CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js b-pw-1280 b-reith-sans-font b-reith-serif-font b-reith-serif-loaded b-reith-sans-loaded"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/food","20220720114317","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1658317397"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta data-rh="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="INDEX,tags-content-index,tag,live"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="The BBC’s latest food stories from around the world"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Food"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="website"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/food"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="The BBC’s latest food stories from around the world"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p09g0nzq.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:width" content="624"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:height" content="351"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:pages" content="279678448760878"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@BBC_Future"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Food"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="The BBC’s latest food stories from around the world"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/live/624x351/p09g0nzq.jpg"/> <title data-rh="true">Food - BBC Future</title> <link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/food"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/future/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/future/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/future/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/future/favicon.ico"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/future/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#063d90"/><link data-rh="true" rel="manifest" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/worklife/assets/future/site.webmanifest"/> <script> window.orb_fig_blocking = true; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* IE11 polyfills */ if (!('values' in Object)) { Object.prototype.constructor.values = function(o) { if (typeof o !== 'object') return console.error('not an object') return Object.keys(o).map(function(k) { return o[k] }) } } if (!('find' in Array.prototype)) { Array.prototype.find = function(fn) { for (let i = 0; i < this.length; i += 1) { if (fn.call(this, this[i], i)) return this[i]; } return undefined; } } if (!('includes' in Array.prototype)) { Array.prototype.includes = function(search) { return this.indexOf(search) > -1 } } </script> <script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace('no-js', '');</script>    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <style> :root { --bbc-font: ReithSans, Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; --bbc-font-legacy: Arial, Helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; } </style> <script nomodule type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/polyfills.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/css/orbit-v5-ltr.min.css"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/require.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.orbitData = {}; var additionalPageProperties = {}; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_5'] = '' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_1'] = '' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_3'] = '' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_9'] = '1' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_10'] = '' || null; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_6'] = '' || null; window.orbitData.userProfileUrl = "https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/userprofile"; window.page = { name: 'future.tags.food.page' || null, destination: 'FEATURE_SITES_GNL' || null, producer: 'GNL_FUTURE' || null, section: '' || null, site: '' || null, contentId: '' || null, contentType: 'index-section' || null, edition: '' || null, additionalProperties: additionalPageProperties }; window.page.language = 'en'; window.page.language = 'en'; window.page.modal = false; </script> <script type="text/javascript">!function(){var t={930:function(t,e,r){function n(t,e){var r=Object.keys(t);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(t);e&&(n=n.filter((function(e){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,e).enumerable}))),r.push.apply(r,n)}return r}function o(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var r=null!=arguments[e]?arguments[e]:{};e%2?n(Object(r),!0).forEach((function(e){i(t,e,r[e])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(r)):n(Object(r)).forEach((function(e){Object.defineProperty(t,e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(r,e))}))}return t}function i(t,e,r){return e in t?Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):t[e]=r,t}var c=r(382),u=r(19);window.bbcpage=c.init(o({},window.page)),window.page=void 0,window.bbcuser=u.init(window,o({},window.user)),window.user=void 0},382:function(t){function e(t,e){var r=Object.keys(t);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(t);e&&(n=n.filter((function(e){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,e).enumerable}))),r.push.apply(r,n)}return r}function r(t){for(var r=1;r<arguments.length;r++){var o=null!=arguments[r]?arguments[r]:{};r%2?e(Object(o),!0).forEach((function(e){n(t,e,o[e])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(o)):e(Object(o)).forEach((function(e){Object.defineProperty(t,e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(o,e))}))}return t}function n(t,e,r){return e in t?Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):t[e]=r,t}t.exports={init:function(t){var e=r({},t);return document.addEventListener("bbc-page-reset",(function(t){var r;t.detail&&t.detail.page&&(r=t.detail.page,e=Object.assign(e,r)),document.dispatchEvent(new Event("bbc-page-updated"))})),{getName:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.name||function(){if("file:"===window.location.protocol)return"local.file";var t=window.location.pathname.replace(/\/$/,"").replace(/^\//,"").replace(/\//g,".");return"".concat(t,".page")}())},getLanguage:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.language)},getDestination:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.destination)},getProducer:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.producer)},getSection:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.section)},getContentType:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.contentType)},getContentId:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.contentId)},getReferrer:function(){return Promise.resolve(window.orb&&null!==window.orb.referrer&&void 0!==window.orb.referrer?window.orb.referrer:document.referrer)},getAdditionalProperties:function(){return Promise.resolve(r({},e.additionalProperties))},loadCSS:function(t){return new Promise((function(e,r){var n=document.createElement("link");n.type="text/css",n.rel="stylesheet",n.onload=function(){e()},n.href=t,document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(n)}))},isModal:function(){return Promise.resolve(e.modal)}}}}},19:function(t,e,r){function n(t){return n="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t},n(t)}function o(t,e){var r=Object.keys(t);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var n=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(t);e&&(n=n.filter((function(e){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,e).enumerable}))),r.push.apply(r,n)}return r}function i(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var r=null!=arguments[e]?arguments[e]:{};e%2?o(Object(r),!0).forEach((function(e){c(t,e,r[e])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(r)):o(Object(r)).forEach((function(e){Object.defineProperty(t,e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(r,e))}))}return t}function c(t,e,r){return e in t?Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):t[e]=r,t}function u(t,e){for(var r=0;r<e.length;r++){var n=e[r];n.enumerable=n.enumerable||!1,n.configurable=!0,"value"in n&&(n.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(t,n.key,n)}}function a(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}function f(t,e){if(e&&("object"===n(e)||"function"==typeof e))return e;if(void 0!==e)throw new TypeError("Derived constructors may only return object or undefined");return function(t){if(void 0===t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return t}(t)}function s(t){var e="function"==typeof Map?new Map:void 0;return s=function(t){if(null===t||(r=t,-1===Function.toString.call(r).indexOf("[native code]")))return t;var r;if("function"!=typeof t)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function");if(void 0!==e){if(e.has(t))return e.get(t);e.set(t,n)}function n(){return l(t,arguments,d(this).constructor)}return n.prototype=Object.create(t.prototype,{constructor:{value:n,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),h(n,t)},s(t)}function l(t,e,r){return l=p()?Reflect.construct.bind():function(t,e,r){var n=[null];n.push.apply(n,e);var o=new(Function.bind.apply(t,n));return r&&h(o,r.prototype),o},l.apply(null,arguments)}function p(){if("undefined"==typeof Reflect||!Reflect.construct)return!1;if(Reflect.construct.sham)return!1;if("function"==typeof Proxy)return!0;try{return Boolean.prototype.valueOf.call(Reflect.construct(Boolean,[],(function(){}))),!0}catch(t){return!1}}function h(t,e){return h=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf.bind():function(t,e){return t.__proto__=e,t},h(t,e)}function d(t){return d=Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.getPrototypeOf.bind():function(t){return t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)},d(t)}var y=r(890).loadModule,v=function(t){!function(t,e){if("function"!=typeof e&&null!==e)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function");t.prototype=Object.create(e&&e.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),Object.defineProperty(t,"prototype",{writable:!1}),e&&h(t,e)}(s,t);var e,r,n,o,i,c=(e=s,r=p(),function(){var t,n=d(e);if(r){var o=d(this).constructor;t=Reflect.construct(n,arguments,o)}else t=n.apply(this,arguments);return f(this,t)});function s(){return a(this,s),c.apply(this,arguments)}return n=s,o&&u(n.prototype,o),i&&u(n,i),Object.defineProperty(n,"prototype",{writable:!1}),n}(s(Error));t.exports={init:function(t,e){var r,n=i({},e),o=null;function c(){if(["X-Country","X-Ip_is_advertise_combined","X-Ip_is_uk_combined"].every((function(t){return!!n[t]})))return Promise.resolve(n);if(!o){var e=t.location.hostname.endsWith(".com")?"com":"co.uk";o=t.fetch("https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.".concat(e,"/userinfo")).then((function(t){return t.json()}))}return o}function u(t){if(t.status>=200&&t.status<300)return t;var e=new Error(t.statusText);throw e.response=t,e}function a(t){return t.json()}function f(){if(n.ageBand)return Promise.resolve(n);if(!r){if("undefined"==typeof XMLHttpRequest||!("withCredentials"in new XMLHttpRequest))return Promise.resolve(n);r=y(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(e){return e.initiateTokenRefresh().then((function(){return t.fetch(t.orbitData.userProfileUrl,{credentials:"include"}).then(u).then(a).then((function(t){return n=i(i({},n),t)}))}))}))}return r}var s={getHashedId:function(){return y(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(t){return t.getCookieInstance().getHidFromCookie()}))},isSignedIn:function(){return y(["idcta-v2/idcta-1"]).then((function(t){return t&&t.getCookieInstance().hasCookie()}))},getCountry:function(){return c().then((function(t){return t["X-Country"]||"gb"}))},isUKCombined:function(){return c().then((function(t){if(!t["X-Ip_is_uk_combined"])throw new v("missing isUKCombined from userinfo response");return"yes"===t["X-Ip_is_uk_combined"].toLowerCase()}))},canSeeAdverts:function(){return c().then((function(t){if(!t["X-Ip_is_advertise_combined"])throw new v("missing canSeeAdverts from userinfo response");return"yes"===t["X-Ip_is_advertise_combined"].toLowerCase()}))},getAgeBand:function(){return c().then((function(t){return t["X-Age-Band"]?Promise.resolve(t["X-Age-Band"]):s.isSignedIn().then((function(t){if(t)return f().then((function(t){return n["X-Age-Band"]=t["X-Age-Band"],n["X-Age-Band"]||void 0})).catch((function(){return n["X-Age-Band"]||void 0}))}))}))},allowsPerformanceCookies:function(){return y(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(t){return!!t.cookiesEnabled()&&!!t.readPolicy("performance")}))},allowsFunctionalCookies:function(){return y(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(t){return!!t.cookiesEnabled()&&!!t.readPolicy("personalisation")}))},getCookieValue:function(t){return y(["orb/cookies"]).then((function(e){return e.get(t)}))}};return s},BBCUserError:v}},890:function(t){t.exports={loadModule:function(t){return new Promise((function(e,r){window.require(t,(function(){e.apply(this,arguments)}),(function(t){r(t)}))}))}}},666:function(t){var e=function(t){"use strict";var e,r=Object.prototype,n=r.hasOwnProperty,o="function"==typeof Symbol?Symbol:{},i=o.iterator||"@@iterator",c=o.asyncIterator||"@@asyncIterator",u=o.toStringTag||"@@toStringTag";function a(t,e,r){return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}),t[e]}try{a({},"")}catch(t){a=function(t,e,r){return t[e]=r}}function f(t,e,r,n){var o=e&&e.prototype instanceof v?e:v,i=Object.create(o.prototype),c=new k(n||[]);return i._invoke=function(t,e,r){var n=l;return function(o,i){if(n===h)throw new Error("Generator is already running");if(n===d){if("throw"===o)throw i;return C()}for(r.method=o,r.arg=i;;){var c=r.delegate;if(c){var u=_(c,r);if(u){if(u===y)continue;return u}}if("next"===r.method)r.sent=r._sent=r.arg;else if("throw"===r.method){if(n===l)throw n=d,r.arg;r.dispatchException(r.arg)}else"return"===r.method&&r.abrupt("return",r.arg);n=h;var a=s(t,e,r);if("normal"===a.type){if(n=r.done?d:p,a.arg===y)continue;return{value:a.arg,done:r.done}}"throw"===a.type&&(n=d,r.method="throw",r.arg=a.arg)}}}(t,r,c),i}function s(t,e,r){try{return{type:"normal",arg:t.call(e,r)}}catch(t){return{type:"throw",arg:t}}}t.wrap=f;var l="suspendedStart",p="suspendedYield",h="executing",d="completed",y={};function v(){}function b(){}function g(){}var w={};a(w,i,(function(){return this}));var m=Object.getPrototypeOf,O=m&&m(m(S([])));O&&O!==r&&n.call(O,i)&&(w=O);var P=g.prototype=v.prototype=Object.create(w);function j(t){["next","throw","return"].forEach((function(e){a(t,e,(function(t){return this._invoke(e,t)}))}))}function E(t,e){function r(o,i,c,u){var a=s(t[o],t,i);if("throw"!==a.type){var f=a.arg,l=f.value;return l&&"object"==typeof l&&n.call(l,"__await")?e.resolve(l.__await).then((function(t){r("next",t,c,u)}),(function(t){r("throw",t,c,u)})):e.resolve(l).then((function(t){f.value=t,c(f)}),(function(t){return r("throw",t,c,u)}))}u(a.arg)}var o;this._invoke=function(t,n){function i(){return new e((function(e,o){r(t,n,e,o)}))}return o=o?o.then(i,i):i()}}function _(t,r){var n=t.iterator[r.method];if(n===e){if(r.delegate=null,"throw"===r.method){if(t.iterator.return&&(r.method="return",r.arg=e,_(t,r),"throw"===r.method))return y;r.method="throw",r.arg=new TypeError("The iterator does not provide a 'throw' method")}return y}var o=s(n,t.iterator,r.arg);if("throw"===o.type)return r.method="throw",r.arg=o.arg,r.delegate=null,y;var i=o.arg;return i?i.done?(r[t.resultName]=i.value,r.next=t.nextLoc,"return"!