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href="#Role_in_oral_tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Role in oral tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_oral_tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allergic_asthma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergic_asthma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Allergic asthma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergic_asthma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goblet_cell_carcinoids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goblet_cell_carcinoids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Goblet cell carcinoids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goblet_cell_carcinoids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaplasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaplasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metaplasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaplasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monoclonal_antibodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monoclonal_antibodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Monoclonal antibodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monoclonal_antibodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Goblet cell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خلية كأسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية كأسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechazej" title="Bechazej – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bechazej" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8l%C2%B7lula_caliciforme" title="Cèl·lula caliciforme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cèl·lula caliciforme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poh%C3%A1rkov%C3%A1_bu%C5%88ka" title="Pohárková buňka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pohárková buňka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becherzelle" title="Becherzelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Becherzelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula_caliciforme" title="Célula caliciforme – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Célula caliciforme" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="سلول جامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلول جامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellule_caliciforme" title="Cellule caliciforme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cellule caliciforme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula_caliciforme" title="Célula caliciforme – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Célula caliciforme" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%83%81_%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" title="배상 세포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배상 세포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellula_mucipara_caliciforme" title="Cellula mucipara caliciforme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cellula mucipara caliciforme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Бокалша экзокриноцит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бокалша экзокриноцит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausveida_mukoc%C4%ABts" title="Kausveida mukocīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kausveida mukocīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slijmbekercel" title="Slijmbekercel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slijmbekercel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%AF%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="杯細胞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="杯細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%B3rki_kubkowe" title="Komórki kubkowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komórki kubkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9lula_caliciforme" title="Célula caliciforme – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Célula caliciforme" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бокаловидная клетка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бокаловидная клетка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Goblet cell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Пехарасте ћелије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пехарасте ћелије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikarisolu" title="Pikarisolu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pikarisolu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4garcell" title="Bägarcell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bägarcell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet_h%C3%BCcresi" title="Goblet hücresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Goblet hücresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Келихоподібні клітини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Келихоподібні клітини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%AF%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="杯状细胞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杯状细胞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q813622#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:beige">Goblet cell</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:404_Goblet_Cell_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/404_Goblet_Cell_new.jpg/250px-404_Goblet_Cell_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/404_Goblet_Cell_new.jpg/375px-404_Goblet_Cell_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/404_Goblet_Cell_new.jpg/500px-404_Goblet_Cell_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="4722" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Schematic illustration of a goblet cell in close up, illustrating different internal structures of the cell.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1060.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gray1060.png/250px-Gray1060.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gray1060.png/375px-Gray1060.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Gray1060.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Transverse section of a <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">villus</a>, from the human <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>. X 350.<br />a. <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">Basement membrane</a>, here somewhat shrunken away from the epithelium.<br />b. <a href="/wiki/Lacteal" title="Lacteal">Lacteal</a>.<br />c. <a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelium">Columnar epithelium</a>.<br />d. Its striated border.<br />e. <b>Goblet cells</b>.<br />f. <a href="/wiki/Leucocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucocytes">Leucocytes</a> in epithelium.<br />f’. Leucocytes below epithelium.<br />g. <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vessels">Blood vessels</a>.<br />h. <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle cells">Muscle cells</a> cut across.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Shape</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple columnar">Simple columnar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">Mucin</a>-producing <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>exocrimohsinoctus caliciformis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020397">D020397</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H3.04.pdf">H3.04.03.0.00009, H3.04.03.0.00016, H3.05.00.0.00006 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma13148">13148</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Anatomical terms of microanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q813622" class="extiw" title="d:Q813622">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Goblet cells</b> are <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">simple columnar epithelial cells</a> that secrete gel-forming <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucins</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Mucin_2" title="Mucin 2">mucin 2</a> in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and <a href="/wiki/Mucin_5AC" title="Mucin 5AC">mucin 5AC</a> in the respiratory tract.