-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Brunei&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-967-65-3049-3&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Graham+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pires-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Pires_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPires1944" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Pires, Tomé</a> (1944). A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512 – 1515] (in Portuguese). Translated by Armando Cortesao. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+suma+oriental+de+Tom%C3%A9+Pires+e+o+livro+de+Francisco+Rodriguez%3A+Leitura+e+notas+de+Armando+Cortes%C3%A3o+%5B1512+%E2%80%93+1515%5D&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Lach_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Lach" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Lach">Lach, Donald Frederick</a> (1994). "Chapter 8: The Philippine Islands". Asia in the Making of Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46732-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46732-0"><bdi>978-0-226-46732-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+The+Philippine+Islands&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46732-0&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html">"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity"</a>. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Darrell Tryon</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=458826">The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives</a>. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FA.09.2006">10.22459/A.09.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015051647942">2027/mdp.39015051647942</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780731521326" title="Special:BookSources/9780731521326"><bdi>9780731521326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+the+Austronesian+Transition+to+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015051647942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FA.09.2006&rft.isbn=9780731521326&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.anu.edu.au%2Faustronesians%2Faustronesians%2Fmobile_devices%2Fch16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton1929-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Newton1929_62-0">^</a> Newton, Arthur Percival (1929) The Cambridge History of the British Empire p. 11 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240421050326/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> April 21, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott19943-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott19943_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott19943_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott19943_63-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Scott_(historian)" title="William Henry Scott (historian)">Scott, William Henry</a> (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-135-4"><bdi>971-550-135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barangay%3A+Sixteenth+Century+Philippine+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=971-550-135-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid2-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid2_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid2_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid2_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html">"Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity"</a>. In Peter Bellwood; James J. Fox; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Darrell Tryon</a> (eds.). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, The Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FA.09.2006">10.22459/A.09.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-2132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-2132-6"><bdi>978-0-7315-2132-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902152346/http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch16.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+the+Austronesian+Transition+to+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+The+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FA.09.2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7315-2132-6&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.anu.edu.au%2Faustronesians%2Faustronesians%2Fmobile_devices%2Fch16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pires2-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Pires2_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPires1944" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Pires, Tomé</a> (1944). Armando Cortesao (ed.). A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512 – 1515] (in Portuguese). Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+suma+oriental+de+Tom%C3%A9+Pires+e+o+livro+de+Francisco+Rodriguez%3A+Leitura+e+notas+de+Armando+Cortes%C3%A3o+%5B1512+%E2%80%93+1515%5D&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Pires&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://210.0.141.99/eng/malaysia/ChineseMuslim_in_Malaysia.asp">Chinese Muslims in Malaysia, History and Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717054928/http://210.0.141.99/eng/malaysia/ChineseMuslim_in_Malaysia.asp">Archived</a> July 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Rosey Wang Ma </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinto-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinto_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Pinto, Fernão Mendes</a> (1989) [1578]. The Travels of Mendes Pinto. Translated by Rebecca Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Mendes+Pinto&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Fern%C3%A3o+Mendes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pigafetta1524b2-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b2_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b2_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pigafetta1524b2_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigafetta1524" class="citation book cs1">Pigafetta, Antonio (1524). Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relazione+del+primo+viaggio+intorno+al+mondo&rft.date=1524&rft.aulast=Pigafetta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Barros, Joao de, Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente [1628], Lisbon, 1777, courtesy of William Henry Scott, Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1994, page 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-AganduruMoriz18822-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz18822_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AganduruMoriz18822_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Aganduru_Moriz1882" class="citation book cs1">de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882). Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+de+las+Islas+Occidentales+a+la+Asia+adyacentes%2C+llamadas+Philipinas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Impr.+de+Miguel+Ginesta&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=de+Aganduru+Moriz&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dery20012-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Dery20012_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDery2001" class="citation book cs1">Dery, Luis Camara (2001). A History of the Inarticulate. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-10-1069-0" title="Special:BookSources/971-10-1069-0"><bdi>971-10-1069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Inarticulate&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=New+Day+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=971-10-1069-0&rft.aulast=Dery&rft.aufirst=Luis+Camara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfonso20162-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso20162_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso20162_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfonso20162_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfonso,_Ian_Christopher_B.2016" class="citation book cs1">Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. (2016). The Nameless Hero: Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom. Angeles: Holy Angel University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-0546-52-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-0546-52-7"><bdi>978-971-0546-52-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nameless+Hero%3A+Revisiting+the+Sources+on+the+First+Filipino+Leader+to+Die+for+Freedom&rft.place=Angeles&rft.pub=Holy+Angel+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-971-0546-52-7&rft.au=Alfonso%2C+Ian+Christopher+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Tom Harrisson, Brunei's Two (or More) Capitals, Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1976), p. 77 sq. </li> <li id="cite_note-RizalAche-75"><a href="#cite_ref-RizalAche_75-0">^</a> Jose Rizal, as cited by Dery, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-JoaquinManila-76"><a href="#cite_ref-JoaquinManila_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Joaquin" title="Nick Joaquin">Joaquin, Nick</a> (1990). Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young. City of Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-569-313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-569-313-4"><bdi>978-971-569-313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manila%2C+My+Manila%3A+A+History+for+the+Young&rft.place=City+of+Manila&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-971-569-313-4&rft.aulast=Joaquin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13616/13616-h/13616-h.htm#d0e4243">Letter from Juan Pacheco Maldonado to Felipe II, Manila, 1575.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Cf. William Henry Scott, Cracks in the Parchment Curtain, Quezon City: 1998, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-Almocera2005-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Almocera2005_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Almocera2005_79-1">b</a> Almocera, Ruel A., (2005) Popular Filipino Spiritual Beliefs with a proposed Theological Response. in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John., Ed. Mandaluyong: OMF Literature Inc. Pp 78-98 </li> <li id="cite_note-BenitezJohannot2011-80"><a href="#cite_ref-BenitezJohannot2011_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenitez-Johannot2011" class="citation book cs1">Benitez-Johannot, Purissima, ed. (September 16, 2011). Paths Of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage In The Collections Of The National Museum Of The Philippines, The Museum Nasional Of Indonesia, And The Netherlands Rijksmuseum Voor Volkenkunde. Makati City, Philippines: Artpostasia Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789719429203" title="Special:BookSources/9789719429203"><bdi>9789719429203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+Of+Origins%3A+The+Austronesian+Heritage+In+The+Collections+Of+The+National+Museum+Of+The+Philippines%2C+The+Museum+Nasional+Of+Indonesia%2C+And+The+Netherlands+Rijksmuseum+Voor+Volkenkunde&rft.place=Makati+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Artpostasia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft.isbn=9789719429203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B&R3Anonymous1572-81"><a href="#cite_ref-B&R3Anonymous1572_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairRobertson1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Helen_Blair" title="Emma Helen Blair">Blair, Emma Helen</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Robertson" title="James Alexander Robertson">Robertson, James Alexander</a>, eds. (1903). Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon. Vol. 3. Ohio, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Company. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relation+of+the+Conquest+of+the+Island+of+Luzon&rft.place=Ohio%2C+Cleveland&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Arthur+H.+Clark+Company&rft.date=1903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Maggay1999-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maggay1999_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maggay1999_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggay1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melba_Padilla_Maggay" title="Melba Padilla Maggay">Maggay, Melba Padilla</a> (1999). Filipino Religious Consciousness. Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-8743-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-8743-07-2"><bdi>978-971-8743-07-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+Religious+Consciousness&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.pub=Institute+for+Studies+in+Asian+Church+and+Culture&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-971-8743-07-2&rft.aulast=Maggay&rft.aufirst=Melba+Padilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10771">https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10771</a> Philippine Folklore Stories by John Maurice Miller </li> <li id="cite_note-JocanoJr2012-84"><a href="#cite_ref-JocanoJr2012_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJocano2012" class="citation book cs1">Jocano, Felipe Jr. (August 7, 2012). Wiley, Mark (ed.). A Question of Origins. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0742-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0742-7"><bdi>978-1-4629-0742-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Origins&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0742-7&rft.aulast=Jocano&rft.aufirst=Felipe+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-lonelyplanet-85"><a href="#cite_ref-lonelyplanet_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/philippines/manila/history">History of Manila</a>. Accessed September 8, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-AyalaMuseum2004-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AyalaMuseum2004_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AyalaMuseum2004_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIletoOcampoPeraltaRodriguez2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Ileto" title="Reynaldo Ileto">Ileto, Reynaldo C.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_T._Peralta" title="Jesus T. Peralta">Peralta, Jesus T.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felice_Noelle_Rodriguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felice Noelle Rodriguez (page does not exist)">Rodriguez, Felice Noelle M.</a> (2004). The Diorama Experience. Makati: Ayala Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diorama+Experience&rft.place=Makati&rft.pub=Ayala+Museum&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ileto&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo+C.