==r.method&&(r.method="next",r.arg=e),r.delegate=null,y):i:(r.method="throw",r.arg=new TypeError("iterator result is not an object"),r.delegate=null,y)}function x(t){var e={tryLoc:t[0]};1 in t&&(e.catchLoc=t[1]),2 in t&&(e.finallyLoc=t[2],e.afterLoc=t[3]),this.tryEntries.push(e)}function L(t){var e=t.completion||{};e.type="normal",delete e.arg,t.completion=e}function k(t){this.tryEntries=[{tryLoc:"root"}],t.forEach(x,this),this.reset(!0)}function S(t){if(t){var r=t[i];if(r)return r.call(t);if("function"==typeof t.next)return t;if(!isNaN(t.length)){var o=-1,c=function r(){for(;++o<t.length;)if(n.call(t,o))return r.value=t[o],r.done=!1,r;return r.value=e,r.done=!0,r};return c.next=c}}return{next:C}}function C(){return{value:e,done:!0}}return b.prototype=g,a(P,"constructor",g),a(g,"constructor",b),b.displayName=a(g,u,"GeneratorFunction"),t.isGeneratorFunction=function(t){var e="function"==typeof t&&t.constructor;return!!e&&(e===b||"GeneratorFunction"===(e.displayName||e.name))},t.mark=function(t){return Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,g):(t.__proto__=g,a(t,u,"GeneratorFunction")),t.prototype=Object.create(P),t},t.awrap=function(t){return{__await:t}},j(E.prototype),a(E.prototype,c,(function(){return this})),t.AsyncIterator=E,t.async=function(e,r,n,o,i){void 0===i&&(i=Promise);var c=new E(f(e,r,n,o),i);return t.isGeneratorFunction(r)?c:c.next().then((function(t){return t.done?t.value:c.next()}))},j(P),a(P,u,"Generator"),a(P,i,(function(){return this})),a(P,"toString",(function(){return"[object Generator]"})),t.keys=function(t){var e=[];for(var r in t)e.push(r);return e.reverse(),function r(){for(;e.length;){var n=e.pop();if(n in t)return r.value=n,r.done=!1,r}return r.done=!0,r}},t.values=S,k.prototype={constructor:k,reset:function(t){if(this.prev=0,this.next=0,this.sent=this._sent=e,this.done=!1,this.delegate=null,this.method="next",this.arg=e,this.tryEntries.forEach(L),!t)for(var r in this)"t"===r.charAt(0)&&n.call(this,r)&&!isNaN(+r.slice(1))&&(this[r]=e)},stop:function(){this.done=!0;var t=this.tryEntries[0].completion;if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return this.rval},dispatchException:function(t){if(this.done)throw t;var r=this;function o(n,o){return u.type="throw",u.arg=t,r.next=n,o&&(r.method="next",r.arg=e),!!o}for(var i=this.tryEntries.length-1;i>=0;--i){var c=this.tryEntries[i],u=c.completion;if("root"===c.tryLoc)return o("end");if(c.tryLoc<=this.prev){var a=n.call(c,"catchLoc"),f=n.call(c,"finallyLoc");if(a&&f){if(this.prev<c.catchLoc)return o(c.catchLoc,!0);if(this.prev<c.finallyLoc)return o(c.finallyLoc)}else if(a){if(this.prev<c.catchLoc)return o(c.catchLoc,!0)}else{if(!f)throw new Error("try statement without catch or finally");if(this.prev<c.finallyLoc)return o(c.finallyLoc)}}}},abrupt:function(t,e){for(var r=this.tryEntries.length-1;r>=0;--r){var o=this.tryEntries[r];if(o.tryLoc<=this.prev&&n.call(o,"finallyLoc")&&this.prev<o.finallyLoc){var i=o;break}}i&&("break"===t||"continue"===t)&&i.tryLoc<=e&&e<=i.finallyLoc&&(i=null);var c=i?i.completion:{};return c.type=t,c.arg=e,i?(this.method="next",this.next=i.finallyLoc,y):this.complete(c)},complete:function(t,e){if("throw"===t.type)throw t.arg;return"break"===t.type||"continue"===t.type?this.next=t.arg:"return"===t.type?(this.rval=this.arg=t.arg,this.method="return",this.next="end"):"normal"===t.type&&e&&(this.next=e),y},finish:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var r=this.tryEntries[e];if(r.finallyLoc===t)return this.complete(r.completion,r.afterLoc),L(r),y}},catch:function(t){for(var e=this.tryEntries.length-1;e>=0;--e){var r=this.tryEntries[e];if(r.tryLoc===t){var n=r.completion;if("throw"===n.type){var o=n.arg;L(r)}return o}}throw new Error("illegal catch attempt")},delegateYield:function(t,r,n){return this.delegate={iterator:S(t),resultName:r,nextLoc:n},"next"===this.method&&(this.arg=e),y}},t}(t.exports);try{regeneratorRuntime=e}catch(t){"object"==typeof globalThis?globalThis.regeneratorRuntime=e:Function("r","regeneratorRuntime = r")(e)}}},e={};function r(n){var o=e[n];if(void 0!==o)return o.exports;var i=e[n]={exports:{}};return t[n](i,i.exports,r),i.exports}r(666);r(930)}();</script> <script type="module"> window.importmap = {"orbit-drawer":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/drawer.mjs","bbccookies":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/3f9f645bbdc728a44b169085209ac07f/cookie-banner/cookie-library.module.js"}; var o={738:function(o){o.exports={loadModule:function(o){return new Promise(((n,t)=>{window.require(o,(function(){n.apply(this,arguments)}),(o=>{t(o)}))}))}}},61:function(o,n,t){const{loadModule:r}=t(738);o.exports=function(o){return function(n){return"string"==typeof n&&o[n]?import(o[n]):r(n)}}}},n={};function t(r){var i=n[r];if(void 0!==i)return i.exports;var e=n[r]={exports:{}};return o[r](e,e.exports,t),e.exports}!function(){const o=t(61);window.shimport=o({...window.importmap}),window.importMap=void 0}();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.page = undefined; window.user = undefined; </script> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Rg.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Bd.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin>          <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/a09604052573bb19bead51a4b2aba66c/css/box.css"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/3f9f645bbdc728a44b169085209ac07f/cookie-banner/cookie-library.bundle.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">void 0!==window.define&&define("orb/cookies",function(){return window.bbccookies})</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.__detectview={clickManagementEnabled:false};</script> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";!function(){window.__reverbStaticLocation="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/",window.__smarttagVersion="5.29.1",window.__reverb={},window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise=new Promise(function(e,i){window.__reverb.__resolveReverbLoaded=e,window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded=i}),window.__reverb.__reverbTimeout=setTimeout(function(){window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded()},5e3);var i=function(d,a){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){if(d&&d.detail){var i=!!d.detail.item,n=d.detail.label,t=i?"viewability":d.detail.type,o=d.detail.elem,r=d.detail.originalEvent;d.detail.isClick&&(a=d.detail.isClick),e.userActionEvent(t,n,d.detail,o,r,a)}},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})},n=function(){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})};document.addEventListener("bbc-user-event",function(e){i(e,!1)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-user-click",function(e){i(e,!0)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",n),window.addEventListener("pageshow",function(e){e.persisted&&n()})}();</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/reverb-3.5.0.js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript">const adsDebug=/[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href),dotcomFlag=/[?|&]ngas/.test(window.location.href),isWwhp=/.bbc.com/.test(window.location.hostname)&&"/"===window.location.pathname||"/wwhp"===window.location.pathname,rx=new RegExp(".bbc.com/sport"),isSport=rx.test(window.location.href),newsRX=new RegExp(".bbc.com/news"),isNews=newsRX.test(window.location.href),weatherRX=new RegExp(".bbc.com/weather"),isWeather=weatherRX.test(window.location.href),progRX=new RegExp(".bbc.co.uk/programmes"),isProg=progRX.test(window.location.href),bbcdotcomDebug=/[?|&]bbcdotcom/.test(window.location.href);var dotcomNgasEl,head,bbcdotcomConfig,bbcdotcomForgeAsync,googletag,bbcdotcom;!bbcdotcomDebug&&(dotcomFlag||isWwhp||isSport||isNews||isWeather||isProg)?