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href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardopoulos%E2%80%93Gargalidis_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt">Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1923 Greek pro-royalist military coup attempt</div> <p>The <b>Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup attempt</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κίνημα Λεοναρδόπουλου-Γαργαλίδη</span>) was a failed <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a> launched on 22 October 1923 (11 October O.S.) in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> by pro-<a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> military officers under the Lieutenant Generals <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Leonardopoulos" title="Georgios Leonardopoulos">Georgios Leonardopoulos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Gargalidis" title="Panagiotis Gargalidis">Panagiotis Gargalidis</a>, and the Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Ziras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgios Ziras (page does not exist)">Georgios Ziras</a>. Its failure discredited the monarchy and contributed decisively to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a> in March 1924. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardopoulos%E2%80%93Gargalidis_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Schism" title="National Schism">National Schism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor Campaign">Asia Minor Campaign</a></div> <p>Following the Greek defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor Campaign">Asia Minor Campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Army">Greek Army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Venizelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Venizelist">Venizelist</a> Colonels <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Plastiras" title="Nikolaos Plastiras">Nikolaos Plastiras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Gonatas" title="Stylianos Gonatas">Stylianos Gonatas</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">overthrew the royalist government</a> in September 1922 and forced King <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a> into renewed exile. His eldest son, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Greece" title="George II of Greece">George II</a> succeeded him, but the position of the monarchy remained precarious. The military-led "Revolutionary Government" <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Six" title="Trial of the Six">tried and convicted</a> six leading royalists to death as scapegoats for the country's military defeat, and gradually steered the country in the direction of a republic. On 18 October 1923, the Revolutionary Government proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_1923" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 1923">elections</a> to be held on 16 December for a National Assembly which would decide on the country's future form of government. The Revolutionary Government however, headed by Gonatas, had passed an electoral law which heavily favoured the Venizelist <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Greece)" title="Liberal Party (Greece)">Liberal Party</a> and the other anti-monarchist parties. </p><p>The prospect of the elections and an almost-certain regime change led to the creation of a heterogeneous coalition in the ranks of the army, which aimed to overthrow the government. Its main driving force was the so-called "Majors' Organization" (Οργάνωση Ταγματαρχών) of royalist middle-ranking officers, which was in close contact with the royalist former Deputy Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army_General_Staff" title="Hellenic Army General Staff">Army General Staff</a> and future dictator, General <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>, but several disgruntled Venizelists, most prominently Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis, also joined. The conspirators managed to win over the bulk of the military units in northern Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, but failed to make inroads in the garrisons of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> or the other major cities, as well as in the overwhelmingly Venizelist <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Navy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_coup_attempt">The coup attempt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardopoulos%E2%80%93Gargalidis_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The coup attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metaxas had advised that the coup should take place in Athens, the country's nerve centre, but in the event, it was launched in the provinces in the early hours of 22 October. In its initial stages it proved rapidly successful: by the morning, in the entire Greek mainland, only the cities of Athens, Thessaloniki, <a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> remained under government control. The government was initially caught by surprise but soon rallied. General <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoros Pangalos (general)">Theodoros Pangalos</a>, the head of the Army, launched energetic countermeasures, while the putschists prevaricated. </p><p>In Thessaloniki, Venizelist officers led by General <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Kondylis" title="Georgios Kondylis">Georgios Kondylis</a> preempted the coup from taking over the city, and subsequently confronted the rebel forces under Colonel Ziras. The government forces prevailed and reestablished control over northern Greece by October 25, while Ziras himself fled to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. In the Peloponnese, Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis with their troops crossed the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a> and marched towards Athens, but were surrounded by government troops and forced to surrender unconditionally on 27 October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardopoulos%E2%80%93Gargalidis_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Second Hellenic Republic</a></div> <p>The failed coup was a turning point in Greek history, as the royalist cause was comprehensively defeated, at least for the moment. In the coup's aftermath, the royalist faction lost in influence and was effectively decapitated. More than 1200 royalist officers were dismissed from the Armed Forces. Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis were court-martialled and sentenced to death, although they were eventually pardoned. Ioannis Metaxas, who was in <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> at the time of the coup, managed to flee the country and went to exile in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>. The royalist parties abstained from the December elections, paving the way for the electoral triumph of the Venizelist parties. King George II left the country on 19 December, and on 25 March 1924, a presidential Republic was proclaimed. Its short existence would be troubled by coups and counter-coups amidst the ever-continuing conflict between Venizelists and royalists, until the restoration of monarchy in yet another coup in October 1935. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardopoulos%E2%80%93Gargalidis_coup_attempt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Greece" title="Template:Coups d'état in Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Greece" title="Template talk:Coups d'état in Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coups d'état in Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_coups_in_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Greek coups d'état">Military coups in Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successful coups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_September_1843_Revolution" title="3 September 1843 Revolution">3 September 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_October_1862_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="23 October 1862 Revolution">23 October 1862</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_23%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_1862" class="extiw" title="el:Επανάσταση της 23ης Οκτωβρίου 1862">el</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">15 August 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="National Defence coup d'état">17 August 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1925 Greek coup d'état">25 June 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 Greek coup d'état (page does not exist)">22 August 1926</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7_22%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1926" class="extiw" title="el:Κίνημα Γεωργίου Κονδύλη 22ης Αυγούστου 1926">el</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Greek coup d'état (page does not exist)">10 October 1935</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7_10%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_1935" class="extiw" title="el:Κίνημα Κονδύλη 10ης Οκτωβρίου 1935">el</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4 August 1936</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta#Coup_d'état_of_21_April" title="Greek junta">21 April 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta#Ioannidis_coup_and_regime" title="Greek junta">25 November 1973</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coup attempts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1831_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1831 Greek coup d'état attempt (page does not exist)">1831 attempt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1831" class="extiw" title="el:Κίνημα του 1831">el</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardopoulos%E2%80%93Gargalidis_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt">22 October 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Greek_coup_attempt" title="1933 Greek coup attempt">6 March 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_attempt" title="1935 Greek coup attempt">1 March 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Greek_coup_attempt" title="1938 Greek coup attempt">28 July 1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Link_of_Greek_Officers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Link of Greek Officers (page does not exist)">31 May 1951</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="el:Ιερός Δεσμός Ελλήνων Αξιωματικών">el</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta#King's_counter-coup" title="Greek junta">13 December 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Charrette#Mutiny" title="USS Charrette">23 May 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyjamas_coup" title="Pyjamas coup">24 February 1975</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> •  <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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