&rft.au=Ocampo%2C+Ambeth+R.&rft.au=Peralta%2C+Jesus+T.&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Felice+Noelle+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Teodoro Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Newson2009" class="citation book cs1">A. Newson, Linda (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_UgEGu0dEC&pg=PA118">Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824832728" title="Special:BookSources/9780824832728"><bdi>9780824832728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+and+Pestilence+in+the+Early+Spanish+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780824832728&rft.aulast=A.+Newson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLF_UgEGu0dEC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707161454/http://beta.pasigcity.gov.ph/subpages/aboutpasig/timeline-pc.aspx">"Pasig City"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.pasigcity.gov.ph/subpages/aboutpasig/timeline-pc.aspx">the original</a> on July 7, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pasig+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.pasigcity.gov.ph%2Fsubpages%2Faboutpasig%2Ftimeline-pc.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaynila+%28historical+polity%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Nick Joaquin's Almanac for Manileños</li> <li>The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_and_present-day_states_in_the_Philippines185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_and_present_states_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Former and present states in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_and_present_states_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Former and present states in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_and_present_states_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former and present states in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_and_present-day_states_in_the_Philippines185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical and present-day <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dt>Pre-16th century</dt> <dd>before 900–1589: <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></dd> <dd>before 971–after 1339: <a href="/wiki/Ma-i" title="Ma-i">Ma-i</a></dd> <dd>before 989–1521: <a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></dd> <dd>before the 11th century–1571: <a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></dd> <dd>before 1225–1576: <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(historical_polity)" title="Pangasinan (historical polity)">Pangasinan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caboloan" title="Caboloan">Caboloan</a></dd> <dd>c. 13th century–1457: <a href="/wiki/Lupah_Sug" title="Lupah Sug">Lupah Sug</a></dd> <dd>c. after the 11th century–1569: <a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></dd> <dd>c. 1350–1905: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></dd> <dd>c. 1400–1565: <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></dd> <dd>1457–1915: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></dd> <dd>c. 1500–1571: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maynila</a></dd> <dd>1515–1899: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></dd> <dd>unknown–1581: <a href="/wiki/Kumintang_(historical_polity)" title="Kumintang (historical polity)">Kumintang</a></dd> <dd>unknown–1593: <a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Bo-ol/Dapitan</a></dd> <dd>unknown–1571: <a href="/wiki/Cainta_(historical_polity)" title="Cainta (historical polity)">Cainta</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>16th century</dt> <dd>1565–1898: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>17th century</dt> <dd>1616–1904: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_Lanao" title="Confederate States of Lanao">Confederate States of Lanao</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>18th century</dt> <dd>1762–1764: <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British Manila</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;white-space:nowrap;width:50%;"><div> <dl><dt>19th century</dt> <dd>1896–1897: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Bonifacio" title="Tagalog Republic">Sovereign Tagalog Nation</a></dd> <dd>1897–1897: <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Revolutionary Government</a></dd> <dd>1897–1897: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a></dd> <dd>1898–1898: <a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_(Philippines)" title="Central Executive Committee (Philippines)">Central Executive Committee</a></dd> <dd>1898–1898: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government of the Philippines</a></dd> <dd>1898–1899: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government of the Philippines</a></dd> <dd>1898–1901: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a></dd> <dd>1898–1899: <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_the_Visayas" title="Federal State of the Visayas">Federal State of the Visayas</a></dd> <dd>1899–1901: <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></dd> <dd>1899–1903: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1900–1945</dt> <dd>1898–1902: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands</a></dd> <dd>1902–1906: <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a></dd> <dd>1902–1935: <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></dd> <dd>1935–1946: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></dd> <dd>1943–1945: <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1945–present</dt> <dd>1946–1981: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></dd> <dd>1981–1986: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)#The_Fourth_Republic_(1981–1986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a></dd> <dd>1986–present: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)"><img alt="Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/200px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/300px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg/400px-Harper%27s_Pictorial_History_of_the_War_with_Spain_Vol._II_Philippine_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Philippines from "Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain" Vol. II (1899)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Philippine_history" title="Category:Former countries in Philippine history">Category:Former countries in Philippine history</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_Asia409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_Asia409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Asia" title="Islam in Asia">Islam in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Islam in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bahrain" title="Islam in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh" title="Islam in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei" title="Islam in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cambodia" title="Islam in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Islam in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Japan" title="Islam in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jordan" title="Islam