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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First Generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clock_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Clock failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Atomic_clock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Atomic_clock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Indian Atomic clock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Atomic_clock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NaVIC_chip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NaVIC_chip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>NaVIC chip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NaVIC_chip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time-frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Time-frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>System description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_segment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_segment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Space segment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_segment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_segment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_segment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ground segment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_segment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Signal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NVS_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NVS_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>NVS series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NVS_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Indian_Navigation_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Indian_Navigation_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Global Indian Navigation System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Indian_Navigation_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of satellites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_satellites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of satellites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IRNSS_series_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IRNSS_series_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>IRNSS series satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IRNSS_series_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NVS_series_satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NVS_series_satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>NVS series satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NVS_series_satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="النظام الهندي الإقليمي للملاحة بالأقمار الاصطناعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النظام الهندي الإقليمي للملاحة بالأقمار الاصطناعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="ইণ্ডিয়ান ৰিজিয়নেল নেভিগেচন চেটেলাইট চিষ্টেম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইণ্ডিয়ান ৰিজিয়নেল নেভিগেচন চেটেলাইট চিষ্টেম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ভারতীয় আঞ্চলিক দিকনির্ণয় উপগ্রহ ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় আঞ্চলিক দিকনির্ণয় উপগ্রহ ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS" title="IRNSS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IRNSS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سامانه ماهواره‌ای ناوبری منطقه‌ای هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه ماهواره‌ای ناوبری منطقه‌ای هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS" title="IRNSS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IRNSS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="भारतीय क्षेत्रीय नौवहन उपग्रह प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय क्षेत्रीय नौवहन उपग्रह प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_posizionamento_satellitare_regionale_indiano" title="Sistema di posizionamento satellitare regionale indiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di posizionamento satellitare regionale indiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS" title="IRNSS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IRNSS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ റീജിയണൽ നാവിഗേഷൻ സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് സിസ്റ്റം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ റീജിയണൽ നാവിഗേഷൻ സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് സിസ്റ്റം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE)" title="नाविक (दिक्चालन यंत्रणा) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाविक (दिक्चालन यंत्रणा)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IRNSS байршил тогтоох систем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="IRNSS байршил тогтоох систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E8%88%AA%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="インド地域航法衛星システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド地域航法衛星システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B9_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80" title="ଭାରତୀୟ ଦିଗସୂଚକ ଉପଗ୍ରହ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତୀୟ ଦିଗସୂଚକ ଉପଗ୍ରହ ପ୍ରଣାଳୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਖੇਤਰੀ ਜਹਾਜ਼ਰਾਨੀ ਉੱਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਖੇਤਰੀ ਜਹਾਜ਼ਰਾਨੀ ਉੱਪਗ੍ਰਹਿ ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS" title="IRNSS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IRNSS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS" title="IRNSS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IRNSS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இந்தியப் பகுதிக்கான இடஞ்சுட்டி செயற்கைக்கோள் அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியப் பகுதிக்கான இடஞ்சுட்டி செயற்கைக்கோள் அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="నావిక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నావిక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint_B%C3%B6lgesel_Uydu_Konumland%C4%B1rma_Sistemi" title="Hint Bölgesel Uydu Konumlandırma Sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hint Bölgesel Uydu Konumlandırma Sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS" title="IRNSS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IRNSS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Satellite navigation system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System_logo.png/200px-Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System_logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System_logo.png/300px-Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of NavIC<br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country/ies of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Military, Commercial</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coverage</th><td class="infobox-data">Regional (up to 1,500 km or 930 mi from borders)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accuracy</th><td class="infobox-data">3 m or 9.8 ft (public)<br />2 m or 6 ft 7 in (encrypted)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Constellation size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Intended number at full capacity">Nominal</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="All healthy: Operational + Spare">Current usable</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>IRNSS</b>-<p><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">1B</a>/<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">1C</a>/<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">1D</a>/<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">1F</a>/<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">1I</a> <i>(Operational)</i></p> <p><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">1A</a>/<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">1E</a>/<a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">1G</a> <i>(Clock failure, short-message services only)</i></p></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><b>NVS</b>-<p><a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">01</a> <i>(Operational)</i></p></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First launch</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 2013<span class="noprint">; 11 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1 July 2013</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last launch</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> (GEO), <a href="/wiki/Inclined_geosynchronous_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclined geosynchronous orbit">inclined geosynchronous orbit</a> (IGSO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital height</th><td class="infobox-data">35,786 km (22,236 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>2,246 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a></span> (US$269 million) as of March 2017<sup id="cite_ref-cag_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_Atlantic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/120px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/180px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/240px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geodesy" title="History of