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goblet cells mainly use the <a href="/wiki/Merocrine" title="Merocrine">merocrine</a> method of secretion, secreting vesicles into a duct, but may use <a href="/wiki/Apocrine" title="Apocrine">apocrine</a> methods, budding off their secretions, when under stress.<sup id="cite_ref-lohmann-matthes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lohmann-matthes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Goblet" class="mw-redirect" title="Goblet">goblet</a></i> refers to the cell's goblet-like shape. The apical portion is shaped like a cup, as it is distended by abundant mucus laden granules; its basal portion lacks these granules and is shaped like a stem. </p><p>The goblet cell is highly polarized with the nucleus and other organelles concentrated at the base of the cell and secretory granules containing mucin, at the apical surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apical plasma membrane projects short <a href="/wiki/Microvilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvilli">microvilli</a> to give an increased surface area for secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goblet cells are typically found in the respiratory, reproductive and <a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower gastrointestinal tract">lower gastrointestinal tract</a> and are surrounded by other columnar cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Biased differentiation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Airway_basal_cell" title="Airway basal cell">airway basal cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a>, into goblet cells plays a key role in the excessive mucus production, known as <a href="/wiki/Mucus_hypersecretion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucus hypersecretion">mucus hypersecretion</a> seen in many respiratory diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">chronic bronchitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goblet cells are found scattered among the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial</a> lining of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower gastrointestinal tract">intestinal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found inside the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>, and larger <a href="/wiki/Bronchioles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchioles">bronchioles</a> in the respiratory tract, <a href="/wiki/Small_intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Small intestines">small intestines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a> in the upper <a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelid</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a> goblet cells are a source of mucin in <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a> and they also secrete different types of mucins onto the <a href="/wiki/Ocular" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocular">ocular</a> surface. In the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_gland" title="Lacrimal gland">lacrimal glands</a>, mucus is <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Acinus" title="Acinus">acinar cells</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-guzman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guzman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Microanatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goblet cells are <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">simple columnar epithelial</a> cells, having a height of four times that of their width. The <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of goblet cells tends to be displaced toward the basal end of the cell body by the large <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucin</a> granules, which accumulate near the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane#Membrane_polarity" title="Cell membrane">apical</a> surface of the cell along the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>, which lies between the granules and the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>. This gives the basal part of the cell a <a href="/wiki/Basophilic" title="Basophilic">basophilic</a> staining because of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> within the nucleus and <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum#Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">rough endoplasmic reticulum</a> staining with <a href="/wiki/Hematoxylin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematoxylin">hematoxylin</a>. Mucin within the granules stains pale in routine <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> sections, primarily because these <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a>-rich proteins are washed out in the <a href="/wiki/Histology#Sample_preparation" title="Histology">preparation</a> of microscopy samples. However, they stain easily with the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid%E2%80%93Schiff_stain" title="Periodic acid–Schiff stain">PAS</a> staining method, which colours them magenta.<sup id="cite_ref-ross_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wheater_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheater-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mucicarmine_stain" title="Mucicarmine stain">mucicarmine stains</a>, deep red mucin is found within goblet cell bodies. Goblet cells can be seen in the examples below as the larger, more pale cells. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1062.png" class="mw-file-description" title="An intestinal gland from the human intestine with goblet cells visible"><img alt="An intestinal gland from the human intestine with goblet cells visible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gray1062.png/47px-Gray1062.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gray1062.png/71px-Gray1062.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gray1062.png/95px-Gray1062.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">intestinal gland</a> from the human intestine with goblet cells visible</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobletcell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goblet cell in ileum"><img alt="Goblet cell in ileum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gobletcell.jpg/120px-Gobletcell.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gobletcell.jpg/180px-Gobletcell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gobletcell.jpg/240px-Gobletcell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Goblet cell in <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of mouse intestine, mucus of goblet cells in blue"><img alt="Section of mouse intestine, mucus of goblet cells in blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/120px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/180px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG/240px-MultiPhotonExcitation-Fig10-doi10.1186slash1475-925X-5-36.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of mouse intestine, mucus of goblet cells in blue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goblet_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goblet cells in large intestine"><img alt="Goblet cells in large intestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Goblet_cells.jpg/118px-Goblet_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Goblet_cells.jpg/177px-Goblet_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Goblet_cells.jpg/236px-Goblet_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3069" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Goblet cells in <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main role of goblet cells is to secrete <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> in order to protect the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucous membranes</a> where they are found. Goblet cells accomplish this by secreting <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucins</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> formed mostly by <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>. The gel-like properties of mucins are given by its <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> (bound carbohydrates) attracting relatively large quantities of water.