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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forerunners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Forerunners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Establishment reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymnody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymnody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hymnody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymnody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pietistic_Lutheran_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pietistic_Lutheran_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pietistic Lutheran denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pietistic_Lutheran_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-denominational_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-denominational_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cross-denominational influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cross-denominational_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cross-denominational influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cross-denominational_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radical_Pietism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_Pietism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Radical Pietism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_Pietism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_Methodists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_Methodists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Influence on the Methodists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_Methodists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_religion_in_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_religion_in_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Influence on religion in America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_religion_in_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence on science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_party_voting_in_United_States_and_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_party_voting_in_United_States_and_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact on party voting in United States and Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_party_voting_in_United_States_and_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Older_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Older works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pietism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%ABtisme" title="Piëtisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Piëtisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismus" title="Pietismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pietismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="تقوية (مسيحية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقوية (مسيحية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Піетызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піетызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Піетызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піетызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Пиетизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиетизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietisme" title="Pietisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pietisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismus" title="Pietismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pietismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietistiaeth" title="Pietistiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pietistiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietisme" title="Pietisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pietisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismus" title="Pietismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pietismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pietism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πιετισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιετισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismo" title="Pietismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pietismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismo" title="Pietismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pietismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismo" title="Pietismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pietismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زهدباوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زهدباوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A9tisme" title="Piétisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piétisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%ABtisme_(tsjerkeskiednis)" title="Piëtisme (tsjerkeskiednis) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Piëtisme (tsjerkeskiednis)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B1%B4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="경건주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="경건주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijetizam" title="Pijetizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pijetizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismo" title="Pietismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pietismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietisme" title="Pietisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pietisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismo" title="Pietismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pietismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heittr%C3%BAarstefna" title="Heittrúarstefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heittrúarstefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismo" title="Pietismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פייטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פייטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პიეტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიეტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пиетизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пиетизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upietisti" title="Upietisti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upietisti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismus" title="Pietismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pietismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietizmus" title="Pietizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pietizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietisma" title="Pietisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pietisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%ABtisme_(kerkgeschiedenis)" title="Piëtisme (kerkgeschiedenis) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piëtisme (kerkgeschiedenis)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E8%99%94%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="敬虔主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="敬虔主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietisme" title="Pietisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pietisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietisme" title="Pietisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pietisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietyzm" title="Pietyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pietyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismo" title="Pietismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pietismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pietism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietissem" title="Pietissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pietissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Пиетизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиетизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pietism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietizmus" title="Pietizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pietizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietizem" title="Pietizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pietizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пијетисти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пијетисти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietismi" title="Pietismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pietismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pietism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietizm" title="Pietizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pietizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" title="Category:Lutheranism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:160%;"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_rose" title="Luther's rose"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/125px-Lutherrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/188px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/250px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrine and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed#Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a></li></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran theology">Distinctive theological concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity#Lutheranism" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Two states of the Church</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence#Lutheran_theology" title="Divine providence">Divine Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental Union</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Other relevant topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a> and worship</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Lutheran_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Lutheran Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage#Protestantism" title="Christian views on marriage">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders#Lutheranism" title="Holy orders">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template:Lutheran hymnody">Lutheran hymnwriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_church_music_during_and_after_the_Reformation#Emergence_of_Protestant_church_music" title="Protestant church music during and after the Reformation">Normative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical<br />Lutheran Conference</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional &<br />Missional Lutheran Forum</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism_by_region" title="Lutheranism by region">Lutheranism by region</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pietists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High church Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Missionaries</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campanius" title="John Campanius">John Campanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Callenberg" title="Johann Heinrich Callenberg">Johann Heinrich Callenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henkel" title="Paul Henkel">Paul Henkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Frederick_Heyer" title="John Christian Frederick Heyer">John Christian Frederick Heyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Graul" title="Karl Graul">Karl Graul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen_Skrefsrud" title="Lars Olsen Skrefsrud">Lars Olsen Skrefsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olaf_Bodding" title="Paul Olaf Bodding">Paul Olaf Bodding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Keyser" title="Christian Keyser">Christian Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christensen_(bishop)" title="Jens