geodesy">History</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distance" title="Geographical distance">Geographical distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">Geoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Figure of the Earth</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">circumference</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates" title="Geodetic coordinates">Geodetic coordinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Geodetic datum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">Geodesic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_position_representation" title="Horizontal position representation">Horizontal position representation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Latitude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">Longitude</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ellipsoid">Reference ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_geodesy" title="Satellite geodesy">Satellite geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_reference_system" title="Spatial reference system">Spatial reference system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_relation" title="Spatial relation">Spatial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_position" title="Vertical position">Vertical positions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Pos. System (GPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS <span style="font-size:85%;">(Russia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou (BDS) <span style="font-size:85%;">(China)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Europe)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NAVIC <span style="font-size:85%;">(India)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS) <span style="font-size:85%;">(Japan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_Global_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete Global Grid">Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards (history)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Level Datum of 1929">NGVD 29</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Sea Level Datum 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/OSGB36" class="mw-redirect" title="OSGB36">OSGB36</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/SK-42_reference_system" title="SK-42 reference system">SK-42</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Systema Koordinat 1942 goda</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/ED50" title="ED50">ED50</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Datum 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/South_American_Datum#SAD69" title="South American Datum">SAD69</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> South American Datum 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/GRS_80" class="mw-redirect" title="GRS 80">GRS 80</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geodetic Reference System 1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">ISO 6709</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geographic point coord. 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Datum#North_American_Datum_of_1983" title="North American Datum">NAD 83</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> North American Datum 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">WGS 84</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> World Geodetic System 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">NAVD 88</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> N. American Vertical Datum 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989" title="European Terrestrial Reference System 1989">ETRS89</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" title="Restrictions on geographic data in China">GCJ-02</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Chinese obfuscated datum 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">Geo URI</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Internet link to a point 2010</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Terrestrial Reference System">International Terrestrial Reference System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRID" class="mw-redirect" title="SRID">Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geodesy" title="Template:Geodesy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geodesy" title="Template talk:Geodesy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</b> (<b>IRNSS</b>), with an operational name of <b>NavIC</b> (acronym for <b>Navigation with Indian Constellation</b>; also, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">nāvik</i></span> 'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an autonomous regional <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and a region extending 1,500 km (930 mi) around it, with plans for further extension up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extended service area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_south" title="30th parallel south">30th parallel south</a> to the <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_north" title="50th parallel north">50th parallel north</a> and the <a href="/wiki/30th_meridian_east" title="30th meridian east">30th meridian east</a> to the <a href="/wiki/130th_meridian_east" title="130th meridian east">130th meridian east</a>, 1,500–6,000 km (930–3,730 mi) beyond borders where some of the NavIC satellites are visible but the position is not always computable with assured accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system currently consists of a constellation of eight <sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> satellites,<sup id="cite_ref-isroweb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isroweb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with two additional satellites on ground as stand-by.<sup id="cite_ref-twostand_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twostand-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constellation is in orbit as of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NavIC will provide two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> one) for authorised users (including the military). </p><p>NavIC-based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some consumer <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> with support for it have been available since the first half of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-operational_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-operational-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are plans to expand the NavIC system by increasing its constellation size from 7 to 11.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">global navigation satellite systems</a> is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) data for the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil region</a>, which would have provided vital information.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian government approved the project in May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:21_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Generation">First Generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the project, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) opened a new satellite navigation centre within the campus of ISRO <a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (DSN) at <a href="/wiki/Byalalu" title="Byalalu">Byalalu</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> on 28 May 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_determination" title="Orbit determination">orbital determination</a> of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal. </p><p>A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">ground segment</a> and user receivers all being built in India. Its location in low <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> facilitates coverage with low-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclination</a> satellites. Three satellites will be in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. Missile targeting could be an important military application for the constellation.<sup id="cite_ref-DN239_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN239-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total cost of the project was expected to be <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>14.2 billion</span> (US$170 million), with the cost of the ground segment being <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3 billion</span> (US$36 million), each satellite costing <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1.5 billion</span> (US$18 million) and the PSLV-XL version rocket costing around <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1.3 billion</span> (US$16 million). The planned seven rockets would have involved an outlay of around <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>9.1 billion</span> (US$109 million).