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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint-Domingue_Creole_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Saint-Domingue Creole French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint-Domingue_Creole_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_between_Haitian_Creole_and_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_between_Haitian_Creole_and_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Difference between Haitian Creole and French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_between_Haitian_Creole_and_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taino_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taino_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Taino influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taino_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Becoming_an_official_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_an_official_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Becoming an official language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_an_official_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Literature development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_Haitian_Creole-language_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Haitian_Creole-language_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Notable Haitian Creole-language writers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Haitian_Creole-language_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sociolinguistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sociolinguistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Role in society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_educational_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_educational_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Use in educational system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_educational_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Orthography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Orthography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haitian_orthography_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian_orthography_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Haitian orthography debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian_orthography_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French-based_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-based_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 French-based orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-based_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Possessive pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Singular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Plural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural_of_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural_of_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Plural of nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural_of_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Possession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Indefinite article </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Definite article </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Demonstratives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.1 Copula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_have" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_have"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.2 To have </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_have-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-There_is" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#There_is"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.3 There is </div> </a> <ul id="toc-There_is-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_know" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_know"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.4 To know </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_know-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_do" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_do"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.5 To do </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_do-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_be_able_to" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_be_able_to"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.6 To be able to </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_be_able_to-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.7 Tense markers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.8 Negation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Lexicon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lexicon subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sample" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sample </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nèg_and_blan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nèg_and_blan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Nèg and blan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nèg_and_blan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salutations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salutations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Salutations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salutations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proverbs_and_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs_and_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Proverbs and expressions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proverbs_and_expressions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Proverbs and expressions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Proverbs_and_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Proverbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Expressions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Usage abroad </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_abroad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage abroad subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_and_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_and_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 United States and Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_and_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bahamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bahamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 The Bahamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bahamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Haitian Creole</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFtiaanse_kreools" title="Haïtiaanse kreools – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Haïtiaanse kreools" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%83%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B2_%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%AE%E1%88%8D" title="የሃይቲ ክሬዮል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሃይቲ ክሬዮል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2" title="हैतियाई क्रेओल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हैतियाई क्रेओल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكريولية الهايتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكريولية الهايتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollu_haitianu" title="Criollu haitianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Criollu haitianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_kreol_dili" title="Haiti kreol dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Haiti kreol dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هایتی کرول دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هایتی کرول دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হাইতীয় ক্রেওল ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইতীয় ক্রেওল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti-g%C3%AD" title="Haiti-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Haiti-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хаитянски креолски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хаитянски креолски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai%C4%87anski_kreolski_jezik" title="Haićanski kreolski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Haićanski kreolski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreoleg_Haiti" title="Kreoleg Haiti – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kreoleg Haiti" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crioll_haiti%C3%A0" title="Crioll haitià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crioll haitià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitsk%C3%A1_kreol%C5%A1tina" title="Haitská kreolština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Haitská kreolština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creol_Haiti" title="Creol Haiti – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Creol Haiti" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitisk_(sprog)" title="Haitisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Haitisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitianisch-Kreolisch" title="Haitianisch-Kreolisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haitianisch-Kreolisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αϊτινή κρεολή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αϊτινή κρεολή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criollo_haitiano" title="Criollo haitiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Criollo haitiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitia_kreola_lingvo" title="Haitia kreola lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haitia kreola lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitiko_kreolera" title="Haitiko kreolera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haitiko kreolera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان کریول آییسینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کریول آییسینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Haitian Creole" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ole_ha%C3%AFtien" title="Créole haïtien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Créole haïtien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C3%B3l_H%C3%A1%C3%ADt%C3%AD" title="Criól Háítí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Criól Háítí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crioulo_haitiano" title="Crioulo haitiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Crioulo haitiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti-ng%C3%AE" title="Haiti-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Haiti-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%96%B4" title="아이티어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이티어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="हाइतीयाई क्रियोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइतीयाई क्रियोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai%C4%87anski_kreolski_jezik" title="Haićanski kreolski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haićanski kreolski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitiana_kreolo" title="Haitiana kreolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Haitiana kreolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreol_Haiti" title="Kreol Haiti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kreol Haiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creol_haitian" title="Lingua creol haitian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua creol haitian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creola_haitiana" title="Lingua creola haitiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua creola haitiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קריאולית האיטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קריאולית האיטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჰაიტიური კრეოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაიტიური კრეოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihaiti" title="Kihaiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihaiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Гаити креол кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гаити креол кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krey%C3%B2l_ayisyen" title="Kreyòl ayisyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Гаити креол тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаити креол тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kriyola_aytiana" title="Lingua kriyola aytiana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua kriyola aytiana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creola_Haitiana" title="Lingua creola Haitiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua creola Haitiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Haitiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haitiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai%C4%8Dio_kreol%C5%B3_kalba" title="Haičio kreolų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haičio kreolų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitian_(lingua)" title="Aitian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aitian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_kreol_nyelv" title="Haiti kreol nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haiti kreol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kre%C3%B4ly_haisianina" title="Fiteny kreôly haisianina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kreôly haisianina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="हैतीयन क्रियोल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हैतीयन क्रियोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჰაიტიური კრეოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაიტიური კრეოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكريوليه الهايتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكريوليه الهايتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کریول آییسینی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کریول آییسینی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFtiaans-Creools" title="Haïtiaans-Creools – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haïtiaans-Creools" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E8%AA%9E" title="ハイチ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハイチ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitiaans" title="Haitiaans – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Haitiaans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitisk_kreol" title="Haitisk kreol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haitisk kreol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitisk" title="Haitisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haitisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C3%B2le_haitian" title="Creòle haitian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Creòle haitian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="کریول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کریول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_Krioyo_Haitiano" title="Idioma Krioyo Haitiano – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Idioma Krioyo Haitiano" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ietian_Kryuol" title="Ietian Kryuol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ietian Kryuol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_cr%C3%A9ola_frans%C3%A8isa_haitian-a" title="Lenga créola fransèisa haitian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga créola fransèisa haitian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kreolski_haita%C5%84ski" title="Język kreolski haitański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kreolski haitański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_crioula_haitiana" title="Língua crioula haitiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua crioula haitiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_creol%C4%83_haitian%C4%83" title="Limba creolă haitiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba creolă haitiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Гаитянский креольский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаитянский креольский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Һаити креол тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Һаити креол тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱭᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱨᱮᱭᱳᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_Krey%C3%B2l" title="Gjuha Kreyòl – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha Kreyòl" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Haitian Creole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کریۆلی ھایتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کریۆلی ھایتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хаићански креолски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хаићански креолски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitin_kieli" title="Haitin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haitin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitisk_kreol" title="Haitisk kreol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haitisk kreol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriolyong_Haitiano" title="Kriolyong Haitiano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kriolyong Haitiano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஐத்தி கிரியோல் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐத்தி கிரியோல் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Һаити креол теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һаити креол теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ภาษาครีโอลเฮติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาครีโอลเฮติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_Kreol%C3%BC" title="Haiti Kreolü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haiti Kreolü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Гаїтянська креольська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаїтянська креольська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ھايتى كرېئول تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھايتى كرېئول تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_Haiti" title="Creole Haiti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Creole Haiti" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%E8%80%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="海地克里奥耳语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海地克里奥耳语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E6%AD%B8%E8%9E%8D%E8%A9%B1" title="海地歸融話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海地歸融話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a>, a variety of French spoken in Haiti.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saint-Domingue Creole" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican Creole French</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Haitian Creole</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;">kreyòl ayisyen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">[kɣejɔl ajisjɛ̃]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">13 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-e27-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole</a><a href="#cite_note-Gurevich2004-2">[2]</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Circum-Caribbean French</a><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog|hait1244|Haitian-3">[3]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Haitian Creole</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole alphabet">Haitian Creole alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a><a href="#cite_note-Dufour-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><a href="#cite_note-Dufour-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Akademi_Krey%C3%B2l_Ayisyen" title="Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen">Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (Haitian Creole Academy)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ht">ht</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=181">hat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hat">hat</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hait1244">hait1244</a></code>  Haitian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAC-cb">51-AAC-cb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>ht</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_haitiano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_haitiano.png/320px-Idioma_haitiano.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_haitiano.png/480px-Idioma_haitiano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Idioma_haitiano.png/640px-Idioma_haitiano.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="644" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of Haitian Creole, areas in dark blue is where it is spoken by a majority, areas in light blue is where it is spoken by a minority.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="238" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Castelline_speaking_Haitian_Creole.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Castelline, a speaker of Haitian Creole, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></figcaption></figure> Haitian Creole (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈheɪʃən ˈkriːoʊl/</a>; Haitian Creole: kreyòl ayisyen, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">[kɣejɔl ajisjɛ̃]</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Faraclas2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a> French: créole haïtien, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kʁe.ɔl a.i.sjɛ̃]</a>), or simply Creole (Haitian Creole: kreyòl), is a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole language</a> spoken by 10 to 12 million people worldwide, and is one of the two official languages of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (the other being French), where it is the native language of the vast majority of the population, and is also the most widely spoken creole language in the world.<a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Léonidas1995-9">[9]</a> Northern, Central, and Southern dialects are the three main dialects of Haitian Creole. The Northern dialect is predominantly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>, Central is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a>, and Southern in the <a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Cayes</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The language emerged from contact between French settlers and enslaved Africans during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> in the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>) in the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2007-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Although its vocabulary largely derives from 18th-century French, its grammar is that of a West African <a href="/wiki/Volta-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo languages">Volta-Congo</a> language branch, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fongbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> It also has influences from Spanish, English, Portuguese, Taíno, and other West African languages.<a href="#cite_note-Bonenfant2011-13">[13]</a> It is not mutually intelligible with standard French, and it also has its own distinctive grammar. Some estimate that Haitians are the largest community in the world to speak a modern <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NadeauBarlow2008-14">[14]</a> others estimate that more people speak <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Pidgin" title="Nigerian Pidgin">Nigerian Pidgin</a>. Haitian Creole's use in communities and schools has been contentious since at least the 19th century. Some Haitians view French as inextricably linked to the legacy of colonialism and language compelled on the population by conquerors, while Creole has been maligned by francophones as a miseducated person's French.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2003-16">[16]</a> Until the late 20th century, Haitian presidents spoke only <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">standard French</a> to their fellow citizens, and until the 21st century, all instruction at Haitian elementary schools was in modern standard French, a second language to most of their students.<a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2015-8">[8]</a> Haitian Creole is also spoken in regions that have received migration from Haiti, including other Caribbean islands, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (including the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> It is related to <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a>, spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>, and to other French-based creole languages. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word creole comes from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> term crioulo, which means "a person raised in one's house" and from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> creare, which means "to create, make, bring forth, produce, beget".<a href="#cite_note-Harper-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Créolologie_haïtienne-19">[19]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, the term originally referred to <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Europeans born and raised in overseas colonies</a><a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a> (as opposed to the European-born <a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">peninsulares</a>). To be "as rich as a Creole" at one time was a popular saying boasted in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> during the colonial years of Haiti (then named <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>), for being the most lucrative colony in the world.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The noun Creole, soon began to refer to the language spoken there as well, as it still is today.<a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Créolologie_haïtienne-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Creole_language#Creole_genesis" title="Creole language">Creole language § Creole genesis</a></div> Haitian Creole contains elements from both the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> through its <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, as well as influences from <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glottolog|hait1244|Haitian-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gurevich2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-John2014-21">[21]</a> There are many theories on the formation of the Haitian Creole language. One theory estimates that Haitian Creole developed between 1680 and 1740.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre2006-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[24]</a> During the 17th century, French and Spanish colonizers produced <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar cane</a> on the island.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[24]</a> Throughout this period, the population was made of roughly equal numbers of <a href="/wiki/Engag%C3%A9" title="Engagé">engagés</a> (white workers), <a href="/wiki/Gens_de_couleur_libres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens de couleur libres">gens de couleur libres</a> (free people of colour) and slaves.