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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allophony_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allophony_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Allophony and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allophony_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odameg" title="Odameg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Odameg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham" title="O'odham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="O'odham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_o%27odham" title="Idioma o'odham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma o'odham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham" title="O'odham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="O'odham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_o%27odham" title="Lingua o'odham – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua o'odham" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_o%27odham" title="Lingua o'odham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua o'odham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="اودهم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اودهم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham" title="O'odham – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="O'odham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%E2%80%99odham" title="O’odham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="O’odham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_tohono_o%27odham" title="Lenga tohono o'odham – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tohono o'odham" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_o%E2%80%99odham" title="Język o’odham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język o’odham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_o%27odham" title="Língua o'odham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua o'odham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Pima_simi" title="Hanan Pima simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hanan Pima simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Оодхам (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оодхам (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27odham" title="O'odham – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="O'odham" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2393095#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="mw-redirect" title="O'odham language">O'odham language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Uto-Aztecan language spoken in Mexico and US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Oʼodham</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #80bfff;"><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼOʼodham ha-ñeʼokĭ, ʼOʼodham ñiʼokĭ, Oʼodham ñiok</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ood-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈʔɔʔɔðam]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Primarily south-central <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel Oʼodham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hia_C-e%E1%B8%8D_O%CA%BCodham" title="Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham">Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">15,000 (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />180 <a href="/wiki/Monolingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolingual">monolinguals</a> (1990 census);<br />1,240 (Mexico, 2020 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Uto-Aztecan languages">Southern Uto-Aztecan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tepiman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepiman languages">Tepiman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Oʼodham</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">One of the national languages of Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Public_Education_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Public Education (Mexico)">Secretariat of Public Education</a> in Mexico; various tribal agencies in the United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #80bfff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ood" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ood">ood</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/toho1245">toho1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1166">O'odham</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Oʼodham is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Oʼodham</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ood-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈʔɔʔɔðam]</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;">English approximation:</span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-od(h)-əm</i></a>) or <b>Papago-Pima</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a> language of southern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, Mexico, where the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a> (formerly called the Papago) and <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel Oʼodham</a> (traditionally called Pima) reside.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000 there were estimated to be approximately 9,750 speakers in the United States and Mexico combined, although there may be more due to underreporting. </p><p>It is the 10th most-spoken indigenous language in the United States, the 3rd most-spoken <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous language</a> in Arizona after <a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>. It is the third-most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona" title="Pinal County, Arizona">Pinal County, Arizona</a>, and the fourth-most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Pima_County,_Arizona" title="Pima County, Arizona">Pima County, Arizona</a>. </p><p>Approximately 8% of Oʼodham speakers in the US speak English "not well" or "not at all", according to results of the 2000 Census. Approximately 13% of Oʼodham speakers in the US were between the ages of 5 and 17, and among the younger Oʼodham speakers, approximately 4% were reported as speaking English "not well" or "not at all". </p><p>Native names for the language, depending on the dialect and orthography, include <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">Oʼodham ha-ñeʼokĭ</i></span>, <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">Oʼottham ha-neoki</i></span>, and <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">Oʼodham ñiok</i></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oʼodham language has a number of dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Oʼodham</b> <ul><li>Tohono Oʼodham <ul><li>Cukuḍ Kuk</li> <li>Gigimai</li> <li>Huhuʼula (Huhuwoṣ)</li> <li>Totoguanh</li></ul></li> <li>Akimel Oʼodham <ul><li>Eastern Gila</li> <li>Kohadk</li> <li>Salt River</li> <li>Western Gila</li></ul></li> <li>Hia C-ed Oʼodham <ul><li>?