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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">S (programming language)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="أس (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أس (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(Programmiersprache)" title="S (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="S (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="اس (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(langage)" title="S (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="S (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="S (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="S (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(linguaggio_di_programmazione)" title="S (linguaggio di programmazione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="S (linguaggio di programmazione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="S (שפת תכנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="S (שפת תכנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="S言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="S言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="S (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="S (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="S (язык программирования) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="S (язык программирования)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="S (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(basa_pamrograman)" title="S (basa pamrograman) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="S (basa pamrograman)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF)" title="எஸ் (நிரல் மொழி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எஸ் (நிரல் மொழி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="S (мова програмування) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="S (мова програмування)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="S語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="S語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1283865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Statistical programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">S</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Object oriented programming">object oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Rick Becker, Allan Wilks, <a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(statistician)" title="John Chambers (statistician)">John Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hastie" title="Trevor Hastie">Trevor Hastie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1976<span class="noprint">; 49 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1976</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Strong typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">depends on implementation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014111802/http://ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/">ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2018-10-14)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language" title="Polymorphic Programming Language">PPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>S</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a statistical <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> developed primarily by <a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(statistician)" title="John Chambers (statistician)">John Chambers</a> and (in earlier versions) Rick Becker, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hastie" title="Trevor Hastie">Trevor Hastie</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William Cleveland</a> and Allan Wilks of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Laboratories</a>. The aim of the language, as expressed by John Chambers, is "to turn ideas into software, quickly and faithfully".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formerly widely used by academic researchers.,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has now been superseded by the partially <a href="/wiki/Backwards_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backwards compatible">backwards compatible</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R language</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> free software project.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a> was a widely used commercial implementation of S that was formerly sold by <a href="/wiki/TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO Software</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Old_S""><span id=".22Old_S.22"></span>"Old S"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Old S""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S is one of several statistical computing languages that were designed at Bell Laboratories, and first took form between 1975–1976. Up to that time, much of the statistical computing was done by directly calling <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> subroutines; however, S was designed to offer an alternate and more interactive approach, motivated in part by <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">exploratory data analysis</a> advocated by <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early design decisions that hold even today include interactive graphics devices (printers and character terminals at the time), and providing easily accessible documentation for the functions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Development of the project was led by <a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(statistician)" title="John Chambers (statistician)">John Chambers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hastie" title="Trevor Hastie">Trevor Hastie</a>, and included developers Richard Becker, Allan Wilks, <a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(statistician)" title="John Chambers (statistician)">John Chambers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William Cleveland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of whom were then employees of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the developers who contributed to S, Chambers is generally agreed to be the most significant contributor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chambers received the Software System Award from the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> for his work on S.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first working version of S was built in 1976, and ran on the <a href="/wiki/General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">GCOS</a> operating system. At this time, S was unnamed; naming suggestions included <i>ISCS (Interactive SCS)</i>, <i>SCS (Statistical Computing System)</i>, and <i>SAS (Statistical Analysis System)</i> (which was already taken: see <a href="/wiki/SAS_System" class="mw-redirect" title="SAS System">SAS System</a>). The name 'S' (used with single quotation marks until 1979) was chosen, as it was a common letter in the suggestions and consistent with other programming languages designed from the same institution at the time (namely the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stands for the word "statistics".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/UNIX/32V" title="UNIX/32V">UNIX/32V</a> was ported to the (then new) 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, computing on the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> platform became feasible for S. In late 1979, S2 was ported from GCOS to UNIX, which would become the new primary platform.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 the first version of S was distributed outside Bell Laboratories and in 1981 source versions were made available.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S was distributed freely in academic circles, and became popular among academic statisticians.