(window.dotcom=window.dotcom||{cmd:[]},window.dotcomConfig=window.dotcomConfig||{},window.dotcom.ads=window.dotcom.ads||{},window.dotcom.ads.resolves={enabled:[],getAdTag:[]},window.dotcom.ads.enabled=function(){return new Promise(function(o){window.dotcom.ads.resolves.enabled.push(o)})},window.dotcom.ads.getAdTag=function(){return new Promise(function(o){window.dotcom.ads.resolves.getAdTag.push(o)})},require({paths:{bbcdotcom:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1/script"}}),dotcomNgasEl=document.createElement("script"),head=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0],window.dotcomConfig.bbcdotcom=!0,window.bbcdotcom={adverts:{},reset:function(){},setAdUnit:function(){},stickyAdvert:function(){return{add:function(){}}}},window.bbcdotcomConfig={},window.bbcdotcom.cmd={push:function(o){window.dotcom.cmd.push(o)}},bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues={unset:function(){}},bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit={setUid:function(){}},bbcdotcom.av={emp:{adverts:""}},bbcdotcom.init=function(o){if(0===window.location.pathname.indexOf("/sport")||0===window.location.pathname.indexOf("/storyworks")){if(o.adsToDisplay)for(var t=0;t<o.adsToDisplay.length;t++){var n=o.adsToDisplay[t];window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){window.dotcom.ads.registerSlot(n)})}if(o.keyValues)for(var t in o.keyValues)window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){window.dotcom.ads.setTargeting(t,o.keyValues[t])})}},bbcdotcom.resetPage=function(o){window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){window.dotcom.locationChange(o)})},bbcdotcom.setAdUnit=function(o){window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){window.dotcom.ads.setAdUnit(o)})},bbcdotcom.slotAsync=function(o,t){window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){window.dotcom.ads.registerSlot(o,{},"",t)})},bbcdotcom.registerAd=function(o,t,n){let c,e;"string"==typeof o?c=o:([c]=Object.keys(o),e=o[c].advertText||"",t=o[c].groups||t||""),window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){window.dotcom.ads.registerSlot(c,n,e,t)})},bbcdotcom.pubsub={on:function(o,t){window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.on(o,t)})},off:function(o,t){window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.off(o,t)})}},bbcdotcom.setConfig=function(o){window.adsDebug&&adsDebug&&console.log("bbcdotcom setConfig",o)},bbcdotcom.config={isAdsEnabled:function(){return!0},isAnalyticsEnabled:function(){return!0},isAvailable:function(){return new Promise(function(o){o(!0)})},isActive:function(){return!0}},bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue=function(o,t){window.dotcom.cmd.push(function(){window.dotcom.ads.setTargeting(o,t)})},bbcdotcom.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!0}}},dotcomNgasEl.type="text/javascript",dotcomNgasEl.async=!0,dotcomNgasEl.src=/ads-test=true/.test(window.location.search)?"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/ngas/latest/test/dotcom-bootstrap.js":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/ngas/latest/dotcom-bootstrap.js",dotcomNgasEl.onload=function(){var o=document.getElementById("bbccom_interstitial");o&&(o.setAttribute("id","dotcom-interstitial"),o.setAttribute("class","dotcom-ad"),bbcdotcom.slotAsync("interstitial"))},head.appendChild(dotcomNgasEl),window.dotcomEnabled=!0):(bbcdotcomConfig={},bbcdotcomForgeAsync=!0,(googletag=window.googletag||{}).cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[],bbcdotcomScripts=[],tp=window.tp||[],_comscore=window._comscore||[],(bbcdotcom={test:/test/.test(window.location.hostname),adverts:{keyValues:{},breakpoints:{}},advert:{write:function(){},show:function(){},isActive:function(){return!1},layout:function(){return{reset:function(){}}}},config:{init:function(){},isAvailable:function(){return new Promise(function(o){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable.push(o):o(!1)})},isAdsEnabledAsync:function(){return new Promise(function(o){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.adsEnabled.push(o):o(!1)})},isAnalyticsEnabledAsync:function(){return new Promise(function(o){bbcdotcom.resolves?bbcdotcom.resolves.analyticsEnabled.push(o):o(!1)})},setSections:function(){},setAdsEnabled:function(){},setAnalyticsEnabled:function(){},setAssetPrefix:function(){},setFlagpoles:function(){},setVersion:function(){},setJsPrefix:function(){},setSwfPrefix:function(){},setCssPrefix:function(){},setConfig:function(){},getAssetPrefix:function(){},getJsPrefix:function(){},getSwfPrefix:function(){},getCssPrefix:function(){},isOptimizelyEnabled:function(){},isThirdPartyDisabled:function(){},isThirdPartyDisabledEU:function(){},setEU:function(){}},survey:{init:function(){return!1}},data:{},init:function(){},objects:function(o){return!1},locale:{set:function(){},get:function(){}},setAdKeyValue:function(){},utils:{addEvent:function(){},addHtmlTagClass:function(){},log:function(){}},addLoadEvent:function(){},resolves:{isAvailable:[],adsEnabled:[],analyticsEnabled:[]},resolvePromises:function(){if(bbcdotcom.resolves){for(var o=0;o<bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable.length;o++)bbcdotcom.resolves.isAvailable[o](!1);delete bbcdotcom.resolves}},flag:{a:!1,s:!1},asyncCmd:[],isSportApp:function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0!==o&&-1!==o.indexOf(".app")&&0===o.indexOf("/sport")},init:function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.init(o)})},slotAsync:function(o,t,n,c){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.slotAsync(o,t,n,c)})}}).adverts.slotAsync=function(o,t,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.slotAsync(o,t,n)})},bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled=function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0===o||0!==o.indexOf("/sport")||-1===o.indexOf(".app")},bbcdotcom.config.isActive=function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0===o||0!==o.indexOf("/sport")||-1===o.indexOf(".app")},bbcdotcom.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!0},bbcdotcom.registerAd=function(o,t,n){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.registerAd(o,t,n)})},bbcdotcom.setAdUnit=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setAdUnit(o)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit={},bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit.setUid=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.adUnit.setUid(o)})},bbcdotcom.setConfig=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setConfig(o)})},bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue=function(o,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue(o,t)})},bbcdotcom.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!0}}},bbcdotcom.disableAndCloseOpenAds=function(){bbcdotcom.asyncDisableAndCloseOpenAds=!0},bbcdotcom.setAdKeyValue=function(o,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set(o,t)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set=function(o,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.set(o,t)})},bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.unset=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.keyValues.unset(o)})},bbcdotcom.pubsub={},bbcdotcom.pubsub.on=function(o,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.on(o,t)})},bbcdotcom.pubsub.off=function(o,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.pubsub.off(o,t)})},bbcdotcom.analytics={},bbcdotcom.analytics.page=function(o){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.analytics.page(o)})},bbcdotcom.av={emp:{adverts:""}},bbcdotcom.config.isContinuousPlayPage=function(){return!1},bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp=function(){var o=window.location.pathname;return void 0!==o&&-1!==o.indexOf(".app")&&0===o.indexOf("/sport")},bbcdotcom.adverts.breakpoints.setGroupStart=function(o,t){bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.push(function(){bbcdotcom.adverts.breakpoints.setGroupStart(o,t)})},"undefined"!=typeof require&&require({paths:{bbcdotcom:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1/script"}}),window.bbcdotcom&&bbcdotcom.isSportApp&&!bbcdotcom.isSportApp()&&window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(o){return o&&!adsDebug?