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<li id="toc-Context_of_Ismailism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context_of_Ismailism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Context of Ismailism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context_of_Ismailism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_accepted_by_Nizari_Ismaili_Imams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_accepted_by_Nizari_Ismaili_Imams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reforms accepted by Nizari Ismaili Imams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_accepted_by_Nizari_Ismaili_Imams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_(on_marriage,_divorce,_segregation_and_education)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_(on_marriage,_divorce,_segregation_and_education)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reforms (on marriage, divorce, segregation and education)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_(on_marriage,_divorce,_segregation_and_education)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barriers_to_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers_to_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Barriers to reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ismailism" title="Category:Ismailism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ismail lion calligram"><img alt="Ismail lion calligram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/200px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/300px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/400px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Ta'wil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Ẓāhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Bātin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʿIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Daʿwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">Dāʿī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">Bāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">Satr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology_(Ismailism)" title="Numerology (Ismailism)">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_Theology#Imami-Ismā'īlīs" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of Islamic Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Islam" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_titles" title="List of Ismaili titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'lism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nizari_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nizari Ismailism">Nizarism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Branches/sects</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a></b> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak_Badar" title="Atba-e-Malak Badar">Badar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak_Vakil" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak Vakil">Vakil</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></b></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Seveners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b>States</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a></li></ul> <p><b>People</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Numan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Numan">Qadi Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan-i_Sabbah" title="Hasan-i Sabbah">Hasan-i Sabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Zikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dai_of_the_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai</a></li></ul> <p><b>Centers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjudan" title="Anjudan">Anjudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nizari_Ismaili_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nizari Ismaili strongholds">Nizārī strongholds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atashgah_Castle" title="Atashgah Castle">Atashgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerdkuh" title="Gerdkuh">Gerdkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambsar_Castle" title="Lambsar Castle">Lambsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymun-Diz" title="Maymun-Diz">Maymun-Diz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudkhan_Castle" title="Rudkhan Castle">Rudkhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa" title="Palace of Queen Arwa">Palace of Queen Arwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque" title="Queen Arwa Mosque">Queen Arwa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī">Nizārī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili_Constitution" title="Isma'ili Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_of_the_Ismaili_Imamat,_Ottawa" title="Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat, Ottawa">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginans" title="Ginans">Ginans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Du%27a" title="Holy Du'a">Holy Du'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyama_(Nizari_Isma%27ilism)" title="Qiyama (Nizari Isma'ilism)">Qiyama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">leaders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi_(Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Wafi (Abadullah)">ʿAbad Allāh <i>(al-Wāfī Ahmad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Ahmed_ibn_Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)">Ahmad <i>(al-Taqī Muhammad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi Abdullah">Ḥusayn <i>(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qāʾim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">al-Manṣūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incumbent leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismā'īlī</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imām</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Ismaili">Musta'li Ismaili</a>-<a href="/wiki/Taiyabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyabi">Taiyabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haatim_Zakiyuddin" title="Haatim Zakiyuddin">Haatim Zakiyuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mufaddal_Saifuddin" title="Mufaddal Saifuddin">Mufaddal Saifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taher_Fakhruddin" title="Taher Fakhruddin">Taher Fakhruddin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ismailism" title="Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ismailism" title="Template talk:Ismailism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Women of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> sect are part of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Branches" title="Isma'ilism">subsects</a> have <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> issues, others observe a relatively progressive environment within their sects, which is also dependent on the laws in the countries practicing this sect.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context_of_Ismailism">Context of Ismailism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Context of Ismailism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailism</a> is a sect within Islam that reveres a living Imam, who is a direct descendant of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatima</a>, the son-in-law and daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a>, respectively. His hereditary connection to the Prophet offers him the authority to serve as the spiritual (and non-spiritual) guide of the community. The <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> is the head of the Ismaili community and plays a role in interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> with a special ability to understand the <a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a>, the esoteric meanings of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_accepted_by_Nizari_Ismaili_Imams">Reforms accepted by Nizari Ismaili Imams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforms accepted by Nizari Ismaili Imams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Ismaili Imams</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> since the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have instituted reforms in the status and treatment of women in the community. Aga Khan III, the 48th Nizari Ismaili Imam,<sup id="cite_ref-TheIsmaili_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheIsmaili-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was active in this movement. He came into his role at an early age, due to his father’s early death, so his mother, Lady Ali Shah, played a role during his early years.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of women during his rule continued in his later years with his wife <a href="/wiki/Umm_Habiba" title="Umm Habiba">Umm Habiba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imam <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a> ruled from 1885 to 1957 and the current 49th Imam, his grandson, Imam Aga Khan IV commenced his rule in 1957.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A majority of Aga Khan III’s efforts sought to reform Islamic marriage contract laws, which have contributed to improving the status of women within the Nizari Ismaili community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms_(on_marriage,_divorce,_segregation_and_education)"><span id="Reforms_.28on_marriage.2C_divorce.2C_segregation_and_education.29"></span>Reforms (on marriage, divorce, segregation and education)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reforms (on marriage, divorce, segregation and education)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The focus of <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Imam Aga Khan III’s</a> message was to promote the idea that women were free and independent. In a message to his followers in 1926, he proclaimed that: </p> <blockquote><p>I do not want Ismaili women dependent on anyone—their parents, husbands, or anyone except God…I have no doubt that the whole spirit and teaching of my ancestor the Holy Prophet encouraged the evolution of all legitimate freedom and legitimate equality before men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He encouraged women to participate in social and political affairs and criticized <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veiling</a> as well as gender segregation, including the acts of <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">pardah</a> (masking of oneself from the public) and <a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">zenana</a> (restraint on women from leaving the home).