Christensen (bishop)">Jens Christensen</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Bible Translators</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiodoro_de_Reina" title="Casiodoro de Reina">Casiodoro de Reina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Yri" title="Kjell Magne Yri">Kjell Magne Yri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Ganno" title="Aster Ganno">Aster Ganno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristian_Osvald_Vider%C3%B8" title="Kristian Osvald Viderø">Kristian Osvald Viderø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1kup_Dahl" title="Jákup Dahl">Jákup Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius#Bible_translation" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Constantine_(priest)" title="George Constantine (priest)">George Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Roh%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Jozef Roháček">Jozef Roháček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Avetaranian" title="Johannes Avetaranian">Johannes Avetaranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" title="Guðbrandur Þorláksson">Guðbrandur Þorláksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Kurdish" title="Bible translations into Kurdish">Ludvig Olsen Fossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Egede" title="Paul Egede">Paul Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fabricius" title="Otto Fabricius">Otto Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Vibe_Stockfleth" title="Nils Vibe Stockfleth">Nils Vibe Stockfleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Krelj" title="Sebastian Krelj">Sebastian Krelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bible_Society" title="Norwegian Bible Society">Norwegian Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Bible_Society" title="Swedish Bible Society">Swedish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ludwik_Zasadius" title="Samuel Ludwik Zasadius">Samuel Ludwik Zasadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapolionis" title="Stanislovas Rapolionis">Stanislovas Rapolionis</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_M._Norlie" title="Olaf M. Norlie">Olaf M. Norlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bretk%C5%ABnas" title="Jonas Bretkūnas">Jonas Bretkūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brucioli" title="Antonio Brucioli">Antonio Brucioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs#Language_and_culture" title="Sorbs">Mikołaj Jakubica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Bel" title="Matthias Bel">Matthias Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Johann Ernst Glück">Johann Ernst Glück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Beck" title="William F. Beck">William F. Beck</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Theologians</b> </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> / <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">Johannes Andreas Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">Johann Wilhelm Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg" title="Henry Muhlenberg">Henry Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">Charles Porterfield Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sasse" title="Hermann Sasse">Hermann Sasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenson" title="Robert Jenson">Robert Jenson</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheranism" title="Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism" title="Template talk:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell">Stone-Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestantism" title="Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestantism" title="Template talk:Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pietism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>), also known as <b>Pietistic Lutheranism</b>, is a movement within <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a> and living a holy <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> life.<sup id="cite_ref-Backman1976_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Backman1976-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the movement is aligned with Lutheranism, it has had a tremendous impact on <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> worldwide, particularly in North America and Europe. Pietism originated in modern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in the late 17th century with the work of <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a>, a Lutheran theologian whose emphasis on personal transformation through spiritual rebirth and renewal, individual devotion, and piety laid the foundations for the movement. Although Spener did not directly advocate the <a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_contemplation)" title="Quietism (Christian contemplation)">quietistic</a>, legalistic, and semi-separatist practices of Pietism, they were more or less involved in the positions he assumed or the practices which he encouraged. </p><p>Pietism spread from Germany to Switzerland, the rest of German-speaking Europe, and to Scandinavia and the Baltics, where it was heavily influential, leaving a permanent mark on the region's dominant Lutheranism, with figures like <a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Spaak" title="Peter Spaak">Peter Spaak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Olof_Rosenius" title="Carl Olof Rosenius">Carl Olof Rosenius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katarina_Asplund" title="Katarina Asplund">Katarina Asplund</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener">Barbara von Krüdener</a> in the Baltics, and to the rest of Europe. It was further taken to North America, primarily by German and Scandinavian immigrants. There, it influenced Protestants of other ethnic and other (non-Lutheran) <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominational</a> backgrounds, contributing to the 18th-century foundation of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicalism</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Interdenominationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdenominationalism">interdenominational</a> movement within Protestantism that today has some 300 million followers. </p><p>In the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a> spearheaded a Pietist revival in Scandinavia that upheld what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laestadian Lutheranism">Laestadian Lutheran theology</a>, which is adhered to today by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Laestadianism" title="Conservative Laestadianism">Laestadian Lutheran Churches</a> as well as by several congregations within other mainstream Lutheran Churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmquist1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivisto2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eielsen_Synod" title="Eielsen Synod">Eielsen Synod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Free_Lutheran_Congregations" title="Association of Free Lutheran Congregations">Association of Free Lutheran Congregations</a> are Pietist Lutheran bodies that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Pietist Lutheran movement in Norway</a>, which was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gritsch1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gritsch1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lutheran_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Lutheran Brethren">Church of the Lutheran Brethren</a> was founded and it adheres to Pietist Lutheran theology, emphasizing a <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">personal conversion experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tweton1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tweton1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Evangelical_Church_Mekane_Yesus" title="Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus">Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus</a>, a Lutheran denomination with a largely Pietistic following with some <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> influence and primarily based in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and among the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">Ethiopian diaspora</a>, is the largest individual member Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denomination</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas Pietistic Lutherans stayed within the Lutheran tradition, adherents of a related movement known as <a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a> believed in <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">separating</a> from the established Lutheran Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Granquist2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granquist2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the theological tenets of Pietism also influenced other traditions of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, inspiring the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> priest <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> to begin the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a> to begin the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> movement. </p><p>The word <i>pietism</i> (in lower case spelling)<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also used to refer to an "emphasis on devotional experience and practices", or an "affectation of devotion",<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam_Webster-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "pious sentiment, especially of an exaggerated or affected nature",<sup id="cite_ref-Lexico_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexico-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not necessarily connected with Lutheranism or even Christianity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pietistic Lutherans meet together in <a href="/wiki/Conventicle" title="Conventicle">conventicles</a>, "apart from <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a> in order to mutually encourage piety".<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe "that any true Christian could point back in his or her life to an inner struggle with sin that culminated in a crisis and ultimately a decision to start a new, Christ-centered life."<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn2018_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pietistic Lutherans emphasize following "biblical divine commands of believers to live a holy life and to strive for holy living, or <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Granquist2015b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granquist2015b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCnfbr%C3%BCderbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/F%C3%BCnfbr%C3%BCderbild.jpg/220px-F%C3%BCnfbr%C3%BCderbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/F%C3%BCnfbr%C3%BCderbild.jpg/330px-F%C3%BCnfbr%C3%BCderbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/F%C3%BCnfbr%C3%BCderbild.jpg/440px-F%C3%BCnfbr%C3%BCderbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>The "Five Brothers of Württemberg Pietism": Johannes Schnaitmann (1767–1847), Anton Egeler (1770–1850), Johann Martin Schäffer (1763–1851), Immanuel Gottlieb Kolb (1784–1859) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Hahn" title="Johann Michael Hahn">Johann Michael Hahn</a> (1758–1819)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pietism did not die out in the 18th century, but was alive and active in the American <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenverein des Westens</i></span> (German Evangelical Church Society of the West, based in <a href="/wiki/Gravois_Township,_St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="Gravois Township, St. Louis County, Missouri">Gravois, Missouri</a>, later <a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="German Evangelical Synod of North America">German Evangelical Synod of North America</a> and still later the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Reformed_Church" title="Evangelical and Reformed Church">Evangelical and Reformed Church</a>, a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>.) The church president from 1901 to 1914 was a pietist named Jakob Pister.