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The economy shifted more decisively into sugar production about 1690, just before the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> was officially recognized in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2007-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre2006-23">[23]</a> The sugar crops needed a much larger labor force, which led to an increase in slave trafficking . In the 18th century an estimated 800,000 West Africans were enslaved and brought to Saint-Domingue.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[24]</a> As the slave population increased, the proportion of French-speaking colonists decreased. Many African slaves in the colony had come from <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a>-speaking territory, and particularly speakers of <a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a> from West Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tano_languages" title="Central Tano languages">Central Tano languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> from Central Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre2006-23">[23]</a> Singler suggests that the number of Bantu speakers decreased while the number of Kwa speakers increased, with Gbe being the most dominant group. The first fifty years of Saint‑Domingue's sugar boom coincided with emergent Gbe predominance in the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#French_Caribbean" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a>. In the interval during which Singler hypothesizes the language evolved, the Gbe population was around 50% of the kidnapped enslaved population.<a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre2006-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical French">Classical French</a> (français classique) and <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a> dialects, <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a>) were spoken during the 17th and 18th centuries in Saint‑Domingue, as well as in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre2004-26">[26]</a> Slaves lacked a common means of communication and as a result would try to learn French to communicate with one another, though most were denied a formal education. With the constant trafficking and enslavement of Africans, the language became increasingly distinct from French. The language was also picked up by other members of the community and became used by the majority of those born in what is now Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint-Domingue_Creole_French">Saint-Domingue Creole French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Saint-Domingue Creole French">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole French">Creole French</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumes_de_Differents_Pays,_%27Negre_and_Negresse_de_St._Domingue%27_LACMA_M.83.190.354.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Negre_and_Negresse_de_St._Domingue%27_LACMA_M.83.190.354.jpg/150px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Negre_and_Negresse_de_St._Domingue%27_LACMA_M.83.190.354.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Negre_and_Negresse_de_St._Domingue%27_LACMA_M.83.190.354.jpg/225px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Negre_and_Negresse_de_St._Domingue%27_LACMA_M.83.190.354.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Negre_and_Negresse_de_St._Domingue%27_LACMA_M.83.190.354.jpg/300px-Costumes_de_Differents_Pays%2C_%27Negre_and_Negresse_de_St._Domingue%27_LACMA_M.83.190.354.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A rich <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_Creoles" title="Saint-Domingue Creoles">Creole</a> planter of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> with his wife</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, people of all classes spoke <a href="/wiki/Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole French">Creole French</a>. There were both lower and higher registers of the language, depending on education and class. Creole served as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carlbrasseauxglennconrad-27">[27]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div title="Haitian Creole-language text"><div lang="ht">L'Entrepreneur. Mo sorti apprend, Mouché, qué vou té éprouvé domage dan traversée. Le Capitaine. Ça vrai. L'Entr. Vou crére qué navire à vou gagné bisoin réparations? Le C. Ly té carené anvant nou parti, mai coup z'ouragan là mété moué dan cas fair ly bay encor nion radoub. L'Entr. Ly fair d'iau en pile? Le C. Primié jours aprés z'orage, nou té fair trente-six pouces par vingt-quatre heurs; mai dan beau tem mo fair yo dégagé ça mo pu, et tancher miyor possible, nou fair à présent necqué treize pouces.<a href="#cite_note-sjducoeurjoly-28">[28]</a></div></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Entrepreneur. I just learned, sir, that you garnered damages in your crossing. The Captain. That's true. The Entrepreneur. Do you believe that your ship needs repair? The Captain. It careened before we left, but the blow from the hurricane put me in the position of getting it refitted again. The Entrepreneur. Is it taking on a lot of water? The Captain. The first days after the storm, we took on thirty six inches in twenty four hours; but in clear weather I made them take as much of it out as I was able, and attached it the best we possibly could; we're presently taking on not even thirteen inches.</blockquote> <hr /> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haiti_(1964%E2%80%931986,_civil).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%2C_civil%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%2C_civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%2C_civil%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%2C_civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%2C_civil%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_Haiti_%281964%E2%80%931986%2C_civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Haiti_(1804-1806)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Haiti (1804-1806)">Empire of Haiti (1804-1806)</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div title="Haitian Creole-language text"><div lang="ht">Haïti, l'an 1er, 5e, jour de l'indépendance. Chère maman moi, Ambassadeurs à nous, partis pour chercher argent France, moi voulé écrire à vous par yo, pour dire vous combien nous contens. Français bons, oublié tout. Papas nous révoltés contre yo, papas nous tués papas yo, fils yo, gérens yo, papas nous brûlées habitations yo. Bagasse, eux veni trouver nous! et dis nous, vous donner trente millions de gourdes à nous et nous laisser Haïti vous? Vous veni acheter sucre, café, indigo à nous? mais vous payer moitié droit à nous. Vous penser chère maman moi, que nous accepté marché yo. Président à nous embrassé bon papa Makau. Yo bu santé roi de France, santé <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Boyer</a>, santé <a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Christophe</a>, santé Haïti, santé indépendance. Puis yo dansé Balcindé et Bai chi ca colé avec Haïtienes. Moi pas pouvé dire vous combien tout ça noble et beau. Venir voir fils à vous sur habitation, maman moi, li donné vous cassave, gouillave et pimentade. Li ben content si pouvez mener li blanche france pour épouse. Dis li, si ben heureuse. Nous plus tuer blancs, frères, amis, et camarades à nous. Fils à vous embrasse vous, chère maman moi. Congo, Haïtien libre et indépendant, au Trou-Salé.<a href="#cite_note-lbouchard-29">[29]</a></div></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comte_Coriolan_D%C3%A9rival_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Comte_Coriolan_D%C3%A9rival_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque.jpg/180px-Comte_Coriolan_D%C3%A9rival_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Comte_Coriolan_D%C3%A9rival_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque.jpg/270px-Comte_Coriolan_D%C3%A9rival_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Comte_Coriolan_D%C3%A9rival_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque.jpg/360px-Comte_Coriolan_D%C3%A9rival_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>A Haitian planter</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Haiti, 1st year, 5th day of independence. My dear mother, Our ambassadors left to get money from France, I want to write to you through them, to tell you how much we are happy. The French are good, they forgot everything. Our fathers revolted against them, our fathers killed their fathers, sons, managers, and our fathers burned down their plantations. Well, they came to find us, and told us, "you give thirty million gourdes to us and we'll leave Haiti to you? (And we replied) Will you come buy sugar, coffee, and indigo from us? You will pay only half directly to us." Do you believe my dear mother, that we accepted the deal? Our President hugged the good papa Makau (the French ambassador). They drank to the health of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">King of France</a>, to the health of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Boyer</a>, to the health of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Christophe" title="Henri Christophe">Christophe</a>, to the health of Haiti, to independence. Then they danced Balcindé and Bai chi ca colé with Haitian women. I can't tell you how much all of this is so beautiful and noble. Come see your son at his plantation, my mother, he will give you cassava, goyava, and pimentade. He will be happy if you can bring him a white Frenchwoman for a wife. Tell her, if you please. We won't kill anymore whites, brothers, friends, and camarades of ours. Your son hugs you, my dear mother. Congo, free and independent Haitian, at Trou-Salé.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_between_Haitian_Creole_and_French">Difference between Haitian Creole and French</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Difference between Haitian Creole and French">edit</a>]</div> Haitian Creole and French have similar pronunciations and also share many lexical items.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lagarde2007-31">[31]</a> However, many <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> terms actually have different meanings. For example, as Valdman mentions in Haitian Creole: Structure, Variation, Status, Origin, the word for "frequent" in French is fréquent; however, its cognate in Haitian Creole frekan means 'insolent, rude, and impertinent' and usually refers to people.<a href="#cite_note-:02-32">[32]</a> In addition, the grammars of Haitian Creole and French are very different. For example, in Haitian Creole, verbs are not conjugated as they are in French.<a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a> Additionally, Haitian Creole possesses different phonetics from standard French; however, it is similar in phonetic structure.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> The phrase-structure is another similarity between Haitian Creole and French but differs slightly in that it contains details from its African substratum language.<a href="#cite_note-:3-30">[30]</a> Both Haitian Creole and French have also experienced <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">semantic change</a>: words that had a single meaning in the 17th century have changed or have been replaced in both languages.<a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a> For example, "Ki jan ou rele?" ("What is your name?") corresponds to the French "Comment vous appelez‑vous ?". Although the average French speaker would not understand this phrase, every word in it is in fact of French origin: qui "who"; genre "manner"; vous "you", and héler "to call", but the verb héler has been replaced by appeler in modern French and reduced to a meaning of "to flag down".<a href="#cite_note-Valdman2002-7">[7]</a> Lefebvre proposed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexification</a>, arguing that the process of relexification (the replacement of the phonological representation of a substratum lexical item with the <a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">phonological</a> representation of a superstratum lexical item, so that the Haitian creole lexical item looks like French, but works like the substratum language(s)) was central in the development of Haitian Creole.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon language</a>, also known as the Fongbe language, is a modern <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe language</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. This language has a grammatical structure similar to Haitian Creole, possibly making Creole a <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexification</a> of Fon with vocabulary from French. The two languages are often compared:<a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre1986-34">[34]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a> </th> <th>Haitian Creole </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>la maison<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td> <td>afe a </td> <td>kay la </td> <td>the house </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taino_influence">Taino influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taino influence">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> influences in Haitian Creole; many objects, fruit and animal names are either haitianized or have a similar pronunciation. Many towns, places or sites have their official name being a translation of the Taino word. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Taino </th> <th>Haitian Creole </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ayiti, Ayti </td> <td>Ayiti, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>The name of the country and the island. It means "Land of Great Mountains" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gonaibo </td> <td>Gonayiv, or <a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves" title="Gonaïves">Gonaïves</a> </td> <td>The biggest city and capital of <a href="/wiki/Artibonite_(department)" title="Artibonite (department)">Artibonite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yaguana </td> <td>Leyogàn, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9ogane" class="mw-redirect" title="Léogane">Léogane</a> </td> <td>A coastal town south of <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> and capital of the cacicat of <a href="/wiki/Jaragua,_Hispaniola" title="Jaragua, Hispaniola">Xaragua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guanabo </td> <td>Gonav, <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_Island" title="Gonâve Island">Gonâve</a> or Lagonav </td> <td>The biggest satellite island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and last refuge of the <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jatibonico </td> <td>Latibonit or <a href="/wiki/Artibonite_River" title="Artibonite River">Artibonite</a> </td> <td>The longest river of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and the biggest and most populous <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> of Haiti. In Taino the word mean "sacred water" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canari </td> <td>Kannari </td> <td>A clay pot to keep water cool </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amani-y </td> <td>Amani-y </td> <td>The nickname of the town of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Marc" title="Saint-Marc">Saint-Marc</a> and famous beach </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mamey </td> <td>Mamey, or Abriko </td> <td>The nickname of the town of <a href="/wiki/Abricots" title="Abricots">Abricots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiburon </td> <td>Tibiwon </td> <td>The same word means "<a href="/wiki/Tiburon,_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiburon, Sud">Tiburon</a>", a coastal town in the South Peninsula (also called <a href="/wiki/Tiburon_Peninsula" title="Tiburon Peninsula">Tiburon Peninsula</a>) and a river near the town </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mabouya </td> <td>Mabouya </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">Iguana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mabi </td> <td>Mabi </td> <td>A bitter drink known in the West Indies as <a href="/wiki/Mauby" title="Mauby">Mauby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bajacu </td> <td>Bayakou </td> <td>The northern star, dawn, a Vodoun Loa associated with the star </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early development">edit</a>]</div> Haitian Creole developed in the 17th and 18th centuries in the colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, in a setting that mixed speakers of various Niger–Congo languages with French colonists.<a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2007-11">[11]</a> In the early 1940s under President <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Lescot" title="Élie Lescot">Élie Lescot</a>, attempts were made to standardize the language. American linguistic expert <a href="/wiki/Frank_Laubach" title="Frank Laubach">Frank Laubach</a> and Irish Methodist missionary <a href="/wiki/H._Ormonde_McConnell" title="H. Ormonde McConnell">H. Ormonde McConnell</a> developed a standardized <a href="/wiki/McConnell%E2%80%93Laubach_orthography" title="McConnell–Laubach orthography">Haitian Creole orthography</a>. Although some regarded the orthography highly, it was generally not well received.<a href="#cite_note-Fontaine1981-36">[36]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> was standardized in 1979. That same year Haitian Creole was elevated in status by the Act of 18 September 1979.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Institut Pédagogique National established an official orthography for Creole, and slight modifications were made over the next two decades. For example, the hyphen (-) is no longer used, nor is the apostrophe.<a href="#cite_note-Védrine2007-38">[38]</a>: 131 <a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 185–192  The only accent mark retained is the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> in ⟨è⟩ and ⟨ò⟩.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 433  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_an_official_language">Becoming an official language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Becoming an official language">edit</a>]</div> The Constitution of 1987 upgraded Haitian Creole to a national language alongside French.<a href="#cite_note-Sonino1989-39">[39]</a> It classified French as the langue d'instruction or "language of instruction", and Creole was classified as an outil d'enseignement or a "tool of education". The Constitution of 1987 names both Haitian Creole and French as the official languages, but recognizes Haitian Creole as the only language that all Haitians hold in common.<a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite2012-40">[40]</a>: 263 <a href="#cite_note-Article5-41">[41]</a> French is spoken by only a small percentage of citizens.<a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2007-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_development">Literature development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature development">edit</a>]</div> Even without government recognition, by the end of the 19th century, there were already literary texts written in Haitian Creole such as <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Durand" title="Oswald Durand">Oswald Durand</a>'s Choucoune and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sylvain" title="Georges Sylvain">Georges Sylvain</a>'s Cric? Crac!. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Morisseau-Leroy" title="Félix Morisseau-Leroy">Félix Morisseau-Leroy</a> was another influential author of Haitian Creole work. Since the 1980s, many educators, writers, and activists have written literature in Haitian Creole. In 2001, Open Gate: An Anthology of Haitian Creole Poetry was published. It was the first time a collection of Haitian Creole poetry was published in both Haitian Creole and English.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On 28 October 2004, the Haitian daily <a href="/wiki/Le_Matin_(Haiti)" title="Le Matin (Haiti)">Le Matin</a> first published an entire edition in Haitian Creole in observance of the country's newly instated "Creole Day".<a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2005-43">[43]</a>: 556  Haitian Creole writers often use different literary strategies throughout their works, such as code-switching, to increase the audience's knowledge on the language.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Literature in Haitian Creole is also used to educate the public on the dictatorial social and political forces in Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_Haitian_Creole-language_writers">Notable Haitian Creole-language writers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable Haitian Creole-language writers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Dalembert" title="Louis-Philippe Dalembert">Louis-Philippe Dalembert</a> (b. 1962), poet and novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank%C3%A9tienne" title="Frankétienne">Frankétienne</a> (b. 1936), poet, playwright, painter, musician, activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ady_Jean-Gardy" title="Ady Jean-Gardy">Ady Jean-Gardy</a> (b. 1967), international press activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josaphat-Robert_Large" title="Josaphat-Robert Large">Josaphat-Robert Large</a> (1942–2017), poet, novelist and art critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Morisseau-Leroy" title="Félix Morisseau-Leroy">Félix Morisseau-Leroy</a> (1912–1998), poet and playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Sur%C3%A9na" title="Elsie Suréna">Elsie Suréna</a> (b. 1956), writer and visual artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonel_Trouillot" title="Lyonel Trouillot">Lyonel Trouillot</a> (b. 1956), poet and novelist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_society">Role in society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Role in society">edit</a>]</div> Although both <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and Haitian Creole are official languages in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, French is often considered the high language and Haitian Creole as the low language in the <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic relationship</a> of these two languages in society.<a href="#cite_note-:02-32">[32]</a> That is to say, for the minority of Haitian population that is bilingual, the use of these two languages largely depends on the social context: standard French is used more in public, especially in formal situations, whereas Haitian Creole is used more on a daily basis and is often heard in ordinary conversation.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> There is a large population in Haiti that speaks only Haitian Creole, whether under formal or informal conditions:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">French plays no role in the very formal situation of a Haitian peasant (more than 80% of the population make a living from agriculture) presiding at a family gathering after the death of a member, or at the worship of the family <a href="/wiki/Lwa" title="Lwa">lwa</a> or voodoo spirits, or contacting a Catholic priest for a church baptism, marriage, or solemn mass, or consulting a physician, nurse, or dentist, or going to a civil officer to declare a death or birth.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Yves Dejean<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>: 192 </cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_educational_system">Use in educational system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use in educational system">edit</a>]</div> In most schools, French is still the preferred language for teaching. Generally speaking, Creole is more used in public schools,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> as that is where most children of ordinary families who speak Creole attend school. Historically, the education system has been French-dominant. Except the children of elites, many had to drop out of school because learning French was very challenging to them and they had a hard time to follow up.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Bernard Reform of 1978 tried to introduce Creole as the teaching language in the first four years of primary school; however, the reform overall was not very successful.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The use of Creole has grown; after the earthquake in 2010, basic education became free and more accessible to the monolingual masses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 2010s, the government has attempted to expand the use of Creole and improve the school system.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Orthography">edit</a>]</div> Haitian Creole has a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a> with highly regular spelling, except for proper nouns and foreign words. According to the official standardized orthography, Haitian Creole is composed of the following 32 symbols: ⟨a⟩, ⟨an⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨ch⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨è⟩, ⟨en⟩, ⟨f⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨ò⟩, ⟨on⟩, ⟨ou⟩, ⟨oun⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨ui⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨y⟩, and ⟨z⟩.<a href="#cite_note-Faraclas2012-6">[6]</a>: 100  The letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨u⟩ are always associated with another letter (in the <a href="/wiki/Multigraph_(orthography)" title="Multigraph (orthography)">multigraphs</a> ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ou⟩, ⟨oun⟩, and ⟨ui⟩). The Haitian Creole alphabet has no ⟨q⟩ or ⟨x⟩; when ⟨x⟩ is used in loanwords and proper nouns, it represents the sounds /ks/, /kz/, or /gz/.