</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Due to the paucity of data on the linguistic varieties of the <a href="/wiki/Hia_C-e%E1%B8%8D_O%CA%BCodham" title="Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham">Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham</a>, this section currently focuses on the Tohono Oʼodham and Akimel Oʼodham dialects only. </p><p>The greatest <a href="/wiki/Lexical_(semiotics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical (semiotics)">lexical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical">grammatical</a> dialectal differences are between the Tohono Oʼodham (or Papago) and the Akimel Oʼodham (or Pima) dialect groupings. Some examples: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tohono Oʼodham </th> <th>Akimel Oʼodham </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼaʼad</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">hotṣ</i></span> </td> <td>to send </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">nhenhida</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">tamiam</i></span> </td> <td>to wait for </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">s-hewhogĭ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">s-heubagĭ</i></span> </td> <td>to be cool </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">sisiṣ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">hoʼiumi</i></span> <i>(but <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">si꞉ṣpakuḍ</i></span>, stapler)</i> </td> <td>to fasten </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">pi꞉ haʼicug</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">pi ʼac</i></span> </td> <td>to be absent </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wia</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼoʼoid</i></span> </td> <td>hunt <i>tr.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are other major dialectal differences between northern and southern dialects, for example: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Early Oʼodham </th> <th>Southern </th> <th>Northern </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>*<i>ʼa꞉phi꞉m</i> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼa꞉ham</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼa꞉pim</i></span> </td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<i>cu꞉khug</i> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cu꞉hug</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cu꞉kug</i></span> </td> <td>flesh </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<i>ʼe꞉kheg</i> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼe꞉heg</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼe꞉keg</i></span> </td> <td>to be shaded </td></tr> <tr> <td>*<i>ʼu꞉pham</i> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼu꞉hum</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼu꞉pam</i></span> </td> <td>(go) back </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Cukuḍ Kuk dialect has null in certain positions where other Tohono Oʼodham dialects have a bilabial: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Other TO dialects </th> <th>Chukuḍ Kuk </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">jiwia, jiwa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">jiia</i></span> </td> <td>to arrive </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼuʼuwhig</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼuʼuhig</i></span> </td> <td>bird </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wabṣ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">haṣ</i></span> </td> <td>only </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wabṣaba, ṣaba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">haṣaba</i></span> </td> <td>but </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oʼodham is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> strung together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For clarity, the terms <b>Tohono Oʼodham</b> and <b>Papago</b> refer to the same language; likewise for <b>Akimel Oʼodham</b> and <b>Pima</b>.</div> <p>Oʼodham phonology has a typical Uto-Aztecan inventory distinguishing 19 consonants and 5 vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The retroflex consonants are <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i iː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ ɨː</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a aː</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most vowels distinguish two degrees of length: long and short, and some vowels also show <a href="/wiki/Extra-short" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-short">extra-short</a> duration (voicelessness). </p> <ul><li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ṣe꞉l</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂɨːɭ/</span> "<a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a>"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ṣel</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂɨɭ/</span> "permission"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼa꞉pi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaːpi/</span> "you"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">da꞉pĭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/daːpɪ̥/</span> "I don't know", "who knows?"</li></ul> <p>Papago <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span> in Pima. </p><p>Additionally, in common with many northern Uto-Aztecan languages, vowels and nasals at end of words are <a href="/wiki/Devoiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Devoiced">devoiced</a>. Also, a short <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound, either voiced or unvoiced depending on position, is often interpolated between consonants and at the ends of words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allophony_and_distribution">Allophony and distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Allophony and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Extra short <span class="nowrap">⟨ĭ⟩</span> is realized as voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̥]</span> and devoices preceding obstruents: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cuwĭ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʊwi̥/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃʊʍi̥]~[tʃʊʍʲ]</span> "jackrabbit".