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vestiges of Pietism were still present in 1957 at the time of the formation of the United Church of Christ. In the 21st century Pietism is still alive in groups inside the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a>. These groups are called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landeskirchliche Gemeinschaften</i></span> and emerged in the second half of the 19th century in the so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinschaftsbewegung</i></span>. </p><p>The 19th century saw a revival of confessional Lutheran doctrine, known as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">neo-Lutheran movement</a>. This movement focused on a reassertion of the identity of Lutherans as a distinct group within the broader community of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, with a renewed focus on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Lutheran Confessions</a> as a key source of Lutheran doctrine. Associated with these changes was a renewed focus on traditional doctrine and liturgy, which paralleled the growth of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietism.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pietism.JPG/170px-Pietism.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pietism.JPG/255px-Pietism.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pietism.JPG/340px-Pietism.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Pietistic Lutheran frugality, humility, restraint, sense of duty and order have been strong cultural and religious influences in Scandinavia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Pietistic Lutheranism became popular in 1703.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the faithful were organized into <a href="/wiki/Conventicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventicles">conventicles</a> that "met for prayer and Bible reading".<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pietistic Lutheranism entered <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in the 1600s after the writings of Johann Arndt, Philipp Jakob Spener, and August Hermann Francke became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-CarlsonGehrz2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlsonGehrz2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pietistic Lutheranism gained patronage under <a href="/wiki/Erik_Benzelius_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Benzelius the younger">Archbishop Erik Benzelius</a>, who encouraged the Pietistic Lutheran practices.<sup id="cite_ref-CarlsonGehrz2012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlsonGehrz2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laestadian Lutheranism">Laestadian Lutheranism</a>, a form of Pietistic Lutheranism, continues to flourish in Scandinavia, where <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a> spearheaded the revival in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmquist1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunners">Forerunners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forerunners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the forerunners of the Pietists in the strict sense, certain voices had been heard bewailing the shortcomings of the church and advocating a revival of practical and devout Christianity. Amongst them were the <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a> (Behmen); <a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a>, whose work, <i>True Christianity</i>, became widely known and appreciated; <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(theologian)" title="Heinrich Müller (theologian)">Heinrich Müller</a>, who described the <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">font</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confessional</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> as "the four dumb idols of the Lutheran Church"; the theologian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Valentin_Andrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Valentin Andrea">Johann Valentin Andrea</a>, court chaplain of the Landgrave of Hesse; Schuppius, who sought to restore the Bible to its place in the pulpit; and <a href="/wiki/Theophil_Gro%C3%9Fgebauer" title="Theophil Großgebauer">Theophilus Grossgebauer</a> (d. 1661) of <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, who from his pulpit and by his writings raised what he called "the alarm cry of a watchman in <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Sion</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg/170px-Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg/255px-Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg/340px-Philipp_Jakob_Spener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a> (1635–1705), the "Father of Pietism", is considered the founder of the movement.</figcaption></figure> <p>The direct originator of the movement was <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a>. Born at <a href="/wiki/Rappoltsweiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Rappoltsweiler">Rappoltsweiler</a> in Alsace, now in France, on 13 January 1635, trained by a devout godmother who used books of devotion like Arndt's <i>True Christianity</i>, Spener was convinced of the necessity of a moral and religious reformation within German Lutheranism. He studied theology at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, where the professors at the time (and especially Sebastian Schmidt) were more inclined to "practical" Christianity than to theological disputation. He afterwards spent a year in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, and was powerfully influenced by the strict moral life and rigid ecclesiastical discipline prevalent there, and also by the preaching and the piety of the <a href="/wiki/Waldensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldensian">Waldensian</a> professor Antoine Leger and the converted <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> preacher <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Labadie" title="Jean de Labadie">Jean de Labadie</a>. </p><p>During a stay in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>, Spener read Grossgebauer's <i>Alarm Cry</i>, and in 1666 he entered upon his first pastoral charge at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> with a profound opinion that the Christian life within Evangelical Lutheranism was being sacrificed to zeal for rigid <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a>. Pietism, as a distinct movement in the German Church, began with religious meetings at Spener's house (<i>collegia pietatis</i>) where he repeated his sermons, expounded passages of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and induced those present to join in conversation on religious questions. In 1675, Spener published his <i>Pia desideria</i> or <i>Earnest Desire for a Reform of the True Evangelical Church</i>, the title giving rise to the term "Pietists". This was originally a pejorative term given to the adherents of the movement by its enemies as a form of ridicule, like that of "Methodists" somewhat later in England. </p><p>In <i>Pia desideria</i>, Spener made six proposals as the best means of restoring the life of the church: </p> <ol><li>The earnest and thorough study of the Bible in private meetings, <i>ecclesiolae in ecclesia</i> ("little churches within the church")</li> <li>The Christian priesthood being universal, the laity should share in the spiritual government of the church</li> <li>A knowledge of Christianity must be attended by the practice of it as its indispensable sign and supplement</li> <li>Instead of merely didactic, and often bitter, attacks on the heterodox and unbelievers, a sympathetic and kindly treatment of them</li> <li>A reorganization of the theological training of the universities, giving more prominence to the devotional life</li> <li>A different style of preaching, namely, in the place of pleasing rhetoric, the implanting of Christianity in the inner or new man, the soul of which is faith, and its effects the fruits of life</li></ol> <p>This work produced a great impression throughout Germany. While large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Orthodoxy">orthodox Lutheran</a> theologians and pastors were deeply offended by Spener's book, many other pastors immediately adopted Spener's proposals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_leaders">Early leaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg/220px-A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg/330px-A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg/440px-A_Tidemand-Haugianerne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugean</a> Pietist <a href="/wiki/Conventicle" title="Conventicle">Conventicle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1686 Spener accepted an appointment to the court-chaplaincy at <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, which opened to him a wider though more difficult sphere of labor. In <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, a society of young theologians was formed under his influence for the learned study and devout application of the Bible. Three magistrates belonging to that society, one of whom was <a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a>, subsequently the founder of the famous orphanage at <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a> (1695), commenced courses of expository lectures on the Scriptures of a practical and devotional character, and in the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>, which were zealously frequented by both students and townsmen. The lectures aroused the ill-will of the other theologians and pastors of Leipzig, and Francke and his friends left the city, and with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Christian Thomasius</a> and Spener founded the new <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">University of Halle</a>. The theological chairs in the new university were filled in complete conformity with Spener's proposals. The main difference between the new Pietistic Lutheran school and the orthodox Lutherans arose from the Pietists' conception of Christianity as chiefly consisting in a change of heart and consequent holiness of life. Orthodox Lutherans rejected this viewpoint as a gross simplification, stressing the need for the church and for sound theological underpinnings. </p><p>Spener died in 1705, but the movement, guided by Francke and fertilized from Halle, spread through the whole of Middle and North Germany. Among its greatest achievements, apart from the philanthropic institutions founded at Halle, were the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> in 1727 by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Ludwig_Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf">Count von Zinzendorf</a>, formerly a pupil in Francke's School for Young Noblemen in Halle, and the establishment of Protestant missions. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a> (10 July 1682 – 23 February 1719) became the first Pietist missionary to India. </p><p>Spener stressed the necessity of a new birth and separation of Christians from the world (see <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a>). Many Pietists maintained that the new birth always had to be preceded by agonies of repentance, and that only a regenerated theologian could teach theology. The whole school shunned all common worldly amusements, such as dancing, the theatre, and public games. Some believe this led to a new form of justification by works. Its <i>ecclesiolae in ecclesia</i> also weakened the power and meaning of church organization. These Pietistic attitudes caused a counter-movement at the beginning of the 18th century; one leader was <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">Valentin Ernst Löscher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">superintendent</a> at Dresden. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mose_Lambsen_fparm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mose_Lambsen_fparm.jpg/220px-Mose_Lambsen_fparm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Mose_Lambsen_fparm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 1743 <i>Mose och Lambsens wisor</i>. This edition had 136 hymns, which were not numbered, although most had instructions as to which melody the text should be sung. For a complete list of hymns, see the Swedish article on <i><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mose_och_Lambsens_wisor" class="extiw" title="sv:Mose och Lambsens wisor">Mose och Lambsens wisor</a>.</i> The title is a reference to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#Chapter_15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 15</a>:3, where those who triumph over the beast sing the songs of Moses and the Lamb.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_reaction">Establishment reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Establishment reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Authorities within state-endorsed Churches were suspicious of pietist doctrine which they often viewed as a social danger, as it "seemed either to generate an excess of evangelical fervor and so disturb the public tranquility or to promote a mysticism so nebulous as to obscure the imperatives of morality. A movement which cultivated religious feeling almost as an end itself". While some pietists (such as Francis Magny) held that "mysticism and the moral law went together", for others (like his pupil Françoise-Louise de la Tour) "pietist mysticism did less to reinforce the moral law than to take its place… the principle of 'guidance by inner light' was often a signal to follow the most intense of her inner sentiments… the supremacy of feeling over reason".<sup id="cite_ref-Cranston_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cranston-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious authorities could bring pressure on pietists, such as when they brought some of Magny's followers before the local <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistory</a> to answer questions about their unorthodox views<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or when they banished Magny from <a href="/wiki/Vevey" title="Vevey">Vevey</a> for heterodoxy in 1713.<sup id="cite_ref-Cranston_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cranston-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, pietism challenged the orthodoxy via new media and formats: Periodical journals gained importance versus the former pasquills and single thesis, traditional <a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">disputation</a> was replaced by competitive debating, which tried to gain new knowledge instead of defending orthodox scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymnody">Hymnody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hymnody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Pietism" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe § Pietism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/170px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/255px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg/340px-Der_breite_und_der_schmale_Weg_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption><i>The Broad and the Narrow Way</i>, a popular German Pietist painting, 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>As a distinct movement, Pietism had its greatest strength by the middle of the 18th century; its very individualism in fact helped to prepare the way for the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> (<i>Aufklärung</i>), which took the church in an altogether different direction. Yet some claim that Pietism contributed largely to the revival of Biblical studies in Germany and to making religion once more an affair of the heart and of life and not merely of the intellect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It likewise gave a new emphasis to the role of the laity in the church. Rudolf Sohm claimed that "It was the last great surge of the waves of the ecclesiastical movement begun by the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>; it was the completion and the final form of the Protestantism created by the Reformation. Then came a time when another intellectual power took possession of the minds of men." <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> of the German <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a> framed the same characterization in less positive terms when he called Pietism the last attempt to save Christianity as a religion: Given that for him religion was a negative term, more or less an opposite to <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, this constitutes a rather scathing judgment. Bonhoeffer denounced the basic aim of Pietism, to produce a "desired piety" in a person, as unbiblical. </p><p>Pietism is considered the major influence that led to the creation of the "<a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_(Evangelical_Christian_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church)">Evangelical Church of the Union</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1817. The King of Prussia ordered the Lutheran and Reformed churches in Prussia to unite; they took the name "Evangelical" as a name both groups had previously identified with. This union movement spread through many German lands in the 1800s. Pietism, with its looser attitude toward confessional theology, had opened the churches to the possibility of uniting. The unification of the two branches of German Protestantism sparked the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_(Evangelical_Christian_Church)#Quarrels_over_the_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church)">Schism of the Old Lutherans</a>. Many Lutherans, called <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free churches</a> or emigrated to the United States and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, where they formed bodies that would later become the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a>, respectively. (Many immigrants to America, who agreed with the union movement, formed German Evangelical Lutheran and Reformed congregations, later combined into the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Synod of North America">Evangelical Synod of North America</a>, which is now a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SUVISEURATELLTA_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SUVISEURATELLTA_2.jpg/220px-SUVISEURATELLTA_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SUVISEURATELLTA_2.jpg/330px-SUVISEURATELLTA_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/SUVISEURATELLTA_2.jpg/440px-SUVISEURATELLTA_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Summer_services" title="Summer services">Summer services</a> are a feature of <a href="/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Laestadian Lutheran">Laestadian Lutheran</a> piety.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a> spearheaded a Pietist revival in Scandinavia that upheld what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laestadian Lutheranism">Laestadian Lutheran theology</a>, which is heralded today by the <a href="/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheran_Church" title="Laestadian Lutheran Church">Laestadian Lutheran Church</a> as well as by several congregations within mainstream Lutheran Churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmquist1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElgánScobbie2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElgánScobbie2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After encountering a <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> woman who experienced a conversion, Laestadius had a similar experience that "transformed his life and defined his calling".<sup id="cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivisto2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Laestadius "spend the rest of his life advancing his idea of Lutheran pietism, focusing his energies on marginalized groups in the northernmost regions of the Nordic countries".<sup id="cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivisto2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laestadius called on his followers to embrace their Lutheran identity and as a result, Laestadian Lutherans have remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="National Church">national Church</a> in that country, with some Laestadian Lutherans being consecrated as <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivisto2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Laestadianism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Laestadianism in the United States">Laestadian Lutheran Churches</a> were formed for Laestadian Pietists.<sup id="cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivisto2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laestadian Lutherans observe the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Lutheran sacraments</a>, holding classical Lutheran theology on <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a>, and also heavily emphasize <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uniquely, Laestadian Lutherans "discourage watching television, attending movies, dancing, playing card games or games of chance, and drinking alcoholic beverages", as well as avoiding birth control – Laestadian Lutheran families usually have four to ten children.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laestadian Lutherans gather in a central location for weeks at a time for <a href="/wiki/Summer_services" title="Summer services">summer revival services</a> in which many young adults find their future spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport2017_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/R._J._Hollingdale" title="R. J. Hollingdale">R. J. Hollingdale</a>, who translated <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spake_Zarathustra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thus Spake Zarathustra">Thus Spake Zarathustra</a></i> into English, argued that a number of the themes of the work (especially <i><a href="/wiki/Amor_fati" title="Amor fati">amor fati</a></i>) originated in the Lutheran Pietism of Nietzsche's childhood – Nietzsche's father, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Nietzsche" title="Carl Ludwig Nietzsche">Carl Ludwig Nietzsche</a>, was a Lutheran pastor who supported the Pietist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Nietzsche1974_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nietzsche1974-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lutheran_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Lutheran Brethren">Church of the Lutheran Brethren</a> was founded and it adheres to Pietist Lutheran theology, emphasizing a <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">personal conversion experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tweton1988_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tweton1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pietistic_Lutheran_denominations">Pietistic Lutheran denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pietistic Lutheran denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pietistic Lutheranism influenced