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research team at Bell Laboratories published two books in 1984: <i>S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (known as the 'Brown Book') and <i>Extending the S System</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in 1984 the source code for S became licensed through AT&T Software Sales for education and commercial purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""New_S""><span id=".22New_S.22"></span>"New S"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "New S""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first version of <a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a> was released by Statistical Sciences, Inc. in 1988. S-PLUS was later sold to <a href="/wiki/TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO Software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, many changes were made to S and the syntax of the language with the release of S3.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New S Language</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (known as the 'Blue Book') was published to introduce the new features, such as the transition from <i>macros</i> to <i>functions</i> and how functions can be passed to other functions (such as <code>apply</code>). Many other changes to the S language were to extend the concept of "objects", and to make the syntax more consistent (and strict). However, many users found the transition to <i>New S</i> difficult, since their macros needed to be rewritten. Many other changes to S took hold, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a> and <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> graphics devices, rewriting many internal functions from Fortran to C, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Double_precision" class="mw-redirect" title="Double precision">double precision</a> (only) arithmetic. The <i>New S</i> language is very similar to that used in modern versions of <a href="/wiki/S-plus" class="mw-redirect" title="S-plus">S-PLUS</a> and <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>. </p><p>The graphical user interface of S was also updated interactive graphical features after integration with <a href="/wiki/Axum_(programming_language)" title="Axum (programming language)">Axum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Statistical Models in S</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (known as the 'White Book') was published in 1991, introducing Wilkinson-Rogers formula notation<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (using the <code>~</code> operator) for defining statistical models, data frame objects, and modifications to the use of object <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">methods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S4">S4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: S4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The latest version of the S standard is S4, released in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides advanced object-oriented features. S4 classes differ markedly from S3 classes; S4 formally defines the representation and inheritance for each class, and has <a href="/wiki/Multiple_dispatch" title="Multiple dispatch">multiple dispatch</a>: the generic function can be dispatched to a method based on the class of any number of arguments, not just one.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R (programming language)</a>, derivative language based on S programming language that is partially <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a> with S programs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChambers1998" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, John M (1998). <i>Programming with Data: A Guide to the S Language</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98503-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98503-9"><bdi>978-0-387-98503-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+with+Data%3A+A+Guide+to+the+S+Language&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98503-9&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=John+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.rice.edu/~helpdesk/tutorial/Stut01.html">"S-Plus: An Introduction"</a>. <i>www.stat.rice.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat.rice.edu&rft.atitle=S-Plus%3A+An+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.rice.edu%2F~helpdesk%2Ftutorial%2FStut01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichollsPughGott2015" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Andy; Pugh, Richard; Gott, Aimee (2015-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPA0CwAAQBAJ&dq=is+r+code+backwards+compatible+with+s&pg=PP38"><i>R in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself</i></a>. Sams Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-428880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-428880-2"><bdi>978-0-13-428880-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R+in+24+Hours%2C+Sams+Teach+Yourself&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-13-428880-2&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Richard&rft.au=Gott%2C+Aimee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPA0CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dis%2Br%2Bcode%2Bbackwards%2Bcompatible%2Bwith%2Bs%26pg%3DPP38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshwaniSatyanarayana2020" class="citation book cs1">Ashwani, Kumar; Satyanarayana, Reddy, Seelam Sai (2020-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLgIEAAAQBAJ&dq=trevor+hastie+s+language&pg=PA179"><i>Advancements in Security and Privacy Initiatives for Multimedia Images</i></a>. IGI Global. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-2797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-2797-9"><bdi>978-1-7998-2797-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advancements+in+Security+and+Privacy+Initiatives+for+Multimedia+Images&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.isbn=978-1-7998-2797-9&rft.aulast=Ashwani&rft.aufirst=Kumar&rft.au=Satyanarayana%2C+Reddy%2C+Seelam+Sai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLgIEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrevor%2Bhastie%2Bs%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becker-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecker" class="citation cs2">Becker, Richard A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044213/http://www2.research.att.com/areas/stat/doc/94.11.ps"><i>A Brief History of S</i></a>, Murray Hill, New Jersey: AT&T Bell Laboratories, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.research.att.com/areas/stat/doc/94.11.ps">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PS)</span> on 2015-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+S&rft.place=Murray+Hill%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=AT%26T+Bell+Laboratories&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.research.att.com%2Fareas%2Fstat%2Fdoc%2F94.11.ps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerryJohnstonJr2014" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Kenneth J.; Johnston, Janis E.; Jr, Paul W. Mielke (2014-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BX3BBAAAQBAJ&dq=trevor+hastie+s+language&pg=PA207"><i>A Chronicle of Permutation Statistical Methods: 1920–2000, and Beyond</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-02744-9"><bdi>978-3-319-02744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronicle+of+Permutation+Statistical+Methods%3A+1920%E2%80%932000%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.isbn=978-3-319-02744-9&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Janis+E.&rft.au=Jr%2C+Paul+W.+Mielke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBX3BBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrevor%2Bhastie%2Bs%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8plKEAAAQBAJ&dq=s+plus+douglas+r+martin&pg=PA8088"><i>Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Volume 12</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. 2005-12-16. p. 8088. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74406-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-74406-1"><bdi>978-0-471-74406-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Statistical+Sciences%2C+Volume+12&rft.pages=8088&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-471-74406-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8plKEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ds%2Bplus%2Bdouglas%2Br%2Bmartin%26pg%3DPA8088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharpentier2014" class="citation book cs1">Charpentier, Arthur (2014-08-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OvsYCwAAQBAJ&dq=trevor+hastie+s+language&pg=PA4"><i>Computational Actuarial Science with R</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-5982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-5982-3"><bdi>978-1-4987-5982-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+Actuarial+Science+with+R&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014-08-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-5982-3&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOvsYCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrevor%2Bhastie%2Bs%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichollsPughGott2015" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Andy; Pugh, Richard; Gott, Aimee (2015-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPA0CwAAQBAJ&dq=s+plus+tibco&pg=PP31"><i>R in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself</i></a>. Sams Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-428880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-428880-2"><bdi>978-0-13-428880-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R+in+24+Hours%2C+Sams+Teach+Yourself&rft.pub=Sams+Publishing&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-13-428880-2&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Pugh%2C+Richard&rft.au=Gott%2C+Aimee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPA0CwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ds%2Bplus%2Btibco%26pg%3DPP31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers2008" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, John (2008-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXneuOIvhEAC&q=+s+&pg=PA477"><i>Software for Data Analysis: Programming with R</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">477–</span>478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-75936-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-75936-4"><bdi>978-0-387-75936-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+for+Data+Analysis%3A+Programming+with+R&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E478&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008-06-14&rft.isbn=978-0-387-75936-4&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXneuOIvhEAC%26q%3D%2Bs%2B%26pg%3DPA477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardinHilbe2002" class="citation book cs1">Hardin, James W.; Hilbe, Joseph M. (2002-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux7NBQAAQBAJ&dq=trevor+hastie+s+language&pg=PA12"><i>Generalized Estimating Equations</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3528-5"><bdi>978-1-4200-3528-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generalized+Estimating+Equations&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-3528-5&rft.aulast=Hardin&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft.au=Hilbe%2C+Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUx7NBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrevor%2Bhastie%2Bs%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckerChambers,_J.M.1984" class="citation book cs1">Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sinteractiveenvi00beck_0"><i>S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics</i></a></span>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-03313-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-03313-X"><bdi>0-534-03313-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%3A+An+Interactive+Environment+for+Data+Analysis+and+Graphics&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pub=Wadsworth+%26+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-534-03313-X&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsinteractiveenvi00beck_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckerChambers,_J.M.1985" class="citation book cs1">Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M. (1985). <i>Extending the S System</i>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-05016-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-05016-6"><bdi>0-534-05016-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extending+the+S+System&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pub=Wadsworth+%26+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-534-05016-6&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckerChambers,_J.M.Wilks,_A.R.1988" class="citation book cs1">Becker, R.A.; Chambers, J.M.; Wilks, A.R. (1988). <i>The New S Language: A Programming Environment for Data Analysis and Graphics</i>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-09192-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-09192-X"><bdi>0-534-09192-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+S+Language%3A+A+Programming+Environment+for+Data+Analysis+and+Graphics&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pub=Wadsworth+%26+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-534-09192-X&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Wilks%2C+A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambersHastie,_T.J.1991" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, J.M.; Hastie, T.J. (1991). <i>Statistical Models in S</i>. Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. p. 624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-05291-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-05291-1"><bdi>0-412-05291-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Models+in+S&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA%2C+USA&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Wadsworth+%26+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-412-05291-1&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Hastie%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonRogers,_C.E.1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, G.N.; Rogers, C.E. (1973). "Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance". <i>Applied Statistics</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">392–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2346786">10.2307/2346786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2346786">2346786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Statistics&rft.atitle=Symbolic+description+of+factorial+models+for+analysis+of+variance&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E392-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2346786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2346786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=G.N.&rft.au=Rogers%2C+C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(statistician)" title="John Chambers (statistician)">Chambers, John</a> (January 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014111802/http://ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/">"The S System"</a>. Bell Labs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ect.bell-labs.com/sl/S/">the original</a> on 2018-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+S+System&rft.pub=Bell+Labs&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fect.bell-labs.com%2Fsl%2FS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWickham2019" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Hadley (2019). "S4". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adv-r.had.co.nz/S4.html"><i>Advanced R.</i></a> adv-r.had.co.nz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466586963" title="Special:BookSources/9781466586963"><bdi>9781466586963</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S4&rft.btitle=Advanced+R.&rft.pub=adv-r.had.co.nz&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781466586963&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadv-r.had.co.nz%2FS4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=S_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i> Evolution of the S Language</i>, by John M. Chambers, discusses the new features in Version 4 of S (in <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> format), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619151713/https://statweb.stanford.edu/~jmc4/papers/96.7.ps">Archived</a> 2023-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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