<sup id="cite_ref-twostand_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twostand-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dnai2j13_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnai2j13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ndtv2j13_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndtv2j13-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The necessity for two replacement satellites, and PSLV-XL launches, has altered the original budget, with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India reporting costs (as of March 2017) of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>22.46 billion</span> (US$269 million).<sup id="cite_ref-cag_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cag-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a> in their 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2012–17) stated increasing the number of satellites in the constellation from 7 to 11 to extend coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These additional four satellites will be made during 12th FYP and will be launched in the beginning of 13th FYP (2018–23) in <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> of 42° inclination.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the development of space-qualified Indian made atomic clocks was initiated,<sup id="cite_ref-:18_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a study and development initiative for an all <a href="/wiki/Optical_clock" title="Optical clock">optical atomic clock</a> (ultra stable for IRNSS and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">deep space communication</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-dst.gov.in_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst.gov.in-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NavIC Signal in Space ICD was released for evaluation in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1 April 2019, use of <a href="/wiki/Automotive_Industry_Standard_140" title="Automotive Industry Standard 140">AIS 140</a> compliant NavIC-based vehicle tracking systems were made compulsory for all <a href="/wiki/Commercial_vehicle" title="Commercial vehicle">commercial vehicles</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> consented to designate NaVIC as one of their allied navigational satellite systems along with <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> (Europe) and <a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a> (Japan). The approval was as a part of <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2020" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020">National Defense Authorization Act 2020</a>. The proposal was put forward by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> in consultation with <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clock_failure">Clock failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clock failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IRNSS series of satellite utilises <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a> sourced from Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, it was announced that all three SpectraTime supplied <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a> on board <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">IRNSS-1A</a> had failed, mirroring similar failures in the European Union's Galileo constellation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first failure occurred in July 2016, followed soon after by the two other clocks on IRNSS-1A. This rendered the satellite non-functional and required replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISRO reported it had replaced the atomic clocks in the two standby satellites, IRNSS-1H and IRNSS-1I in June 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent launch of IRNSS-1H, as a replacement for IRNSS-1A, was unsuccessful when PSLV-C39 mission failed on 31 August 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Degraded_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degraded-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second standby satellite, IRNSS-1I, was successfully placed into orbit on 12 April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2017, it was reported that two more clocks in the navigational system had also started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in May 2018 a failure of a further 4 clocks was reported, taking the count to 9 of the 24 in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> only four satellites are capable of providing <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">navigation</a> services<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the minimum number required for service to remain operational.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Atomic_clock">Indian Atomic clock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indian Atomic clock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to reduce the dependency on imported frequency standards ISRO's <a href="/wiki/Nilesh_M_Desai" title="Nilesh M Desai">Space Applications Centre</a> (SAC), Ahmedabad had been working on domestically designed and developed <a href="/wiki/Rubidium_standard" title="Rubidium standard">Rubidium based atomic clocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dst.gov.in_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst.gov.in-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To overcome the clock failures on first generation navigation satellites and its subsequent impact on NavIC's <a href="/wiki/Position,_navigation,_and_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Position, navigation, and timing">position, navigation, and timing</a> services, these new clocks would supplement the imported atomic clocks in next generation of navigation satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 July 2017, ISRO and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">Israel Space Agency</a> (ISA) signed an <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> to collaborate on space qualifying a <a href="/wiki/Rubidium_standard" title="Rubidium standard">Rubidium Standard</a> based on AccuBeat model AR133A and to test it on an ISRO satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clocks are utilised by the NVS series of satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NaVIC_chip">NaVIC chip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: NaVIC chip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with the range requirements for NavIC for both military and commercial applications, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a>, through the Technology Development Fund scheme, has commissioned Accord Software and Systems, to build a tailored and flexible IRNSS Network Timing system domestically. Using NavIC data, the receiver chip will obtain and distribute Indian time for navigation. India currently depends on the US for this service.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> launched four Snapdragon <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> chipsets and one <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> chipset with support for NavIC.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NavIC is planned to be available for civilian use in mobile devices, after Qualcomm and ISRO signed an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-operational_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-operational-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To increase compatibility with existing hardware, ISRO will add L1 band support. For strategic application, Long Code support is also coming.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 7, 2023, Qualcomm revealed that select chipset platforms will enable NavIC L1 signals. The Qualcomm location suite, supports up to seven satellite constellations simultaneously and allows for faster <a href="/wiki/Time_to_first_fix" title="Time to first fix">Time to First Fix</a> (TTFF) position acquisition for enhanced <a href="/wiki/Location-based_service" title="Location-based service">location-based services</a>. It also makes use of all of NavIC's L1 and L5 signals for precise positioning. In the second half of 2024, Qualcomm chipset platforms will add further support for the NavIC L1 signals, and in the first half of 2025, commercial products that support the NavIC L1 signals should be available for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time-frame">Time-frame</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Time-frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2010, it was reported that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This would have made NavIC functional by 2015. But the program was delayed,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and India also launched 3 new satellites to supplement this.