</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is a fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span> before unrounded vowels: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wisilo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[βisiɭɔ]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> appears before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> in Spanish loanwords, but native words do not have nasal assimilation: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">to꞉nk</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[toːnk]</span> "hill", <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">namk</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[namk]</span> "meet", <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ca꞉ŋgo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃaːŋɡo]</span> "monkey". <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɭ/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> rarely occur initially in native words, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> does not occur before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> are largely in complementary distribution, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> appearing before high vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɨ/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʊ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> appearing before low vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɔ/</span>: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ñeʼe</i></span> "sing". They contrast finally (<span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼañ</i></span> (1st imperfective auxiliary) vs. <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">an</i></span> "next to speaker"), though Saxton analyzes these as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ani/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an/</span>, respectively, and final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲi]</span> as in <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼa꞉ñi</i></span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/niː/</span>. However, there are several Spanish loanwords where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nu]</span> occurs: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">nu꞉milo</i></span> "number". Similarly, for the most part <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> appear before low vowels while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> before high vowels, but there are exceptions to both, often in Spanish loanwords: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">tiki꞉la ("tequila")</i></span> "wine", TO weco / AO veco ("[de]bajo") "under".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two orthographies commonly used for the Oʼodham language: Alvarez–Hale and Saxton. The Alvarez–Hale orthography is officially used by the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_Nation" title="Tohono Oʼodham Nation">Tohono Oʼodham Nation</a> and the Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community, and is used in this article, but the Saxton orthography is also common and is official in the Gila River Indian Community. It is relatively easy to convert between the two, the differences between them being largely no more than different graphemes for the same phoneme, but there are distinctions made by Alvarez–Hale not made by Saxton. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme</th> <th>Alvarez–Hale</th> <th>Saxton</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td><b>a</b> <i>ʼaʼal</i></td> <td><b>a</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">a'al</i></span></td> <td>baby </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><b>b</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ban</i></span></td> <td><b>b</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ban</i></span></td> <td>coyote </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span></td> <td><b>c</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cehia</i></span></td> <td><b>ch</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">chehia</i></span></td> <td>girl </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span></td> <td><b>d</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">daak</i></span></td> <td><b>th</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">thahk</i></span></td> <td>nose </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span></td> <td><b>ḍ</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">meḍ</i></span></td> <td><b>d</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">med</i></span></td> <td>run </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><b>ḏ</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">juḏum</i></span></td> <td><b>d</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">judum</i></span></td> <td>bear </td></tr> <tr> <td>TO <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>, AO <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span></td> <td><b>e</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼeʼeb</i></span></td> <td><b>e</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">e'eb</i></span></td> <td>stop crying </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><b>g</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">gogs</i></span></td> <td><b>g</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">gogs</i></span></td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><b>h</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">haʼicu</i></span></td> <td><b>h</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ha'ichu</i></span></td> <td>something </td></tr> <tr> <td>TO <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, AO <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span></td> <td><b>i</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼiibhai</i></span></td> <td><b>i</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ihbhai</i></span></td> <td>prickly pear cactus </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span></td> <td><b>j</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">juukĭ</i></span></td> <td><b>j</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">juhki</i></span></td> <td>rain </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><b>k</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">keek</i></span></td> <td><b>k</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">kehk</i></span></td> <td>stand </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɭ/</span></td> <td><b>l</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">luulsi</i></span></td> <td><b>l</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">luhlsi</i></span></td> <td>candy </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><b>m</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">muunh</i></span></td> <td><b>m</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">muhni</i></span></td> <td>bean(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><b>n</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">naak</i></span></td> <td><b>n</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">nahk</i></span></td> <td>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span></td> <td><b>nh</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">nheʼe</i></span>, <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">mu꞉nh</i></span></td> <td><b>n</b>, <b>ni</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ne'e</i></span>, <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">muhni</i></span></td> <td>sing, bean(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></td> <td><b>ng</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">anghil</i></span>, <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wa꞉nggo</i></span></td> <td><b>ng</b>, <b>n</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">anghil</i></span>, <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wahngo</i></span></td> <td>angel, bank </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td><b>o</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼoʼohan</i></span></td> <td><b>o</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">oʼohan</i></span></td> <td>write </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><b>p</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">pi</i></span></td> <td><b>p</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">pi</i></span></td> <td>not </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td><b>s</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">sitol</i></span></td> <td><b>s</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">sitol</i></span></td> <td>syrup </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ/</span></td> <td><b>ṣ</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ṣoiga</i></span></td> <td><b>sh</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">shoiga</i></span></td> <td>pet </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><b>t</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">toobĭ</i></span></td> <td><b>t</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">tohbi</i></span></td> <td>cottontail <i>(Sylvilagus audubonii)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td><b>u</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼuus</i></span></td> <td><b>u</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">uhs</i></span></td> <td>tree, wood </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><b>v</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">vainom</i></span></td> <td><b>v</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">vainom</i></span></td> <td>knife </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></td> <td><b>w</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wuai</i></span></td> <td><b>w</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wuai</i></span></td> <td>male deer </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><b>y</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">payaso</i></span></td> <td><b>y</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">pa-yaso</i></span></td> <td>clown </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span></td> <td><b>ʼ</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼaʼan</i></span></td> <td><b>'</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">a'an</i></span></td> <td>feather </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ː/</span></td> <td><b>doubled vowel</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">juukĭ</i></span> (see <a href="/wiki/Colon_(letter)" title="Colon (letter)">colon (letter)</a>)</td> <td><b>h</b> <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">juhki</i></span></td> <td>rain </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Saxton orthography does not mark word-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> or extra-short vowels. Final <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> generally corresponds to Hale–Alvarez <span class="nowrap">⟨ĭ⟩</span> and final <span class="nowrap">⟨ih⟩</span> to Hale–Alvarez <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>: </p> <ul><li>Hale–Alvarez <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">toobĭ</i></span> vs. Saxton <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">tohbi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/toːbĭ/</span> "cottontail rabbit"</li> <li>Hale–Alvarez <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼaapi</i></span> vs. Saxton <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ahpih</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaːpi/</span> "I"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_spellings">Disputed spellings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disputed spellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some disagreement among speakers as to whether the spelling of words should be only phonetic or whether etymological principles should be considered as well. </p><p>For instance, <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood"><b>oam</b>ajda</i></span> vs. <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood"><b>wua</b>majda</i></span> ("frybread"; the spellings <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">oamacda</i></span> and <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wuamacda</i></span> are also seen) derives from <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">oam</i></span> (a warm color roughly equivalent to yellow or brown). Some believe it should be spelled phonetically as <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wuamajda</i></span>, reflecting the fact that it begins with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊa/</span>, while others think its spelling should reflect the fact that it is derived from <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">oam</i></span> (<span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">oam</i></span> is itself a form of <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">s-oam</i></span>, so while it could be spelled <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">wuam</i></span>, it is not since it is just a different declension of the same word).