(adsDebug&&console.log("UK location, not ads debug mode, don't load flags, don't load ads."),(o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},void o.resolvePromises()):void window.bbcuser.canSeeAdverts().then(function(o){if(!o&&!adsDebug)return adsDebug&&console.log("canSeeAdverts false, not ads debug mode, don't load ads."),(t=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.config.isActive=function(){return!1},t.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},t.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},void t.resolvePromises();var t=/test/.test(window.location.hostname)?"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-flagpoles.test.api.bbci.co.uk/gnlops":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-flagpoles.api.bbci.co.uk/gnlops",e=new XMLHttpRequest;e.open("GET",t),e.onload=function(){var t,o,n=JSON.parse(e.responseText),c=window.bbcdotcom||{};c.flag.a="true"===n.adverts?1:0,c.flag.s="true"===n.analytics?1:0,c.flag.a||c.flag.s?(o=/test/.test(window.location.hostname)?"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-flagpoles.test.api.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-flagpoles.api.bbci.co.uk/bbcdotcom",(t=new XMLHttpRequest).open("GET",o),t.onload=function(){var c=JSON.parse(t.responseText),e=window.bbcdotcom||{};[{tp:"thirdPartyEEA"},{d:"adsense"},{asa:"adsportapp"},{l:"lotame"},{p:"platinum"},{g:"grapeshot"},{sh:"sherlock"},{pe:"permutive"},{si:"signin"},{sis:"signinSport"},{sin:"signinNews"},{siw:"signinWWHP"},{piano:"piano"},{fundingchoices_cmp:"fundingchoices_cmp"},{storyworks_cmp:"storyworks_cmp"},{content_rec:"content_rec"},{ias_publisher:"ias_publisher"},{fpd:"fpd"},{sticky_leader_news:"sticky_leader_news"},{sticky_leader_sport:"sticky_leader_sport"}].forEach(function(o,t){for(var n in o)e.flag[n]="true"===c[o[n]]?1:0}),e.data={ads:e.flag.a,stats:e.flag.s,statsProvider:"",country:""},function(){const o=document.createElement("link");o.href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1/style/bbcdotcom-async.css",o.rel="stylesheet",o.type="text/css",document.head.appendChild(o)}();var o=document.createElement("script"),n=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];o.type="text/javascript",o.async=!0,o.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1/script/bbcdotcom.js",o.onload=function(){window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(o){e.data.country=o,e.assetPrefix="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1/",bbcdotcomConfig={assetPrefix:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1/",staticVersion:"20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1",staticPrefix:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/bbcdotcom/assets/20220719-110355-f5d6dec33-4.81.1/"},e.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig,e.data,window.location,window.document),e.config.setAssetPrefix(bbcdotcomConfig.assetPrefix),e.config.setVersion(bbcdotcomConfig.staticVersion),e.config.setFlagpoles(e.flag);o=!!o&&-1!==["AT","BE","BG","HR","CY","CZ","DK","EE","FI","FR","DE","GR","HU","IE","IT","LV","LT","LU","MT","NL","PL","PT","RO","SK","SI","ES","SE","IS","LI","NO","CH"].indexOf(o.toUpperCase());e.config.setEU(o);var t,o=function(o){var t=document.createElement("link"),n=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];t.href=o,t.rel="dns-prefetch",n.appendChild(t)};e.flag.s&&o("//web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/"),e.flag.a&&(o("//web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.googletagservices.com/"),o("//web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/"),(t=document.createElement("meta")).setAttribute("name","google-site-verification"),t.setAttribute("content","auTeTTwSt_KBY_4iDoR00Lwb7-qzx1IgzJy6ztaWgEI"),n.appendChild(t)),e.flag.a&&(e.config.isGrapeshotEnabled()&&!e.config.isWorldService()&&(t=window.location.href.split("?")[0],bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/?url="+encodeURIComponent(t)})),bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"}),e.config.isIASEnabled()&&(window.__iasPET=window.__iasPET||{},window.__iasPET.queue=window.__iasPET.queue||[],window.__iasPET.pubId="9708",bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://cdn.adsafeprotected.com/iasPET.1.js"}))),(e.flag.s||e.flag.a)&&(e.config.isPermutiveEnabled()&&!e.config.isWorldService()&&(function(n){if(!n){n=n||{},(window.permutive=n).q=[],n.config={consentRequired:!0},n.config.projectId="e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491",n.config.apiKey="1bb84885-9325-4fef-adda-a208032b2715",n.config.environment=n.config.environment||"production";for(var o=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],t=0;t<o.length;t++){var c=o[t];n[c]=function(t){return function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);n.q.push({functionName:t,arguments:o})}}(c)}}}((document,window.permutive)),bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:"https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://cdn.permutive.com/e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491-web.js"})),bbcdotcomScripts.forEach(function(o){var t=document.createElement("script");t.async=!1,o.id&&(t.id=o.id),t.src=o.src,n.appendChild(t)}),window.bbcdotcom.config.isCmpEnabled()?(window.googlefc=window.googlefc||{},window.googlefc.callbackQueue=window.googlefc.callbackQueue||[],new Promise(function(n){window.googlefc.callbackQueue.push({CONSENT_DATA_READY:function(){window.__tcfapi("getTCData",2,function(o,t){t&&o.gdprApplies&&(window.bbcdotcom.consent={},window.bbcdotcom.gdprApplies=!0,window.bbcdotcom.consent.comscore=o.vendor.consents[77],window.bbcdotcom.consent.permutive=o.vendor.consents[360]&&o.vendor.consents[361],window.bbcdotcom.consent.googleads=o.vendor.consents[755],window.bbcdotcom.consent.nielsen=o.vendor.consents[373]&&o.vendor.consents[812],n(!0)),n(!0)},[77,164,360,361,373,755,812])}})}).then(function(){for(window.bbcdotcom.consentChecked=!0,window.bbcdotcom.asyncDisableAndCloseOpenAds&&window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.unshift(function(){window.bbcdotcom.disableAndCloseOpenAds()});window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd&&0<window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.length;)window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.shift()()}),function(){const o=document.createElement("script");o.type="text/javascript",o.async=!0,o.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://gn-web-assets.api.bbc.com/ngas/vendor/fundingchoices/cmp.js",document.head.appendChild(o)}()):function(){for(;window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd&&0<window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.length;)window.bbcdotcom.asyncCmd.shift()()}()),window.adsDebug&&adsDebug&&console.log("bbcdotcom up and running...")