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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General design characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_design_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_charging_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_charging_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specific charging implementations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_charging_implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific charging implementations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_charging_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross_rail_(J3105-1)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross_rail_(J3105-1)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cross rail (J3105-1)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross_rail_(J3105-1)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_up_(J3105-2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_up_(J3105-2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bus up (J3105-2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_up_(J3105-2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pin_and_socket_(J3105-3)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pin_and_socket_(J3105-3)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pin and socket (J3105-3)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pin_and_socket_(J3105-3)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejected_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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infobox-table"><caption class="infobox-title">SAE J3105</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-image"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_half_of_Spokane_City_Line_bus_charging_at_SCC_transit_center_October_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Front_half_of_Spokane_City_Line_bus_charging_at_SCC_transit_center_October_2023.jpg/220px-Front_half_of_Spokane_City_Line_bus_charging_at_SCC_transit_center_October_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Front_half_of_Spokane_City_Line_bus_charging_at_SCC_transit_center_October_2023.jpg/330px-Front_half_of_Spokane_City_Line_bus_charging_at_SCC_transit_center_October_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Front_half_of_Spokane_City_Line_bus_charging_at_SCC_transit_center_October_2023.jpg/440px-Front_half_of_Spokane_City_Line_bus_charging_at_SCC_transit_center_October_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3947" data-file-height="2960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> SAE J3105-1 station for <a href="/wiki/Spokane_Transit_Authority" title="Spokane Transit Authority">Spokane Transit</a> <a href="/wiki/City_Line_(Spokane,_Washington)" title="City Line (Spokane, Washington)">City Line</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">Automotive</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_connector" title="Electrical connector">power connector</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliox_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliox (company) (page does not exist)">Heliox</a>, SCHUNK, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4ubli" title="Stäubli">Stäubli</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Produced</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 2016+</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pins</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Electrical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signal</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data"> DC</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Pinout</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">+</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> DC</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> DC Power (positive)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">–</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> DC</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> DC Power (negative)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">PE</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> Protective earth</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> full-current protective earthing system</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">CP</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a"> Control pilot</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b"> post-insertion signalling</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-below"> WiFi (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11n">IEEE 802.11n</a>) used for pre-insertion signalling</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SAE J3105</b> is a recommended practice for automated connection devices (ACD) that mate chargers with <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">battery electric buses</a> and heavy-duty vehicles. The practice is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE International</a> with the formal title "Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Recommended Practice", and was first issued in January 2020. It covers the general physical, electrical, functional, testing, and performance requirements for automated conductive DC power transfer systems intended for heavy duty vehicles, focusing primarily on <a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">transit buses</a>. </p><p>J3105 defines a common automated conductive charging system architecture so that any vehicle selecting one of the supplemental specific ACD implementations can use any charger that complies with that specific implementation, regardless of manufacturer, similar to how the earlier <a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">IEC 62196</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">SAE J1772</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SAE_J3068" title="SAE J3068">SAE J3068</a> standards define the characteristics for a manually-plugged <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> supply equipment interface. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SAE formed the Medium and Heavy-Duty Vehicle Conductive Charging Task Force in 2016 to develop a recommended practice for heavy-duty electric vehicle conductive charging.