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven satellites with the prefix "IRNSS-1" will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS. <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">IRNSS-1A</a>, the first of the seven satellites, was launched on 1 July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-isro_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-businessline1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessline1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">IRNSS-1B</a> was launched on 4 April 2014 on-board PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">IRNSS-1C</a> was launched on 16 October 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">IRNSS-1D</a> on 28 March 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">IRNSS-1E</a> on 20 January 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">IRNSS-1F</a> on 10 March 2016 and <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a> was launched on 28 April 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eighth satellite, <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1H" title="IRNSS-1H">IRNSS-1H</a>, which was meant to replace IRNSS-1A, failed to deploy on 31 August 2017 as the <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">heat shields</a> failed to separate from the 4th stage of the rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">IRNSS-1I</a> was launched on 12 April 2018 to replace it.<sup id="cite_ref-IRNSS-1I_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRNSS-1I-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irnss-1i_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irnss-1i-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_description">System description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: System description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IRNSS system comprises a space segment and a support <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">ground segment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_segment">Space segment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Space segment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constellation consists of 7 satellites. Three of the seven satellites are located in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> (GEO) at <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitudes</a> 32.5° E, 83° E, and 131.5° E, approximately 36,000 km (22,000 mi) above Earth's surface. The remaining four satellites are in inclined <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> (GSO). Two of them cross the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> at 55° E and two at 111.75° E.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASM_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_segment">Ground segment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ground segment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ground segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The ground segment comprises:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF)</li> <li>ISRO Navigation Centre (INC)</li> <li>IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS)</li> <li>IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT)</li> <li>IRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR)</li> <li>Laser Ranging Stations</li> <li>IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRNSS_Series_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IRNSS_Series_1.jpg/220px-IRNSS_Series_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IRNSS_Series_1.jpg/330px-IRNSS_Series_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IRNSS_Series_1.jpg/440px-IRNSS_Series_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite</figcaption></figure> <p>The IRSCF is operational at Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan and Bhopal. The MCF uplinks navigation data and is used for tracking, telemetry and command functions.<sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven 7.2-metre (24 ft) FCA and two 11-metre (36 ft) FMA of IRSCF are currently operational for <a href="/wiki/Launch_and_Early_Orbit_phase" title="Launch and Early Orbit phase">LEOP</a> and on-orbit phases of IRNSS satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The INC established at <a href="/wiki/Byalalu" title="Byalalu">Byalalu</a> performs remote operations and data collection with all the ground stations. The ISRO Navigation Centers (INC) are operational at Byalalu, Bengaluru and Lucknow. INC1 (Byalalu) and INC2 (Lucknow) together provide seamless operations with redundancy.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>16 IRIMS are currently operational and are supporting IRNSS operations<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> few more are planned in Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a> ranging is being carried out by the four IRCDR stations on regular basis for all the IRNSS satellites. The IRNWT has been established and is providing IRNSS system time with an accuracy of 2 <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">ns</a> (2.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−9</sup> <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a>) (2 sigma) with respect to <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>. Laser ranging is being carried out with the support of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_laser_ranging" title="Satellite laser ranging">ILRS</a> stations around the world. Navigation software is operational at INC since 1 Aug 2013. All the navigation parameters, such as satellite <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemeris</a>, clock corrections, integrity parameters, and secondary parameters, such as iono-delay corrections, time offsets with respect to UTC and other <a href="/wiki/GNSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS">GNSSes</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS_Almanac" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Almanac">almanac</a>, text message, and earth orientation parameters, are generated and uploaded to the spacecraft automatically. The IRDCN has established terrestrial and <a href="/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal" title="Very-small-aperture terminal">VSAT</a> links between the ground stations. As of March 2021, ISRO and <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> are performing calibration and validation experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISRO is also under discussion with <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> for a NavIC ground reference station in France.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISRO is planning a NavIC ground station at <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> and is in talks with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">Australian Space Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal">Signal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Signal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NavIC signals will consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Restricted Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz <a href="/wiki/QPSK" class="mw-redirect" title="QPSK">BPSK</a> signal. The Restricted Service will use <a href="/wiki/Binary_offset_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary offset carrier">BOC(5,2)</a>. The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the L5 (1176.45 MHz) & S band (2492.028 MHz) frequencies and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately 1,330 kg (2,930 lb) and their solar panels generate 1,400 W. </p><p>A messaging interface is embedded in the NavIC system. This feature allows the command center to send warnings to a specific geographic area. For example, fishermen using the system can be warned about a cyclone.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Standard Positioning Service system is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of about 5 to 10 metres throughout the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Indian landmass</a> and an accuracy of about 20 metres (66 ft) in the Indian Ocean as well as a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around India.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPS, for comparison, has a position accuracy of 5 m under ideal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike GPS, which is dependent only on L-band, NavIC has dual frequencies (S and L bands). When a low-frequency signal travels through atmosphere, its velocity changes due to atmospheric disturbances. GPS depends on an atmospheric model to assess frequency error, and it has to update this model from time to time to assess the exact error. In NavIC, the actual delay is assessed by measuring the difference in delay of the two frequencies (S and L bands). Therefore, NavIC is not dependent on any model to find the frequency error and can be more accurate than GPS.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_developments">Future developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Future developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NVS_series">NVS series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: NVS series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISRO will be launching five next generation satellite featuring new payloads and extended lifespan of 12 years. Five new satellites viz. NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 will supplement and augment the current constellation of satellites. The new satellites will feature the L5 and S band and introduces a new interoperable civil signal in the <a href="/wiki/GPS_signals#L1C" title="GPS signals">L1 band</a> in the navigation payload and will use Indian <a href="/wiki/Rubidium_standard" title="Rubidium standard">Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard</a> (iRAFS.)