})},n.appendChild(o)},t.onerror=function(){var o;(o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},o.resolvePromises()},t.send()):((o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},o.resolvePromises())},e.onerror=function(){var o;(o=window.bbcdotcom||{}).config.isAdsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.config.isActive=function(){return!1},o.config.isAnalyticsEnabled=function(){return!1},o.getFeature=function(){return{isEnabled:function(){return!1}}},o.resolvePromises()},e.send()})}));</script> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";function asyncGeneratorStep(e,t,n,r,o,a,i){try{var s=e[a](i),c=s.value}catch(e){return void n(e)}s.done?t(c):Promise.resolve(c).then(r,o)}function _asyncToGenerator(s){return function(){var e=this,i=arguments;return new Promise(function(t,n){var r=s.apply(e,i);function o(e){asyncGeneratorStep(r,t,n,o,a,"next",e)}function a(e){asyncGeneratorStep(r,t,n,o,a,"throw",e)}o(void 0)})}}var wrapMethod=function(e,t){return e[t]&&"function"==typeof e[t]?e[t]():Promise.resolve(null)},getPageVariables=function(){return window&&window.bbcpage?Promise.all(["getDestination","getSection"].map(function(e){return wrapMethod(window.bbcpage,e)})).then(function(e){var t=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(e));return{destination:t[0],section:t[1]}}):Promise.resolve(void 0)},getUserVariables=function(){return window&&window.bbcuser?Promise.all(["isSignedIn","getHashedId"].map(function(e){return wrapMethod(window.bbcuser,e)})).then(function(e){var t=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(e));return{isSignedIn:t[0],hashedId:t[1]}}):Promise.resolve(void 0)},dotMetricsTag=function(e,t){var n=document.createElement("script");return n.src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://uk-script.dotmetrics.net/door.js?d=".concat(t,"&t=").concat(e),n.async=!0,n.id="dotmetrics",document.body.appendChild(n),function(){document.body.removeChild(n)}},isAccountPage=function(e,t){return!!e.includes("account.bbc")||!!t&&("account"===t.toLowerCase()||"account_test"===t.toLowerCase())},parseSiteSectionName=function(e){var t=e.destination,n=e.section,r=document?document.location.host.replace(/:.*/,""):"bbc.no.host";if(t){var o="";return n&&["NEWS_PS","NEWS_PS_TEST","SOUNDS","SOUNDS_TEST","SPORT_PS","SPORT_PS_TEST","IPLAYER","IPLAYER_TEST"].includes(t.toUpperCase())&&(o=n.split("::")[0]),{siteSectionNameString:"".concat(t).concat(o).toLowerCase().replace(/_/g,""),host:r}}return{siteSectionNameString:"other",host:r}};function startUkom(){return _startUkom.apply(this,arguments)}function _startUkom(){return(_startUkom=_asyncToGenerator(regeneratorRuntime.mark(function e(){var t,n,r;return regeneratorRuntime.wrap(function(e){for(;;)switch(e.prev=e.next){case 0:return e.next=2,getUserVariables();case 2:if((t=e.sent)&&t.isSignedIn&&null==t.hashedId)return e.abrupt("return");e.next=5;break;case 5:return e.next=7,getPageVariables();case 7:if(n=e.sent,isAccountPage(document.location.host,n.destination))return e.abrupt("return");e.next=10;break;case 10:r=parseSiteSectionName(n),dotMetricsTag(r.siteSectionNameString,r.host);case 12:case"end":return e.stop()}},e)}))).apply(this,arguments)}document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",function(){startUkom()}),window.addEventListener("pageshow",function(e){e.persisted&&startUkom()}),document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){startUkom()});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/585/style/id-cta.css"><script type="text/javascript">(function () {if (!window.require) {throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module');}if (typeof (map) == 'undefined') {var map = {};}if (!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg').createSVGRect) {document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg';}var ptrt = new RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&]*)").exec(document.location.href);var ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://idcta.api.bbc.co.uk';var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback=&ptrt=' + (ptrt ? ptrt[1] : encodeURIComponent(document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&');var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback=';function hasPromise() {var P = window.Promise;var promiseToString = null;if (P) {try {promiseToString = Object.prototype.toString.call(P.resolve());} catch (e) {/*silently ignored*/}}return (promiseToString === '[object Promise]' && !P.cast);}if (hasPromise()) {define('idcta/es6-promise', function () {return window.Promise;});define('idcta-v2/es6-promise', function () {return window.Promise;});}map['idcta-v2'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/585/modules/idcta-v2';map['idcta-v2/config'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG;map['idcta-v2/translations'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS;map['idcta'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.8.2/modules/idcta';map['idcta-v2/idcta-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/585/modules/idcta-v2/dist/idcta-1.min';map['idcta-v2/experiment-snippet'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/idcta_live';const idctaShim = {deps: ['idcta-v2/idcta-1'],};require({shim: {'idcta-v2/statusbar': idctaShim,'idcta-v2/id-config': idctaShim},map: {'*': {'idcta/idcta-1': 'idcta-v2/idcta-1','idcta': 'idcta-v2',}},paths: map});window.idctaBaseUrl = ENDPOINT_URL;define('idcta/config', ['idcta-v2/config'], function (data) { return data; });define('idcta/translations', ['idcta-v2/translations'], function (data) { return data; });})();</script> <style>@font-face{font-family:'CuriousSansBold';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/curious-sans-bold.b389ec59.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/curious-sans-bold.ba46d70f.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:'gelicons-core';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/gelicons-core.cc52df12.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/gelicons-core.5435c223.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:'gelicons-media';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/gelicons-media.41063609.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/gelicons-media.28e9b877.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-family:'gelicons-social';font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;src:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/gelicons-social.523533c6.eot),url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/media/gelicons-social.407b297d.ttf) format("truetype")}.gelicon{font-family:'gelicons-core'}.gelicon,.gelicon::before{-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-style:normal !important;font-weight:normal !important;speak:none;text-decoration:none !important}.gelicon--leading::before{margin-right:8px}.gelicon--trailing::before{margin-left:8px}.gelicon--social{font-family:'gelicons-social' !important}.gelicon--core{font-family:'gelicons-core' !important}.gelicon--iplayer,.gelicon--iplayer-radio,.gelicon--previous,.gelicon--up,.gelicon--down,.gelicon--next,.gelicon--tobottom,.gelicon--totop,.gelicon--zoomin,.gelicon--zoomout,.gelicon--search,.gelicon--print,.gelicon--print-invert,.gelicon--yes,.gelicon--no,.gelicon--add,.gelicon--help,.gelicon--info,.gelicon--alert,.gelicon--expires,.gelicon--duration,.gelicon--alarm,.gelicon--countdown,.gelicon--grid,.gelicon--chapters,.gelicon--list,.gelicon--listthumb,.gelicon--lock,.gelicon--unlock,.gelicon--home,.gelicon--new,.gelicon--vocab,.gelicon--degraded,.gelicon--calendar-mini,.gelicon--calendar,.gelicon--mail,.gelicon--location,.gelicon--load,.gelicon--settings,.gelicon--embed,.gelicon--external,.gelicon--traffic,.gelicon--refresh,.gelicon--link,.gelicon--point,.gelicon--upload,.gelicon--download,.gelicon--finder,.gelicon--stations,.gelicon--untitled,.gelicon--untitled-2,.gelicon--quote,.gelicon--calendar-30,.gelicon--download-desktop,.gelicon--map,.gelicon--previous-alternative,.gelicon--next-alternative,.gelicon--arrow-down{font-family:'gelicons-core' !important}.gelicon--iplayer::before{content:'\e000'}.gelicon--iplayer-radio::before{content:'\e001'}.gelicon--previous::before{content:'\e002'}.gelicon--up::before{content:'\e003'}.gelicon--down::before{content:'\e004'}.gelicon--next::before{content:'\e005'}.gelicon--tobottom::before{content:'\e006'}.gelicon--totop::before{content:'\e007'}.gelicon--zoomin::before{content:'\e008'}.gelicon--zoomout::before{content:'\e00a'}.gelicon--search::before{content:'\e009'}.gelicon--print::before{content:'\e00b'}.gelicon--print-invert::before{content:'\e00c'}.gelicon--yes::before{content:'\e00d'}.gelicon--no::before{content:'\e00e'}.gelicon--add::before{content:'\e00f'}.gelicon--help::before{content:'\e010'}.gelicon--info::before{content:'\e011'}.gelicon--alert::before{content:'\e012'}.gelicon--expires::