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 433  <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Haitian orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">b </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">bagay </td> <td style="text-align:left;">bow </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">ch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">cho </td> <td align="left">shoe </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">d </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">dous </td> <td style="text-align:left;">do </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">f </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">fig </td> <td style="text-align:left;">festival </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">g </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">gwo </td> <td style="text-align:left;">gain </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">j </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">jedi </td> <td align="left">measure </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">k </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">kle </td> <td align="left">sky </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">l </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">liv </td> <td align="left">clean </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">m </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">machin </td> <td align="left">mother </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">n </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">nòt </td> <td align="left">note </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">ng </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">bilding </td> <td align="left">feeling </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">p </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">pase </td> <td align="left">spy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">r </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">rezon </td> <td style="text-align:left;">between go and loch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">sis </td> <td style="text-align:left;">six </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">t </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">tout </td> <td style="text-align:left;">to </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">v </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">vyann </td> <td style="text-align:left;">vent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">z </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">zewo </td> <td style="text-align:left;">zero </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Non-native consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">dj </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">djaz </td> <td style="text-align:left;">jazz </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">w </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">wi </td> <td style="text-align:left;">we </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">y </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">pye </td> <td style="text-align:left;">yes </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> followed by vowel (digraph) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">ui </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">uit </td> <td style="text-align:left;">roughly like sweet </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Haitian orthography</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">a (or à before an n) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">abako pàn </td> <td align="left">bra </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">e </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ale </td> <td align="left">hey </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">è </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">fèt </td> <td align="left">festival </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">i </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">lide </td> <td align="left">machine </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">o </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">oranj </td> <td align="left">blow </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">ò </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">deyò </td> <td align="left">sort </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">ou </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">nou </td> <td align="left">you </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">an (when not followed by a vowel) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">anpil </td> <td align="left">many </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">en (when not followed by a vowel) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">mwen </td> <td align="left">en [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">on (when not followed by a vowel) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">õ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">tonton </td> <td align="left">tone [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>There are no silent letters in the Haitian Creole orthography.</li> <li>All sounds are always spelled the same, except when a vowel carries a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> ⟨`⟩ before ⟨n⟩, which makes it an oral vowel instead of a nasal vowel: <ul><li>⟨en⟩ for /ɛ̃/ and ⟨èn⟩ for /ɛn/;</li> <li>⟨on⟩ for /ɔ̃/ and ⟨òn⟩ for /ɔn/; and</li> <li>⟨an⟩ for /ã/ and ⟨àn⟩ for /an/.</li></ul></li> <li>When immediately followed by a vowel in a word, the digraphs denoting the nasal vowels (⟨an⟩, ⟨en⟩, ⟨on⟩, and sometimes ⟨oun⟩) are pronounced as an oral vowel followed by /n/.</li> <li>There is some ambiguity in the pronunciation of the high vowels of the letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨ou⟩ when followed in spelling by ⟨n⟩.<a href="#cite_note-Cadely_2002-50">[50]</a> Common words such as moun ("person") and machin ("car") end with consonantal /n/, while very few words, mostly adopted from African languages, contain nasalized high vowels, as in houngan ("vodou priest").</li> <li>The diphthong /ɥi/ is extremely rare, and maybe only exists in the common word uit (← French huit) "eight". Most other instances of this diphthong have been replaced by /wi/, e.g. fwi (← fruit) "fruit", nwit (← nuit) "night".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haitian_orthography_debate">Haitian orthography debate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Haitian orthography debate">edit</a>]</div> The first technical orthography for Haitian Creole was developed in 1940 by <a href="/wiki/H._Ormonde_McConnell" title="H. Ormonde McConnell">H. Ormonde McConnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primrose_McConnell" title="Primrose McConnell">Primrose McConnell</a>, Irish Methodist missionaries. It was later revised with the help of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Laubach" title="Frank Laubach">Frank Laubach</a>, resulting in the creation of what is known as the <a href="/wiki/McConnell%E2%80%93Laubach_orthography" title="McConnell–Laubach orthography">McConnell–Laubach orthography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 434 <a href="#cite_note-Andrews-51">[51]</a> The McConnell–Laubach orthography received substantial criticism from members of the Haitian elite. Haitian scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Pressoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Pressoir (page does not exist)">Charles Pressoir</a> critiqued the McConnell–Laubach orthography for its lack of codified <a href="/wiki/Front_rounded_vowel" title="Front rounded vowel">front rounded vowels</a>, which are typically used only by francophone elites.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 436  Another criticism was of the broad use of the letters ⟨k⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨y⟩, which Pressoir argued looked "too American".<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 431–432  This criticism of the "American look" of the orthography was shared by many educated Haitians, who also criticized its association with <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 432  The last of Pressoir's criticisms was that "the use of the circumflex to mark nasalized vowels" treated nasal sounds differently from the way they are represented in French, which he feared would inhibit the learning of French.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 431  The creation of the orthography was essentially an articulation of the language ideologies of those involved and brought out political and social tensions between competing groups. A large portion of this tension lay in the ideology held by many that the French language is superior, which led to resentment of the language by some Haitians and an admiration for it from others.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 435  This orthographical controversy boiled down to an attempt to unify a conception of Haitian national identity. Where ⟨k⟩ and ⟨w⟩ seemed too Anglo-Saxon and American imperialistic, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨ou⟩ were symbolic of French colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-Romaine2002-52">[52]</a>: 191  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French-based_orthography">French-based orthography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: French-based orthography">edit</a>]</div> When Haiti was still a colony of France, edicts by the French government were often written in a French-lexicon creole and read aloud to the slave population.<a href="#cite_note-Ayoun-53">[53]</a> The first written text of Haitian Creole was composed in the French-lexicon in a poem called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisette_quitt%C3%A9_la_plaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisette quitté la plaine (page does not exist)">Lisette quitté la plaine</a> in 1757 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duvivier_de_la_Mahauti%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duvivier de la Mahautière (page does not exist)">Duvivier de la Mahautière</a>, a white Creole planter.<a href="#cite_note-Ayoun-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Before Haitian Creole orthography was standardized in the late 20th century, spelling varied, but was based on subjecting spoken Haitian Creole to written French, a language whose spelling has a complicated relation to pronunciation. Unlike the phonetic orthography, French orthography of Haitian Creole is not standardized and varies according to the writer; some use exact French spelling, others adjust the spelling of certain words to represent pronunciation of the cognate in Haitian Creole, removing the silent letters. For example: Li ale travay nan maten (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "He goes to work in the morning") could be transcribed as: <ul><li>Li ale travay nan maten,</li> <li>Lui aller travail nans matin, or</li> <li>Li aller travail nans matin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> Haitian Creole grammar is highly <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">analytical</a>: for example, verbs are not inflected for tense or person, and there is no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, which means that adjectives and articles are not inflected according to the noun. The primary word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> as it is in French and English. Many grammatical features, particularly the pluralization of nouns and indication of possession, are indicated by appending certain markers, like yo, to the main word. There has been a debate going on for some years as to whether these markers are <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>, and if punctuation such as the hyphen should be used to connect them to the word.<a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">[15]</a>: 185–192  Although the language's vocabulary has many words related to their French-language cognates, its sentence structure is like that of the West African <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre1986-34">[34]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th>Fon </th> <th>French </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">bekànbike</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">mwenmy</div>bekàn mwenbike my<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">kekebike</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">chemy</div>keke chebike my<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">mamy</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">bécanebike</div>ma bécanemy bike<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>my bike </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">bekànbike</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">mwenmy</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">yo<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></div>bekàn mwen yobike my PL<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">kekebike</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">chemy</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">le<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></div>keke che lebike my PL<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">mesmy</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">bécanesbikes</div>mes bécanesmy bikes<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>my bikes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> There are six pronouns: first, second, and third person, each in both singular, and plural; all are of French etymological origin.<a href="#cite_note-SaintMartin2005-55">[55]</a> There is no difference between direct and indirect objects. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Fon<a href="#cite_note-Lefebvre2006-23">[23]</a>: 142  </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">French </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Long form </th> <th scope="col">Short form<a href="#cite_note-Védrine2007-38">[38]</a>: 131 <a href="#cite_note-Léger2011-56">[56]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">mwen </td> <td rowspan="5">m </td> <td rowspan="5">nyɛ̀ </td> <td>je </td> <td rowspan="2">I </td></tr> <tr> <td>j' </td></tr> <tr> <td>me </td> <td rowspan="3">me </td></tr> <tr> <td>m' </td></tr> <tr> <td>moi </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">ou<a href="#cite_note-59">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[b]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">w </td> <td rowspan="4">hwɛ̀ </td> <td>tu </td> <td rowspan="4">you (singular), thou (archaic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>te </td></tr> <tr> <td>t' </td></tr> <tr> <td>toi </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">li<a href="#cite_note-61">[c]</a> </td> <td rowspan="6">l </td> <td rowspan="6">é, éyɛ̀ </td> <td>il </td> <td>he </td></tr> <tr> <td>elle </td> <td>she, her </td></tr> <tr> <td>le </td> <td>him, it </td></tr> <tr> <td>la </td> <td>her, it </td></tr> <tr> <td>l' </td> <td>him, her, it </td></tr> <tr> <td>lui </td> <td>him, her, it </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">nou </td> <td rowspan="2">n </td> <td rowspan="2">mí </td> <td>nous </td> <td>we, us </td></tr> <tr> <td>vous<a href="#cite_note-DeGraffVéronique2000-62">[59]</a>: 94  </td> <td>you (plural)<a href="#cite_note-63">[d]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">yo<a href="#cite_note-64">[e]</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">y </td> <td rowspan="5">yé </td> <td>ils </td> <td rowspan="2">they </td></tr> <tr> <td>elles </td></tr> <tr> <td>les </td> <td rowspan="3">them </td></tr> <tr> <td>leur </td></tr> <tr> <td>eux </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> sometimes the French pronoun on ("one", "<a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">[generic] you</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">[singular] they</a>") is translated to Haitian Creole as ou<a href="#cite_note-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_ou-57">[57]</a> and other times it is translated as yo<a href="#cite_note-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_yo-58">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> sometimes ou is written as w and in the <a href="#Sample">sample phrases below</a>, w indicates ou. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> in the northern part of Haiti, li is often shortened to i as in <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> in southern Haiti, the second person plural is zòt </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> sometimes the French pronoun on ("one", "<a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">[generic] you</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">[singular] they</a>") is translated to Haitian Creole as yo<a href="#cite_note-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_yo-58">[58]</a> and other times it is translated as ou<a href="#cite_note-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_ou-57">[57]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singular">Singular</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Singular">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa mwen an </td> <td>le mien </td> <td>mine (masculine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>la mienne </td> <td>mine (feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa ou a </td> <td>le tien </td> <td>yours (masculine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>la tienne </td> <td>yours (feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa li a </td> <td>le sien </td> <td>his/hers/its (masculine) </td></tr> <tr> <td>la sienne </td> <td>his/hers/its (feminine) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa nou an </td> <td>le/la nôtre </td> <td>ours </td></tr> <tr> <td>le/la vôtre </td> <td>yours ("of you-PLURAL") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">pa yo a </td> <td>le/la leur </td> <td>theirs </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plural">Plural</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Plural">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa mwen yo </td> <td>les miens </td> <td rowspan="2">mine </td></tr> <tr> <td>les miennes </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa ou yo </td> <td>les tiens </td> <td rowspan="2">yours </td></tr> <tr> <td>les tiennes </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa li yo </td> <td>les siens </td> <td rowspan="2">his/hers/its </td></tr> <tr> <td>les siennes </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa nou yo </td> <td>les nôtres </td> <td>ours </td></tr> <tr> <td>les vôtres </td> <td>yours ("of you-PLURAL") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">pa yo </td> <td rowspan="1">les leurs </td> <td>theirs </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural_of_nouns">Plural of nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Plural of nouns">edit</a>]</div> Definite nouns are made plural when followed by the word yo; indefinite plural nouns are unmarked. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>liv yo </td> <td>les livres </td> <td>the books </td></tr> <tr> <td>machin yo </td> <td>les voitures </td> <td>the cars </td></tr> <tr> <td>tifi yo met wòb </td> <td>les filles mettent des robes </td> <td>the girls put on dresses </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Possession">edit</a>]</div> Possession is indicated by placing the possessor or possessive pronoun after the item possessed. In the Capois dialect of northern Haiti, a or an is placed before the possessive pronoun. Note, however, that this is not considered the standard Kreyòl most often heard in the media or used in writing.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> Possession does not indicate definiteness ("my friend" as opposed to "a friend of mine"), and possessive constructions are often followed by a definite article. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">lajan li </td> <td rowspan="2">son argent </td> <td>his money </td></tr> <tr> <td>her money </td></tr> <tr> <td>fanmi mwen </td> <td rowspan="3">ma famille </td> <td rowspan="3">my family </td></tr> <tr> <td>fanmi m </td></tr> <tr> <td>fanmi an m (Capois dialect) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">kay yo </td> <td>leur maison </td> <td>their house </td></tr> <tr> <td>leurs maisons </td> <td>their houses </td></tr> <tr> <td>papa ou </td> <td rowspan="2">ton père </td> <td rowspan="2">your father </td></tr> <tr> <td>papa w </td></tr> <tr> <td>chat Pyè a </td> <td>le chat de Pierre </td> <td>Pierre's cat </td></tr> <tr> <td>chèz Marie a </td> <td>la chaise de Marie </td> <td>Marie's chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>zanmi papa Jean </td> <td>l'ami du père de Jean </td> <td>Jean's father's friend </td></tr> <tr> <td>papa vwazen zanmi nou </td> <td>le père du voisin de notre ami </td> <td>our friend's neighbor's father </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_article">Indefinite article</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Indefinite article">edit</a>]</div> The language has two indefinite articles, on and yon (pronounced /õ/ and /jõ/) which correspond to French un and une. Yon is derived from the French il y a un ("there is a"). Both are used only with singular nouns, and are placed before the noun: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>on kouto </td> <td rowspan="2">un couteau </td> <td rowspan="2">a knife </td></tr> <tr> <td>yon kouto </td></tr> <tr> <td>on kravat </td> <td rowspan="2">une cravate </td> <td rowspan="2">a necktie </td></tr> <tr> <td>yon kravat </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definite_article">Definite article</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Definite article">edit</a>]</div> In Haitian Creole, the definite article has five forms,<a href="#cite_note-HeurtelouVilsaint2004-66">[61]</a>: 28  and it is placed after the noun it modifies. The final syllable of the preceding word determines which form the definite article takes.<a href="#cite_note-Cadely2003-67">[62]</a>: 20  If the last sound is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a> or a glide (spelled 'y' or 'w'), and if it is preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral vowel</a>, the definite article is la: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>kravat la </td> <td>la cravate </td> <td>the tie </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>liv la </td> <td>le livre </td> <td>the book </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kay la </td> <td>la maison </td> <td>the house </td> <td>From French "la cahut(t)e" (English "hut, shack") </td></tr> <tr> <td>kaw la </td> <td>le corbeau </td> <td>the crow </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> If the last sound is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a> and is preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>, the definite article is lan: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>lanp lan </td> <td>la lampe </td> <td>the lamp </td></tr> <tr> <td>bank lan </td> <td>la banque </td> <td>the bank </td></tr></tbody></table> If the last sound is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral vowel</a> and is preceded by an <a href="/wiki/Oral_consonant" title="Oral consonant">oral consonant</a>, the definite article is a: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>kouto a </td> <td>le couteau </td> <td>the knife </td></tr> <tr> <td>peyi a </td> <td>le pays </td> <td>the country </td></tr></tbody></table> If the last sound is any <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral vowel</a> other than i or ou and is preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>, then the definite article is also a: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>lame a </td> <td>l'armée </td> <td>the army </td></tr> <tr> <td>anana a </td> <td>l'ananas </td> <td>the pineapple </td></tr> <tr> <td>dine a </td> <td>le dîner </td> <td>the dinner </td></tr> <tr> <td>nò a </td> <td>le nord </td> <td>the north </td></tr></tbody></table> If a word ends in mi, mou, ni, nou, or if it ends with any <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowel</a>, then the definite article is an: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>fanmi an </td> <td>la famille </td> <td>the family </td></tr> <tr> <td>jenou an </td> <td>le genou </td> <td>the knee </td></tr> <tr> <td>chen an </td> <td>le chien </td> <td>the dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>pon an </td> <td>le pont </td> <td>the bridge </td></tr></tbody></table> If the last sound is a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>, the definite article is nan, but may also be lan: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>machin nan </td> <td rowspan="2">la voiture </td> <td rowspan="2">the car </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>machin lan </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>telefonn nan </td> <td rowspan="2">le téléphone </td> <td rowspan="2">the telephone </td> <td rowspan="2">The spelling "telefòn" is also attested. </td></tr> <tr> <td>telefonn lan </td></tr> <tr> <td>fanm nan </td> <td rowspan="2">la femme </td> <td rowspan="2">the woman </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fanm lan </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Demonstratives">edit</a>]</div> There is a single word sa that corresponds to English "this" and to "that" (and to French ce, ceci, cela, and ça). As in English, it may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a>, except that it is placed after the noun that it qualifies. It is often followed by a or yo (in order to mark <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>): sa a ("this here" or "that there"): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">jaden sa bèl </td> <td rowspan="2">ce jardin est beau </td> <td>this garden is beautiful </td></tr> <tr> <td>that garden is beautiful </td></tr></tbody></table> As in English, it may also be used as a pronoun, replacing a noun: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">sa se zanmi mwen </td> <td rowspan="2">c'est mon ami </td> <td>this is my friend </td></tr> <tr> <td>that is my friend </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">sa se chen frè mwen </td> <td rowspan="2">c'est le chien de mon frère </td> <td>this is my brother's dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>that is my brother's dog </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Many verbs in Haitian Creole are the same spoken words as the French <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, but there is no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> in the language; the verbs have one form only, and changes in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> are indicated by the use of <a href="#Tense_markers">markers</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">li ale travay nan maten </td> <td>il va au travail le matin </td> <td>he goes to work in the morning </td></tr> <tr> <td>elle va au travail le matin </td> <td>she goes to work in the morning </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">li dòmi aswè </td> <td>il dort le soir </td> <td>he sleeps in the evening </td></tr> <tr> <td>elle dort le soir </td> <td>she sleeps in the evening </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">li li Bib la </td> <td>il lit la Bible </td> <td>he reads the Bible </td></tr> <tr> <td>elle lit la Bible </td> <td>she reads the Bible </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">mwen fè manje </td> <td rowspan="2">je fais à manger </td> <td>I make food </td></tr> <tr> <td>I cook </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou toujou etidye </td> <td>nous étudions toujours </td> <td>we always study </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copula">Copula</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Copula">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Haitian_Creole" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula (linguistics) § Haitian Creole</a></div> The concept expressed in English by the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">verb "to be"</a> is expressed in Haitian Creole by three words, se, ye, and sometimes e. The verb se (pronounced similarly to the English word "say") is used to link a subject with a <a href="/wiki/Subject_complement" title="Subject complement">predicate nominative</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>li se frè mwen </td> <td>c'est mon frère </td> <td>he is my brother </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">mwen se yon doktè </td> <td>je suis médecin </td> <td rowspan="2">I'm a doctor </td></tr> <tr> <td>je suis docteur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">sa se yon pyebwa mango </td> <td rowspan="2">c'est un manguier </td> <td>this is a mango tree </td></tr> <tr> <td>that is a mango tree </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou se zanmi </td> <td>nous sommes amis </td> <td>we are friends </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> of a sentence with se might not be included. In which case, the sentence is interpreted as if the subject were sa ("this" or "that") or li ("he", "she" or "it"): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">se yon bon ide </td> <td rowspan="2">c'est une bonne idée </td> <td>that's a good idea </td></tr> <tr> <td>this is a good idea </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">se nouvo chemiz mwen </td> <td rowspan="2">c'est ma nouvelle chemise </td> <td>that's my new shirt </td></tr> <tr> <td>this is my new shirt </td></tr></tbody></table> To express "I want to be", usually vin ("to become") is used instead of se. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>li pral vin bofrè m </td> <td rowspan="2">il va devenir mon beau-frère </td> <td rowspan="2">he will be my brother-in-law </td> <td rowspan="2">he will be my stepbrother </td></tr> <tr> <td>li pral vin bofrè mwen </td></tr> <tr> <td>mwen vle vin yon doktè </td> <td>je veux devenir docteur </td> <td colspan="2">I want to become a doctor </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">sa pral vin yon pye mango </td> <td rowspan="2">ça va devenir un manguier </td> <td colspan="2">that will become a mango tree </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">this will become a mango tree </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou pral vin zanmi </td> <td>nous allons devenir amis </td> <td colspan="2">we will be friends </td></tr></tbody></table> Ye also means "to be", but is placed exclusively at the end of a sentence, after the <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> (in that order): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen se Ayisyen </td> <td rowspan="2">je suis haïtien </td> <td rowspan="2">I am Haitian </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ayisyen mwen ye </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kòman ou ye? </td> <td><abbr title="literally"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/literally" class="extiw" title="wikt:literally">lit.</a></abbr> Comment + vous + êtes ("Comment êtes-vous?") </td> <td>How are you? </td></tr></tbody></table> Haitian Creole has <a href="/wiki/Stative_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Stative verbs">stative verbs</a>, which means that the verb "to be" is not <a href="/wiki/Covert_(linguistics)" title="Covert (linguistics)">covert</a> when followed by an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. Therefore, malad means both "sick" and "to be sick": <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen gen yon sè ki malad </td> <td>j'ai une sœur malade </td> <td>I have a sick sister </td></tr> <tr> <td>sè mwen malad </td> <td>ma sœur est malade </td> <td>my sister is sick </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_have">To have</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: To have">edit</a>]</div> The verb "to have" is genyen, often shortened to gen. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen gen lajan nan bank lan </td> <td>j'ai de l'argent dans la banque </td> <td>I have money in the bank </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="There_is">There is</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: There is">edit</a>]</div> The verb genyen (or gen) also means "there is" or "there are": <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>gen anpil Ayisyen nan Florid </td> <td>il y a beaucoup d'Haïtiens en Floride </td> <td>there are many Haitians in Florida </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">gen on moun la </td> <td rowspan="2">il y a quelqu'un là </td> <td>there is someone here </td></tr> <tr> <td>there is someone there </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">pa gen moun la </td> <td rowspan="2">il n'y a personne là </td> <td>there is nobody here </td></tr> <tr> <td>there is nobody there </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_know">To know</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: To know">edit</a>]</div> The Haitian Creole word for "to know" and "to know how" is konnen, which is often shortened to konn. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Èske ou konnen non li? </td> <td rowspan="2">Est-ce que tu connais son nom? </td> <td>Do you know his name? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you know her name? </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">mwen konnen kote li ye </td> <td>je sais où il est </td> <td>I know where he is </td></tr> <tr> <td>je sais où elle est </td> <td>I know where she is </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mwen konn fè manje </td> <td>Je sais comment faire à manger </td> <td>I know how to cook (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "I know how to make food") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Èske ou konn ale Ayiti? </td> <td>Est-ce que tu as été en Haïti? </td> <td>Have you been to Haiti? (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "Do you know to go to Haiti?") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Li pa konn li franse </td> <td>Il ne sait pas lire le français </td> <td>He cannot read French (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "He doesn't know how to read French") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elle ne sait pas lire le français </td> <td>She cannot read French (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "She doesn't know how to read French") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_do">To do</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: To do">edit</a>]</div> Fè means "do" or "make". It has a broad range of meanings, as it is one of the most common verbs used in <a href="/wiki/Idiomatic_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiomatic phrase">idiomatic phrases</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kòman ou fè pale kreyòl? </td> <td>Comment as-tu appris à parler Créole? </td> <td>How did you learn to speak Haitian Creole? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marie konn fè mayi moulen. </td> <td>Marie sait faire de la farine de maïs. </td> <td>Marie knows how to make cornmeal. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="To_be_able_to">To be able to</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: To be able to">edit</a>]</div> The verb kapab (or shortened to ka, kap or kab) means "to be able to (do something)". It refers to both "capability" and "availability": <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen ka ale demen </td> <td>je peux aller demain </td> <td>I can go tomorrow </td></tr> <tr> <td>petèt mwen ka fè sa demen </td> <td>je peux peut-être faire ça demain </td> <td>maybe I can do that tomorrow </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou ka ale pita </td> <td>nous pouvons aller plus tard </td> <td>we can go later </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense_markers">Tense markers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Tense markers">edit</a>]</div> There is no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> in Haitian Creole. In the present non-progressive tense, one just uses the basic verb form for <a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">stative verbs</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen pale kreyòl </td> <td>je parle créole </td> <td>I speak Creole </td></tr></tbody></table> When the basic form of <a href="/wiki/Action_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Action verb">action verbs</a> is used without any verb <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">markers</a>, it is generally understood as referring to the past: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">French </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen manje </td> <td>j'ai mangé </td> <td>I ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou manje </td> <td>tu as mangé </td> <td>you ate </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">li manje </td> <td>il a mangé </td> <td>he ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>elle a mangé </td> <td>she ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou manje </td> <td>nous avons mangé </td> <td>we ate </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">yo manje </td> <td>ils ont mangé </td> <td rowspan="2">they ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>elles ont mangé </td></tr></tbody></table> Manje means both "food" and "to eat", as manger does in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]; m ap manje bon manje means "I am eating good food". For other <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a>, special "tense marker" words are placed before the verb. The basic ones are: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Tense marker </th> <th scope="col">Tense </th> <th scope="col">Annotations </th></tr> <tr> <td>te </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simple_past" title="Simple past">simple past</a> </td> <td>from French été ("been") </td></tr> <tr> <td>t ap </td> <td>past <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive</a> </td> <td>a combination of te and ap, "was doing" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ap </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Present_progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Present progressive">present progressive</a> </td> <td>with ap and a, the <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> nearly always take the short form (m ap, l ap, n ap, y ap, etc.). From 18th-century French être après, progressive form </td></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> </td> <td>some limitations on use. From French avoir à ("to have to") </td></tr> <tr> <td>pral </td> <td>near or definite <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> </td> <td>translates to "going to". Contraction of French pour aller ("going to") </td></tr> <tr> <td>ta </td> <td>conditional future </td> <td>a combination of te and a ("will do") </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Simple_past" title="Simple past">Simple past</a> or <a href="/wiki/Past_perfect" class="mw-redirect" title="Past perfect">past perfect</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">mwen te manje </td> <td>I ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>I had eaten </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ou te manje </td> <td>you ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>you had eaten </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">li te manje </td> <td>he ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>she ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>he had eaten </td></tr> <tr> <td>she had eaten </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">nou te manje </td> <td>we ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>we had eaten </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">yo te manje </td> <td>they ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>they had eaten </td></tr></tbody></table> Past <a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen t ap manje </td> <td>I was eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou t ap manje </td> <td>you were eating </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">li t ap manje </td> <td>he was eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>she was eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou t ap manje </td> <td>we were eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>yo t ap manje </td> <td>they were eating </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Present_progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Present progressive">Present progressive</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>m ap manje </td> <td>I am eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>w ap manje </td> <td>you are eating </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">l ap manje </td> <td>he is eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>she is eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>n ap manje </td> <td>we are eating </td></tr> <tr> <td>y ap manje </td> <td>they are eating </td></tr></tbody></table> For the <a href="/wiki/Present_progressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Present progressive">present progressive</a>, it is customary, though not necessary, to add kounye a ("right now"): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>m ap manje kounye a </td> <td>I am eating right now </td></tr> <tr> <td>y ap manje kounye a </td> <td>they are eating right now </td></tr></tbody></table> Also, ap manje can mean "will eat" depending on the context of the sentence: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">m ap manje apre m priye </td> <td>I will eat after I pray </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am eating after I pray </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">mwen p ap di sa </td> <td>I will not say that </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am not saying that </td></tr></tbody></table> Near or definite <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen pral manje </td> <td>I am going to eat </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou pral manje </td> <td>you are going to eat </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">li pral manje </td> <td>he is going to eat </td></tr> <tr> <td>she is going to eat </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou pral manje </td> <td>we are going to eat </td></tr> <tr> <td>yo pral manje </td> <td>they are going to eat </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>n a wè pita </td> <td>see you later (<abbr title="literally">lit.</abbr> "we will see later") </td></tr></tbody></table> Other examples: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen te wè zanmi ou yè </td> <td>I saw your friend yesterday </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou te pale lontan </td> <td>we spoke for a long time </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">lè l te gen uit an... </td> <td>when he was eight years old... </td></tr> <tr> <td>when she was eight years old... </td></tr> <tr> <td>m a travay </td> <td>I will work </td></tr> <tr> <td>m pral travay </td> <td>I'm going to work </td></tr> <tr> <td>n a li l demen </td> <td>we'll read it tomorrow </td></tr> <tr> <td>nou pral li l demen </td> <td>we are going to read it tomorrow </td></tr> <tr> <td>mwen t ap mache epi m te wè yon chen </td> <td>I was walking and I saw a dog </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Recent_past_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Recent past tense">Recent past</a> markers include fèk and sòt (both mean "just" or "just now" and are often used together): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>mwen fèk sòt antre kay la </td> <td>I just entered the house </td></tr></tbody></table> A verb <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> marker is ta, corresponding to English "would" and equivalent to the French conditional tense: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>yo ta renmen jwe </td> <td>they would like to play </td></tr> <tr> <td>mwen ta vini si m te gen yon machin </td> <td>I would come if I had a car </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">li ta bliye w si ou pa t la </td> <td>he would forget you if you weren't here </td></tr> <tr> <td>she would forget you if you weren't here </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation">Negation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Negation">edit</a>]</div> The word pa comes before a verb and any tense markers to negate it: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Haitian Creole </th> <th scope="col">English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rose pa vle ale </td> <td>Rose doesn't want to go </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rose pa t vle ale </td> <td>Rose didn't want to go </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Lexicon">edit</a>]</div> Most of the lexicon of Creole is derived from French, with significant changes in <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>; often the French <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> was retained as part of the noun. For example, the French definite article la in la lune ("the moon") was incorporated into the Creole noun for moon: lalin. However, the language also inherited many words of different origins, among them <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>, English, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Haitian Creole creates and borrows new words to describe new or old concepts and realities. Examples of this are fè bak which was borrowed from English and means "to move backwards" (the original word derived from French is rekile from reculer), and also from English, napkin, which is being used as well as tòchon, from the French torchon.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample">Sample</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sample">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Haitian_Creole" title="Special:EditPage/Haitian Creole">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Haitian Creole </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Origin </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ablado<a href="#cite_note-Worldmark-68">[63]</a> </td> <td>/ablado/ </td> <td>Spanish: hablador </td> <td>"a talker" </td></tr> <tr> <td>anasi </td> <td>/anasi/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>: ananse </td> <td>spider </td></tr> <tr> <td>annanna </td> <td>/ãnãna/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino language">Taino</a>: ananas; also used in French </td> <td>pineapple </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ayiti </td> <td>/ajiti/ </td> <td>Taino: Ahatti, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mountainous land' </td> <td>Haiti ("mountainous land") </td></tr> <tr> <td>bagay </td> <td>/baɡaj/ </td> <td>French: bagage, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'baggage' </td> <td>thing </td></tr> <tr> <td>bannann </td> <td>/bãnãn/ </td> <td>French: banane, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'banana' </td> <td>banana/plantain </td></tr> <tr> <td>bekàn </td> <td>/bekan/ </td> <td>French: bécane </td> <td>bicycle </td></tr> <tr> <td>bokit<a href="#cite_note-Bonenfant2011-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>/bokit/ </td> <td>bucket </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bòkò </td> <td>/bɔkɔ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a>: bokono </td> <td>sorcerer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bondye </td> <td>/bõdje/ </td> <td>French: bon dieu, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'good God' </td> <td>God </td></tr> <tr> <td>chenèt </td> <td>/ʃenɛt/ </td> <td>French: quénette (French Antilles) </td> <td>gap between the two front teeth </td></tr> <tr> <td>chouk </td> <td>/ʃuk/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: chuk, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'to pierce, to poke' </td> <td>poke </td></tr> <tr> <td>dekabès </td> <td>/dekabes/ </td> <td>Spanish: dos cabezas, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'two heads' </td> <td>two-headed win during dominos </td></tr> <tr> <td>dèyè </td> <td>/dɛjɛ/ </td> <td>French: derrière </td> <td>behind </td></tr> <tr> <td>diri </td> <td>/diɣi/ </td> <td>French: du riz, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'some rice' </td> <td>rice </td></tr> <tr> <td>èkondisyone </td> <td>/ɛkondisjone/ </td> <td>air conditioner </td> <td>air conditioner </td></tr> <tr> <td>Etazini<a href="#cite_note-TargèteUrciolo1993a-69">[64]</a> </td> <td>/etazini/ </td> <td>French: États-Unis </td> <td>United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>fig </td> <td>/fiɡ/ </td> <td>French: figue, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'fig' </td> <td>banana<a href="#cite_note-Bollée2018-70">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>je </td> <td>/ʒe/ </td> <td>French: les yeux, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the eyes' </td> <td>eye </td></tr> <tr> <td>kannistè<a href="#cite_note-Bonenfant2011-13">[13]</a> </td> <td>/kannistɛ/ </td> <td>canister </td> <td>tin can </td></tr> <tr> <td>kay </td> <td>/kaj/ </td> <td>French: la cahutte, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the hut' </td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td>kle </td> <td>/kle/ </td> <td>French: clé, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'key' </td> <td>key, wrench </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">kle kola </td> <td rowspan="2">/kle kola/ </td> <td>French: clé, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'key' </td> <td rowspan="2">bottle opener </td></tr> <tr> <td>cola </td></tr> <tr> <td>kònfleks </td> <td>/kɔnfleks/ </td> <td>corn flakes </td> <td>breakfast cereal </td></tr> <tr> <td>kawotchou </td> <td>/kawotʃu/ </td> <td>French: caoutchouc, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'rubber' </td> <td>tire </td></tr> <tr> <td>lalin </td> <td>/lalin/ </td> <td>French: la lune, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the moon' </td> <td>moon </td></tr> <tr> <td>li </td> <td>/li/ </td> <td>French: lui </td> <td>he, she, him, her, it </td></tr> <tr> <td>makak </td> <td>/makak/ </td> <td>French: macaque </td> <td>monkey </td></tr> <tr> <td>manbo </td> <td>/mãbo/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>: mambu or Fon: nanbo </td> <td>vodou priestess </td></tr> <tr> <td>marasa </td> <td>/maɣasa/ </td> <td>Kongo: mapassa </td> <td>twins </td></tr> <tr> <td>matant </td> <td>/matãt/ </td> <td>French: ma tante, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'my aunt' </td> <td>aunt, aged woman </td></tr> <tr> <td>moun </td> <td>/mun/ </td> <td>French: monde, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'world' </td> <td>people, person </td></tr> <tr> <td>mwen </td> <td>/mwɛ̃/ </td> <td>French: moi, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'me' </td> <td>I, me, my, myself </td></tr> <tr> <td>nimewo </td> <td>/nimewo/ </td> <td>French: numéro, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'number' </td> <td>number </td></tr> <tr> <td>oungan </td> <td>/ũɡã/ </td> <td>Fon: houngan </td> <td>vodou priest </td></tr> <tr> <td>piman </td> <td>/pimã/ </td> <td>French: piment </td> <td>a very hot <a href="/wiki/Chile_pepper" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile pepper">pepper</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pann </td> <td>/pãn/ </td> <td>French: pendre, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'to hang' </td> <td>clothesline </td></tr> <tr> <td>podyab </td> <td>/podjab/ </td> <td>French: pauvre diable or Spanish: pobre diablo </td> <td>poor devil </td></tr> <tr> <td>pwa </td> <td>/pwa/ </td> <td>French: pois, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'pea' </td> <td>bean </td></tr> <tr> <td>sapat<a href="#cite_note-Worldmark-68">[63]</a> </td> <td>/sapat/ </td> <td>Spanish: zapato; French: savatte </td> <td>sandal </td></tr> <tr> <td>seyfing </td> <td>/sejfiŋ/ </td> <td>surfing </td> <td>sea-surfing </td></tr> <tr> <td>tonton </td> <td>/tõtõ/ </td> <td>French: tonton </td> <td>uncle, aged man </td></tr> <tr> <td>vwazen </td> <td>/vwazɛ̃/ </td> <td>French: voisin </td> <td>neighbor </td></tr> <tr> <td>zonbi </td> <td>/zõbi/ </td> <td>Kongo: nzumbi </td> <td>soulless corpse, living dead, ghost, <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>zwazo </td> <td>/zwazo/ </td> <td>French: les oiseaux, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the birds' </td> <td>bird </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nèg_and_blan">Nèg and blan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Nèg and blan">edit</a>]</div> Although nèg and blan have similar words in French (nègre, a pejorative to refer to black people, and blanc, meaning white, or white person), the meanings they carry in French do not apply in Haitian Creole. Nèg means "a person" or "a man" (like "guy" or "dude" in American English).<a href="#cite_note-Katz2013-71">[66]</a> The word blan generally means "foreigner" or "not from Haiti". Thus, a non-black Haitian man (usually biracial) could be called nèg, while a black person from the US could be referred to as blan.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2013-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaitiMarycare-72">[67]</a> Etymologically, the word nèg is derived from the French nègre and is cognate with the Spanish negro ("black", both the <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">color</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">people</a>). There are many other Haitian Creole terms for specific tones of skin including grimo, bren, roz, and mawon. Some Haitians consider such labels as offensive because of their association with color discrimination and the Haitian class system, while others use the terms freely. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salutations">Salutations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Salutations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Haitian Creole </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>A demen! </td> <td>See you tomorrow! </td></tr> <tr> <td>A pi ta! </td> <td>See you later! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adye! </td> <td>Good bye! (permanently) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anchante! </td> <td>Nice to meet you! (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "enchanted!") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bon apre-midi! </td> <td>Good afternoon! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bòn chans! </td> <td>Good luck! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bòn nui! </td> <td>Good night! </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Bonjou! </td> <td>Good day! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bonswa! </td> <td>Good evening </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dezole! </td> <td>Sorry! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eskize m! </td> <td>Excuse me! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenbe la! </td> <td>Hang in there! (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ki jan ou rele? </td> <td rowspan="4">What's your name? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ki non ou? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ki non w? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kòman ou rele? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mwen rele  </td> <td rowspan="2">My name is... </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non m se. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ki jan ou ye? </td> <td>How are you? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ki laj ou? </td> <td rowspan="2">How old are you? (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "What is your age?") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ki laj ou genyen? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kòman ou ye? </td> <td>How are you? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kon si, kon sa </td> <td>So, so </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kontinye konsa! </td> <td>Keep it up! </td></tr> <tr> <td>M ap boule </td> <td>I'm managing (informal; <abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "I'm burning") (common response to <a href="#sakapfèt">sa kap fèt</a> and <a href="#sakpase">sak pase</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>M ap kenbe </td> <td>I'm hanging on (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>M ap viv </td> <td>I'm living </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mal </td> <td>Bad </td></tr> <tr> <td>Men wi </td> <td>Of course </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mèsi </td> <td>Thank you </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mèsi anpil </td> <td>Many thanks </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mwen byen </td> <td>I'm well </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mwen dakò </td> <td>I agree </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mwen gen an </td> <td>I'm years old </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mwen la </td> <td>I'm so-so (informal; <abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "I'm here") </td></tr> <tr> <td>N a wè pita! </td> <td>See you later! (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "We will see later!") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orevwa! </td> <td>Good bye (temporarily) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pa mal </td> <td>Not bad </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pa pi mal </td> <td>Not so bad </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Padon! </td> <td>Pardon! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sorry! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Move! </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Padone m! </td> <td>Pardon me! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Forgive me! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pòte w byen! </td> <td>Take care! (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Carry yourself well!") </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="sakapfèt">Sa k ap fèt? </td> <td>What's going on? (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>What's up? (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" id="sakpase">Sa k pase? </td> <td>What's happening? (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>What's up? (informal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tout al byen </td> <td>All is well (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "All goes well") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tout bagay anfòm </td> <td>Everything is fine (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Everything is in form") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tout pa bon </td> <td>All is not well (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "All is not good") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proverbs_and_expressions">Proverbs and expressions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Proverbs and expressions">edit</a>]</div> Proverbs play a central role in traditional Haitian culture and Haitian Creole speakers make frequent use of them as well as of other metaphors.<a href="#cite_note-RahillJean-GillesThomlisonPinto-Lopez2011-73">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Proverbs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Haitian Creole </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Men anpil, chay pa lou </td> <td>Strength through unity<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "With many hands, the burden is not heavy";<a href="#cite_note-McAlister2002-75">[70]</a> Haitian Creole equivalent of the French on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">coat of arms of Haiti</a>, which reads l'union fait la force) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apre bal, tanbou lou </td> <td>There are consequences to your actions (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "After the dance, the drum is heavy")<a href="#cite_note-Cynn2008-76">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sak vid pa kanpe </td> <td>No work gets done on an empty stomach (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "An empty bag does not stand up")<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 60  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pitit tig se tig </td> <td>Like father like son (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "The son of a tiger is a tiger") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ak pasyans w ap wè tete pis </td> <td>Anything is possible (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "With patience you will see the breast of the ant") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bay kou bliye, pote mak sonje </td> <td>The giver of the blow forgets, the carrier of the scar remembers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mache chèche pa janm dòmi san soupe </td> <td>You will get what you deserve </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bèl dan pa di zanmi </td> <td>Not all smiles are friendly (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Good teeth don't mean (that person is) a friend") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bèl antèman pa di paradi </td> <td>A beautiful funeral does not guarantee heaven </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bèl fanm pa di bon mennaj </td> <td>A beautiful wife does not guarantee a happy marriage </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dan konn mòde lang </td> <td>People who work together sometimes hurt each other (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Teeth are known to bite the tongue") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sa k rive koukouloulou a ka rive kakalanga tou </td> <td>What happens to the dumb guy can happen to the smart one too (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "What happens to the turkey can happen to the rooster too")<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 75  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chak jou pa Dimanch </td> <td>Your luck will not last forever (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Not every day is Sunday") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fanm pou yon tan, manman pou tout tan </td> <td>A woman is for a time, a mother is for all time<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 93  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nèg di san fè, Bondye fè san di </td> <td>Man talks without doing, God does without talking<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 31  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sa Bondye sere pou ou, lavalas pa ka pote l ale </td> <td>What God has saved for you, nobody can take it away </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nèg rich se milat, milat pòv se nèg </td> <td>A rich negro is a mulatto, a poor mulatto is a negro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pale franse pa di lespri </td> <td>Speaking French does not mean you are smart<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 114  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wòch nan dlo pa konnen doulè wòch nan solèy </td> <td>The rock in the water does not know the pain of the rock in the sun<a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal2006-78">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ravèt pa janm gen rezon devan poul </td> <td>Justice will always be on the side of the stronger<a href="#cite_note-Joint_1999-79">[74]</a> (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "A cockroach in front of a chicken is never correct") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Si ou bwè dlo nan vè, respèkte vè a </td> <td>If you drink water from a glass, respect the glass </td></tr> <tr> <td>Si travay te bon bagay, moun rich ta pran l lontan </td> <td>If work were a good thing, the rich would have grabbed it a long time ago </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sèl pa vante tèt li di li sale </td> <td>Let others praise you (lit. "Salt doesn't brag that it's salty," said to those who praise themselves) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bouch granmoun santi, sak ladan l se rezon </td> <td>Wisdom comes from the mouth of old people (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "The mouth of the old stinks but what's inside is wisdom") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tout moun se moun </td> <td>Everyone matters (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Everybody is a person")<a href="#cite_note-Joseph2014-80">[75]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressions">Expressions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Expressions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Haitian Creole </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Se lave men, siye l atè </td> <td>It was useless work (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Wash your hands and wipe them on the floor") </td></tr> <tr> <td>M ap di ou sa kasayòl te di bèf la </td> <td>Mind your own business </td></tr> <tr> <td>Li pale franse </td> <td>He cannot be trusted, he is full of himself (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "He speaks French")<a href="#cite_note-FaediDuramy2008-81">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kreyòl pale, kreyòl konprann </td> <td>Speak straightforwardly and honestly (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Creole talks, Creole understands")<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 29  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bouche nen ou pou bwè dlo santi </td> <td>You have to accept a bad situation (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Pinch your nose to drink smelly water")<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 55  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mache sou pinga ou, pou ou pa pile: "Si m te konnen!" </td> <td>"Be on your guard, so you don't have to say: 'If only I'd known!'"<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 159  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tann jis nou tounen pwa tann </td> <td>To wait forever (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "left hanging until we became string beans" which is a word play on tann, which means both "to hang" and "to wait") </td></tr> <tr> <td>San pran souf </td> <td>Without taking a breath; continuously </td></tr> <tr> <td>W ap konn jòj </td> <td>Warning or threat of punishment or reprimand (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "You will know George") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dis ti piti tankou ou </td> <td>Dismissing or defying a threat or show of force (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Ten little ones like you couldn't.") </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lè poul va fè dan </td> <td>Never (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "When hens grow teeth")<a href="#cite_note-TargèteUrciolo1993b-82">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Piti piti zwazo fè nich li </td> <td>You will learn (<abbr title="literally">lit</abbr>. "Little by little the bird makes its nest")<a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-77">[72]</a>: 110  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_abroad">Usage abroad</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Usage abroad">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_and_Canada">United States and Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United States and Canada">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timoun_Sy%C3%A8j_(Creole).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Timoun_Sy%C3%A8j_%28Creole%29.jpg/220px-Timoun_Sy%C3%A8j_%28Creole%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Timoun_Sy%C3%A8j_%28Creole%29.jpg/330px-Timoun_Sy%C3%A8j_%28Creole%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Timoun_Sy%C3%A8j_%28Creole%29.jpg/440px-Timoun_Sy%C3%A8j_%28Creole%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Haitian Creole display at a car rental counter in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Florida_Beaches_International_Airport" title="Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport">Northwest Florida Beaches International Airport</a> (2014).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadians" title="Haitian Canadians">Haitian Canadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_the_Spread_of_Germs_updated_(Haitian_Creole).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stop_the_Spread_of_Germs_updated_%28Haitian_Creole%29.pdf/page1-220px-Stop_the_Spread_of_Germs_updated_%28Haitian_Creole%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stop_the_Spread_of_Germs_updated_%28Haitian_Creole%29.pdf/page1-330px-Stop_the_Spread_of_Germs_updated_%28Haitian_Creole%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stop_the_Spread_of_Germs_updated_%28Haitian_Creole%29.pdf/page1-440px-Stop_the_Spread_of_Germs_updated_%28Haitian_Creole%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC-sponsored</a> poster about the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> prevention in Haitian Creole.</figcaption></figure> Haitian Creole is used widely among Haitians who have relocated to other countries, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Canadian">Canada</a>. Some of the larger Creole-speaking populations are found in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> (where French is the official language), <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Florida" title="Central Florida">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Florida_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="South Florida metropolitan area">South Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach</a>). To reach out to the large Haitian population, government agencies have produced various public service announcements, school-parent communications, and other materials in Haitian Creole. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> sends out paper communications in Haitian Creole in addition to English and Spanish. In the Boston area, the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Boston subway system</a> and area hospitals and medical offices post announcements in Haitian Creole as well as English.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> North America's only Creole-language television network is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Broadcasting_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haitian Broadcasting Network (page does not exist)">HBN</a>, based in Miami. These areas also each have more than half a dozen Creole-language <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM radio</a> stations.<a href="#cite_note-Moise2015-84">[79]</a> Haitian Creole and Haitian culture are taught in many colleges in the United States and the Bahamas. York College at the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> features a minor in Haitian Creole.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>'s Albert Valdman founded the country's first Creole Institute<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> where Haitian Creole, among other facets of Haiti, were studied and researched. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a> has an Institute of Haitian studies, founded by <a href="/wiki/Bryant_Freeman" title="Bryant Freeman">Bryant Freeman</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a> offer seminars and courses annually at their Haitian Creole Summer Institutes. <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a><a href="#cite_note-Duke2015-87">[82]</a> also offer Haitian Creole classes, and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and <a href="/wiki/NYU" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU">NYU</a> have jointly offered a course since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia2015-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Columbia2016-89">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> began offering Creole courses in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">New York City Department of Education</a> counted 2,838 Haitian Creole-speaking <a href="/wiki/English-language_learner" title="English-language learner">English-language learners</a> (ELLs) in the city's K–12 schools, making it the seventh most common home language of ELLs citywide and the fifth most common home language of Brooklyn ELLs.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a>: 19–20  Because of the large population of Haitian Creole-speaking students within NYC schools, various organizations have been established to respond to the needs of these students. For example, Flanbwayan and Gran Chimen Sant Kiltirèl, both located in Brooklyn, New York, aim to promote education and Haitian culture through advocacy, literacy projects, and cultural/artistic endeavors.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Cubans" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Cubans">Haitian Cubans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cuba">Languages of Cuba</a></div> Haitian Creole is the second most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> after Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-CubaJournal-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-AfroCubaWeb-94">[89]</a> where over 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban#Haitian_Cubans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban">Haitian immigrants</a> speak it. It is recognized as a minority language in Cuba and a considerable number of Cubans speak it fluently. Most of these speakers have never been to Haiti and do not possess Haitian ancestry, but merely learned it in their communities. In addition, there is a Haitian Creole radio station operating in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AfroCubaWeb-94">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Haitians in the Dominican Republic">Haitians in the Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Dominican Republic">Languages of the Dominican Republic</a></div> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit">[update]</a>, the language was also spoken by over 450,000 Haitians who reside in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ONE-95">[90]</a> although the locals do not speak it. However, some estimates suggest that there are over a million speakers due to a huge population of undocumented immigrants from Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-DR1-96">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bahamas">The Bahamas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: The Bahamas">edit</a>]</div> As of 2009, up to 80,000 Haitians were estimated residing in the Bahamas,<a href="#cite_note-Davis2009-97">[92]</a> where about 20,000 speak Haitian Creole. It is the third most‑spoken language after English and <a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Creole" title="Bahamian Creole">Bahamian Creole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Software">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>, international aid workers desperately needed translation tools for communicating in Haitian Creole. Furthermore, international organizations had little idea whom to contact as translators. As an emergency measure, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> released data for its own research into the public domain.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> implemented <a href="/wiki/Alpha_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha version">alpha version</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_translators" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine translators">machine translators</a> based on the Carnegie Mellon data. Several smartphone apps have been released, including learning with flashcards by <a href="/wiki/Before_You_Know_It_(software)" title="Before You Know It (software)">Byki</a> and two medical dictionaries, one by Educa Vision and a second by <a href="/wiki/Ultralingua" title="Ultralingua">Ultralingua</a>, the latter of which includes an audio phrase book and a section on cultural anthropology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ht:"> Haitian Creole edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/48px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/64px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akademi_Krey%C3%B2l_Ayisyen" title="Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen">Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Antillean Creole French">Antillean Creole French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole French">Louisiana Creole French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_DeGraff" title="Michel DeGraff">Michel DeGraff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Haiti-Inter" title="Radio Haiti-Inter">Radio Haiti-Inter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hat">Haitian Creole</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (27th ed., 2024) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurevich2004-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gurevich2004_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gurevich2004_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGurevich2004" class="citation book cs1">Gurevich, Naomi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhPxHG8cLowC&pg=PA304">"Appendix A: Result Summary"</a>. Lenition and Contrast: The Functional Consequences of Certain Phonetically Conditioned Sound Changes. New York: Routledge. pp. 112, 301–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87648-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-87648-7"><bdi>978-1-135-87648-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004051429">2004051429</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/919306666">919306666</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5731391W">5731391W</a>. <q>Name: ... Haitian Creole ...; Phylum: ... Indo‑European...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+A%3A+Result+Summary&rft.btitle=Lenition+and+Contrast%3A+The+Functional+Consequences+of+Certain+Phonetically+Conditioned+Sound+Changes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F919306666&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004051429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL5731391W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-135-87648-7&rft.aulast=Gurevich&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhPxHG8cLowC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog|hait1244|Haitian-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog|hait1244|Haitian_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog|hait1244|Haitian_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hait1244">"Haitian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haitian&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fhait1244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dufour-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dufour_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dufour_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufour,_Fritz2017" class="citation web cs1">Dufour, Fritz, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IvA_DwAAQBAJ&q=minorité+langue+de+cuba+créole+haitïen">"Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language"</a>. Language Arts & Disciplines. p. 4. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Possibilities+for+the+Emergence+of+a+Single+and+Global+Native+Language&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Language+Arts+%26+Disciplines&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIvA_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dminorit%C3%A9%2Blangue%2Bde%2Bcuba%2Bcr%C3%A9ole%2Bhait%C3%AFen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728153214/http://menfp.gouv.ht/PARTENARIA_AKA_MENFP.html">"Cérémonie de lancement d'un partenariat entre le Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle et l'Académie Créole"</a> (in French and Haitian Creole). Port‑au‑Prince, Haiti: Government of the Republic of Haiti. 8 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menfp.gouv.ht/PARTENARIA_AKA_MENFP.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie+de+lancement+d%27un+partenariat+entre+le+Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Education+Nationale+et+de+la+Formation+Professionnelle+et+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Cr%C3%A9ole&rft.place=Port%E2%80%91au%E2%80%91Prince%2C+Haiti&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Republic+of+Haiti&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenfp.gouv.ht%2FPARTENARIA_AKA_MENFP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faraclas2012-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faraclas2012_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraclas2012_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaraclasSpearsBarrowsPiñeiro2012" class="citation book cs1">Faraclas, Nicholas; Spears, Arthur K.; Barrows, Elizabeth; Piñeiro, Mayra Cortes (2012) [1st pub. 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xbGzLuBvWwC&pg=PA100">"II. Structure and Use § 4. Orthography"</a>. In Spears, Arthur K.; Joseph, Carole M. Berotte (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xbGzLuBvWwC">The Haitian Creole Language: History, Structure, Use, and Education</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7221-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-7221-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010015856">2010015856</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/838418590">838418590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.+Structure+and+Use+%C2%A7%26%238239%3B4.+Orthography&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Creole+Language%3A+History%2C+Structure%2C+Use%2C+and+Education&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F838418590&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010015856&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7221-6&rft.aulast=Faraclas&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Spears%2C+Arthur+K.&rft.au=Barrows%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Pi%C3%B1eiro%2C+Mayra+Cortes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4xbGzLuBvWwC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valdman2002-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valdman2002_7-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Valdman, Albert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713215719/http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html">"Creole: The National Language of Haiti"</a>. Footsteps. 2 (4): 36–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Footsteps&rft.atitle=Creole%3A+The+National+Language+of+Haiti&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~creole%2Fcreolenatllangofhaiti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGraff2015-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2015_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2015_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraffRuggles2014" class="citation web cs1">DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/a-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html">"A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes"</a>. The New York Times. p. A17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084134/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/a-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. <q>Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier's dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole fluently.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Creole+Solution+for+Haiti%27s+Woes&rft.pages=A17&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Ruggles%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fa-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Léonidas1995-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Léonidas1995_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéonidas1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Léonidas, Jean-Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9foaAQAAIAAJ">Prétendus Créolismes: Le Couteau dans l'Igname</a> [So‑Called Creolisms: The Knife in the Yam] (in French). Montréal: Editions du CIDIHCA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-920862-97-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-920862-97-5"><bdi>978-2-920862-97-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95207252">95207252</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34851284">34851284</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3160860W">3160860W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9tendus+Cr%C3%A9olismes%3A+Le+Couteau+dans+l%27Igname&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=Editions+du+CIDIHCA&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34851284&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95207252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL3160860W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-2-920862-97-5&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9onidas&rft.aufirst=Jean-Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9foaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchieffelinDoucet1994" class="citation journal cs1">Schieffelin, Bambi B.; Doucet, Rachelle Charlier (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/646527">"The "Real" Haitian Creole: Ideology, Metalinguistics, and Orthographic Choice"</a>. American Ethnologist. 