<sup id="cite_ref-SAE-2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants in the Task Force included transit bus manufacturers (<a href="/wiki/Gillig" title="Gillig">Gillig</a>, <a href="/wiki/NFI_Group" title="NFI Group">New Flyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Bus" title="Nova Bus">Nova Bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proterra_(bus_manufacturer)" title="Proterra (bus manufacturer)">Proterra</a>), charger manufacturers (<a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliox_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliox (company) (page does not exist)">Heliox</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opbrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opbrid (page does not exist)">Opbrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>), interface manufacturers (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Furrer%2BFrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furrer+Frey (page does not exist)">Furrer+Frey</a>, SCHUNK, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4ubli" title="Stäubli">Stäubli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faiveley_Transport" title="Faiveley Transport">Stemmann</a>), electric utilities (<a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">EPRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Municipal_Utility_District" title="Sacramento Municipal Utility District">SMUD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_California_Edison" title="Southern California Edison">SCE</a>), transit operators (<a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">APTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority" title="Chicago Transit Authority">CTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_County_Metro" title="King County Metro">King County Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority">LACMTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">NYCTA</a>), and interested parties (<a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">ANL</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CalStart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CalStart (page does not exist)">CalStart</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Energy_Commission" title="California Energy Commission">CEC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Transportation_and_the_Environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Transportation and the Environment (page does not exist)">CTE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SAE-2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE-2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Task Force first published the <a href="/wiki/SAE_J3068" title="SAE J3068">SAE J3068</a> recommended practice in 2018, building on work from existing international standards for charging using three-phase AC power. J3068 defines a manual <a href="/wiki/Type_2_connector" title="Type 2 connector">Type 2 connector</a> that can be used for both AC charging or DC charging up to 1000 V.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_design_characteristics">General design characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General design characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transit operators may use opportunity charging<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to extend the range of electric buses while stopped on a layover. This is in contrast to depot charging,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the buses are charged at a common garage or storage facility while out of service.<sup id="cite_ref-KCM-Implementation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCM-Implementation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> An ACD system may be used for both opportunity and depot charging. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Schiphol_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiphol Airport">Schiphol Airport</a> bus depot has overhead chargers at both 30 kW (depot charging) and 450 kW (opportunity charging) for its all-electric bus fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-EPRI19_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRI19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>J3105 defines two current levels of DC charging, with supply voltage from 250 to 1000 V: </p> <ol><li>Up to 600 A (350 kW)</li> <li>Up to 1200 A (1200 kW)</li></ol> <p>These levels are mutually compatible; for instance, a Level 1 vehicle could connect to a Level 2 charger and would receive an appropriate amount of power.<sup id="cite_ref-EPRI18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRI18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Specific requirements for the charging station and communication are governed by <a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">IEC 61851</a>-23 and <a href="/wiki/ISO_15118" title="ISO 15118">ISO 15118</a>. </p><p>When a vehicle approaches a charger, wireless communications via <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11n">IEEE 802.11n</a> will pair the vehicle and charger. The initial communication will be used to guide the vehicle's driver to an appropriate position so the connection can be made, and communications will go through the Control Pilot interface after the vehicle is connected.<sup id="cite_ref-EPRI18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRI18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAE_J3105_connections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SAE_J3105_connections.svg/220px-SAE_J3105_connections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SAE_J3105_connections.svg/330px-SAE_J3105_connections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SAE_J3105_connections.svg/440px-SAE_J3105_connections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Relative sizes of the infrastructure-mounted connectors for the three J3105 implementations. J3105-1 includes the vehicle-mounted rails (arranged horizontally). The arrow indicates the forward direction of travel for the vehicle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only four interface connections are defined by J3105. The specific physical interfaces are defined in the supplemental recommended practices.