<sup id="cite_ref-:16_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This introduction of the new L1 band will help facilitate NavIC proliferation in <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">wearable smart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a> devices featuring a low power navigation system. <a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">NVS-01</a> is a replacement for <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a> satellite and was launched on <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TR-290523_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TR-290523-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ISRO has plans for a total of 7 NVS series satellites (including already launched NVS-1) for civilian navigation requirements. The IRNSS network is, as of November 2024, confined to strategic use by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>. They will be equipped with L1 band along with the L5 and S band. The system will provide an accuracy of 10 m (33 ft) within India, 20 m (66 ft) for the area surrounding India by 1,500 km (930 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-:20_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Indian_Navigation_System">Global Indian Navigation System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Global Indian Navigation System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Study and analysis for the Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) was initiated as part of the technology and policy initiatives in the 12th FYP (2012–17).<sup id="cite_ref-dst.gov.in_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dst.gov.in-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is supposed to have a constellation of 24 satellites, positioned 24,000 km (14,913 mi) above Earth. As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory filing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">frequency spectrum</a> of GINS satellite orbits in international space, has been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per new 2021 draft policy,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISRO and <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a> (DoS) is working on expanding the coverage of NavIC from regional to global that will be independent of other such system currently operational namely <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> while remain interoperable and free for global public use.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISRO has proposed to Government of India to expand the constellation for global coverage by initially placing twelve satellites in <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">Medium Earth Orbit</a> (MEO).<sup id="cite_ref-:15_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_satellites">List of satellites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constellation consists of 7 active satellites. Three of the seven satellites in constellation are located in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> (GEO) and four are in inclined <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> (IGSO). All satellites launched or proposed for the system are as follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IRNSS_series_satellites">IRNSS series satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: IRNSS series satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>IRNSS-1 series satellites<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Satellite </th> <th>SVN </th> <th>PRN </th> <th>Int. Sat. ID </th> <th>NORAD ID </th> <th>Launch Date </th> <th>Launch Vehicle </th> <th>Orbit </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">IRNSS-1A</a> </td> <td>I001 </td> <td>I01 </td> <td>2013-034A </td> <td>39199 </td> <td>1 July 2013 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C22 </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">Partial Failure </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clocks</a> failed. The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">IRNSS-1B</a> </td> <td>I002 </td> <td>I02 </td> <td>2014-017A </td> <td>39635 </td> <td>4 April 2014 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C24 </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Operational </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">IRNSS-1C</a> </td> <td>I003 </td> <td>I03 </td> <td>2014-061A </td> <td>40269 </td> <td>16 October 2014 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C26 </td> <td>Geostationary (GEO) / 83°E, 5° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Operational </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">IRNSS-1D</a> </td> <td>I004 </td> <td>I04 </td> <td>2015-018A </td> <td>40547 </td> <td>28 March 2015 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C27 </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 31° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Operational </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">IRNSS-1E</a> </td> <td>I005 </td> <td>I05 </td> <td>2016-003A </td> <td>41241 </td> <td>20 January 2016 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C31 </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">Partial Failure </td> <td>The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<sup id="cite_ref-ICG16_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG16-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NavIC_PerfRep_2021Q3_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavIC_PerfRep_2021Q3-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">IRNSS-1F</a> </td> <td>I006 </td> <td>I06 </td> <td>2016-015A </td> <td>41384 </td> <td>10 March 2016 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C32 </td> <td>Geostationary (GEO) / 32.5°E, 5° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Operational </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a> </td> <td>I007 </td> <td>I07 </td> <td>2016-027A </td> <td>41469 </td> <td>28 April 2016 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C33 </td> <td>Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #FFB; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-partial">Partial Failure </td> <td>The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service.<sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1H" title="IRNSS-1H">IRNSS-1H</a> </td> <td>I008 </td> <td>I08 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>31 August 2017 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C39 </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-failure">Launch Failed </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Payload_fairing" title="Payload fairing">payload fairing</a> failed to separate and satellite could not reach the desired orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was meant to replace defunct IRNSS-1A.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">IRNSS-1I</a> </td> <td>I009 </td> <td>I09 </td> <td>2018-035A </td> <td>43286 </td> <td>12 April 2018 </td> <td>PSLV-XL-C41 </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Operational </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:6_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1020px;max-width:1020px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of IRNSS</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif/200px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif/300px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif/400px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around the Earth</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/200px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/300px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/400px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around the Earth - Polar view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif/200px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif/300px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif/400px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a> - Equatorial view, front</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/200px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/300px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/400px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a> - Equatorial view, side</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif/200px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif/300px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif/400px-Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a> - Polar view</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue ; color:white;"> </span>  Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: magenta ; color:black;"> </span> IRNSS-1B </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: lime ; color:black;"> </span> IRNSS-1C </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Cyan ; color:black;"> </span> IRNSS-1E </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> IRNSS-1F </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: OrangeRed; color:black;"> </span> IRNSS-1G </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Red; color:black;"> </span> IRNSS-1I</span></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NVS_series_satellite">NVS series satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: NVS series satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>NVS series satellites<sup id="cite_ref-:2_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Satellite </th> <th>SVN </th> <th>PRN </th> <th>Int. Sat. ID </th> <th>NORAD ID </th> <th>Launch Date </th> <th>Launch Vehicle </th> <th>Orbit </th> <th>Status </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">NVS-01</a> (IRNSS-1J) </td> <td>I010 </td> <td>I10 </td> <td>2023-076A </td> <td>56759 </td> <td>29 May 2023<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk II">GSLV Mk II</a> - <a href="/wiki/GSLV-F12" title="GSLV-F12">F12</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Operational </td> <td>Planned replacement of <a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a>. Features extended lifespan, indigenous clock and new civilian band L1 for low power devices.<sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-02&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-02 (page does not exist)">NVS-02</a> (IRNSS-1K) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>September 2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk II">GSLV Mk II</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=GSLV-F15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSLV-F15 (page does not exist)">F15</a> </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-03&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-03 (page does not exist)">NVS-03</a> (IRNSS-1L) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2025-26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk II">GSLV Mk II</a> </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-04&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-04 (page does not exist)">NVS-04</a> (IRNSS-IM) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2026-27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk II">GSLV Mk II</a> </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-05&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-05 (page does not exist)">NVS-05</a> (IRNSS-1N) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2027-28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_II" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk II">GSLV Mk II</a> </td> <td>Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">Planned </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-ar-2021_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar-2021-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-06&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-06 (page does not exist)">NVS-06</a> (IRNSS-1O) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-planned" | Planned </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:20_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-07&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-07 (page does not exist)">NVS-07</a> (IRNSS-1P) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-planned" | Planned </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:20_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvan" title="Bhuvan">Bhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation</a> (GAGAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a> (QZSS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cag-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cag_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cag_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=ISRO%27s+clock+to+prop+up+India%27s+own+GPS&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=D.S.&rft.aufirst=Madhumathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fisros-clock-to-prop-up-indias-own-gps%2Farticle23787959.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529024145/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/">"New NavIC satellite launching today: why a regional navigation system matters to India"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 29 May 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/">the original</a> on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>Currently, only four IRNSS satellites are able to provide location services, according to ISRO officials. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>NavIC is offering short messaging service for users in Indian region through IRNSS-1A and 1E satellites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NavIC+and+GAGAN+System+Updates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Ficg%2F2022%2FICG16%2F05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NavIC_PerfRep_2021Q3-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NavIC_PerfRep_2021Q3_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/pe_report_q4_2021.pdf">"NavIC (IRNSS) Standard Positioning Service Performance Report Oct-Dec 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>IRNSS 1E is not available for performance evaluation since August 04, 2021.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NavIC+%28IRNSS%29+Standard+Positioning+Service+Performance+Report+Oct-Dec+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FMissions%2Fpe_report_q4_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/irnss-1h-launch-unsuccessful-says-isro-4822677/">"IRNSS-1H launch unsuccessful, says ISRO"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 31 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=IRNSS-1H+launch+unsuccessful%2C+says+ISRO&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ftechnology%2Fscience%2Firnss-1h-launch-unsuccessful-says-isro-4822677%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-to-launch-navic-satellite-nvs-01-on-gslv-mk-ii-in-may-to-replace-irnss-1g-offer-better-accuracy-and-coverage-101684006373706.html">"Isro to launch navigation satellite NVS-01 on May 29"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 14 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Isro+to+launch+navigation+satellite+NVS-01+on+May+29&rft.date=2023-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fisro-to-launch-navic-satellite-nvs-01-on-gslv-mk-ii-in-may-to-replace-irnss-1g-offer-better-accuracy-and-coverage-101684006373706.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-launch-new-navigation-satellite-on-may-29/articleshow/100261330.cms?from=mdr">"Isro to launch new navigation satellite on May 29"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 16 May 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Isro+to+launch+new+navigation+satellite+on+May+29&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fisro-to-launch-new-navigation-satellite-on-may-29%2Farticleshow%2F100261330.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Monthly_summary/MonthlySummar_February2023.pdf">"Monthly Summary of Department of Space for February 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Summary+of+Department+of+Space+for+February+2023&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FMonthly_summary%2FMonthlySummar_February2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529103549/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/may/29/2nd-gen-isro-navigation-satellite-launches-today-2579600.html">"2nd-gen ISRO navigation satellite launches today"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/may/29/2nd-gen-isro-navigation-satellite-launches-today-2579600.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=2nd-gen+ISRO+navigation+satellite+launches+today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2023%2Fmay%2F29%2F2nd-gen-isro-navigation-satellite-launches-today-2579600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2021/ICG15/WGS/icg15_wgs_01.pdf">"Overview of New NavIC L1 SPS Signal Structure & SBOC Modulation and Modified-CEMIC Multiplexing Scheme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+New+NavIC+L1+SPS+Signal+Structure+%26+SBOC+Modulation+and+Modified-CEMIC+Multiplexing+Scheme&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Ficg%2F2021%2FICG15%2FWGS%2Ficg15_wgs_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_107-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/icg/2021/ICG15/04.pdf">"NavIC and GAGAN System Update"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NavIC+and+GAGAN+System+Update&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Ficg%2F2021%2FICG15%2F04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Regional+Navigation+Satellite+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_article"><b><a href="#ref_article">^</a></b></span> SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April – September 2006 Issue.