21 (1): 176–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1994.21.1.02a00090">10.1525/ae.1994.21.1.02a00090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-0496">0094-0496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/646527">646527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=The+%22Real%22+Haitian+Creole%3A+Ideology%2C+Metalinguistics%2C+and+Orthographic+Choice&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0094-0496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F646527%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1994.21.1.02a00090&rft.aulast=Schieffelin&rft.aufirst=Bambi+B.&rft.au=Doucet%2C+Rachelle+Charlier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F646527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGraff2007-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2007_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2007_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2007_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2007_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraff2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_DeGraff" title="Michel DeGraff">DeGraff, Michel</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/~linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff2007hc-ccs.pdf">"Kreyòl Ayisyen, or Haitian Creole ('Creole French')"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/John_A._Holm" title="John A. Holm">Holm, John</a>; Patrick, Peter L. (eds.). Comparative Creole Syntax: Parallel Outlines of 18 Creole Grammars. London: Battlebridge. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903292-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903292-01-3"><bdi>978-1-903292-01-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192098910">192098910</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL12266293M">12266293M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731175451/http://web.mit.edu/~linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff2007hc-ccs.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krey%C3%B2l+Ayisyen%2C+or+Haitian+Creole+%28%27Creole+French%27%29&rft.btitle=Comparative+Creole+Syntax%3A+Parallel+Outlines+of+18+Creole+Grammars&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Battlebridge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192098910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL12266293M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-903292-01-3&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F~linguistics%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fdegraff%2Fdegraff2007hc-ccs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeguin2020" class="citation book cs1">Seguin, Luisa (2020). Transparency and Language Contact: The Case of Haitian Creole, French, and Fongbe. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. pp. 218–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transparency+and+Language+Contact%3A+The+Case+of+Haitian+Creole%2C+French%2C+and+Fongbe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.pub=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Seguin&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonenfant2011-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonenfant2011_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonenfant2011_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonenfant2011_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonenfant2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bonenfant, Jacques L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf">"History of Haitian-Creole: From Pidgin to Lingua Franca and English Influence on the Language"</a> (PDF). Review of Higher Education and Self-Learning. 3 (11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323163405/http://fmuniv.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/History_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Higher+Education+and+Self-Learning&rft.atitle=History+of+Haitian-Creole%3A+From+Pidgin+to+Lingua+Franca+and+English+Influence+on+the+Language&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bonenfant&rft.aufirst=Jacques+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmuniv.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2FHistory_of_haitian_review_of_higher_education.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NadeauBarlow2008-14"><a href="#cite_ref-NadeauBarlow2008_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeauBarlow2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Beno%C3%AEt_Nadeau" title="Jean-Benoît Nadeau">Nadeau, Jean-Benoît</a>; <a href="/wiki/Julie_Barlow" title="Julie Barlow">Barlow, Julie</a> (2008) [1st pub. 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NN5oc0HFC7QC&pg=PA97">"Far from the Sun"</a>. The Story of French. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34184-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-34184-8"><bdi>978-0-312-34184-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006049348">2006049348</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/219563658">219563658</a>. <q>There are more speakers of French-based Creoles than all other Creoles combined (including English), thanks mostly to Haiti, the biggest Creole-speaking nation in the world...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Far+from+the+Sun&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+French&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F219563658&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006049348&rft.isbn=978-0-312-34184-8&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNN5oc0HFC7QC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schieffelin1994-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schieffelin1994_15-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchieffelinDoucet1992" class="citation journal cs1">Schieffelin, Bambi B.; Doucet, Rachelle Charlier (September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/pragmatics/article/download/387/387-681-1-PB.pdf">"The 'Real' Haitian Creole: Ideology, Metalinguistics, and Orthographic Choice"</a> (PDF). Journal of Pragmatics. 2 (3): 427–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1994.21.1.02a00090">10.1525/ae.1994.21.1.02a00090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2166">0378-2166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728140830/http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/pragmatics/article/download/387/387-681-1-PB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pragmatics&rft.atitle=The+%27Real%27+Haitian+Creole%3A+Ideology%2C+Metalinguistics%2C+and+Orthographic+Choice&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1994.21.1.02a00090&rft.issn=0378-2166&rft.aulast=Schieffelin&rft.aufirst=Bambi+B.&rft.au=Doucet%2C+Rachelle+Charlier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.linguisticsociety.org%2Felanguage%2Fpragmatics%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F387%2F387-681-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGraff2003-16"><a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2003_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraff2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_DeGraff" title="Michel DeGraff">DeGraff, Michel</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/~linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff-lang-79-02.pdf">"Against Creole exceptionalism"</a> (PDF). Language. 79 (2): 391–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2003.0114">10.1353/lan.2003.0114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47857823">47857823</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729042434/http://web.mit.edu/~linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff-lang-79-02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Against+Creole+exceptionalism&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E410&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2003.0114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A47857823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F~linguistics%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fdegraff%2Fdegraff-lang-79-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpearsJoseph2010" class="citation book cs1">Spears, Arthur K.; Joseph, Carole M. 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Trafford Publishing. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426961250" title="Special:BookSources/9781426961250"><bdi>9781426961250</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Irresistible+Attraction%3A+Beyond+the+Green+Card&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781426961250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NxL6AoBZ20C%26q%3Dto%2Bbe%2Brich%2Blike%2Ba%2Bcreole%2Bhaiti%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John2014-21"><a href="#cite_ref-John2014_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnSlocum2014" class="citation web cs1">John, Vijay; Slocum, Jonathan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006025330/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/general/ie-lg/Italic.html">"Indo‑European Languages: Italic Family"</a>. Linguistics Research Center. University of Texas at Austin. 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Creole language library. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027252715" title="Special:BookSources/9789027252715"><bdi>9789027252715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins%2C+Creoles+and+mixed+languages%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Amsterdam%3B+Philadelphia&rft.series=Creole+language+library&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027252715&rft.aulast=Velupillai&rft.aufirst=Viveka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcat1.library.ubc.ca%3A80%2Fvwebv%2FholdingsInfo%3FbibId%3D8119102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingler1996" class="citation journal cs1">Singler, John Victor (1996). 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New Orleans: Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. pp. 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 15, 21, 22, 33, 38, 108, 109, 110, 143, 173, 174, 235, 241, 242, 243, 252, 253, 254, 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Louisiana%3A+The+Saint-Domingue+Refugees%2C+1792%E2%80%931809&rft.place=New+Orleans&rft.pages=4%2C+5%2C+6%2C+8%2C+11%2C+15%2C+21%2C+22%2C+33%2C+38%2C+108%2C+109%2C+110%2C+143%2C+173%2C+174%2C+235%2C+241%2C+242%2C+243%2C+252%2C+253%2C+254%2C+268&rft.pub=Center+for+Louisiana+Studies%2C+University+of+Southwestern+Louisiana&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Carl+A.+Brasseaux%2C+Glenn+R.+Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sjducoeurjoly-28"><a href="#cite_ref-sjducoeurjoly_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.J._Ducoeurjoly1803" class="citation book cs1">S.J. Ducoeurjoly (1803). Manuel des habitans de Saint-Domingue. pp. 363, 364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuel+des+habitans+de+Saint-Domingue&rft.pages=363%2C+364&rft.date=1803&rft.au=S.J.+Ducoeurjoly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lbouchard-29"><a href="#cite_ref-lbouchard_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Bouchard1825" class="citation book cs1">L. Bouchard (8 October 1825). La Nouveauté No. 38. pp. 3, 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Nouveaut%C3%A9+No.+38&rft.pages=3%2C+4&rft.date=1825-10-08&rft.au=L.+Bouchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1953" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Robert Anderson (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MYRAAAAIAAJ&dq=haitian+creole+origin&pg=PA11">Haitian Creole: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary</a>. American Anthropological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian+Creole%3A+Grammar%2C+Texts%2C+Vocabulary&rft.pub=American+Anthropological+Association&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Robert+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MYRAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dhaitian%2Bcreole%2Borigin%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagarde2007-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Lagarde2007_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagarde2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lagarde, François (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXscYwsV2sAC&pg=PA137">"5. Langues § 1. Locaters § 1.2. Immigrés"</a>. Français aux Etats-Unis (1990–2005): migration, langue, culture et économie. Transversales (in French). Vol. 20. Bern, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang International Academic Publishers</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-293-7"><bdi>978-3-03911-293-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008271325">2008271325</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122935474">122935474</a>. <q>le français et le créole haïtien ... sont des langues différentes « non-mutuellement intelligibles »</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Langues+%C2%A7%26%238239%3B1.+Locaters+%C2%A7%26%238239%3B1.2.+Immigr%C3%A9s&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ais+aux+Etats-Unis+%281990%E2%80%932005%29%3A+migration%2C+langue%2C+culture+et+%C3%A9conomie&rft.place=Bern%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Transversales&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+International+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122935474&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008271325&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-293-7&rft.aulast=Lagarde&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXscYwsV2sAC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdman2015" class="citation book cs1">Valdman, Albert (2015). Haitian Creole : structure, variation, status, origin. Equinox: Equinox. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-387-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-387-8"><bdi>978-1-84553-387-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian+Creole%26thinsp%3B%3A+structure%2C+variation%2C+status%2C+origin&rft.place=Equinox&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84553-387-8&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvre1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lefebvre, Claire (1997). "Relexification in Creole Genesis: The Case of Demonstrative Terms in Haitian Creole". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 12 (2): 181–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.12.2.02lef">10.1075/jpcl.12.2.02lef</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9034">0920-9034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=Relexification+in+Creole+Genesis%3A+The+Case+of+Demonstrative+Terms+in+Haitian+Creole&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.12.2.02lef&rft.issn=0920-9034&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lefebvre1986-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lefebvre1986_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lefebvre1986_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvre1986" class="citation book cs1">Lefebvre, Claire (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAkYez_Kv7IC&pg=PA279">"Relexification in Creole Genesis Revisited: the Case of Haitian Creole"</a>. In Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.). Substrata Versus Universals in Creole Genesis. Creole Language Library. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 279–301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcll.1.13lef">10.1075/cll.1.13lef</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5221-0"><bdi>978-90-272-5221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9026">0920-9026</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/86018856">86018856</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14002046">14002046</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5268669W">5268669W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relexification+in+Creole+Genesis+Revisited%3A+the+Case+of+Haitian+Creole&rft.btitle=Substrata+Versus+Universals+in+Creole+Genesis&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Creole+Language+Library&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F86018856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcll.1.13lef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL5268669W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.issn=0920-9026&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14002046&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5221-0&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAkYez_Kv7IC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> The modern French construction la maison‑là (roughly "that there house") instead of the standard la maison ("the house") is only superficially and coincidentally similar to the Haitian Creole construction.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontaine1981-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Fontaine1981_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontaine1981" class="citation journal cs1">Fontaine, Pierre-Michel (1981). "Language, Society, and Development: Dialectic of French and Creole Use in Haiti". Latin American Perspectives. 8 (1): 28–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X8100800103">10.1177/0094582X8100800103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-582X">0094-582X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2633128">2633128</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5724884282">5724884282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145302665">145302665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Language%2C+Society%2C+and+Development%3A+Dialectic+of+French+and+Creole+Use+in+Haiti&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2633128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582X8100800103&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5724884282&rft.issn=0094-582X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145302665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fontaine&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/amsudant/haiti-loi-1979.htm">"Haïti: Loi du 18 septembre 1979"</a> [Haiti: Act of 18 September 1979]. Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord (in French). Québec City: <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150727195106/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/amsudant/haiti-loi-1979.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2015. <q>L'usage du créole, en tant que langue commune parlée par les 90 % de la population haïtienne, est permis dans les écoles comme instrument et objet d'enseignement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chaire+pour+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+la+recherche+sur+la+culture+d%27expression+fran%C3%A7aise+en+Am%C3%A9rique+du+Nord&rft.atitle=Ha%C3%AFti%3A+Loi+du+18+septembre+1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca%2Famsudant%2Fhaiti-loi-1979.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Védrine2007-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Védrine2007_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Védrine2007_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVédrine2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Védrine, Emmanuel W. (2007) [1st pub. 1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://potomitan.info/vedrine/koudey.pdf#page=131">"Òtograf ofisyèl la"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://potomitan.info/vedrine/koudey.pdf">Yon koudèy sou pwoblèm lekòl Ayiti</a> [Official spelling] (PDF) (in Haitian Creole) (2nd ed.). Boston. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938534-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938534-28-0"><bdi>978-0-938534-28-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94-65943">94-65943</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37611103">37611103</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407185537/http://potomitan.info/vedrine/koudey.pdf#page=131">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2015. <q>Nou suiv sa yo rele 'òtograf ofisyèl' la lan tout sa li mande. Tout liv oubyen dokiman Éditions Deschamps sòti respekte òtograf sa a alalèt. Yon sèl ti eksepsyon petèt, se kesyon apostwòf nou pa anplwaye aprè de gwoup kòm 'm ap' (m'ap); 'sa k ap fèt?' (sa k'ap fèt?)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%92tograf+ofisy%C3%A8l+la&rft.btitle=Yon+koud%C3%A8y+sou+pwobl%C3%A8m+lek%C3%B2l+Ayiti&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=131&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37611103&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94-65943&rft.isbn=978-0-938534-28-0&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9drine&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpotomitan.info%2Fvedrine%2Fkoudey.pdf%23page%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sonino1989-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Sonino1989_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdman1989" class="citation book cs1">Valdman, Albert (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mywBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">"The Use of Creole as a School Medium and Decreolization in Haiti"</a>. In Zuanelli Sonino, Elisabetta (ed.). Literacy in School and Society: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Topics in Language and Linguistics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0909-1">10.1007/978-1-4899-0909-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0909-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0909-1"><bdi>978-1-4899-0909-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89-35803">89-35803</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646534330">646534330</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL9382950W">9382950W</a>. <q>In 1979, by a presidential decree, Haitian Creole was officially recognized as classroom medium and as school subject at the primary level. In the 1983 Constitution it was upgraded to the level of national language with French.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Creole+as+a+School+Medium+and+Decreolization+in+Haiti&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+School+and+Society%3A+Multidisciplinary+Perspectives&rft.series=Topics+in+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0909-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL9382950W%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89-35803&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646534330&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-0909-1&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmywBCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hebblethwaite2012-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Hebblethwaite2012_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hebblethwaite, Benjamin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/hebble/Hebblethwaite%202012%20JPCL.pdf#page=9">"French and underdevelopment, Haitian Creole and development: Educational language policy problems and solutions in Haiti"</a> (PDF). Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 27 (2): 255–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.27.2.03heb">10.1075/jpcl.27.2.03heb</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9034">0920-9034</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150727200835/http://users.clas.ufl.edu/hebble/Hebblethwaite%202012%20JPCL.pdf#page=9">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2015. <q>Article 5 of the ... Constitution of 1987 ... recognizes Creole as the sole language that unites all Haitians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=French+and+underdevelopment%2C+Haitian+Creole+and+development%3A+Educational+language+policy+problems+and+solutions+in+Haiti&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.27.2.03heb&rft.issn=0920-9034&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.clas.ufl.edu%2Fhebble%2FHebblethwaite%25202012%2520JPCL.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article5-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Article5_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912034618/http://www.sdn.mefhaiti.gouv.ht/lois/CH87/CH_P01.php#A5">"La Constitution de 1987, Article 5"</a> [Constitution of 1987, Article 5] (in French). 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdn.mefhaiti.gouv.ht/lois/CH87/CH_P01.php#A5">the original</a> on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2015. <q>Tous les Haïtiens sont unis par une Langue commune : le Créole.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Constitution+de+1987%2C+Article+5&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdn.mefhaiti.gouv.ht%2Flois%2FCH87%2FCH_P01.php%23A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaraque2001" class="citation book cs1">Laraque, Paul (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opengateantholog00paul">Open Gate: An Anthology of Haitian Creole Poetry</a>. Curbstone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880684-75-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880684-75-7"><bdi>978-1-880684-75-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Gate%3A+An+Anthology+of+Haitian+Creole+Poetry&rft.pub=Curbstone+Press&rft.date=2001-04&rft.isbn=978-1-880684-75-7&rft.aulast=Laraque&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopengateantholog00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGraff2005-43"><a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2005_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraff2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_DeGraff" title="Michel DeGraff">DeGraff, Michel</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff2005fallacy_of_creole_exceptionalism.pdf">"Linguists' most dangerous myth: The fallacy of Creole Exceptionalism"</a> (PDF). Language in Society. 34 (4): 533–591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0047404505050207">10.1017/S0047404505050207</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-4045">0047-4045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145599178">145599178</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421020826/http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff2005fallacy_of_creole_exceptionalism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Linguists%27+most+dangerous+myth%3A+The+fallacy+of+Creole+Exceptionalism&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E591&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145599178%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-4045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404505050207&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Flinguistics%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fdegraff%2Fdegraff2005fallacy_of_creole_exceptionalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFérére1977" class="citation journal cs1">Férére, Gérard A. (March 1977). "Diglossia in Haiti: A Comparison with Paraguayan Bilingualism". Caribbean Quarterly. 