<sup id="cite_ref-EPRI18_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRI18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f00; color:black;color:#fff;"> + </span> DC Power (+)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00f; color:white;color:#fff;"> – </span> DC Power (–)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4a4; color:black;"> PE </span> Ground / Protective Earth</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fa6; color:black;"> CP </span> Control Pilot</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_charging_implementations">Specific charging implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific charging implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>J3105 includes three supplemental recommended practices for specific ACD implementations: </p> <ol><li>J3105-1 "Infrastructure-Mounted Cross Rail Connection" (or "Cross rail"): the overhead charging station extends contacts down on a pantograph to meet roof-mounted vehicle rails</li> <li>J3105-2 "Vehicle-Mounted Pantograph Connection" (or "Bus up"): the vehicle extends a pantograph up from its roof to meet overhead charging station contacts</li> <li>J3105-3 "Enclosed Pin and Socket Connection": the charging station extends a pin horizontally into a vehicle's roof-mounted socket</li></ol> <p>The physical characteristics are described in the specific ACD implementations. Each of the recommended practices for specific ACD implementations includes the conductor dimensions and spacing, and the required alignment and connection procedure. </p><p>A small amount of misalignment is tolerated, depending on the specific implementation: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;"> <caption>J3105 nominal alignment requirements<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Supplement </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Location<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Roll angle<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Pitch angle<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">Yaw angle<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Towards curb</th> <th>Away from curb </th> <th>Up</th> <th>Down </th></tr> <tr> <th>J3105-1<br />"Cross rail" </th> <td colspan="2">1,170 ± 150 mm<br />46.1 ± 5.9 in </td> <td>3.5°</td> <td>3.5° </td> <td>5.0°</td> <td>5.0° </td> <td>5.0° </td></tr> <tr> <th>J3105-2<br />"Bus up" </th> <td colspan="2">0 ± 50 mm<br />0.0 ± 2.0 in<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.0°</td> <td>2.0° </td> <td>5.0°</td> <td>5.0° </td> <td>2.0° </td></tr> <tr> <th>J3105-3<br />"Pin" </th> <td>1,000 ± 10 mm<br />39.37 ± 0.39 in</td> <td>3,050 ± 10 mm<br />120.08 ± 0.39 in<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.0°</td> <td>5.0° </td> <td>5.0°</td> <td>5.0° </td> <td>5.0° </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Distance measured from centerline of front door to centerline of vehicle-mounted contacts, towards the rear of the bus, unless otherwise noted.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angle of vehicle body relative to a plane perpendicular to the street.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angle of vehicle wheelbase relative to the street plane.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angle of vehicle (along its length) relative to curb line.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Measured to centerline of hood with charging contacts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Measured from ground vertically up to centerline of funnel.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross_rail_(J3105-1)"><span id="Cross_rail_.28J3105-1.29"></span>Cross rail (J3105-1)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cross rail (J3105-1)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrange,_Volvo_Electric_Hybrid_AVL_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bertrange%2C_Volvo_Electric_Hybrid_AVL_%282%29.jpg/162px-Bertrange%2C_Volvo_Electric_Hybrid_AVL_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bertrange%2C_Volvo_Electric_Hybrid_AVL_%282%29.jpg/243px-Bertrange%2C_Volvo_Electric_Hybrid_AVL_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bertrange%2C_Volvo_Electric_Hybrid_AVL_%282%29.jpg/324px-Bertrange%2C_Volvo_Electric_Hybrid_AVL_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="2321" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> cross rail charger with <a href="/wiki/Volvo_7900" title="Volvo 7900">Volvo 7900</a> at the first OppCharge station</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_de_recharge_-_Square-Victoria_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Station_de_recharge_-_Square-Victoria_-_03.jpg/172px-Station_de_recharge_-_Square-Victoria_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Station_de_recharge_-_Square-Victoria_-_03.jpg/258px-Station_de_recharge_-_Square-Victoria_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Station_de_recharge_-_Square-Victoria_-_03.jpg/344px-Station_de_recharge_-_Square-Victoria_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Retracted pantograph</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the cross rail ACD implementation (officially, "Infrastructure-mounted Cross Rail Connection"), a curbside charging station includes an overhead structure overhanging the street. After the bus pulls up to the charging station, contacts are lowered from the overhead charger on a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">pantograph</a> and connect to rails mounted on the forward roof of the bus. </p><p>The cross rail implementation is marketed commercially as OppCharge (opportunity charging) and the OppCharge consortium, led by <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Buses" title="Volvo Buses">Volvo Buses</a>, includes several bus and charging infrastructure manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first OppCharge station was deployed at the end of 2016 in <a href="/wiki/Bertrange" title="Bertrange">Bertrange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> by ABB for hybrid buses built by Volvo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the first OppCharge stations were deployed in 2019 by <a href="/wiki/NFI_Group" title="NFI Group">New Flyer Infrastructure Solutions</a> as on-route chargers for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">New York City Transit Authority</a> along its M42 route.