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme">IRNNS programme</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302041206/https://www.isro.gov.in/irnss-programme">Archived</a> 2 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/SatelliteNavigationServices.html">Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/IRNSS_Programme.html">IRNSS Programme</a> at ISRO</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation_(NavIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IRNSS_satellites" title="Template:IRNSS satellites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IRNSS_satellites" title="Template talk:IRNSS satellites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IRNSS_satellites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IRNSS satellites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation_(NavIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigation with Indian Constellation">Navigation with Indian Constellation</a> (NavIC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">IRNSS-1A</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jul 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">IRNSS-1B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apr 2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">IRNSS-1C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oct 2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">IRNSS-1D</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mar 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">IRNSS-1E</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">IRNSS-1F</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mar 2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">IRNSS-1G</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apr 2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1H" title="IRNSS-1H">IRNSS-1H</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aug 2017, launch failure)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">IRNSS-1I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apr 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">NVS-01</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021-21)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-02&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-02 (page does not exist)">NVS-02</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Planned)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-03&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-03 (page does not exist)">NVS-03</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Planned)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-04&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-04 (page does not exist)">NVS-04</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Planned)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVS-05&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVS-05 (page does not exist)">NVS-05</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Planned)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/70px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/105px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/140px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSLV" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template talk:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_space_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian space programme">Indian space programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space (DoS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre" title="Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre">Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/120px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/180px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/240px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">South Asia Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana-1" title="Kalpana-1">Kalpana-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar and<br />planetary spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2"><i>Vikram</i> lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander" title="Chandrayaan-3"><i>Vikram</i> lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (upcoming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_human_spaceflight_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian human spaceflight programme">Indian human spaceflight programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO Space Station">ISRO Space Station</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Orbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SSLV_launches" title="List of SSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Suborbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicle" title="Advanced Technology Vehicle">ATV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE-20" title="CE-20">CE-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li></ul> <ul><li>under development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">ISRO Propulsion Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems">Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre" title="Indian Space Science Data Centre">Indian Space Science Data Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility_(ISRO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Control Facility (ISRO)">Master Control Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">National Remote Sensing Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation and policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixxel" title="Pixxel">Pixxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyroot_Aerospace" title="Skyroot Aerospace">Skyroot Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisir_Radar" title="Sisir Radar">Sisir Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellize" title="Satellize">Satellize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgniKul_Cosmos" title="AgniKul Cosmos">AgniKul Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Space" title="Dhruva Space">Dhruva Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellatrix_Aerospace" title="Bellatrix Aerospace">Bellatrix Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamIndus" title="TeamIndus">TeamIndus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Day" title="National Space Day">National Space Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGA-220" title="SAGA-220">SAGA-220</a> (supercomputer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statio_Shiv_Shakti" title="Statio Shiv Shakti">Statio Shiv Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RESPOND" title="RESPOND">RESPOND</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation">List of ISRO chairpersons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CMS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMS-01" title="CMS-01">01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMS-02" title="CMS-02">02</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-1" title="GSAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-2" title="GSAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-3" title="GSAT-3">3 (EDUSAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-4" title="GSAT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-5P" title="GSAT-5P">5P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-6A" title="GSAT-6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7A" title="GSAT-7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">9 (South Asia Satellite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-10" title="GSAT-10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-11" title="GSAT-11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-12" title="GSAT-12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-14" title="GSAT-14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-15" title="GSAT-15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-16" title="GSAT-16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-17" title="GSAT-17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-18" title="GSAT-18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-19" title="GSAT-19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-29" title="GSAT-29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-30" title="GSAT-30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-31" title="GSAT-31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1A" title="INSAT-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1C" title="INSAT-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1D" title="INSAT-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2A" title="INSAT-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2B" title="INSAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2C" title="INSAT-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2D" title="INSAT-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2DT" title="INSAT-2DT">2DT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2E" title="INSAT-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3A" title="INSAT-3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3B" title="INSAT-3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3C" title="INSAT-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3D" title="INSAT-3D">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DR" title="INSAT-3DR">3DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DS" title="INSAT-3DS">3DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3E" title="INSAT-3E">3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4A" title="INSAT-4A">4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4B" title="INSAT-4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4C" title="INSAT-4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4CR" title="INSAT-4CR">4CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">4F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">4G</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Planned:</i> <i>GSAT</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GSAT-20" title="GSAT-20">20</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-22 (page does not exist)">22</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-23 (page does not exist)">23</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GSAT-24" class="mw-redirect" title="GSAT-24">24</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-1" title="Cartosat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2B" title="Cartosat-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2D" title="Cartosat-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2E" title="Cartosat-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a></li> <li>EOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EOS-01" title="EOS-01">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-02" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-02">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-04" title="EOS-04">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-07" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-07">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-08" title="EOS-08">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Remote Sensing">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1A" title="IRS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1B" title="IRS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1C" title="IRS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1D" title="IRS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P2" title="IRS-P2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P3" title="IRS-P3">P3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsat_(ISRO)" title="Microsat (ISRO)">Microsat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceansat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-1" title="Oceansat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-2" title="Oceansat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Resourcesat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-1" title="Resourcesat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2" title="Resourcesat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>RISAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1" title="RISAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2" title="RISAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">2BR1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCATSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SCATSAT-1">SCATSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellite" title="Technology Experiment Satellite">Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)</a></li> <li><i>Planned</i>: <i><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GEO_Imaging_Satellite" title="GEO Imaging Satellite">GISAT</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-3" title="Oceansat-3">Oceansat-3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resourcesat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resourcesat-3 (page does not exist)">Resourcesat-3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1A" class="mw-redirect" title="RISAT-1A">RISAT-1A</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li>Rohini <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRNSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">1G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">1I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">NVS-01</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANUSAT" title="ANUSAT">ANUSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugnu_(satellite)" title="Jugnu (satellite)">Jugnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRMSAT" title="SRMSAT">SRMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudSat" title="StudSat">StudSat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/StudSat-2" title="StudSat-2">StudSat-2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouthSat" title="YouthSat">YouthSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratham_(satellite)" title="Pratham (satellite)">Pratham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aryabhata Satellite"><img alt="Aryabhata Satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/115px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/173px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/230px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></i> (<i>planned</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Lunar programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander:" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan-5">Chandrayaan-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandrayaan-6 (page does not exist)">Chandrayaan-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a></i> (<i>planned</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></i> (<i>planned</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human<br />spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></i></li> <li><i>SRE-III</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Future spacecraft in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_navigation_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS / NavStar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou#BeiDou-1" title="BeiDou">BDS / BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_Aided_GEO_Augmented_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Precision_Approach_and_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Precision Approach and Landing System">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Area Augmentation System">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry" title="GNSS reflectometry">GNSS reflectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RINEX" title="RINEX">RINEX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_constellations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_constellations" title="Template talk:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Edit this 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network" title="Broadband Global Area Network">BGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">DSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b (satellite)">O3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)" title="Orbcomm (satellite)">Orbcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_data_relay_satellite" title="Tracking and data relay satellite">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Viasat, Inc.">ViaSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">WGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRIS%C2%B2" title="IRIS²">IRIS²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb" title="Eutelsat OneWeb">OneWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_mPOWER" title="O3b mPOWER">O3b mPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Systems" title="Kuiper Systems">Kuiper Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Sails" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand Sails">Thousand Sails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestri" title="Celestri">Celestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledesic" title="Teledesic">Teledesic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Observation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_signal_stations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/BPL_(time_service)" title="BPL (time service)">BPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(time_signal)" title="Beta (time signal)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBU_(radio_station)" title="RBU (radio station)">RBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTZ_(radio_station)" title="RTZ (radio station)">RTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">TDF time signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">Time from NPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">Shortwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(time_service)" title="BPM (time service)">BPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHU_(radio_station)" title="CHU (radio station)">CHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD2IOA" title="HD2IOA">HD2IOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLA_(radio_station)" title="HLA (radio station)">HLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JN53DV" title="JN53DV">JN53DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROA_Time" title="ROA Time">ROA Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWM" title="RWM">RWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YVTO" title="YVTO">YVTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Very-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high frequency">VHF</a>/<a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-high frequency">UHF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">Radio Data System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBG_(time_signal)" title="HBG (time signal)">HBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAA_(Arlington,_Virginia)" title="NAA (Arlington, Virginia)">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLB5" title="OLB5">OLB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMA_(time_signal)" title="OMA (time signal)">OMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_VNG" title="Radio VNG">Radio VNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y3S" title="Y3S">Y3S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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