23 (1): 50–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00086495.1977.11671912">10.1080/00086495.1977.11671912</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40653330">40653330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Diglossia+in+Haiti%3A+A+Comparison+with+Paraguayan+Bilingualism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1977-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00086495.1977.11671912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40653330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=F%C3%A9r%C3%A9re&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDejean1983" class="citation journal cs1">Dejean, Yves (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1983.11435744">"Diglossia revisited: French and Creole in Haiti"</a>. Word. 34 (3): 189–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1983.11435744">10.1080/00437956.1983.11435744</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-7956">0043-7956</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5845895993">5845895993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=Diglossia+revisited%3A+French+and+Creole+in+Haiti&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5845895993&rft.issn=0043-7956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1983.11435744&rft.aulast=Dejean&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1983.11435744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2013" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Nicole A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galerace/creole_languages/0?institutionId=3205">"Creole Languages"</a>. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race+and+Racism&rft.atitle=Creole+Languages&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Nicole+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fgalerace%2Fcreole_languages%2F0%3FinstitutionId%3D3205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldeducationen0003unse">World Education Encyclopedia: A Survey of Educational Systems Worldwide</a>. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Group. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865594-9"><bdi>978-0-02-865594-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Education+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Survey+of+Educational+Systems+Worldwide&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865594-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldeducationen0003unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2013" class="citation news cs1">Daniel, Trenton (6 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730114936/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2013/02/06/haitian-schools-expand-use-of-creole-language?offset=50">"Haitian schools expand use of Creole language"</a>. US News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2013/02/06/haitian-schools-expand-use-of-creole-language?offset=50">the original</a> on 30 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft.atitle=Haitian+schools+expand+use+of+Creole+language&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Trenton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2013%2F02%2F06%2Fhaitian-schools-expand-use-of-creole-language%3Foffset%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebblethwaite2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hebblethwaite, Benjamin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150727200835/http://users.clas.ufl.edu/hebble/Hebblethwaite%202012%20JPCL.pdf">"French and underdevelopment, Haitian Creole and development"</a> (PDF). Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 27 (2): 255–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.27.2.03heb">10.1075/jpcl.27.2.03heb</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0920-9034">0920-9034</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu/hebble/Hebblethwaite%202012%20JPCL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=French+and+underdevelopment%2C+Haitian+Creole+and+development&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.27.2.03heb&rft.issn=0920-9034&rft.aulast=Hebblethwaite&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.clas.ufl.edu%2Fhebble%2FHebblethwaite%25202012%2520JPCL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadely_2002-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Cadely_2002_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadely2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Robert_Cadely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Robert Cadely (page does not exist)">Cadely, Jean‑Robert</a> (2002). "Le statut des voyelles nasales en Créole haïtien" [The Status of Nasal Vowels in Haitian Creole]. Lingua (in French). 112 (6): 437–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0024-3841%2801%2900055-9">10.1016/S0024-3841(01)00055-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>. <q>L'absence d'opposition distinctive dans la distribution des voyelles hautes ainsi que le facteur combinatoire illustré ci-dessus amènent certains auteurs ... à considérer les voyelles nasales [ĩ] et [ũ] comme des variantes contextuelles de leurs correspondantes orales. Toutefois, l'occurrence dans le vocabulaire des Haïtiens de nombre de termes qui se rattachent pour la plupart à la religion vaudou contribue à affaiblir cette analyse. Par exemple, dans la liste des mots que nous présentons ... il est facile de constater que les voyelles nasales hautes n'apparaissent pas dans l'environnement de consonnes nasales: [ũɡã] 'prêtre vaudou' [ũsi] 'assistante du prêtre/ de la prêtresse' [ũfɔ] 'sanctuaire du temple vaudou' [hũ] 'tambour' [oɡũ] 'divinité vaudou' [ũɡɛvɛ] 'collier au cou du prêtre vaudou' [bũda] 'derrière' [pĩɡa] 'prenez garde' [kaʃĩbo] 'pipe de terre' [jũ/ũ nɛɡ] 'un individu'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Le+statut+des+voyelles+nasales+en+Cr%C3%A9ole+ha%C3%AFtien&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0024-3841%2801%2900055-9&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft.aulast=Cadely&rft.aufirst=Jean%E2%80%91Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Helen (2009). "Frances Elaine ('Primrose') McConnell in Beckett, George Francis". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Irish_Biography" title="Dictionary of Irish Biography">Dictionary of Irish Biography</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frances+Elaine+%28%27Primrose%27%29+McConnell+in+Beckett%2C+George+Francis&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Irish+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romaine2002-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Romaine2002_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomaine2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Romaine" title="Suzanne Romaine">Romaine, Suzanne</a> (2002). "Signs of Identity, Signs of Discord: Glottal Goofs and the Green Grocer's Glottal in Debates on Hawaiian Orthography". Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 12 (2): 189–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjlin.2002.12.2.189">10.1525/jlin.2002.12.2.189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-1360">1055-1360</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43104013">43104013</a>. <q>For some opponents of the official orthography, ⟨k⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are tainted with the perceived stigma of being Anglo-Saxon and smack of American imperialism. The French symbols ⟨c⟩ and ⟨ou⟩, however, are allied with colonialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistic+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Signs+of+Identity%2C+Signs+of+Discord%3A+Glottal+Goofs+and+the+Green+Grocer%27s+Glottal+in+Debates+on+Hawaiian+Orthography&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1055-1360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43104013%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjlin.2002.12.2.189&rft.aulast=Romaine&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayoun-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayoun_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayoun_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoun,_Dalila2008" class="citation book cs1">Ayoun, Dalila, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VVg6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230">Studies in French Applied Linguistics</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8994-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8994-0"><bdi>978-90-272-8994-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+French+Applied+Linguistics&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8994-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVVg6AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenson,_Deborah2012" class="citation book cs1">Jenson, Deborah, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNgxtsjOIf4C&pg=PT257">Beyond the Slave Narrative: Politics, Sex, and Manuscripts in the Haitian Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-760-6"><bdi>978-1-84631-760-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Slave+Narrative%3A+Politics%2C+Sex%2C+and+Manuscripts+in+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-760-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNgxtsjOIf4C%26pg%3DPT257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaintMartin2005-55"><a href="#cite_ref-SaintMartin2005_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Martin2005" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saint Martin, Weston (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/saint-martin_weston_200508_ma.pdf#page=17">Les formes des pronoms personnels de l'haïtien et leur place en comparaison avec celles du français</a> (PDF) (Thesis) (in French). pp. 9–11. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/155834626">155834626</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427032723/http://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/saint-martin_weston_200508_ma.pdf#page=17">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Les+formes+des+pronoms+personnels+de+l%27ha%C3%AFtien+et+leur+place+en+comparaison+avec+celles+du+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F155834626&rft.aulast=Saint+Martin&rft.aufirst=Weston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetd.libs.uga.edu%2Fpdfs%2Fsaint-martin_weston_200508_ma.pdf%23page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Léger2011-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Léger2011_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLéger2011" class="citation book cs1">Léger, Frenand (2011). Pawòl Lakay: Haitian-Creole Language and Culture for Beginner and Intermediate Learners. Coconut Creek, Florida: Educa Vision. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58432-687-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58432-687-8"><bdi>978-1-58432-687-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/742361935">742361935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paw%C3%B2l+Lakay%3A+Haitian-Creole+Language+and+Culture+for+Beginner+and+Intermediate+Learners&rft.place=Coconut+Creek%2C+Florida&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Educa+Vision&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F742361935&rft.isbn=978-1-58432-687-8&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Frenand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_ou-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_ou_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_ou_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamoiseauJean-Paul2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Damoiseau, Robert; Jean-Paul, Gesner (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QggpjJxBocC">J'apprends le créole haïtien</a> [I’m Learning Haitian Creole] (in French and Haitian Creole). Port-au-Prince and Paris: Faculté de Linguistique Appliquée, Université d'État d'Haïti and Éditions Karthala. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-301-9"><bdi>978-2-84586-301-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50772881">50772881</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4553655W">4553655W</a>. <q>Kèlkeswa kote ou fè nan peyi a lè ou kite Pòtoprens, ou travèse zòn kote yo fè jaden... / Quelle que soit la route qu'on emprunte pour sortir de Port-au-prince, on traverse des zones cultivées.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%27apprends+le+cr%C3%A9ole+ha%C3%AFtien&rft.place=Port-au-Prince+and+Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EFacult%C3%A9+de+Linguistique+Appliqu%C3%A9e%2C+Universit%C3%A9+d%27%C3%89tat+d%27Ha%C3%AFti%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text+and+%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3E%C3%89ditions+Karthala%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50772881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL4553655W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-2-84586-301-9&rft.aulast=Damoiseau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jean-Paul%2C+Gesner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QggpjJxBocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_yo-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_yo_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DamoiseauJean-Paul2002_yo_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamoiseauJean-Paul2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Damoiseau, Robert; Jean-Paul, Gesner (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QggpjJxBocC">J'apprends le créole haïtien</a> [I'm Learning Haitian Creole] (in French and Haitian Creole). Port-au-Prince and Paris: 'Faculté de Linguistique Appliquée, Université d'État d'Haïti and Éditions Karthala. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-301-9"><bdi>978-2-84586-301-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50772881">50772881</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4553655W">4553655W</a>. <q>Yo pa fè diferans ant « kawotchou » machin ak « wou » machin nan. Yo di yonn pou lòt. Gen kawotchou ki fèt pou resevwa chanm, genyen ki pa sèvi ak chanm. Yo rele kawotchou sa a tiblès... / On ne fait pas de différence entre « pneu » et « roue » d'une voiture. On dit l'un pour l'autre. Il y a des pneus conçus pour recevoir une chambre à air, il y en a qui s'utilisent sans chambre à air. On appelle ce dernier type de pneus « tubeless ».</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%27apprends+le+cr%C3%A9ole+ha%C3%AFtien&rft.place=Port-au-Prince+and+Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=%27%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EFacult%C3%A9+de+Linguistique+Appliqu%C3%A9e%2C+Universit%C3%A9+d%27%C3%89tat+d%27Ha%C3%AFti%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text+and+%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3E%C3%89ditions+Karthala%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50772881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL4553655W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-2-84586-301-9&rft.aulast=Damoiseau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jean-Paul%2C+Gesner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QggpjJxBocC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGraffVéronique2000-62"><a href="#cite_ref-DeGraffVéronique2000_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraffVéronique2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_DeGraff" title="Michel DeGraff">DeGraff, Michel</a>; Véronique, Daniel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/lgge_0458-726x_2000_num_34_138_2373">"À propos de la syntaxe des pronoms objets en créole haïtien : points de vue croisés de la morphologie et de la diachronie"</a> [On the Syntax of Object Pronouns in Haitian Creole: Contrasting Perspectives of Morphology and Diachrony]. <a href="/wiki/Langages" title="Langages">Langages</a>. Syntaxe des langues créoles (in French). 34 (138): 89–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Flgge.2000.2373">10.3406/lgge.2000.2373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-726X">0458-726X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41683354">41683354</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/196570924">196570924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Langages&rft.atitle=%C3%80+propos+de+la+syntaxe+des+pronoms+objets+en+cr%C3%A9ole+ha%C3%AFtien+%3A+points+de+vue+crois%C3%A9s+de+la+morphologie+et+de+la+diachronie&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=138&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F196570924&rft.issn=0458-726X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41683354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Flgge.2000.2373&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=V%C3%A9ronique%2C+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Flgge_0458-726x_2000_num_34_138_2373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Tézil, David. 2019. The nasalization of the Haitian Creole determiner La in non-nasal contexts: a variationist sociolinguistic study. PhD dissertation, Indiana University. (Têzil 2019, p. 9, notes: "[T]his variety is frequently subject to depreciative [sic] attitudes, as Capois speakers face the predominance of Port-au-Prince Creole...") </li> <li id="cite_note-HeurtelouVilsaint2004-66"><a href="#cite_ref-HeurtelouVilsaint2004_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeurtelouVilsaint2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heurtelou, Maude; Vilsaint, Féquière (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYz_NUPIbC4C&pg=PT28">"Atik defini ak atik endefini"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetolearningh0000heur/page/28">Guide to Learning Haitian Creole</a> (in English and Haitian Creole) (2nd ed.). Coconut Creek, Florida: Educa Vision. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetolearningh0000heur/page/28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58432-108-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58432-108-8"><bdi>978-1-58432-108-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2007362183">2007362183</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56117033">56117033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atik+defini+ak+atik+endefini&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Learning+Haitian+Creole&rft.place=Coconut+Creek%2C+Florida&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Educa+Vision&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56117033&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2007362183&rft.isbn=978-1-58432-108-8&rft.aulast=Heurtelou&rft.aufirst=Maude&rft.au=Vilsaint%2C+F%C3%A9qui%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYz_NUPIbC4C%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadely2003-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Cadely2003_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadely2003" class="citation book cs1">Cadely, Jean-Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reoiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">"Nasality in Haitian Creole"</a>. In Adone, Dany (ed.). Recent Development in Creole Studies. Linguistische Arbeiten. Vol. 472. Tübingen, Germany: Max Niemeyer Verlag. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110948318.5">10.1515/9783110948318.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-094831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-094831-8"><bdi>978-3-11-094831-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0344-6727">0344-6727</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5131095031">5131095031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nasality+in+Haitian+Creole&rft.btitle=Recent+Development+in+Creole+Studies&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.series=Linguistische+Arbeiten&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5131095031&rft.issn=0344-6727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110948318.5&rft.isbn=978-3-11-094831-8&rft.aulast=Cadely&rft.aufirst=Jean-Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DreoiAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worldmark-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Worldmark_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Worldmark_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGall,_Timothy_L.Hobby,_Jeneen2009" class="citation book cs1">Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7hZAAAAYAAJ">Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Americas</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-4890-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-4890-9"><bdi>978-1-4144-4890-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Cultures+and+Daily+Life%3A+Americas&rft.pages=265&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-4890-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7hZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TargèteUrciolo1993a-69"><a href="#cite_ref-TargèteUrciolo1993a_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTargèteUrciolo1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112235939/http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/3503981/haitian-creole-aeur-english-dictionary-pdf-catmonfoundationorg/74">Haitian Creole–English Dictionary</a> (in Haitian Creole and English) (2nd ed.). Kensington, Maryland: Dunwoody Press. pp. i, 63, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931745-75-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931745-75-1"><bdi>978-0-931745-75-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93071725">93071725</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30037768">30037768</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3628156W">3628156W</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/3503981/haitian-creole-aeur-english-dictionary-pdf-catmonfoundationorg/74">the original</a> on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015 – via Yumpu. <q>Most English words that are of the same origin as Creole words are marked with an asterisk (*).... Etazini n[oun] United States* ... ozetazini In the U.S.A.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian+Creole%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=Kensington%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=i%2C+63%2C+141&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30037768&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93071725&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL3628156W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-931745-75-1&rft.aulast=Targ%C3%A8te&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Urciolo%2C+Raphael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F3503981%2Fhaitian-creole-aeur-english-dictionary-pdf-catmonfoundationorg%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bollée2018-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Bollée2018_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollée2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bollée, Annegret, ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-bamberg.de/fileadmin/uni/fakultaeten/split_lehrstuehle/romanische_sprachwissenschaft/PI_F.pdf#page=32">Dictionnaire étymologique des créoles français d'Amérique</a> (PDF). Kreolische Bibliothek (in French and English). Vol. 29. Hamburg: Buske. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87548-881-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87548-881-4"><bdi>978-3-87548-881-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982379542">982379542</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726171824/https://www.uni-bamberg.de/fileadmin/uni/fakultaeten/split_lehrstuehle/romanische_sprachwissenschaft/PI_F.pdf#page=32">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+%C3%A9tymologique+des+cr%C3%A9oles+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Am%C3%A9rique&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.series=Kreolische+Bibliothek&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982379542&rft.isbn=978-3-87548-881-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bamberg.de%2Ffileadmin%2Funi%2Ffakultaeten%2Fsplit_lehrstuehle%2Fromanische_sprachwissenschaft%2FPI_F.pdf%23page%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz2013-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2013_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz2013_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Katz" title="Jonathan M. Katz">Katz, Jonathan M.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFKdtzGITDcC&pg=PT77">The Big Truck That Went By: How the World Came to Save Haiti and Left Behind a Disaster</a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32395-8"><bdi>978-1-137-32395-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012037217">2012037217</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/886583605">886583605</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16813109W">16813109W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Truck+That+Went+By%3A+How+the+World+Came+to+Save+Haiti+and+Left+Behind+a+Disaster&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886583605&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012037217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL16813109W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-137-32395-8&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFKdtzGITDcC%26pg%3DPT77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaitiMarycare-72"><a href="#cite_ref-HaitiMarycare_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504203203/http://haitimarycare.org/Newsletter_Spring_2013.pdf#page=2">"Vignettes from Jakzi"</a> (PDF). Haiti Marycare News. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haitimarycare.org/Newsletter_Spring_2013.pdf#page=2">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haiti+Marycare+News&rft.atitle=Vignettes+from+Jakzi&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaitimarycare.org%2FNewsletter_Spring_2013.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RahillJean-GillesThomlisonPinto-Lopez2011-73"><a href="#cite_ref-RahillJean-GillesThomlisonPinto-Lopez2011_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahillJean-GillesThomlisonPinto-Lopez2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rahill, Guitele; Jean-Gilles, Michele; Thomlison, Barbara; Pinto-Lopez, Elsa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51577269">"Metaphors as Contextual Evidence for Engaging Haitian Clients in Practice: A Case Study"</a>. American Journal of Psychotherapy. 65 (2): 138–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.2011.65.2.133">10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2011.65.2.133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9564">0002-9564</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21847891">21847891</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031034246/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guitele_Rahill/publication/51577269_Metaphors_as_contextual_evidence_for_engaging_Haitian_clients_in_practice_a_case_study/links/00b7d51a368119544d000000.pdf#page=6">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2015. <q>The importance of metaphors in Haitian storytelling is reflected in the value ascribed to proverbs as an important aspect of teaching and reinforcing practical wisdom and values to children and community members. The existence of two separate texts in which 999 to more than 3000 Haitian proverbs are documented serve as evidence of the importance of these proverbs and their centrality in traditional Haitian culture...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychotherapy&rft.atitle=Metaphors+as+Contextual+Evidence+for+Engaging+Haitian+Clients+in+Practice%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0002-9564&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21847891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.psychotherapy.2011.65.2.133&rft.aulast=Rahill&rft.aufirst=Guitele&rft.au=Jean-Gilles%2C+Michele&rft.au=Thomlison%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Pinto-Lopez%2C+Elsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F51577269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232645/http://ngw.nl/int/car/haiti-nat.htm">"Civic Heraldry of Haiti"</a>. Heraldry of the World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngw.nl/int/car/haiti-nat.