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_up_(J3105-2)"><span id="Bus_up_.28J3105-2.29"></span>Bus up (J3105-2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bus up (J3105-2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Connexxion_9758_pantograph_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Connexxion_9758_pantograph_detail.jpg/182px-Connexxion_9758_pantograph_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Connexxion_9758_pantograph_detail.jpg/273px-Connexxion_9758_pantograph_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Connexxion_9758_pantograph_detail.jpg/364px-Connexxion_9758_pantograph_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/VDL_Citea" title="VDL Citea">VDL Citea</a> with a SCHUNK SLS 102 bus-up pantograph</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAE_J3105-2_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SAE_J3105-2_schematic.svg/152px-SAE_J3105-2_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SAE_J3105-2_schematic.svg/228px-SAE_J3105-2_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SAE_J3105-2_schematic.svg/304px-SAE_J3105-2_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Schematic showing pantograph head and infrastructure-mounted contact hood</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The bus up ACD implementation (officially, "Vehicle-mounted Pantograph Connection") also uses an overhead charger, but the charging contacts remain fixed in place while the bus extends a pantograph up from its roof to meet the charger. The charging contacts are on the underside of a long hooded enclosure to facilitate the bus and charger contact connection. </p><p>The bus up implementation has been adopted by <a href="/wiki/VDL_Bus_%26_Coach" title="VDL Bus & Coach">VDL Bus & Coach</a> using chargers provided by Heliox, with both companies based in The Netherlands. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amstelland-Meerlanden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amstelland-Meerlanden (page does not exist)">Amstelland-Meerlanden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amstelland-Meerlanden" class="extiw" title="nl:Amstelland-Meerlanden">nl</a>]</span> charging depots at Schiphol Airport were the largest electric bus charger installation in Europe when they were completed in 2018, including 23 450 kW opportunity chargers and 84 30 kW depot chargers from Heliox, servicing a fleet of 100 <a href="/wiki/VDL_Citea" title="VDL Citea">VDL Citea</a> SLFA articulated buses equipped with bus-up pantographs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heliox also introduced a dual-interface system compatible with both top-down (J3105-1) and bus-up (J3105-2) vehicles in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pin_and_socket_(J3105-3)"><span id="Pin_and_socket_.28J3105-3.29"></span>Pin and socket (J3105-3)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pin and socket (J3105-3)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAE_J3105-3_pin_sizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SAE_J3105-3_pin_sizes.svg/220px-SAE_J3105-3_pin_sizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SAE_J3105-3_pin_sizes.svg/330px-SAE_J3105-3_pin_sizes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/SAE_J3105-3_pin_sizes.svg/440px-SAE_J3105-3_pin_sizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Two pin sizes for J3105-3</figcaption></figure> <p>In the pin and socket ACD implementation (officially, "Enclosed Pin and Socket Connection"), a pin is inserted horizontally from a curbside charging station into a socket with a guiding funnel on the roof of the vehicle. </p><p>The pin and socket implementation was developed by <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4ubli" title="Stäubli">Stäubli</a>, who market it as the Quick Charging Connector (QCC).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> QCC has been implemented on a test basis at ports in <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (6 charging stations and 25 <a href="/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle" title="Automated guided vehicle">automated guided vehicles</a> [AGV]) and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">Singapore</a> (3 stations and 22 AGVs).<sup id="cite_ref-LSA-178_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSA-178-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Long_Beach" title="Port of Long Beach">Port of Long Beach</a> has announced its intentions to convert an existing fleet of 33 diesel-powered tractors to battery-electric drivetrains, which will include the installation of charging stations. The quantity of charging stations, built by Tritium and fitted with the Stäubli QCC system, will be sufficient to allow all 33 tractors to be charged simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Long Beach charger installation was completed in December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rejected_implementation">Rejected implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rejected implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fourth ACD implementation ("Infrastructure-Mounted Blade Connection" or "Blade") was part of the preliminary development, but marketing was discontinued during development of the J3105 standard and the Blade implementation was not included in the initial issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blade">Blade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:113px;max-width:113px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proterra_Testing_(19765330235).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proterra_Testing_%2819765330235%29.jpg/111px-Proterra_Testing_%2819765330235%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proterra_Testing_%2819765330235%29.jpg/167px-Proterra_Testing_%2819765330235%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proterra_Testing_%2819765330235%29.jpg/222px-Proterra_Testing_%2819765330235%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Proterra_Catalyst" title="Proterra Catalyst">Proterra Catalyst</a> and roof "scoop"</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proterra_electric_bus_at_Eastgate_P%26R_(23543054351).