<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aga Khan III believed economic independence was key to achieving this equality and freedom. By becoming educated and earning their own livelihood, women would no longer be seen as a burden on their parents or spouses. He proclaimed: </p> <blockquote><p>I am trying to guide our young women’s lives into entirely new channels. I want to see them able to earn their livings in trades and professions, so that they are not economically dependent on marriage, nor a burden on their fathers and brother[s].<sup id="cite_ref-Moolji_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moolji-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In effect, marriage would no longer be imposed on women due to economic necessity. The Aga Khan III realized that education was at the forefront of this reform and encouraged parents who only had enough money to send one child to school to send their daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This advocacy for education was not limited to elementary literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Moolji_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moolji-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ensure girls had access to education, there was a minimum marriageable age instituted (for both boys and girls) and child marriage was banned.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marriage against the will of the bride was outlawed, as brides were to sign their marriage contracts according to their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reforms in marriage laws included decisions on polygamy and divorce. In 1905, polygamy was permitted, with the condition of the "maintenance of the first wife" and later that was changed to only be allowed for specific reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">polygamy</a> was outlawed within the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Ismaili</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were allowed to divorce their husbands, and for a husband to divorce his wife, he was required to stand before a council which ultimately decided whether the divorce was granted or denied.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aga Khan III took efforts to eliminate and mitigate the stigma around divorces and divorced women. </p><p>In prayer spaces, Ismaili men and women stand side by side (in other Muslim prayer settings, the men stand in front of the women) and are not separated by any physical barrier, as is the case in most Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ismaili women are also permitted to lead the congregations (consisting of both men and women) in prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_efforts">Contemporary efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Imam Aga Khan IV takes a different approach to addressing the issue of women’s rights than his grandfather. While Imam Aga Khan III instituted direct legal and religious laws, the Aga Khan IV focuses on communal development in educational and social affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His style addresses his followers and encourages them to take initiative in achieving the desired results. His daughter, Princess <a href="/wiki/Zahra_Aga_Khan" title="Zahra Aga Khan">Zahra Aga Khan</a>, is engaged with working on policies relating to the development of women. In 1997, she hosted the first ever International Conference of Ismaili Women in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barriers_to_reforms">Barriers to reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Barriers to reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A discrepancy exists between the rights offered to women through these reforms and the actual realization of the practice of those rights. Cultural norms and views continue to guide many members of the community who criticize the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">reforms</a> as being influenced from <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity#European_values" title="Pan-European identity">western values</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aga Khan responded to this critique by claiming that: </p> <blockquote><p>While the words of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Koran</a> remain the same, every generation, every century, every period must have a new and different interpretation of the past, otherwise Islam will die and will not survive the competition of some healthy less rigid competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Additional barriers to practice of reforms include the fact that the councils implementing the forms are often majority male who may still adhere to <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> norms.<sup id="cite_ref-Asani_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The laws of the countries in which Ismaili women reside also impact the implementation of reforms. Sharia law, common in most Sunni majority countries, is often in contrast to the Ismaili reforms and so residents of these countries must adhere to the country’s rules and regulations. The situation of Ismaili women depends on factors including their government and its laws, economic ability, resource availability, and global conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-KassamZ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KassamZ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLovat2012" class="citation book cs1">Lovat, Terence (2012-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TJNSwd4bYUC&dq=%22Ismaili+Women++%22&pg=PA1"><i>Women in Islam: Reflections on Historical and Contemporary Research</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4219-2"><bdi>978-94-007-4219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Islam%3A+Reflections+on+Historical+and+Contemporary+Research&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft.isbn=978-94-007-4219-2&rft.aulast=Lovat&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9TJNSwd4bYUC%26dq%3D%2522Ismaili%2BWomen%2B%2B%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ismailism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asani-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asani_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsani2008" class="citation book cs1">Asani, Ali (2008). <i>The Islamic Marriage Contract</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. pp. 285–295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02821-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02821-0"><bdi>978-0-674-02821-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Marriage+Contract&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=285-295&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+School&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02821-0&rft.aulast=Asani&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ismailism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheIsmaili-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheIsmaili_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the.ismaili/his-highness-aga-khan">"His Highness the Aga Khan"</a>. <i>the.Ismaili</i>. 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the.Ismaili&rft.atitle=His+Highness+the+Aga+Khan&rft.date=2007-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthe.ismaili%2Fhis-highness-aga-khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ismailism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moolji-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moolji_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moolji_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoja-Moolji2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shenila_Khoja-Moolji" title="Shenila Khoja-Moolji">Khoja-Moolji</a>, Shenila (2018). <i>Forging the Ideal Educated Girl: The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia</i>. California: University of California Press. pp. 23–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520970533" title="Special:BookSources/9780520970533"><bdi>9780520970533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+the+Ideal+Educated+Girl%3A+The+Production+of+Desirable+Subjects+in+Muslim+South+Asia&rft.pages=23-59&rft.pub=California%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780520970533&rft.aulast=Khoja-Moolji&rft.aufirst=Shenila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ismailism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KassamZ-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KassamZ_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassam2011" class="citation book cs1">Kassam, Zayn (2011). <i>A Modern History of the Ismailis</i>. New York, NY: I.B. Tauris & Co. pp. 247–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-717-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+the+Ismailis&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=247-264&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-717-7&rft.aulast=Kassam&rft.aufirst=Zayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+Ismailism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&oldid=1252171719">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Ismailism&oldid=1252171719</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_women" title="Category:Islam and women">Islam and women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ismailism" title="Category:Ismailism">Ismailism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 04:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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