<sup id="cite_ref-johanssen_sjovall_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johanssen_sjovall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the inner surface of the human intestine, it forms a 200 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> thick layer (less in other animals) that lubricates and protects the wall of the organ.<sup id="cite_ref-johansson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johansson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distinct forms of mucin are produced in different organs: while <a href="/wiki/MUC2" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC2">MUC2</a> is prevalent in the intestine, <a href="/wiki/MUC5AC" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC5AC">MUC5AC</a> and <a href="/wiki/MUC5B" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC5B">MUC5B</a> are the main forms found in the human <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">airway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rubin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the airway, mucus is swept by the <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a>, in a process called <a href="/wiki/Mucociliary_clearance" title="Mucociliary clearance">mucociliary clearance</a>, and propelled out of the lungs and into the pharynx, which results in the removal of debris and pathogens from the airway.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MUC5AC is overexpressed in <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mucins are continuously made and secreted by goblet cells in order to repair and replace the existing mucus layer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mucins are stored in granules inside the goblet cells before being released to the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the organ.<sup id="cite_ref-johanssen_sjovall_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johanssen_sjovall-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mucin secretion in the airway may occur via regulated secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretion may be stimulated by irritants such as <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">airway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rubin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stimuli are <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a> such as viruses and bacteria. </p><p>Anomalies in the number of goblet cells are associated with changes in the secretion of mucins, which can result in many of the abnormalities seen in asthma patients, such as clogged airways due to <a href="/wiki/Mucus_hypersecretion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucus hypersecretion">mucus hypersecretion</a>, and eventual loss of lung function.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overexpression of <a href="/wiki/Mucin_5AC" title="Mucin 5AC">MUC5AC</a> alone does not result in the pathophysiology seen in <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> patients; it is the excessive production along with the speed of secretion that leads to the formation of thick mucus that cannot be removed by cilia or coughing action.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in addition to airway narrowing leads to the clogging of the airways, which can be detrimental to health if not treated.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>There are other cells that secrete mucus (such as the <a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">foveolar cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these are distinguished <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histologically</a> from goblet cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_oral_tolerance">Role in oral tolerance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in oral tolerance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immune_tolerance#Allograft_tolerance" title="Immune tolerance">Oral tolerance</a> is the process by which the immune system is prevented from responding to antigen derived from food products, as peptides from food may pass into the bloodstream via the gut, which would in theory lead to an immune response. A paper published in <i>Nature</i> in 2012 has shed some light on the process and implicated goblet cells as having a role in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22422267_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22422267-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was known that <a href="/wiki/CD103" class="mw-redirect" title="CD103">CD103</a>-expressing <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">dendritic cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</a> had a role to play in the induction of oral tolerance (potentially by inducing the differentiation of <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_T_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory T cells">regulatory T cells</a>), and this paper suggests that the goblet cells act to preferentially deliver antigen to these CD103<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22422267_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22422267-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergic_asthma">Allergic asthma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Allergic asthma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The excessive mucus production seen in allergic asthma patients is due to <b>goblet cell metaplasia</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">differentiation</a> of airway epithelial cells into mucin producing goblet cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cells produce the thick mucins <a href="/wiki/Mucin_5AC" title="Mucin 5AC">MUC5AC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mucin_5B" title="Mucin 5B">MUC5B</a>, which clog the airway, leading to the airflow obstruction characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goblet cell metaplasia in allergic asthma is due to the action of the <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a> binds to the <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4_receptor" title="Interleukin-4 receptor">IL-4Rα</a> receptor and initiates a <a href="/wiki/STAT6" title="STAT6">STAT6</a> signalling response.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binding of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a> residues at the <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4_receptor" title="Interleukin-4 receptor">IL-4Rα</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in docking of <a href="/wiki/STAT6" title="STAT6">STAT6</a> monomers, which themselves are phosphorylated and then subsequently leave the receptor and congregate form STAT6 <a href="/wiki/Protein_dimer" title="Protein dimer">homodimers</a> in the cytoplasm.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These homodimers then enter the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, where they bind to regulatory elements in the DNA, which affects the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> of certain genes involved in mucus production.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Induction of <a href="/wiki/STAT6" title="STAT6">STAT6</a> signaling by <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a> leads to increased of expression of <a href="/wiki/ALOX15" title="ALOX15">15-lipoxygenase</a> (15-LO-1), which is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15-lipoxygenase acts by binding to <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> and yields hydroperoxy and epoxy metabolites.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such metabolite, <a href="/wiki/15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">15-hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid</a> (15-HETE), is released intracellularly, where it conjugates to <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">phosphatidylethanolamine</a>, a phospholipid component.