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Proterra_electric_bus_at_Eastgate_P%26R_%2823543054351%29.jpg/223px-Proterra_electric_bus_at_Eastgate_P%26R_%2823543054351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Proterra_electric_bus_at_Eastgate_P%26R_%2823543054351%29.jpg/335px-Proterra_electric_bus_at_Eastgate_P%26R_%2823543054351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Proterra_electric_bus_at_Eastgate_P%26R_%2823543054351%29.jpg/446px-Proterra_electric_bus_at_Eastgate_P%26R_%2823543054351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Charger shoe, positioned above "blade" contact</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The blade ACD implementation ("Infrastructure-mounted Blade Connection") is similar to the cross rail implementation, as both use an overhead charging device with a passive vehicle contact. However, in the blade implementation, a funnel-like "scoop" on the roof of the bus is used to mechanically guide the charger shoe onto a "blade" charging contact at the rear roof of the bus. The blade implementation is slower to engage than the cross rail, but the docking process to mate the vehicle to the charger is more automated. </p><p>The blade implementation was developed by <a href="/wiki/Proterra_(bus_manufacturer)" title="Proterra (bus manufacturer)">Proterra</a> for its line of battery-electric buses. Proterra offered royalty-free access to its patented design starting in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the blade design was not adopted by other manufacturers and the blade implementation was eventually dropped from J3105 during development, some time after 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-EPRI19_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRI19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-KCM-Implementation_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KCM-Implementation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Proterra has since adopted J3105-1 (pantograph-down) or J3105-2 (pantograph-up) charging systems for newer buses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opportunity charging is also known as layover, on-route, or fast charging (350 kW+ charging rates).<sup id="cite_ref-EPRI19_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRI19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Because the charging is done while the bus is in revenue service, opportunity charging locations are selected by <a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">dwell times</a> and route schedules. Fast chargers at high power are used to shorten charge times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Depot charging (also known as base or slow charging, 50 – 100 kW)<sup id="cite_ref-EPRI19_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPRI19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> is similar to operations with conventionally-fueled (diesel, natural gas, or hydrogen) buses, where refueling is performed at bus maintenance and storage depots. Depot charging can be performed at lower power because the charging buses will not be returning to service for several hours.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAE_J3105&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SAE-2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAE-2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAE-2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShuttleworth,_Jennifer2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Shuttleworth, Jennifer (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cuc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Conductive-Automatic-Charging.pdf">"Conductive Automatic Charging Recommended Practice nears completion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Automotive Engineering</i>. Society of Automotive Engineers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Automotive+Engineering&rft.atitle=Conductive+Automatic+Charging+Recommended+Practice+nears+completion&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Shuttleworth%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcuc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FConductive-Automatic-Charging.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASAE+J3105" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/news/press-room/2018/04/sae-international-releases-new-specification-sae-j3068-for-charging-of-medium-and-heavy-duty-electric-vehicles">"SAE International Releases New Specification (SAE J3068) for Charging of Medium and Heavy Duty Electric Vehicles"</a> (Press release). Society of Automotive Engineering International. April 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAE+International+Releases+New+Specification+%28SAE+J3068%29+for+Charging+of+Medium+and+Heavy+Duty+Electric+Vehicles&rft.pub=Society+of+Automotive+Engineering+International&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fnews%2Fpress-room%2F2018%2F04%2Fsae-international-releases-new-specification-sae-j3068-for-charging-of-medium-and-heavy-duty-electric-vehicles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASAE+J3105" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPRI19-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPRI19_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPRI19_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPRI19_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPRI19_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosowski,_Mark2019" class="citation web cs1">Kosowski, Mark (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://downloads.ctfassets.net/ucu418cgcnau/1vNZKyd5BYyaE1L7Ysg006/ad5ec3b9262f75541c0ff656319d9be0/3_Transit_Buses_Depot_October_2019_rev_1.pdf">"Transit Bus Fleet Size"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Society of Automotive Engineers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAE+publishes+On-Route+Mechanized+Conductive+EV+Charging+Systems+Recommended+Practices&rft.pub=Society+of+Automotive+Engineers&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.au=Shuttleworth%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2Fsae-j3105-promotes-safe-charging-for-buses-and-heavy-duty-vehicles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASAE+J3105" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3105_202001/">"Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices"</a>. Society of Automotive Engineers. January 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electric+Vehicle+Power+Transfer+System+Using+Conductive+Automated+Connection+Devices&rft.pub=Society+of+Automotive+Engineers&rft.date=2020-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fstandards%2Fcontent%2Fj3105_202001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASAE+J3105" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosowski,_Mark2020" class="citation