existing Lutheran denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> and many Pietistic Lutherans have remained in them, though other Pietistic Lutherans have established their own Synods too. In the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a> spearheaded a Pietist revival in Scandinavia that upheld what came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Laestadian_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laestadian Lutheranism">Laestadian Lutheran theology</a>, which is adhered to today by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Laestadianism" title="Conservative Laestadianism">Laestadian Lutheran Churches</a> as well as by several congregations within other mainstream Lutheran Churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmquist1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kivisto2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eielsen_Synod" title="Eielsen Synod">Eielsen Synod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Free_Lutheran_Congregations" title="Association of Free Lutheran Congregations">Association of Free Lutheran Congregations</a> are Pietist Lutheran bodies that emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Pietist Lutheran movement in Norway</a>, which was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gritsch1994_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gritsch1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lutheran_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Lutheran Brethren">Church of the Lutheran Brethren</a> was founded and it adheres to Pietist Lutheran theology, emphasizing a <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">personal conversion experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tweton1988_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tweton1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cross-denominational_influence">Cross-denominational influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cross-denominational influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_Pietism">Radical Pietism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Radical Pietism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radical Pietism are those <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Christian Churches</a> who decided to break with denominational <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> in order to emphasize certain teachings regarding holy living. Churches in the Radical Pietist movement include the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_True_Inspiration" title="Community of True Inspiration">Community of True Inspiration</a> (Inspirationalists), the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_General_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist General Conference">Baptist General Conference</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Free_Evangelical_Churches" title="International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches">International Federation of Free Evangelical Churches</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Covenant_Church" title="Evangelical Covenant Church">Evangelical Covenant Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Free_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Free Church">Evangelical Free Church</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Templers_(religious_believers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Templers (religious believers)">Templers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> (inclusive of the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Holiness_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="Calvary Holiness Church (Philadelphia)">Calvary Holiness Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Zion_Church" title="United Zion Church">United Zion Church</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> (that include Old Order groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Brethren_German_Baptist" title="Old Brethren German Baptist">Old Brethren German Baptist</a>, Conservative groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Dunkard_Brethren_Church" title="Dunkard Brethren Church">Dunkard Brethren Church</a>, and mainline groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren" title="Church of the Brethren">Church of the Brethren</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Shantz2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shantz2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SmithJamison1969_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithJamison1969-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ratliff2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratliff2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carter2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MeltonBaumann2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MeltonBaumann2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_Methodists">Influence on the Methodists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence on the Methodists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a>, Pietism was a major influence on <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and others who began the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist movement</a> in 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. John Wesley was influenced significantly by <a href="/wiki/Moravian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian church">Moravians</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinzendorf">Zinzendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boehler" title="Peter Boehler">Peter Boehler</a>) and Pietists connected to Francke and Halle Pietism. The fruit of these Pietist influences can be seen in the modern American Methodists, especially those who are aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_religion_in_America">Influence on religion in America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence on religion in America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pietism had an influence on religion in America, as many German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, New York, and other areas. Its influence can be traced in certain sectors of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>. Balmer says that: </p> <blockquote><p>Evangelicalism itself, I believe, is a quintessentially North American phenomenon, deriving as it did from the confluence of Pietism, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a>, and the vestiges of <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>. Evangelicalism picked up the peculiar characteristics from each strain – warmhearted spirituality from the Pietists (for instance), doctrinal precisionism from the Presbyterians, and individualistic introspection from the Puritans – even as the North American context itself has profoundly shaped the various manifestations of evangelicalism: fundamentalism, neo-evangelicalism, the holiness movement, Pentecostalism, the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">charismatic movement</a>, and various forms of African-American and Hispanic evangelicalism.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_science">Influence on science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence on science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Merton_Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton Thesis">Merton Thesis</a> is an argument about the nature of early <a href="/wiki/Experimental_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental science">experimental science</a> proposed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a>. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">famous claim</a> on the link between <a href="/wiki/Protestant_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant ethic">Protestant ethic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist economy">capitalist economy</a>, Merton argued for a similar positive <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlation</a> between the rise of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Pietism and early experimental science.<sup id="cite_ref-sztompka2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sztompka2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Merton Thesis has resulted in continuous debates.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen1990_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen1990-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_party_voting_in_United_States_and_Great_Britain">Impact on party voting in United States and Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Impact on party voting in United States and Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, Richard L. McCormick says, "In the nineteenth century voters whose religious heritage was pietistic or evangelical were prone to support the Whigs and, later, the Republicans." Paul Kleppner generalizes, "the more pietistic the group's outlook the more intensely Republican its partisan affiliation."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCormick notes that the key link between religious values and politics resulted from the "urge of evangelicals and Pietists to 'reach out and purge the world of sin'".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pietism became influential among Scandinavian Lutherans; additionally it affected other denominations in the United States, such as the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Northern Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">Northern Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciples of Christ">Disciples of Christ</a>, and some smaller groups. The great majority were based in the northern states; some of these groups in the South would rather support the Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England in the late 19th and early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> Protestant denominations, such as the Methodists, Baptists and Congregationalists, formed the base of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Hempton states, "The Liberal Party was the main beneficiary of Methodist political loyalties."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" cellspacing="3px" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Part of the series on</small><br /><span style="font-size:large;"><b>Modern scholasticism</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Suarez_(1625)_Operis_de_religione.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/125px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/188px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png/250px-Francisco_Suarez_%281625%29_Operis_de_religione.