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oʼodham has relatively free word order within clauses; for example, all of the following sentences mean "the boy brands the pig":<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ceoj ʼo g ko꞉jĭ ceposid</i></span></li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ko꞉jĭ ʼo g ceoj ceposid</i></span></li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ceoj ʼo ceposid g ko꞉jĭ</i></span></li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ko꞉jĭ ʼo ceposid g ceoj</i></span></li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ceposid ʼo g ceoj g ko꞉jĭ</i></span></li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ceposid ʼo g ko꞉jĭ g ceoj</i></span></li></ul> <p>In principle, these could also mean "the pig brands the boy", but such an interpretation would require an unusual context. </p><p>Despite the general freedom of sentence word order, Oʼodham is fairly strictly <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">verb-second</a> in its placement of the auxiliary verb (in the above sentences, it is <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼo</i></span>): </p> <ul><li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cipkan <b>ʼañ</b></i></span> "I am working"</li> <li>but <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">pi <b>ʼañ</b> cipkan</i></span> "I am not working", not **<i>pi cipkan ʼañ</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> (imperfective <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cipkan</i></span>, perfective <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cipk</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> (future imperfective <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cipkanad</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (plural <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cicpkan</i></span>). Number agreement displays <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">absolutive</a> behavior: verbs agree with the number of the subject in intransitive sentences, but with that of the object in transitive sentences: </p> <ul><li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ceoj ʼo cipkan</i></span> "the boy is working"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cecoj ʼo cicpkan</i></span> "the boys are working"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ceoj ʼo g ko꞉ji ceposid</i></span> "the boy is branding the pig"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">cecoj ʼo g ko꞉ji ceposid</i></span> "the boys are branding the pig"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ceoj ʼo g kokji ha-cecposid</i></span> "the boy is branding the pigs"</li></ul> <p>The main verb agrees with the object for person (<span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ha-</i></span> in the above example), but the auxiliary agrees with the subject: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼa꞉ñi ʼañ g kokji ha-cecposid</i></span> "I am branding the pigs". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three numbers are distinguished in nouns: singular, plural, and distributive, though not all nouns have distinct forms for each. Most distinct plurals are formed by reduplication and often vowel loss plus other occasional morphophonemic changes, and distributives are formed from these by gemination of the reduplicated consonant:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">gogs</i></span> "dog", <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">gogogs</i></span> "dogs", <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">goggogs</i></span> "dogs (all over)"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ma꞉gina</i></span> "car", <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">mamgina</i></span> "cars", <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">mammagina</i></span> "cars (all over)"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">mi꞉stol</i></span> "cat", <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">mimstol</i></span> "cats"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oʼodham adjectives can act both attributively modifying nouns and predicatively as verbs, with no change in form. </p> <ul><li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼi꞉da ṣu꞉dagĭ ʼo s-he꞉pid</i></span> "This water is cold"</li> <li><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">ʼs-he꞉pid ṣu꞉dagĭ ʼañ hohoʼid</i></span> "I like cold water"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is an excerpt from Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program: <span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">Taḏai</i></span> ("Roadrunner").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It exemplifies the Salt River dialect. </p> <dl><dd><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">Na꞉nse ʼe꞉da, mo꞉ hek jeweḍ ʼu꞉d si we꞉coc, ma꞉ṣ hek Taḏai siskeg ʼu꞉d ʼuʼuhig. Hek ʼaʼanac c wopo꞉c si wo skegac c ʼep si cecwac. Kuṣ ʼam hebai hai ki g ʼOʼodham ṣam ʼoʼoidam k ʼam ʼupam da꞉da k ʼam ce꞉ ma꞉ṣ he꞉kai cu hek ha na꞉da. ʼI꞉dam ʼOʼodham ṣam ʼeh he꞉mapa k ʼam aʼaga ma꞉ṣ has ma꞉sma vo bei hek na꞉da ʼab ʼamjeḍ hek Tatañki Jioṣ. Ṣa biʼi ʼa ma꞉ṣ mo ka꞉ke hek Taḏai ma꞉ṣ mo me꞉tk ʼamo ta꞉i hek na꞉da ha we꞉hejeḍ ʼi꞉dam ʼOʼodham. Taḏai ṣa꞉ ma so꞉hi ma꞉ṣ mo me꞉ḍk ʼamo ta꞉i g na꞉da hek Tatañki Jioṣ. Tho ṣud me꞉tkam, ʼam "si ʼi nai꞉ṣ hek wo꞉gk" k gau mel ma꞉ṣ ʼam ki g Tatañki Jioṣ.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>In Saxton orthography: </p> <dl><dd><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">Nahnse ehtha, moh hek jeved uhth sih vehchoch, mahsh hek Tadai siskeg uhth uʼuhig. Hek aʼanach ch vopohch sih vo skegach ch ep sih chechvach. Kush am hebai hai kih g Oʼottham sham oʼoitham k am upam thahtha k am cheh mahsh hehkai chu hek ha nahtha. Ihtham Oʼothham sham eh hehmapa k am aʼaga mahsh has mahsma vo bei hek nahtha ab amjeth hek Tatanigi Jiosh. Sha biʼih a mahsh mo kahke hek Tadai mahsh mo mehtk amo tahʼih hek nahtha ha vehhejed ihtham Oʼottham. Tadai shah ma sohhih mahsh mo mehdk amo tahʼih g nahtha hek Tatanigi Jiosh. Tho shuth mehtkam, am "sih ih naihsh hek vohgk" k gau mel mahsh am kih g Tatanigi Jiosh.