web cs1">Kosowski, Mark (March 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.ctfassets.net/ucu418cgcnau/1Ktt4o78uHGFrzVB7p7BjK/416abbf7851dd964c1663ab69c082bcc/05_SAE_J3105_Review_Kosowski.pdf">"SAE J-3105 Heavy-Duty Conductive Automatic Charging Recommended Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Electric Power Research Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s_d%27Ing%C3%A9nieurs_des_Techniques_de_l%27Automobile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Ingénieurs des Techniques de l'Automobile (page does not exist)">FISITA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_ing%C3%A9nieurs_de_l%27automobile" title="Société des ingénieurs de l'automobile">Société des ingénieurs de l'automobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARP4754" title="ARP4754">ARP4754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARP4761" title="ARP4761">ARP4761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS9000" title="AS9000">AS9000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS9100" title="AS9100">AS9100</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J300" title="SAE J300">SAE J300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J306" title="SAE J306">SAE J306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1587" title="SAE J1587">SAE J1587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1708" title="SAE J1708">SAE J1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">SAE J1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavator_controls#SAE_controls" title="Excavator controls">SAE J1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1939" title="SAE J1939">SAE J1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J2452" title="SAE J2452">SAE J2452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car#Classification" title="Self-driving car">SAE J3016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J3068" title="SAE J3068">SAE J3068</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SAE J3105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">SAE J3400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers_Medal" title="Wright Brothers Medal">Wright Brothers Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_L._Riker" title="Andrew L. Riker">Andrew L. Riker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baja_SAE" title="Baja SAE">Baja SAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_SAE" title="Formula SAE">Formula SAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_Aerodesign" title="SAE Aerodesign">SAE Aerodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_Supermileage_Competition" title="SAE Supermileage Competition">SAE Supermileage Competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Societies%27_Building" title="Engineering Societies' Building">Engineering Societies' Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_steel_grades" title="SAE steel grades">SAE steel grades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAE_304_stainless_steel" title="SAE 304 stainless steel">SAE 304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_grade_stainless" title="Marine grade stainless">SAE 316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_316L_stainless_steel" title="SAE 316L stainless steel">SAE 316L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/440C" title="440C">SAE 440C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17-4_stainless_steel" title="17-4 stainless steel">SAE 630</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_904L_stainless_steel" title="SAE 904L stainless steel">SAE 904L</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electric_vehicles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_vehicles" title="Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_vehicles" title="Template talk:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electric_vehicles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/200px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/300px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/400px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2258" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/200px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/300px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg/400px-Locomotive_ChS4-109_2012_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell electric vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">Charging station</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">network</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger" title="Tesla Supercharger">Tesla Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">Type 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_2_connector" title="Type 2 connector">Type 2 (Mennekes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_3_connector" title="Type 3 connector">Type 3 (Scame)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHAdeMO" title="CHAdeMO">AA (CHAdeMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">BB (GB/T)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChaoJi" title="ChaoJi">ChaoJi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Charging_System" title="Combined Charging System">EE/FF (CCS Combo 1/2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megawatt_Charging_System" title="Megawatt Charging System">MCS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">AC/DC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">NACS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GB/T_charging_standard" title="GB/T charging standard">GB/T 20234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">IEC 61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">IEC 62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">IEC 63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15118" title="ISO 15118">ISO 15118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">SAE J1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAE_J3068" title="SAE J3068">SAE J3068</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SAE J3105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Charging_System" title="North American Charging System">SAE J3400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/World_Electric_Vehicle_Association" title="World Electric Vehicle Association">WEVA</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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