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15-HETE-PE induces expression of the mucin <a href="/wiki/Mucin_5AC" title="Mucin 5AC">MUC5AC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goblet_cell_carcinoids">Goblet cell carcinoids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Goblet cell carcinoids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell_carcinoid" title="Goblet cell carcinoid">Goblet cell carcinoids</a> are a class of rare tumors that form as a result of an excessive proliferation of both goblet and <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell" title="Neuroendocrine cell">neuroendocrine cells</a>. The majority of these tumors arise in the <a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">appendix</a> and may present symptoms similar to the much more common <a href="/wiki/Acute_appendicitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute appendicitis">acute appendicitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main treatment for localized goblet cells tumors is <a href="/wiki/Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">removal of the appendix</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Colectomy" title="Colectomy">removal of the right hemicolon</a> is also performed.<sup id="cite_ref-mccusker_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccusker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disseminated tumors may require treatment with <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> in addition to surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-holt_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metaplasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_goblet_cells_(annotated)_and_foveolar_cells_in_incomplete_Barrett%27s_esophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Histopathology_of_goblet_cells_%28annotated%29_and_foveolar_cells_in_incomplete_Barrett%27s_esophagus.jpg/220px-Histopathology_of_goblet_cells_%28annotated%29_and_foveolar_cells_in_incomplete_Barrett%27s_esophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Histopathology_of_goblet_cells_%28annotated%29_and_foveolar_cells_in_incomplete_Barrett%27s_esophagus.jpg/330px-Histopathology_of_goblet_cells_%28annotated%29_and_foveolar_cells_in_incomplete_Barrett%27s_esophagus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Histopathology_of_goblet_cells_%28annotated%29_and_foveolar_cells_in_incomplete_Barrett%27s_esophagus.jpg/440px-Histopathology_of_goblet_cells_%28annotated%29_and_foveolar_cells_in_incomplete_Barrett%27s_esophagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Incomplete intestinal metaplasia (incomplete <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a>), showing both <a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">foveolar cells</a> and goblet cells, latter indicated by arrows, and usually having a slightly bluish color compared to the apical cytoplasm of foveolar cells on H&E stain.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">metaplasia</a> of the esophagus into intestinal epithelium, characterized by the presence of goblet cells.<sup id="cite_ref-fouad_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fouad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatments">Treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monoclonal_antibodies">Monoclonal antibodies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monoclonal antibodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies of mice given monoclonal <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> for <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a> results in decreased expression of goblet cells in <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some treatments that use anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibodies include <a href="/wiki/Tralokinumab" title="Tralokinumab">tralokinumab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebrikizumab" title="Lebrikizumab">lebrikizumab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These treatments have shown improvements in asthma patients, yet there are still limitations to the use of anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dupilumab" title="Dupilumab">Dupilumab</a> is a newer drug that targets the shared receptor of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">IL-13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4_receptor" title="Interleukin-4 receptor">IL4Rα</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since IL-4 and IL-13 have interrelated biological activities, <a href="/wiki/Dupilumab" title="Dupilumab">Dupilumab</a> is a more effective form of treatment as it targets both interleukins.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cells were first noted by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gustav_Jakob_Henle" title="Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle">Henle</a> in 1837 when studying the lining of the small intestine, seen to be mucus producing by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leydig" title="Franz Leydig">Leydig</a> in 1857 (who was examining the epidermis of fish), and were given their name by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eilhard_Schulze" title="Franz Eilhard Schulze">Schulze</a> in 1867,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schulze chose the descriptive name "goblet" because of the shape of the cell, rather than a functional name, as he remained uncertain as to the mucus-producing function of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nowadays these cells are used in the laboratories to evaluate the intestinal absorption of drug targets with different kits, such as the CacoGoblet.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers" title="List of human cell types derived from the germ layers">List of human cell types derived from the germ layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHodgesDartt2010" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, R.R.; Dartt, D.A. 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Kim, K; Tuvim, MJ; Dickey, BF (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2709596">"Mucus hypersecretion in asthma: causes and effects"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 4–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCP.0b013e32831da8d3">10.1097/MCP.0b013e32831da8d3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2709596">2709596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19077699">19077699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pulmonary+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mucus+hypersecretion+in+asthma%3A+causes+and+effects.&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-11&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2709596%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19077699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMCP.0b013e32831da8d3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Kim%2C+K&rft.au=Tuvim%2C+MJ&rft.au=Dickey%2C+BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2709596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoblet+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000018701.htm">"goblet cell"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Dorland%27s_medical_reference_works" title="Dorland's medical reference works">Dorland's Medical Dictionary</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guzman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guzman_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzman-AranguezArgüeso2010" class="citation journal cs1">Guzman-Aranguez, A; 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Elsevier. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483224824" title="Special:BookSources/9781483224824"><bdi>9781483224824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Review+of+General+and+Experimental+Zoology&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft.isbn=9781483224824&rft.aulast=Felts&rft.aufirst=William+J.+L.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSzLBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoblet+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Chapter IV:The Goblet Cell in General". <i>Acta Ophthalmologica</i>. <b>46</b> (S95): 25–35. 1968-02-01. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-3768.1968.tb05926.x">10.1111/j.1755-3768.1968.tb05926.