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="548" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"><b>Title page of the Operis de religione (1625) from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Background </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Modern scholastics </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran scholasticism</a> during <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramism</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Reformed orthodoxy</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_poets" title="Metaphysical poets">Metaphysical poets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Reactions within Christianity </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p>The Jesuits against <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Labadists" title="Labadists">Labadists</a> against the Jesuits<br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pietism</a> against orthodox Lutherans<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nadere_Reformatie" title="Nadere Reformatie">Nadere Reformatie</a> within Dutch <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a> against the Ramists<br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:11px; background:#bbbbff">Reactions within philosophy </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:11px"> <p><a href="/wiki/Neology" title="Neology">Neologists</a> against <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozists</a> against Dutch Calvinists<br /> <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deists</a> against <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> against <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet" title="Edward Stillingfleet">Bishop Stillingfleet</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Modern_scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Modern scholasticism (page does not exist)"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Backman1976-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Backman1976_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBackman1976" class="citation book cs1">Backman, Milton Vaughn (1976). <i>Christian Churches of America: Origins and Beliefs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University_Press" title="Brigham Young University Press">Brigham Young University Press</a>. p. 75. <q>Pietistic Lutheranism was a form of belief and practice which emphasized experience in the Christian life and championed the importance of Christian action and growth in holiness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Churches+of+America%3A+Origins+and+Beliefs&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Brigham+Young+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Backman&rft.aufirst=Milton+Vaughn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pietism">"Pietism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <q>It emphasized personal faith and sanctity against the main Lutheran church's perceived stress on doctrine and theology over Christian living.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pietism&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPietism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmquist1981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmquist1981_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmquist1981" class="citation book cs1">Holmquist, June Drenning (1 January 1981). <i>They Chose Minnesota: A Survey of the State's Ethnic Groups</i>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873511551" title="Special:BookSources/9780873511551"><bdi>9780873511551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Chose+Minnesota%3A+A+Survey+of+the+State%27s+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.isbn=9780873511551&rft.aulast=Holmquist&rft.aufirst=June+Drenning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kivisto2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kivisto2014_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKivisto2014" class="citation book cs1">Kivisto, Peter (16 October 2014). <i>Religion and Immigration: Migrant Faiths in North America and Western Europe</i>. Wiley. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745686660" title="Special:BookSources/9780745686660"><bdi>9780745686660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Immigration%3A+Migrant+Faiths+in+North+America+and+Western+Europe&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.isbn=9780745686660&rft.aulast=Kivisto&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gritsch1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch1994_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gritsch1994_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGritsch1994" class="citation book cs1">Gritsch, Eric W. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fortressintroduc0000grit"><i>Fortress Introduction to Lutheranism</i></a></span>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451407778" title="Special:BookSources/9781451407778"><bdi>9781451407778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Introduction+to+Lutheranism&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781451407778&rft.aulast=Gritsch&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffortressintroduc0000grit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tweton1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tweton1988_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tweton1988_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tweton1988_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTweton1988" class="citation book cs1">Tweton, D. Jerome (1988). <i>The New Deal at the Grass Roots: Programs for the People in Otter Tail County, Minnesota</i>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873512336" title="Special:BookSources/9780873512336"><bdi>9780873512336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Deal+at+the+Grass+Roots%3A+Programs+for+the+People+in+Otter+Tail+County%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780873512336&rft.aulast=Tweton&rft.aufirst=D.+Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM1929–1979" class="citation web cs1">M, Eide, Øyvind (1929–1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/gudina-tumsa/">"Tumsa, Gudina"</a>. <i>Dictionary of African Christian Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+African+Christian+Biography&rft.atitle=Tumsa%2C+Gudina&rft.date=1929%2F1979&rft.aulast=M&rft.aufirst=Eide%2C+%C3%98yvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdacb.org%2Fstories%2Fethiopia%2Fgudina-tumsa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granquist2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Granquist2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranquist2015" class="citation book cs1">Granquist, Mark Alan (2015). <i>Lutherans in America: A New History</i>. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451472288" title="Special:BookSources/9781451472288"><bdi>9781451472288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutherans+in+America%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781451472288&rft.aulast=Granquist&rft.aufirst=Mark+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary.com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary.com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pietistic">"Pietism"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Pietism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fpietistic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam_Webster-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_Webster_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pietist">"Definition of pietism"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+pietism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpietist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexico-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910192042/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/pietism">"pietism"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/pietism">the original</a> on September 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=pietism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fpietism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn2018-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn2018_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn2018_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn2018" class="citation web cs1">Dawn, Russell P. (15 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://witness.lcms.org/2018/piety-vs-pietism/">"Piety vs. Pietism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piety+vs.+Pietism&rft.pub=Lutheran+Church%E2%80%93Missouri+Synod&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=Dawn&rft.aufirst=Russell+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwitness.lcms.org%2F2018%2Fpiety-vs-pietism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granquist2015b-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Granquist2015b_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranquist2015" class="citation book cs1">Granquist, Mark A. (2015). <i>Scandinavian Pietists: Spiritual Writings from 19th-Century Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland</i>. Paulist Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587684982" title="Special:BookSources/9781587684982"><bdi>9781587684982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+Pietists%3A+Spiritual+Writings+from+19th-Century+Norway%2C+Denmark%2C+Sweden%2C+and+Finland&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781587684982&rft.aulast=Granquist&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A discussion of some of the earlier pietist influence in the Evangelical and Reformed church can be found in Dunn et al., "A History of the Evangelical and Reformed Church" Christian Education Press, Philadelphia, 1962. Further commentary can be found by Carl Viehe under Pietism, Illinois Trails, Washington County.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherer,_James_A.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Scherer, James A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112180934/http://www.lsfmissiology.org/Essays/SchererTriumphofConfessionalism.pdf">"The Triumph of Confessionalism in Nineteenth-Century German Lutheran Missions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Missio Apostolica</i>. <b>2</b>: 71–78. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsfmissiology.org/Essays/SchererTriumphofConfessionalism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missio+Apostolica&rft.atitle=The+Triumph+of+Confessionalism+in+Nineteenth-Century+German+Lutheran+Missions&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=71-78&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Scherer%2C+James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsfmissiology.org%2FEssays%2FSchererTriumphofConfessionalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span> This is an extract from Scherer's 1968 Ph.D. thesis, "Mission and Unity in Lutheranism". Scherer was Professor of World Mission and Church History at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago until his retirement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen2011_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersen2011_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2011" class="citation web cs1">Petersen, Wilhelm W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/WWP-Pietism.pdf">"Warm Winds From the South: The Spread of Pietism to Scandinavian Lutherans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warm+Winds+From+the+South%3A+The+Spread+of+Pietism+to+Scandinavian+Lutherans&rft.pub=Bethany+Lutheran+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blts.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F06%2FWWP-Pietism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarlsonGehrz2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarlsonGehrz2012_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarlsonGehrz2012_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins_WinnGerhzHolstCarlson2012" class="citation book cs1">Collins Winn, Christopher T.; Gerhz, Christopher; Holst, Eric; Carlson, G. William; Heide, Gail (25 October 2012). <i>The Pietist Impulse in Christianity</i>. Casemate Publishers. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227680001" title="Special:BookSources/9780227680001"><bdi>9780227680001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pietist+Impulse+in+Christianity&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft.isbn=9780227680001&rft.aulast=Collins+Winn&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rft.au=Gerhz%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Holst%2C+Eric&rft.au=Carlson%2C+G.