</i></span></dd></dl> <p><br /> The following is a song from O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida (O'odham Legends and Lore) by Susanne Ignacio Enos, and Dean and Lucille Saxton.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It exemplifies the "Storyteller dialect". </p><p>In Saxton orthography: </p> <dl><dd><span title="O'odham-language text"><i lang="ood">Ali s-kohmangi chemamangi wiapo'oge'eli, hemu aichu mahch k e ahnga. Wahsh ng uwi chechenga ch mu'ikko ia melopa, oi wa pi e nako. Wahshana memenada ch gahghai chum a neinahim.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>English: </p> <dl><dd><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Little gray horned toad youth, he just now learned something and is telling about himself. Over there he visits a girl repeatedly. And comes many times, yet he can't make it. Over there he keeps running, trying to look across at her.</span></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Oʼodham language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:O%27odham_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:O'odham language"><i><b>O'odham language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ood/">Oʼodham</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/poblacion/lindigena.aspx">"Hablantes de lengua indígena"</a> [Speakers of Indigenous Languages]. <i>Cuéntame</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cu%C3%A9ntame&rft.atitle=Hablantes+de+lengua+ind%C3%ADgena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuentame.inegi.org.mx%2Fpoblacion%2Flindigena.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordenjuridico.gob.mx/Documentos/Federal/html/wo108985.html">Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas</a> [General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights] (Ley General) (in Spanish). Congreso de la Unión. 13 March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Ley+General+de+Derechos+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.pub=Congreso+de+la+Uni%C3%B3n&rft.date=2003-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordenjuridico.gob.mx%2FDocumentos%2FFederal%2Fhtml%2Fwo108985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseleyNicolas" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"</a>. <i>unesdoc.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unesdoc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Nicolas%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrada_FernándezOseguera_Montiel2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Estrada Fernández, Zarina; Oseguera Montiel, Andrés (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18441%2Find.v32i0.125-152">"La documentación de la tradición oral entre los pima: el diablo pelea con la luna"</a> [Pima's oral tradition record: the devil fights the moon]. <i>Indiana</i> (in Spanish). <b>32</b>. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Ibero-American_Institute" title="Ibero-American Institute">Ibero-American Institute</a>: 125–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18441%2Find.v32i0.125-152">10.18441/ind.v32i0.125-152</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2365-2225">2365-2225</a>. p. 126: <q>El pima bajo es una lengua yutoazteca (yutonahua) de la rama tepimana. Otras tres lenguas de esta rama son el tepehuano del norte, el tepehuano del sur o sureste y el antiguo pápago, actualmente denominado <i>o'otam</i> en Sonora y <i>tohono o'odham</i> y <i>akimel o'odham</i> (pima) en Arizona.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana&rft.atitle=La+documentaci%C3%B3n+de+la+tradici%C3%B3n+oral+entre+los+pima%3A+el+diablo+pelea+con+la+luna&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=125-152&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18441%2Find.v32i0.125-152&rft.issn=2365-2225&rft.aulast=Estrada+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Zarina&rft.au=Oseguera+Montiel%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18441%252Find.v32i0.125-152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxtonSaxtonEnos1983" class="citation book cs1">Saxton, Dean; Saxton, Lucille; Enos, Susie (1983). <i>Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima Dictionary</i>. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816519422" title="Special:BookSources/9780816519422"><bdi>9780816519422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tohono+O%27odham%2FPima+to+English%2C+English+to+Tohono+O%27odham%2FPima+Dictionary&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pub=The+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780816519422&rft.aulast=Saxton&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft.au=Saxton%2C+Lucille&rft.au=Enos%2C+Susie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxton1963" class="citation journal cs1">Saxton, Dean (January 1963). "Papago Phonemes". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press: 29–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F464708">10.1086/464708</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7001">1545-7001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1264104">1264104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:224808393">224808393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Papago+Phonemes&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-35&rft.date=1963-01&rft.issn=1545-7001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A224808393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1264104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F464708&rft.aulast=Saxton&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZepeda2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ofelia_Zepeda" title="Ofelia Zepeda">Zepeda, Ofelia</a> (2016). <i>A Tohono O'odham Grammar</i>. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816507924" title="Special:BookSources/9780816507924"><bdi>9780816507924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tohono+O%27odham+Grammar&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pub=The+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780816507924&rft.aulast=Zepeda&rft.aufirst=Ofelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallahan2016" class="citation book cs1">Callahan, Rick (2016). <i>A comprehensive introduction to grammar in linguistics</i>. University Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-283-49963-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-283-49963-7"><bdi>978-1-283-49963-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comprehensive+introduction+to+grammar+in+linguistics&rft.pub=University+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-283-49963-7&rft.aulast=Callahan&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program. <i>Taḏai</i>. Salt River, AZ: Oʼodham Piipaash Language Program</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnacio_EnosSaxtonSaxton1969" class="citation book cs1">Ignacio Enos, Susanne; Saxton, Dean; Saxton, Lucille (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/70969"><i>O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida</i></a> [<i>O'odham Legends and Lore</i>]. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O%27odham+Hoho%27ok+A%27agida&rft.pages=236&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ignacio+Enos&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.au=Saxton%2C+Dean&rft.au=Saxton%2C+Lucille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F70969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AO%CA%BCodham+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BCodham_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/ood" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/ood">Oʼodham language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Uto-Aztecan_languages">Oʼodham Swadesh vocabulary list</a> (Wiktionary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040411114204/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Papago-english/">Papago – English Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011004250/https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~mathiotm/text.html">The 'O'odham Texts</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 11 October 2022) - Includes stories with phonetic transcription, audio, and translation created by linguist <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Mathiot" title="Madeleine Mathiot">Madeleine Mathiot</a> with Jose Pancho and others.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/04/67/100467102868469620681332441170203032624/ood_LegendsLore.pdf">O'odham Hoho'ok A'agida</a> - O'odham legends with side-by-side English translations by Susanne Ignacio Enos and Dean and Lucille Saxton.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Uto-Aztecan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numic_languages" title="Numic languages">Numic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_language" title="Northern Paiute language">Northern Paiute</a> <small>(including Bannock)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_language_(California)" title="Mono language (California)">Mono</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshoni_language" title="Shoshoni language">Shoshoni</a> <small>(including <a href="/wiki/Gosiute_dialect" title="Gosiute dialect">Gosiute</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha_language" title="Timbisha language">Timbisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Colorado River</a> <small>(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, <a href="/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu_language" title="Kawaiisu language">Kawaiisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takic_languages" title="Takic languages">Takic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicole%C3%B1o_language" title="Nicoleño language">Nicoleño</a></i>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serran_languages" title="Serran languages">Serran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanyume#Language" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk_language" title="Kitanemuk language">Kitanemuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tataviam_language" title="Tataviam language">Tataviam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongva_language" title="Tongva language">Tongva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cupan_languages" title="Cupan languages">Cupan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla_language" title="Cahuilla language">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_language" title="Cupeño language">Cupeño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_language" title="Luiseño language">Luiseño-Juaneño</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal_language" title="Tübatulabal language">Tübatulabal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uto-Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Uto-Aztecan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tepiman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepiman languages">Tepiman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pimic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tepehuan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tepehuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Tepehuan language">Northern Tepehuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tepehuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Tepehuan language">Southern Tepehuan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tepecano_language" title="Tepecano language">Tepecano</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarahumaran_languages" title="Tarahumaran languages">Tarahumaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijio</a> <ul><li>Upriver Huarijio</li> <li>Downriver Huarijio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tubar_language" title="Tubar language">Tubar</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opatan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Opatan languages">Opatan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eudeve_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudeve language">Eudeve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opata_language" title="Opata language">Opata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cahitan_languages" title="Cahitan languages">Cahita</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corachol_languages" title="Corachol languages">Corachol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachichil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guachichil language">Guachichil</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aztecan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztecan languages">Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nahuatl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nahuatl_languages" title="Central Nahuatl languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelos_Nahuatl" title="Morelos Nahuatl">Morelos Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetelcingo_Nahuatl" title="Tetelcingo Nahuatl">Tetelcingo Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala%E2%80%93Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl">Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Central Puebla Nahuatl">Central Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrero_Nahuatl" title="Guerrero Nahuatl">Guerrero Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ometepec_N%C3%A1huatl" title="Ometepec Náhuatl">Ometepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Coahuila_Nahuatl" title="Southern Coahuila Nahuatl">Coahuila Nahuatl</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Huasteca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huasteca_Nahuatl" title="Huasteca Nahuatl">Huasteca Nahuatl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Peripheral_Nahuatl" title="Western Peripheral Nahuatl">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n_Nahuatl" title="Michoacán Nahuatl">Michoacán Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatepec_Nahuatl" title="Coatepec Nahuatl">Coatepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochutec_language" title="Pochutec language">Pochutec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temascaltepec_Nahuatl" title="Temascaltepec Nahuatl">Temascaltepec Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicanero_language" title="Mexicanero language">Durango Nahuatl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cazcan_language" title="Cazcan language">Cazcan</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Peripheral_Nahuatl" title="Eastern Peripheral Nahuatl">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Puebla_Nahuatl" title="Sierra Puebla Nahuatl">Sierra Puebla Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuacan%E2%80%93Zongolica_Nahuatl" title="Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl">Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orizaba_Nahuatl" title="Orizaba Nahuatl">Orizaba Nahuatl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_Nahuatl" title="Isthmus Nahuatl">Isthmus Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_Nahuatl" title="Tabasco Nahuatl">Tabasco Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipil language">Pipil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language_in_the_United_States" title="Nahuatl language in the United States">Nahuatl language in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uto-Aztecan_language" title="Proto-Uto-Aztecan language">Proto-Uto-Aztecan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Nahuan_language" title="Proto-Nahuan language">Proto-Nahuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages">List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Arizona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Arizona" title="Template:Languages of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Languages of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Arizona">Languages of Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous languages of Arizona">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Numic_language" title="Colorado River Numic language">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman-Cochimí</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havasupai language">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai-Hualapai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havasupai-Hualapai language">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_language" title="Maricopa language">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_language" title="Mojave language">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan_language" title="Quechan language">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_language" title="Yavapai language">Yavapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish language in Arizona">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_California" title="Category:Languages of California">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official/<br />Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_language" title="Huastec language">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_languages" title="Mixe languages">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000-100,000<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojol-abʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal de Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Popoluca" title="Sierra Popoluca">Sierra Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_language" title="Tepehuán language">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehua_languages" title="Tepehua languages">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Under 10,000<br />speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Chontal of Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_language" title="Akatek language">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocholtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texistepec_language" title="Texistepec language">Texistepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_language" title="Paipai language">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Kikapú</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_whistled_speech" title="Kickapoo whistled speech">whistled speech</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language" title="Mochoʼ language">Qatoʼk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pápago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluta_Popoluca" title="Oluta Popoluca">Olutec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD_language" title="Cochimí language">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayapa_Zoque" title="Ayapa Zoque">Ayapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oʼodham_language&oldid=1249480781">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oʼodham_language&oldid=1249480781</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agglutinative_languages" title="Category:Agglutinative languages">Agglutinative languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piman_languages" title="Category:Piman languages">Piman languages</a></li><li><a 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