in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kazakhstan" title="Islam in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kuwait" title="Islam in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Islam in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Laos" title="Islam in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lebanon" title="Islam in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan" title="Islam in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Qatar" title="Islam in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Singapore" title="Islam in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Thailand" title="Islam in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkmenistan" title="Islam in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Islam in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uzbekistan" title="Islam in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Taiwan" title="Islam in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islam in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Christmas_Island" title="Islam in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Islam in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hong_Kong" title="Islam in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Macau" title="Islam in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Template talk:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India-related_topics_in_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India-related topics in Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India-related_topics_in_Philippines_articles117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India-related topics in Philippines articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves#Tabon_Caves_Garuda_Gold_Pendant" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves Garuda Gold Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Tara" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Tara">Golden Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized kingdom</a> in Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cultural_influences_in_early_Philippine_polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities">Indian cultural influences in early Philippine polities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madja-as" title="Madja-as">Madja-as</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuan_(historical_polity)" title="Butuan (historical polity)">Butuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Singhapala" title="Singhapala">Singhapala</a> city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Matanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Sulayman" title="Rajah Sulayman">Rajah Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Battle of Manila (1762)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines">Indian settlement in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cainta" title="Cainta">Cainta historic settlement of Indians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a> had Indianized Hindu and Buddhist influence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism in the Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswang" title="Aswang">Aswang</a> (Asura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Philippine mythology">Deities of Philippine mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Philippine folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Darbar_Indian_Sikh_Temple,_Iloilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo">Nanak Darbar Indian Sikh Temple, Iloilo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">India–Philippines relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Indian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Indian citizens">Visa requirements for Indian citizens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Philippine_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Philippine citizens">Visa requirements for Philippine citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_India" title="Filipinos in India">Filipinos in India</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Indianized ancient Filipino script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines#Language" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Indian loanwords in various Filipino languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language#Vocabulary_and_borrowed_words" title="Tagalog language">Influence of Indian languages on Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Sanskrit language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">Tamil language loanwords in Tagalog language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language#Vocabulary" title="Cebuano language">Sanskrit language loanwords in Cebuano language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Sampaguita Filipino national flower is named from Indian sanskrit Champaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrah_buffalo" title="Murrah buffalo">Murrah buffalo</a> from Haryana imported to Philippine <ul><li>from <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Research_on_Buffaloes" title="Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes">Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana, India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Carabao_Center" title="Philippine Carabao Center">Philippine Carabao Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_to_India" title="Business process outsourcing to India">Business process outsourcing to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Indian Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_India-related_topics_in_the_Philippines#Cultural_traditions" title="List of India-related topics in the Philippines">Pre-Spanish Indian traditions of Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kudyapi guitar influenced by the Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Filipino martial arts inspired by the Indian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao#Alim_and_Hudhud_Oral_traditions_of_Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Alim and Hudhud of Ifugao based on Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordilleras#The_Ifugao_epic_Hudhud" title="Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras">Hudhud - the Ifugao epic based on the Indian epic Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang Ilocano epic based on the Indian Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibalong_Epic" title="Ibalong Epic">Ibalong epic of Bicol based on Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil" title="Singkil">Darangen epic of Maranao people based on Indian epics Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangalay" title="Pangalay">Pangalay or Daling Daling</a> (fingernail dance of Sulu and Sabah)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">People <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement_in_the_Philippines#Filipino_people_of_Indian_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian settlement in the Philippines"> List of Filipino-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name#Indian.2FHindu_surnames" title="Filipino name">Indian surnames in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_population_by_country_of_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine population by country of citizenship">Foreign citizens residing in Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leticia_Ramos-Shahani" title="Leticia Ramos-Shahani">Dr. Leticia Ramos-Shahani - sister of former President Fidel Ramos is married to an Indian</a></li> <li>Dang Cecilio (Binibining Pilipinas 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_San_Miguel" title="Janina San Miguel">Janina San Miguel (Binibining Pilipinas 2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Raj" title="Venus Raj">Venus Raj (Binibining Pilipinas 2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parul_Shah" title="Parul Shah">Parul Shah (Binibining Pilipinas Tourism 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Bagatsing" title="Ramon Bagatsing">Ramon Bagatsing (Manila mayor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Bagatsing" title="Raymond Bagatsing">Raymond Bagatsing (actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Ponti" title="Cassandra Ponti">Cassandra Ponti (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanda_Romero" title="Chanda Romero">Chanda Romero (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Zulueta" title="Dawn Zulueta">Dawn Zulueta (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardo_Versoza" title="Gardo Versoza">Gardo Versoza (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Marquez" title="Melanie Marquez">Melanie Marquez (director)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepe_Diokno_(director)" title="Pepe Diokno (director)">Pepe Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharmaine_Arnaiz" title="Sharmaine Arnaiz">Sharmaine Arnaiz (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_Marquez" title="Zia Marquez">Zia Marquez (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">José W. Diokno (politician)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_R._Francisco" title="Juan R. Francisco">Dr. Juan R. Francisco (Indologist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Acosta_Pasricha" title="Josephine Acosta Pasricha">Dr. Josephine Acosta Pasricha (Indologist)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timor-Leste" title="History of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&oldid=1273685440">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&oldid=1273685440</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1571_disestablishments" title="Category:1571 disestablishments">1571 disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1500" title="Category:States and territories established in 1500">States and territories established in 1500</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Precolonial_barangays" title="Category:Precolonial barangays">Precolonial barangays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Bruneian_history" title="Category:Former countries in Bruneian history">Former countries in Bruneian history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Philippine_history" title="Category:Former countries in Philippine history">Former countries in Philippine history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions" title="Category:Historical regions">Historical regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="Category:History of the Philippines (900–1565)">History of the Philippines (900–1565)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Manila" title="Category:History of Manila">History of Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Luzon" title="Category:History of Luzon">History of Luzon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_1500s" title="Category:States and territories established in the 1500s">States and territories established in the 1500s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1500_establishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1500 establishments in Asia">1500 establishments in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:City-states" title="Category:City-states">City-states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies" title="Category:Former monarchies">Former monarchies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_June_2019" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from June 2019">Accuracy disputes from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from June 2019">Articles that may contain original research from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Philippine_English_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use Philippine English from February 2023">Use Philippine English from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Philippine_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English">All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2023">Use mdy dates from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Portuguese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Portuguese IPA">Pages with Portuguese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines_articles_missing_geocoordinate_data" title="Category:Philippines articles missing geocoordinate data">Philippines articles missing geocoordinate data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_coordinates" title="Category:All articles needing coordinates">All articles needing coordinates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_coordinates_without_coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata">Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 February 2025, at 14:31 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynila_(historical_polity)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Maynila (historical polity)</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 10 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7f9c7c4bc7-dxnwr","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.830","walltime":"2.172","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40302,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":356129,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40405,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":397098,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1817.948 1 -total"," 28.84% 524.320 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.28% 350.500 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 16.67% 303.012 50 Template:Cite_book"," 12.79% 232.606 2 Template:Asia_in_topic"," 12.34% 224.368 2 Template:Navbox"," 10.43% 189.611 112 Template:Iso2country"," 6.48% 117.788 1 Template:Native_name"," 6.27% 113.896 1 Template:History_of_the_Philippines"," 3.76% 68.268 1 Template:Multiple_issues"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.864","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17474867,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-nthvz","timestamp":"20250219124329","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Maynila (historical polity)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maynila_(historical_polity)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4401247","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4401247","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-10-25T16:50:03Z","dateModified":"2025-02-03T14:31:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/77\/Map_of_Maynila_%281570%29.png","headline":"major historical polity in Luzon, on the southern part of the Pasig River delta, at the location of present-day Intramuros, Manila"}</script> </body> </html>