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldry+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Civic+Heraldry+of+Haiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngw.nl%2Fint%2Fcar%2Fhaiti-nat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister2002-75"><a href="#cite_ref-McAlister2002_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister2002" class="citation book cs1">McAlister, Elizabeth A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYiXSOTFvHIC&pg=PA168">"6. Voices under Domination: Rara and the Politics of Insecurity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790520228237/page/168">Rara!: Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and Its Diaspora</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790520228237/page/168">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22822-1"><bdi>978-0-520-22822-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001005016">2001005016</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5559545903">5559545903</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7711139M">7711139M</a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Aristide</a> took ownership of the pwen and replied with another: 'Men anpil chay pa lou' ("With many hands, the burden is not heavy").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Voices+under+Domination%3A+Rara+and+the+Politics+of+Insecurity&rft.btitle=Rara%21%3A+Vodou%2C+Power%2C+and+Performance+in+Haiti+and+Its+Diaspora&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5559545903&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001005016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7711139M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22822-1&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBYiXSOTFvHIC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cynn2008-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Cynn2008_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cynn, Christine (2008). "Nou Mande Jistis! (We Demand Justice!): Reconstituting Community and Victimhood in Raboteau, Haiti". Women's Studies Quarterly. 36 (½): 42–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwsq.0.0071">10.1353/wsq.0.0071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1520">1934-1520</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27649734">27649734</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5547107092">5547107092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84608576">84608576</a>. <q>After Aristide announced his unexpected candidacy in the 1990 presidential elections, the American ambassador to Haiti, Alvin Adams, in a speech assured Haitians that the United States would support whichever candidate was elected but concluded his remarks with a proverb (or pwen) emphasizing the problems that would remain after the elections: 'After the dance, the drum is heavy [Apre bal, tanbou lou]'....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nou+Mande+Jistis%21+%28We+Demand+Justice%21%29%3A+Reconstituting+Community+and+Victimhood+in+Raboteau%2C+Haiti&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=%C2%BD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27649734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwsq.0.0071&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5547107092&rft.issn=1934-1520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84608576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cynn&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman1997-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_77-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Freeman" title="Bryant Freeman">Freeman, Bryant C.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907022948/http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/12505/Freeman_Haitian%20English%20Medical%20Phraseology.pdf">Haitian–English Medical Phraseology</a> (PDF). Medicine in Haiti (in English and Haitian Creole). Vol. 1. Lawrence, Kansas: Institute of Haitian Studies, University of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38740045">38740045</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/12505/Freeman_Haitian%20English%20Medical%20Phraseology.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian%E2%80%93English+Medical+Phraseology&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.series=Medicine+in+Haiti&rft.pub=Institute+of+Haitian+Studies%2C+University+of+Kansas&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38740045&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Bryant+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F12505%2FFreeman_Haitian%2520English%2520Medical%2520Phraseology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal2006-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal2006_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenthal, Kent (11 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=1169">"Undeclared War on Haiti's Poor"</a>. Eureka Street. 16 (8). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1036-1758">1036-1758</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709235751/http://eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=1169">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2014. <q>The rock in the sun cannot get ahead like the rock in the water. Whether you're the rock suffering in the sun or whether you're cooling off in the water depends on where you were born, what passport you hold, what education you have, whether you speak French, whether your parents are peasants or well-off, whether your parents are married or if you have a birth certificate. Chance can deal a very cruel or kind hand in Haiti.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eureka+Street&rft.atitle=Undeclared+War+on+Haiti%27s+Poor&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft.issn=1036-1758&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurekastreet.com.au%2Farticle.aspx%3Faeid%3D1169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joint_1999-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Joint_1999_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joint, Gasner (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FP5UHuZD44sC&pg=PA167">"Impact social du vaudou"</a>. Libération du vaudou dans la dynamique d'inculturation en Haïti [The Liberation of Vodou in the Dynamic of Inculturation in Haiti]. Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations (in French). Vol. 2. Rome: <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_%26_Biblical_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian & Biblical Press">Gregorian & Biblical Press</a>. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-824-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-824-8"><bdi>978-88-7652-824-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001421254">2001421254</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51448466">51448466</a>. <q>Cette situation d'injustice institutionalisée est dénoncée par la philosophie populaire dans les adages courants comme : ... « Ravèt pa janm gen rezon devan poul » ... « Un cafard ne saurait l'emporter sur un poulet ». Expression populaire et imagée de la loi de la jungle: « la raison du plus fort est toujours la meilleure ».</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impact+social+du+vaudou&rft.btitle=Lib%C3%A9ration+du+vaudou+dans+la+dynamique+d%27inculturation+en+Ha%C3%AFti&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Interreligious+and+Intercultural+Investigations&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Gregorian+%26+Biblical+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51448466&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001421254&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-824-8&rft.aulast=Joint&rft.aufirst=Gasner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFP5UHuZD44sC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph2014-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph2014_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2014" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph, Celucien L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11683047">"Toward a Politico-Theology of Relationalit: Justice as Solidarity and the Poor in Aristide's Theological Imagination"</a>. Toronto Journal of Theology. 30 (2): 270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Ftjt.2105">10.3138/tjt.2105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0826-9831">0826-9831</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144847968">144847968</a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hallward" title="Peter Hallward">[Peter] Hallward</a> has wrongly misconstrued <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">[Jean-Bertrand] Aristide</a>'s affirmative and egalitarian principle tout moun se moun ('Everybody is a person')—the idea that everyone matters and that 'everyone is endowed with the same essential dignity.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Politico-Theology+of+Relationalit%3A+Justice+as+Solidarity+and+the+Poor+in+Aristide%27s+Theological+Imagination&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=270&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144847968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0826-9831&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Ftjt.2105&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Celucien+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11683047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaediDuramy2008-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FaediDuramy2008_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaedi_Duramy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Faedi Duramy, Benedetta (2008). "The Double Weakness of Girls: Discrimination and Sexual Violence in Haiti". Stanford Journal of International Law. 44: 150. <q>Li pale franse (He speaks French (so he is likely deceiving you).)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Double+Weakness+of+Girls%3A+Discrimination+and+Sexual+Violence+in+Haiti&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=150&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Faedi+Duramy&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TargèteUrciolo1993b-82"><a href="#cite_ref-TargèteUrciolo1993b_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTargèteUrciolo1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Targète, Jean; Urciolo, Raphael G. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185630/http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/3503981/haitian-creole-aeur-english-dictionary-pdf-catmonfoundationorg/165">Haitian Creole–English Dictionary</a> (in Haitian Creole and English) (2nd ed.). Kensington, Maryland: Dunwoody Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931745-75-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931745-75-1"><bdi>978-0-931745-75-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/93071725">93071725</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30037768">30037768</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3628156W">3628156W</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/3503981/haitian-creole-aeur-english-dictionary-pdf-catmonfoundationorg/165">the original</a> on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2015 – via Yumpu. <q>Lè poul va fè dan: Never (when hens grow teeth).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian+Creole%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=Kensington%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30037768&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F93071725&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL3628156W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-931745-75-1&rft.aulast=Targ%C3%A8te&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Urciolo%2C+Raphael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F3503981%2Fhaitian-creole-aeur-english-dictionary-pdf-catmonfoundationorg%2F165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060141/https://cdn.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Contact_Us/MC09021%20Title%20VI_Version1_Creo.pdf">"enfòmaysyan sou tit iv – haitian creole"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Contact_Us/MC09021%20Title%20VI_Version1_Creo.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=enf%C3%B2maysyan+sou+tit+iv+%E2%80%93+haitian+creole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.mbta.com%2Fuploadedfiles%2FContact_Us%2FMC09021%2520Title%2520VI_Version1_Creo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moise2015-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Moise2015_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoise2015" class="citation web cs1">Moise, Raymond (30 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonpounou.com/onlinehaitianradio.html">"Haitian Radio Stations"</a>. Bonpounou. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201921/http://bonpounou.com/onlinehaitianradio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bonpounou&rft.atitle=Haitian+Radio+Stations&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Moise&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonpounou.com%2Fonlinehaitianradio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.cuny.edu/produce-and-print/contents/bulletin/school-of-arts-and-sciences/foreign-languages-esl-and-humanities/creole-minor">"Creole (Minor)"</a>. Jamaica, New York: York College. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150830210939/http://www.york.cuny.edu/produce-and-print/contents/bulletin/school-of-arts-and-sciences/foreign-languages-esl-and-humanities/creole-minor/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creole+%28Minor%29&rft.place=Jamaica%2C+New+York&rft.pub=York+College&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.cuny.edu%2Fproduce-and-print%2Fcontents%2Fbulletin%2Fschool-of-arts-and-sciences%2Fforeign-languages-esl-and-humanities%2Fcreole-minor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frit.indiana.edu/about/creole.html">"Creole Institute History"</a>. Department of French and Italian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+French+and+Italian&rft.atitle=Creole+Institute+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrit.indiana.edu%2Fabout%2Fcreole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duke2015-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Duke2015_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729173819/http://registrar.duke.edu/sites/default/files/uploaded-images/Fall%202015%2003-23-15.pdf#page=40">"Schedule of Classes, Fall 2015"</a> (PDF). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University. 2015. p. 40. 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DR1. 16 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619103211/http://dr1.com/news/2005/dnews081605.shtml#13">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DR1&rft.atitle=Illegal+Haitians+deported&rft.date=2005-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdr1.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fdnews081605.shtml%2313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2009-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis2009_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2009" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Nick (20 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8257660.stm">"Bahamas outlook clouds for Haitians"</a>. BBC News. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528051439/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8257660.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bahamas+outlook+clouds+for+Haitians&rft.date=2009-09-20&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8257660.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/BS/languages">"Ethnologue – Bahamas (18th ed.)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+%E2%80%93+Bahamas+%2818th+ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FBS%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esciencenews.com/articles/2010/01/27/carnegie.mellon.releases.data.haitian.creole.hasten.development.translation.tools">"Carnegie Mellon releases data on Haitian Creole to hasten development of translation tools"</a>. e! Science News. 27 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702160548/http://esciencenews.com/articles/2010/01/27/carnegie.mellon.releases.data.haitian.creole.hasten.development.translation.tools">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e%21+Science+News&rft.atitle=Carnegie+Mellon+releases+data+on+Haitian+Creole+to+hasten+development+of+translation+tools&rft.date=2010-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesciencenews.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F01%2F27%2Fcarnegie.mellon.releases.data.haitian.creole.hasten.development.translation.tools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglade1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anglade, Pierre (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl9EJfAL68sC">Inventaire Étymologique des Termes Créoles des Caraibes d'origine Africaine</a> (in French). Editions L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782296352582" title="Special:BookSources/9782296352582"><bdi>9782296352582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventaire+%C3%89tymologique+des+Termes+Cr%C3%A9oles+des+Caraibes+d%27origine+Africaine&rft.pub=Editions+L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9782296352582&rft.aulast=Anglade&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRl9EJfAL68sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraff2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_DeGraff" title="Michel DeGraff">DeGraff, Michel</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/Linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff-hale-festschrift.pdf">"Morphology in Creole genesis: Linguistics and ideology"</a> (PDF). In Kenstowicz, Michael (ed.). Ken Hale: A life in language. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 52–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-61160-2"><bdi>978-0-262-61160-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00-061644">00-061644</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44702224">44702224</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729042902/http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/people/faculty/degraff/degraff-hale-festschrift.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morphology+in+Creole+genesis%3A+Linguistics+and+ideology&rft.btitle=Ken+Hale%3A+A+life+in+language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44702224&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00-061644&rft.isbn=978-0-262-61160-2&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2FLinguistics%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fdegraff%2Fdegraff-hale-festschrift.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lang, George (2004). "A Primer of Haitian Literature in Kreyòl ". Research in African Literatures. 35 (2): 128–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fral.2004.0046">10.1353/ral.2004.0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2044">1527-2044</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3821349">3821349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162026210">162026210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+African+Literatures&rft.atitle=A+Primer+of+Haitian+Literature+in+Krey%C3%B2l%26%238239%3B&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1527-2044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162026210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3821349%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fral.2004.0046&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Creole&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ht:"> Haitian Creole edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/ht" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wt/ht">Haitian Creole test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Haitian_Creole" class="extiw" title="v:Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/">"Indiana University Creole Institute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indiana+University+Creole+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~creole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Creole" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Haitian_Creole_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Haitian Creole Swadesh list">Haitian Creole basic vocabulary</a> (from Wiktionary's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hopeforhaitischildren.org/hfhcmedia/Haitian_Creole_English_Dictionary_2nd_printing.pdf">Haitian Creole-English dictionary (PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216143906/https://www.hopeforhaitischildren.org/hfhcmedia/Haitian_Creole_English_Dictionary_2nd_printing.pdf">Archived</a> 16 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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General of Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Maroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint-Domingue" title="List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeune_Case" title="Le Jeune Case">Le Jeune Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806%E2%80%931820)" title="Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)">1806–1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">1820–1849</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Post-imperial Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvalier_family" title="Duvalier family">Duvalier family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement" title="Anti-Duvalier protest movement">Anti-Duvalier protest movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Matthew_in_Haiti" title="Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti">Hurricane Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Crisis (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Haitian crisis">2022 crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake" title="2021 Haiti earthquake">2021 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">List of massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Haiti" title="List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti">List of revolutions and coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti" title="Administrative divisions of Haiti">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">Arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti" title="List of cities in Haiti">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Haiti" title="List of earthquakes in Haiti">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Haiti" title="List of islands of Haiti">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Haiti" title="List of national parks of Haiti">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Haiti" title="List of rivers of Haiti">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti" title="Wildlife of Haiti">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti" title="Elections in Haiti">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Foreign relations of Haiti">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Haiti" title="Human rights in Haiti">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Haiti">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commanders-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Haiti">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="List of heads of state of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Haiti" title="List of prime ministers of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti" title="Supreme Court of Haiti">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti" title="Agriculture in Haiti">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti" title="External debt of Haiti">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti" title="Foreign aid to Haiti">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Gourde (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti" title="Tourism in Haiti">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti" title="Transport in Haiti">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Haiti" title="Category:Society of Haiti">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti" title="Crime in Haiti">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Haiti" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Haiti" title="Health in Haiti">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Haitians" title="List of Haitians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Haiti" title="Squatting in Haiti">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti" title="Water supply and sanitation in Haiti">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Haiti">Languages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Haiti" title="Mass media in Haiti">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_mythology" title="Haitian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Dessalinienne" title="La Dessalinienne">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace" title="Sans-Souci Palace">Sans-Souci Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti" title="Public holidays in Haiti">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Haiti" title="Television in Haiti">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">The Unknown Maroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti" title="Outline of Haiti">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haiti" title="Category:Haiti">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French-based_creole_languages_and_pidgins_by_continent95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_creoles" title="Template:French creoles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_creoles" title="Template talk:French creoles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_creoles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French creoles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French-based_creole_languages_and_pidgins_by_continent95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a> and pidgins by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Petit Mauresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadeloupe Creole">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinican_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinican Creole">Martinican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karipúna French Creole language">Karipúna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanc-Patu%C3%A1_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanc-Patuá creole">Lanc-Patuá</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Belle Isle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects379" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33491#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata840" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4514023-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95007328">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12490432q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12490432q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558748605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-4sppv","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.280","walltime":"3.749","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29125,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":615041,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":38455,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":440012,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3299.357 1 -total"," 30.24% 997.826 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.66% 780.712 455 Template:Lang"," 15.37% 507.176 41 Template:Cite_book"," 11.92% 393.374 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.22% 370.160 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.52% 214.976 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.69% 187.665 1 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