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-3768">1755-3768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221392598">221392598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Ophthalmologica&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV%3AThe+Goblet+Cell+in+General&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=S95&rft.pages=25-35&rft.date=1968-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221392598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1755-3768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1755-3768.1968.tb05926.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoblet+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVázquez-Sánchez" class="citation web cs1">Vázquez-Sánchez, María Ángeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://readycell.com/permeability-tools/#cacogoblet">"CacoGoblet"</a>. <i>Readycell</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Readycell&rft.atitle=CacoGoblet&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1zquez-S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+%C3%81ngeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freadycell.com%2Fpermeability-tools%2F%23cacogoblet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoblet+cell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goblet_cell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050617083718/http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/goblets.html">Goblet Cells at 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_physiology" title="Template:Gastrointestinal physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_physiology" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physiology_of_the_gastrointestinal_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiology of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">gastrointestinal system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">Exocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Chief cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">Pepsinogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_factor" title="Intrinsic factor">Intrinsic factor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">Mucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">Swallowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">Vomiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_physiology#Motility" title="Gastrointestinal physiology">Gastric emptying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">Saliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">Gastric acid</a> secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_cell" title="G cell">G cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">ECL cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_cell" title="Delta cell">D cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">paracrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bile and pancreatic secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterogastrone" title="Enterogastrone">Enterogastrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">Cholecystokinin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell#Intestinal_enteroendocrine_cells" title="Enteroendocrine cell">I cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S_cell" title="S cell">S cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucose_homeostasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose homeostasis">Glucose homeostasis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incretin" title="Incretin">incretins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell#Intestinal_enteroendocrine_cells" title="Enteroendocrine cell">K cells</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLP-1" class="mw-redirect" title="GLP-1">GLP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="L cell">L cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endocrine cell types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin_cell" title="Enterochromaffin cell">Enterochromaffin cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APUD_cell" title="APUD cell">APUD cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exocrine cell types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goblet cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal juice">Intestinal juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_contractions" title="Segmentation contractions">Segmentation contractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrating_motor_complex" title="Migrating motor complex">Migrating motor complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach_rumble" title="Stomach rumble">Borborygmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">Enteric nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submucous_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Submucous plexus">Submucous plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">Myenteric plexus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Either/both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Processes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">Peristalsis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstitial_cell_of_Cajal" title="Interstitial cell of Cajal">Interstitial cell of Cajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_electrical_rhythm" title="Basal electrical rhythm">Basal electrical rhythm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrocolic_reflex" title="Gastrocolic reflex">Gastrocolic reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">Bile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_juice" title="Pancreatic juice">Pancreatic juice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation">Enterohepatic circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_fluid" title="Peritoneal fluid">Peritoneal fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Template talk:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gastrointestinal tract"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_gastrointestinal_tract,_excluding_the_mouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_muscles" title="Pharyngeal muscles">Muscles</a></li> <li>Spaces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peripharyngeal_space" title="Peripharyngeal space">peripharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_space" title="Retropharyngeal space">retropharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapharyngeal_space" title="Parapharyngeal space">parapharyngeal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovisceral_space" title="Retrovisceral space">retrovisceral </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger_space" title="Danger space">danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_space" title="Prevertebral space">prevertebral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygomandibular_raphe" title="Pterygomandibular raphe">Pterygomandibular raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_raphe" title="Pharyngeal raphe">Pharyngeal raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccopharyngeal_fascia" title="Buccopharyngeal fascia">Buccopharyngeal fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngobasilar_fascia" title="Pharyngobasilar fascia">Pharyngobasilar fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyriform_sinus" title="Pyriform sinus">Pyriform sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sphincters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">upper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus#Sphincters" title="Esophagus">lower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_gland" title="Esophageal gland">glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Curvatures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Greater_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvatures_of_the_stomach#Lesser_curvature" title="Curvatures of the stomach">lesser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_incisure" title="Angular incisure">Angular incisure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Sections" title="Stomach">Cardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach#Structure" title="Stomach">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus" title="Pylorus">Pylorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">Gastric mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_folds" title="Gastric