+William&rft.au=Heide%2C+Gail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cranston-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cranston_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cranston_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Cranston1982" class="citation book cs1">Maurice Cranston (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques:_The_Early_Life_and_Work_of_Jean-Jacques_Rousseau,_1712%E2%80%931754" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Jacques: The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1754">Jean-Jacques: The Early Life and Work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712–1754</a></i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Jacques%3A+The+Early+Life+and+Work+of+Jean-Jacques+Rousseau%2C+1712%E2%80%931754&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Maurice+Cranston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Damrosch2005" class="citation book cs1">Leo Damrosch (2005). <i>Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius</i>. Mariner Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean-Jacques+Rousseau%3A+Restless+Genius&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Leo+Damrosch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGierl1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gierl, Martin (1997). <i>Pietismus und Aufklärung: theologische Polemik und die Kommunikationsreform der Wissenschaft am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts</i> [<i>Pietism and enlightenment, theological polemic and the reform of science communication end of the 17. century</i>] (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pietismus+und+Aufkl%C3%A4rung%3A+theologische+Polemik+und+die+Kommunikationsreform+der+Wissenschaft+am+Ende+des+17.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gierl&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElgánScobbie2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElgánScobbie2015_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgánScobbie2015" class="citation book cs1">Elgán, Elisabeth; Scobbie, Irene (17 September 2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of Sweden</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442250710" title="Special:BookSources/9781442250710"><bdi>9781442250710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sweden&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.isbn=9781442250710&rft.aulast=Elg%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Scobbie%2C+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamport2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamport2017_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamport2017_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamport2017_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamport2017" class="citation book cs1">Lamport, Mark A. (31 August 2017). <i>Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442271593" title="Special:BookSources/9781442271593"><bdi>9781442271593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Martin+Luther+and+the+Reformation&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.isbn=9781442271593&rft.aulast=Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nietzsche1974-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nietzsche1974_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche, Friedrich</a> (28 February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9VxKgui0mEC&pg=PT30"><i>Thus Spoke Zarathustra</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/R._J._Hollingdale" title="R. J. Hollingdale">Hollingdale, R. J.</a> Penguin Books Limited. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-190432-0"><bdi>978-0-14-190432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thus+Spoke+Zarathustra&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1974-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-14-190432-0&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9VxKgui0mEC%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cimino2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cimino2003_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimino2003" class="citation book cs1">Cimino, Richard (2003). <i>Lutherans Today: American Lutheran Identity in the Twenty-First Century</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802813657" title="Special:BookSources/9780802813657"><bdi>9780802813657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutherans+Today%3A+American+Lutheran+Identity+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802813657&rft.aulast=Cimino&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shantz2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shantz2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShantz2013" class="citation book cs1">Shantz, Douglas H. (2013). <i>An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe</i>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421408804" title="Special:BookSources/9781421408804"><bdi>9781421408804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+German+Pietism%3A+Protestant+Renewal+at+the+Dawn+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781421408804&rft.aulast=Shantz&rft.aufirst=Douglas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithJamison1969-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SmithJamison1969_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithJamison1969" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James Ward; Jamison, Albert Leland (1969). <i>Religion in American life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+American+life&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+Ward&rft.au=Jamison%2C+Albert+Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratliff2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ratliff2010_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatliff2010" class="citation book cs1">Ratliff, Walter R. (2010). <i>Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva</i>. Walter Ratliff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606081334" title="Special:BookSources/9781606081334"><bdi>9781606081334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrims+on+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+Muslim-Christian+Encounter+in+Khiva&rft.pub=Walter+Ratliff&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781606081334&rft.aulast=Ratliff&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter2007_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2007" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Craig A. (2007). <i>Rethinking Christ and Culture: A Post-Christendom Perspective</i>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441201225" title="Special:BookSources/9781441201225"><bdi>9781441201225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Christ+and+Culture%3A+A+Post-Christendom+Perspective&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781441201225&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeltonBaumann2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MeltonBaumann2010_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842043" title="Special:BookSources/9781598842043"><bdi>9781598842043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices%2C+2nd+Edition+%5B6+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781598842043&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall_Balmer2002" class="citation book cs1">Randall Balmer (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=syUupeVJOz4C&pg=PR8"><i>The Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. vii–viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664224097" title="Special:BookSources/9780664224097"><bdi>9780664224097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Evangelicalism&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780664224097&rft.au=Randall+Balmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsyUupeVJOz4C%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sztompka2003-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sztompka2003_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sztompka, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen1990-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohen1990_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_L._McCormick1988" class="citation book cs1">Richard L. McCormick (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjbNdKWKkoQC&pg=PA48"><i>The Party Period and Public Policy</i></a>. Oxford UP. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536434-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536434-7"><bdi>978-0-19-536434-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party+Period+and+Public+Policy&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536434-7&rft.au=Richard+L.+McCormick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjbNdKWKkoQC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormick, p 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Kleppner, <i>The Third Electoral System 1853-1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Martin1996" class="citation book cs1">Howard Martin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjPDDaMhns0C&pg=PA298"><i>Britain in the 19th Century</i></a>. Nelson Thornes. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780174350620" title="Special:BookSources/9780174350620"><bdi>9780174350620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+in+the+19th+Century&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780174350620&rft.au=Howard+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjPDDaMhns0C%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hempton1996" class="citation book cs1">David Hempton (26 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AQ_ZrhPkh4C&pg=PA37"><i>Religion and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland: From the Glorious Revolution to the Decline of Empire</i></a>. Cambridge UP. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521479257" title="Special:BookSources/9780521479257"><bdi>9780521479257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Political+Culture+in+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+From+the+Glorious+Revolution+to+the+Decline+of+Empire&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1996-01-26&rft.isbn=9780521479257&rft.au=David+Hempton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AQ_ZrhPkh4C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>See: "Six Principles of Pietism", based on Philip Jacob Spener's six proposals <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.miamifirstbrethren.org/about-us">http://www.miamifirstbrethren.org/about-us</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pietism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pietism">"Pietism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pietism&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pietism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pietism">"Pietism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 593–594.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pietism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=593-594&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APietism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Dale: <i>Understanding Pietism</i>, rev. ed. Nappanee, IN: Evangel Publishing House, 1996.</li> <li>Brunner, Daniel L. <i>Halle Pietists in England: Anthony William Boehm and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge</i>. Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Pietismus 29. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1993.</li> <li>Gehrz, Christopher and Mark Pattie III. <i>The Pietist Option: Hope for the Renewal of Christianity</i>. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2017.</li> <li>Olson, Roger E., Christian T. Collins Winn. <i>Reclaiming Pietism: Retrieving an Evangelical Tradition</i> (Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2015). xiii + 190 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=44196">online review</a></li> <li>Shantz, Douglas H. <i>An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Stoeffler, F. Ernest. <i>The Rise of Evangelical Pietism</i>. Studies in the History of Religion 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965.</li> <li>Stoeffler, F. Ernest. <i>German Pietism During the Eighteenth Century</i>. Studies in the History of Religion 24. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1973.</li> <li>Stoeffler, F. Ernest. ed.: <i>Continental Pietism and Early American Christianity</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1976.</li> <li>Winn, Christian T. et al. eds. <i>The Pietist Impulse in Christianity</i>. Pickwick, 2012.</li> <li>Yoder, Peter James. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psupress.org/books/titles/978-0-271-08800-6.html">Pietism and the Sacraments: The Life and Theology of August Hermann Francke</a>.</i> University Park: PSU Press, 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_works">Older works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Older works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Feller" title="Joachim Feller">Joachim Feller</a>, Sonnet. In: <i>Luctuosa desideria Quibus</i> […] <i>Martinum Bornium prosequebantur Quidam Patroni, Praeceptores atque Amici</i>. Lipsiae [1689], pp. [2]–[3]. (Facsimile in: Reinhard Breymayer (Ed.): <i>Luctuosa desideria</i>. Tübingen 2008, pp. 24–25.) Here for the first time the newly detected source. – Less exactly cf. Martin Brecht: <i>Geschichte des Pietismus</i>, vol. I, p. 4.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Walch" title="Johann Georg Walch">Johann Georg Walch</a>, <i>Historische und theologische Einleitung in die Religionsstreitigkeiten der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche</i> (1730);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_August_Tholuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich August Tholuck">Friedrich August Tholuck</a>, <i>Geschichte des Pietismus und des ersten Stadiums der Aufklärung</i> (1865);</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schmid_(theologian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Schmid (theologian) (page does not exist)">Heinrich Schmid</a>, <i>Die Geschichte des Pietismus</i> (1863);</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Goebel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Goebel (page does not exist)">Max Goebel</a>, <i>Geschichte des christlichen Lebens in der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Kirche</i> (3 vols., 1849–1860).</li></ul> <p>The subject is dealt with at length in </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_August_Dorner" title="Isaak August Dorner">Isaak August Dorner</a>'s and W Gass's <i>Histories of Protestant theology</i>.</li></ul> <p>Other works are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heppe" title="Heinrich Heppe">Heinrich Heppe</a>, <i>Geschichte des Pietismus und der Mystik in der reformierten Kirche</i> (1879), which is sympathetic;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a>, <i>Geschichte des Pietismus</i> (5 vols., 1880–1886), which is hostile; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sachsse" title="Eugen Sachsse">Eugen Sachsse</a>, <i>Ursprung und Wesen des Pietismus</i> (1884).</li></ul> <p>See also </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Franz_Nippold" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Franz Nippold">Friedrich Wilhelm Franz Nippold</a>'s article in <i>Theol. Stud. und Kritiken</i> (1882), pp. 347?392;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_von_Schubert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans von Schubert (page does not exist)">Hans von Schubert</a>, <i>Outlines of Church History</i>, ch. xv. (Eng. trans., 1907); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mirbt" title="Carl Mirbt">Carl Mirbt</a>'s article, "Pietismus," in Herzog-Hauck's <i>Realencyklopädie für prot. Theologie u. Kirche</i>, end of vol. xv.</li></ul> <p>The most extensive and current edition on Pietism is the four-volume edition in German, covering the entire movement in Europe and North America </p> <ul><li><b>Geschichte des Pietismus (GdP)</b><br />Im Auftrag der Historischen Kommission zur Erforschung des Pietismus herausgegeben von Martin Brecht, Klaus Deppermann, Ulrich Gäbler und <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Lehmann" title="Hartmut Lehmann">Hartmut Lehmann</a><br />(English: <small>On behalf of the Historical Commission for the Study of pietism edited by Martin Brecht, Klaus Deppermann, Ulrich Gaebler and Hartmut Lehmann</small>) <ul><li><i>Band 1:</i> Der Pietismus vom siebzehnten bis zum frühen achtzehnten Jahrhundert. In Zusammenarbeit mit Johannes van den Berg, Klaus Deppermann, Johannes Friedrich Gerhard Goeters und Hans Schneider hg. von Martin Brecht. Goettingen 1993. / 584 p.</li> <li><i>Band 2:</i> Der Pietismus im achtzehnten Jahrhundert. In Zusammenarbeit mit Friedhelm Ackva, Johannes van den Berg, Rudolf Dellsperger, Johann Friedrich Gerhard Goeters, Manfred Jakubowski-Tiessen, Pentii Laasonen, Dietrich Meyer, <a href="/wiki/Ingun_Montgomery" title="Ingun Montgomery">Ingun Montgomery</a>, Christian Peters, A. Gregg Roeber, Hans Schneider, Patrick Streiff und <a href="/wiki/Horst_Weigelt" title="Horst Weigelt">Horst Weigelt</a> hg. von Martin Brecht und Klaus Deppermann. Goettingen 1995. / 826 p.</li> <li><i>Band 3:</i> Der Pietismus im neunzehnten und zwanzigsten Jahrhundert. In Zusammenarbeit mit Gustav Adolf Benrath, Eberhard Busch, Pavel Filipi, Arnd Götzelmann, Pentii Laasonen, Hartmut Lehmann, Mark A. Noll, Jörg Ohlemacher, Karl Rennstich und Horst Weigelt unter Mitwirkung von Martin Sallmann hg. von Ulrich Gäbler. Goettingen 2000. / 607 p.</li> <li><i>Band 4:</i> Glaubenswelt und Lebenswelten des Pietismus. In Zusammenarbeit mit Ruth Albrecht, Martin Brecht, Christian Bunners, Ulrich Gäbler, Andreas Gestrich, Horst Gundlach, Jan Harasimovicz, Manfred Jakubowski-Tiessen, Peter Kriedtke, Martin Kruse, Werner Koch, Markus Matthias, Thomas Müller Bahlke, Gerhard Schäfer (†), Hans-Jürgen Schrader, Walter Sparn, Udo Sträter, Rudolf von Thadden, Richard Trellner, Johannes Wallmann und Hermann Wellenreuther hg. von Hartmut Lehmann. Goettingen 2004. / 709 p.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061113020835/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc09.html?term=Pietism">New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. IX: Pietism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714055033/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/525">After Three Centuries – The Legacy of Pietism by E.C. Fredrich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707141326/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/961">Literary Landmarks of Pietism by Martin O. Westerhaus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707141158/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/853">Pietism's World Mission Enterprise by Ernst H. Wendland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldapostoliclutheranchurch.org/">Old Apostolic Lutheran Church of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pietistchurch.org/">The Evangelical Pietist Church of Chatfield</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B6draf%C3%B6rsamlingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brödraförsamlingen">Brödraförsamlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Robes" title="Grey Robes">Grey Robes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4sare" title="Läsare">Läsare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skevikarna" title="Skevikarna">Skevikarna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lutheranism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheranism_topics" title="Template:Lutheranism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism_topics" title="Template talk:Lutheranism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lutheranism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">The Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed#The_Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostle's Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer#English_versions" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism#Reformation" title="Baptism">Sacrament of Holy Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Sacrament of the Eucharist</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherrose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/75px-Lutherrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/113px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/150px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#The_chief_articles_of_faith_.28theses.29" title="Augsburg Confession">Chief articles of faith</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>I. <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">God</a></li> <li>II. <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original Sin</a></li> <li>III. The <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li>IV. <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide#Justification_in_Lutheranism" title="Sola fide">Justification By Faith</a></li> <li>V. The Office of <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Preaching</a></li> <li>VI. Of The <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#The_Book_of_Concord" title="Law and Gospel">New Obedience</a></li> <li>VII. Of The <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">Church</a></li> <li>VIII. What the <a href="/wiki/Church_visible" title="Church visible">Church</a> Is</li> <li>IX. Of <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Reformation" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li>X. Of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Lord's Supper</a></li> <li>XI. Of <a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li>XII. Of <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity#Lutheran" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li>XIII. Of the Use of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li>XIV.</li> <li>XV. <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Ecclesiastical Usages</a></li> <li>XVI. Of <a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Civil Affairs</a></li> <li>XVII. Of Christ's Return to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#Final_Judgment" title="Lutheranism">Judgment</a></li> <li>XVIII. Of <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#In_Lutheranism" title="Free will in theology">Free Will</a></li> <li>XIX. Of the Cause of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Protestant_views" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li>XX. Of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#Good_works" title="Lutheranism">Good Works</a></li> <li>XXI. Of the Worship of the <a href="/wiki/Saint#Lutheranism" title="Saint">Saints</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#Practices" title="Lutheranism">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_table_prayer" title="Common table prayer">Common table prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Lutheranism" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of The Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil#Lutheran_churches" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreath_of_Christ" title="Wreath of Christ">Wreath of Christ</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High Church Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutherans</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193664#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193664#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph164210&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pietisté"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124073&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX535003">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548573505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011424">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietism&oldid=1250573964">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pietism&oldid=1250573964</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_theological_movements" title="Category:Christian 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