folds">Gastric folds</a></li> <li>Microanatomy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_pits" title="Gastric pits">Gastric pits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_glands" title="Gastric glands">Gastric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glands">Cardiac glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundic_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundic glands">Fundic glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylorus#Histology" title="Pylorus">Pyloric glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveolar_cell" title="Foveolar cell">Foveolar cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_cell" title="Parietal cell">Parietal cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_chief_cell" title="Gastric chief cell">Gastric chief cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterochromaffin-like_cell" title="Enterochromaffin-like cell">Enterochromaffin-like cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microanatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_villus" title="Intestinal villus">Intestinal villi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_gland" title="Intestinal gland">Intestinal glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">Enterocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cells</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goblet cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum" title="Suspensory muscle of duodenum">Suspensory muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_duodenal_papilla" title="Minor duodenal papilla">Minor duodenal papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodenojejunal_flexure" title="Duodenojejunal flexure">Duodenojejunal flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunner%27s_glands" title="Brunner's glands">Brunner's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>No substructures</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileocecal_valve" title="Ileocecal valve">Ileocecal valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">Microfold cells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">Cecum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_colon" title="Ascending colon">Ascending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic flexure">Hepatic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_colon" title="Transverse colon">Transverse colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_flexure" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic flexure">Splenic flexure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descending_colon" title="Descending colon">Descending colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">Sigmoid colon</a></li> <li>Continuous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taenia_coli" title="Taenia coli">taenia coli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustrum_(anatomy)" title="Haustrum (anatomy)">haustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiploic_appendix" title="Epiploic appendix">epiploic appendix</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_folds_of_rectum" title="Transverse folds of rectum">Transverse folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal ampulla">Ampulla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_columns" title="Anal columns">Anal columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_valves" title="Anal valves">Anal valves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sinuses" title="Anal sinuses">Anal sinuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectinate_line" title="Pectinate line">Pectinate line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_anal_sphincter" title="Internal anal sphincter">Internal anal sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersphincteric_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersphincteric groove">Intersphincteric groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_anal_sphincter" title="External anal sphincter">External anal sphincter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_wall" title="Gastrointestinal wall">Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serous_membrane" title="Serous membrane">Serosa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adventitia" title="Adventitia">Adventitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subserosa" title="Subserosa">Subserosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">Muscular layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">Submucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_folds" title="Circular folds">Circular folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">Muscularis mucosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_lower_respiratory_tract" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Template:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Template talk:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_respiratory_system_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower respiratory system anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_lower_respiratory_tract" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">lower respiratory tract</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Respiratory_tree" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal rings">Tracheal rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Annular ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_of_trachea" title="Carina of trachea">Carina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Main <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus#Structure" title="Bronchus">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eparterial_bronchus" title="Eparterial bronchus">eparterial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus#Structure" title="Bronchus">Tertiary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">Lungs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Landmarks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Base of lung">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex of lung">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilum_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilum of lung">Hilum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fissures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_fissure_of_right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal fissure of right lung">Horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique fissure">Oblique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior lobe">Superior lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingula_of_left_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingula of left lung">Lingula of left lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_lobe_of_right_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle lobe of right lung">Middle lobe of right lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_lung#Lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Left lung">Inferior lobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_segment" title="Bronchopulmonary segment">BP segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">Bronchiole</a>: <a href="/wiki/Conducting_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Conducting zone">Conducting zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal bronchiole">Terminal bronchiole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory zone">Respiratory zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory bronchiole">Respiratory bronchiole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar duct">Alveolar duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">Alveolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood-air_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-air barrier">Blood-air barrier</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Alveolar cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar cells">Type II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_cell" title="Club cell">Club cell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Goblet cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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