before{content:'\e013'}.gelicon--duration::before{content:'\e014'}.gelicon--alarm::before{content:'\e015'}.gelicon--countdown::before{content:'\e016'}.gelicon--grid::before{content:'\e017'}.gelicon--chapters::before{content:'\e018'}.gelicon--list::before{content:'\e019'}.gelicon--listthumb::before{content:'\e01a'}.gelicon--lock::before{content:'\e01b'}.gelicon--unlock::before{content:'\e01c'}.gelicon--home::before{content:'\e01d'}.gelicon--new::before{content:'\e01e'}.gelicon--vocab::before{content:'\e01f'}.gelicon--degraded::before{content:'\e020'}.gelicon--calendar-mini::before{content:'\e021'}.gelicon--calendar::before{content:'\e022'}.gelicon--mail::before{content:'\e023'}.gelicon--location::before{content:'\e024'}.gelicon--load::before{content:'\e025'}.gelicon--settings::before{content:'\e026'}.gelicon--embed::before{content:'\e027'}.gelicon--external::before{content:'\e028'}.gelicon--traffic::before{content:'\e029'}.gelicon--refresh::before{content:'\e02a'}.gelicon--link::before{content:'\e02b'}.gelicon--point::before{content:'\e02c'}.gelicon--upload::before{content:'\e02d'}.gelicon--download::before{content:'\e02e'}.gelicon--finder::before{content:'\e02f'}.gelicon--stations::before{content:'\e030'}.gelicon--untitled::before{content:'\42'}.gelicon--untitled-2::before{content:'\43'}.gelicon--quote::before{content:'\22'}.gelicon--playlister-add::before{content:'\e031'}.gelicon--calendar-30::before{content:'\e032'}.gelicon--download-desktop::before{content:'\e033'}.gelicon--map::before{content:'\e034'}.gelicon--previous-alternative::before{content:'\e035'}.gelicon--next-alternative::before{content:'\e036'}.gelicon--arrow-down::before{content:'\e038'}.gelicon--menu,.gelicon--live,.gelicon--subtitles,.gelicon--ws,.gelicon--sd,.gelicon--hd,.gelicon--bsl,.gelicon--ad,.gelicon--3d,.gelicon--tv,.gelicon--radio,.gelicon--mobile,.gelicon--desktop,.gelicon--game,.gelicon--tablet,.gelicon--quiz,.gelicon--guidance,.gelicon--record,.gelicon--listen,.gelicon--play,.gelicon--pause,.gelicon--rewind,.gelicon--forward,.gelicon--restart,.gelicon--image,.gelicon--document,.gelicon--slideshow,.gelicon--activity,.gelicon--360,.gelicon--podcast,.gelicon--newsletter,.gelicon--rss,.gelicon--fullscreen,.gelicon--expand,.gelicon--popout,.gelicon--mute,.gelicon--music-on,.gelicon--music-off,.gelicon--windows,.gelicon--apple,.gelicon--interactive{font-family:'gelicons-media' !important}.gelicon--menu::before{content:'\e900'}.gelicon--live::before{content:'\e100'}.gelicon--subtitles::before{content:'\e101'}.gelicon--ws::before{content:'\e102'}.gelicon--sd::before{content:'\e103'}.gelicon--hd::before{content:'\e104'}.gelicon--bsl::before{content:'\e105'}.gelicon--ad::before{content:'\e106'}.gelicon--3d::before{content:'\e107'}.gelicon--tv::before{content:'\e108'}.gelicon--radio::before{content:'\e109'}.gelicon--mobile::before{content:'\e10a'}.gelicon--desktop::before{content:'\e10b'}.gelicon--game::before{content:'\e10c'}.gelicon--tablet::before{content:'\e10d'}.gelicon--quiz::before{content:'\e10e'}.gelicon--guidance::before{content:'\e10f'}.gelicon--record::before{content:'\e110'}.gelicon--listen::before{content:'\e111'}.gelicon--play::before{content:'\e112'}.gelicon--pause::before{content:'\e113'}.gelicon--rewind::before{content:'\e114'}.gelicon--forward::before{content:'\e115'}.gelicon--restart::before{content:'\e116'}.gelicon--image::before{content:'\e117'}.gelicon--document::before{content:'\e118'}.gelicon--slideshow::before{content:'\e119'}.gelicon--activity::before{content:'\e11a'}.gelicon--360::before{content:'\e11b'}.gelicon--podcast::before{content:'\e11c'}.gelicon--newsletter::before{content:'\e11d'}.gelicon--rss::before{content:'\e11e'}.gelicon--fullscreen::before{content:'\e11f'}.gelicon--expand::before{content:'\e120'}.gelicon--popout::before{content:'\e121'}.gelicon--mute::before{content:'\e122'}.gelicon--music-on::before{content:'\e123'}.gelicon--music-off::before{content:'\e124'}.gelicon--windows::before{content:'\e125'}.gelicon--apple::before{content:'\e126'}.gelicon--interactive::before{content:'\e900'}.gelicon--share,.gelicon--recommend,.gelicon--comments,.gelicon--blog,.gelicon--smiley,.gelicon--love,.gelicon--twitter,.gelicon--facebook,.gelicon--google-plus,.gelicon--google,.gelicon--spotify,.gelicon--pinterest,.gelicon--tumblr,.gelicon--stumbleupon,.gelicon--linkedin,.gelicon--reddit,.gelicon--digg,.gelicon--instagram,.gelicon--whatsapp{font-family:'gelicons-social' !important}.gelicon--share::before{content:'\e200'}.gelicon--recommend::before{content:'\e201'}.gelicon--comments::before{content:'\e202'}.gelicon--blog::before{content:'\e203'}.gelicon--smiley::before{content:'\e204'}.gelicon--love::before{content:'\e205'}.gelicon--twitter::before{content:'\e300'}.gelicon--facebook::before{content:'\e301'}.gelicon--google-plus::before{content:'\e700'}.gelicon--google::before{content:'\e701'}.gelicon--spotify::before{content:'\e304'}.gelicon--pinterest::before{content:'\e305'}.gelicon--tumblr::before{content:'\e306'}.gelicon--stumbleupon::before{content:'\e307'}.gelicon--linkedin::before{content:'\e308'}.gelicon--reddit::before{content:'\e309'}.gelicon--digg::before{content:'\e30a'}.gelicon--instagram::before{content:'\e30b'}.gelicon--whatsapp::before{content:'\e600'}.basic-button{align-items:center;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #adadad;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 0 #fff,0 2px 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.08);color:#193e6d;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:20px;height:54px;justify-content:center;min-width:222px;text-align:center;transition:0.6s}.basic-button--worklife{color:#0052a1}.basic-button--future{color:#002856}.basic-button--culture{color:#472479}.basic-button--earth{color:#0fbb56}.basic-button--travel{color:#589e50}.basic-button__text{color:#444;font-family:'ReithSans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;transition:0.6s}.basic-button__text--white{color:#fff}.basic-button__text--curious{font-family:'CuriousSansBold'}.basic-button__text--worklife{color:#0052a1}.basic-button__text--future{color:#002856}.basic-button__text--culture{color:#472479}.basic-button__text--earth{color:#0fbb56}.basic-button__text--travel{color:#589e50}.basic-button::before{padding-right:16px}.basic-button:hover{background-color:#dedede}.basic-button--background-light-blue:hover{background-color:#dfe8ff}.basic-button--background-worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.basic-button--background-future{background-color:#002856}.basic-button--background-culture{background-color:#472479}.basic-button--background-earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.basic-button--background-travel{background-color:#589e50}.basic-button--background-worklife:hover{background-color:#4494e4}.basic-button--background-future:hover{background-color:#ffc857}.basic-button--background-culture:hover{background-color:#472479}.basic-button--background-earth:hover{background-color:#002856}.basic-button--background-travel:hover{background-color:#002856}.basic-button__text--bold{font-weight:bold}.load-more-button{box-sizing:border-box}.load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh{margin-right:16px;transform:rotate(90deg)}.load-more-button__downarrow{color:#adadad;font-size:22px;transition:0.6s}.load-more-button__loading .load-more-button__refresh.gelicon--refresh{animation:spin 2s linear infinite}.load-more-button__downarrow:first-of-type{padding-right:16px}.load-more-button__downarrow:not(:first-of-type){padding-left:16px}@keyframes spin{0%{transform:rotate(90deg)}100%{transform:rotate(-270deg)}}.see-more-button{border-bottom:1px solid #979797;text-align:center}.see-more-button-inner{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#6c6c6c;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;margin-bottom:13px;position:relative;text-transform:uppercase}.see-more-button-inner--light{color:#b4b4b4}.see-more-button-inner__arrow{color:#6c6c6c;font-size:10px;position:absolute;right:9px;top:2px}.see-more-button-inner__arrow--light{color:#b4b4b4}.see-more-button-inner__text{margin-right:24px}.read-more-button{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-weight:bold;position:relative;width:224px}.AdFrame{display:inline-flex}.AdFrame--default{background-color:#f6f6f6}.AdFrame--dark-grey{background-color:rgba(26,26,26,0.8)}.AdFrame--centre-aligned{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center}.text-with-styled-background{height:inherit;position:relative;width:100%}.text-with-styled-background--collection{display:inline-block;width:unset}.text-with-styled-background--center-align{align-items:center;display:flex}.text-with-styled-background__text{font-family:'CuriousSansBold';color:#444;display:block;font-size:20px;line-height:24px;padding:0 0 0 10px;position:relative}.text-with-styled-background__text--large{font-size:26px;line-height:30px;padding:0 0 0 24px}.text-with-styled-background__text--medium{font-size:22px;line-height:28px}.text-with-styled-background__text--remove-padding{padding:0;width:100%}.text-with-styled-background__text--largest{font-size:38px;line-height:47px}.text-with-styled-background__text--worklife{color:#0052a1}.text-with-styled-background__text--future{color:#002856}.text-with-styled-background__text--culture{color:#472479}.text-with-styled-background__text--earth{color:#0fbb56}.text-with-styled-background__text--travel{color:#589e50}.text-with-styled-background__text--blue{color:#0052a1}.text-with-styled-background__text--collection{font-size:28px;line-height:34px;padding:0}.text-with-styled-background__text--collection--medium{font-size:32px;line-height:38px}.text-with-styled-background__text--collection--large{font-size:38px;line-height:47px}.text-with-styled-background__line-container{bottom:0;margin-left:13px;position:absolute;width:calc(100% - 26px)}.text-with-styled-background__line{background-color:rgba(25,62,109,0.05);height:26px;max-width:240px;position:relative}.text-with-styled-background__line--large{bottom:-10px;height:42px;max-width:340px}.text-with-styled-background__line--narrow{height:26px;max-width:100%}.text-with-styled-background__line--medium{bottom:-10px;height:36px;max-width:340px}.text-with-styled-background__line--largest{max-width:100%}.text-with-styled-background__line-container--collection{width:calc(100% + 26px)}.text-with-styled-background__line-container--no-margin{margin:0}.text-with-styled-background__line--collection{height:26px}.styled-line{background-color:#8beed9;height:3px;width:72px}.styled-line--small{width:45px}.styled-line--medium{width:135px}.styled-line--large{height:1px;width:auto}.styled-line--height--large{height:5px}.styled-line--height--small{height:1px}.styled-line--xs-small{width:25px}.styled-line--worklife{background-color:#8beed9}.styled-line--future{background-color:#ffc857}.styled-line--culture{background-color:#472479}.styled-line--earth{background-color:#002856}.styled-line--travel{background-color:#002856}.styled-line--white{background-color:#fff}.styled-line--dark-grey{background-color:#6a6a6a}.styled-line--light-grey{background-color:#4b4b4b}.styled-line--grey{background-color:#dedede}.simple-header{color:#444;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;line-height:24px;margin:0}.simple-header--large{font-size:28px;line-height:34px}.simple-header--simple{font-size:18px;line-height:22px}.simple-header--small{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:28px}.simple-header--smallest{font-family:Helvetica;font-size:14px;line-height:24px}.simple-header--medium{font-size:24px;line-height:28px}.simple-header--regular{font-size:22px;line-height:28px}.simple-header--condensed-bold{font-stretch:condensed}.simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--large{line-height:37px}.simple-header--condensed-bold.simple-header--regular{line-height:28px}.simple-header--white{color:#fff} .article-intro{position:relative}.article-intro__line{margin-top:24px}.author-unit{display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:35px}.author-unit--small-mobile{line-height:30px}.author-unit .author-unit__container{color:#4a4a4a;margin:0 auto}.author-unit .author-unit__container--desktop{margin:0}.author-unit__container{align-items:baseline;display:flex;padding:10px 0}.author-unit__text{font-style:italic;font-weight:600;padding-right:10px;text-decoration:none}.author-unit__icon{color:#6a6a6a;padding-right:14px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;top:1px}.author-unit__icon:hover{color:#00bbf2}.partner-module{border-bottom:1px solid #472479;border-top:0}.partner-module__link,.partner-module__link:visited{align-items:center;color:#444;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:0;text-decoration:none}.partner-module__link:hover{background-color:#f5f5f5}.partner-module__heading{display:inline-block;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;margin:16px 0}.partner-module__partner-name{font-weight:bold}.partner-module__partner-logo{display:block;height:31px;margin:12px 0;margin-left:17px;width:88px}.uppercase-label{color:#8f8d8d;font-size:12px;font-style:condensed;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:16px;margin:0;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase;transition:color 0.4s}.uppercase-label--small{font-size:11px;font-weight:400;line-height:14px;margin:0}.uppercase-label--medium{font-size:14px;line-height:18px}.uppercase-label--reith-condensed{font-weight:400}.uppercase-label--white{color:#ebebeb}.uppercase-label--light-grey{color:#999}.uppercase-label--dark-grey{color:#444}.uppercase-label--large{font-size:16px;line-height:18px}.uppercase-label--true-white{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px 1px #193e6d}.uppercase-label--arial{font-family:Arial} .label-with-line{align-items:center;display:flex}.label-with-line__label{margin:0 16px 0 0}@keyframes spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.spinner{fill:#444}.spinner__image{animation:spin 1s linear infinite}.spinner--worklife{fill:#8beed9}.spinner--future{fill:#ffc857}.spinner--culture{fill:#472479}.spinner--travel{fill:#002856}.spinner--earth{fill:#002856}.spinner--white{fill:#fff}.spinner--audio{height:32px;width:32px}.play-button__inline-audio,.play-button__inline-video{align-items:center;background-color:#000;border:0;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:16px;height:49px;justify-content:center;outline:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:49px}.play-button__inline-audio .gelicon--play,.play-button__inline-video .gelicon--play{color:#ececec;transition-duration:0.6s}.play-button__inline-audio--worklife .gelicon--play,.play-button__inline-video--worklife .gelicon--play{color:#8beed9}.play-button__inline-audio--travel .gelicon--play,.play-button__inline-video--travel .gelicon--play{color:#002856}.play-button__inline-audio--future .gelicon--play,.play-button__inline-video--future .gelicon--play{color:#ffc857}.play-button__inline-audio--culture .gelicon--play,.play-button__inline-video--culture .gelicon--play{color:#472479}.play-button__inline-audio--earth .gelicon--play,.play-button__inline-video--earth .gelicon--play{color:#002856}.play-button__inline-video:hover{background-color:#ececec}.play-button__inline-video:hover .gelicon--play{color:#000}.play-button__inline-audio{color:#fff;font-size:22px;height:50px;padding:0;width:50px}.play-button{align-items:center;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2);border:2px solid #5ae9cb;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:22px;height:80px;justify-content:center;outline:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:80px}.play-button:hover{color:#5ae9cb}.play-button--white{border:4px solid #fff}.play-button--white:hover{color:#fff}.play-button--white .gelicon--play{color:inherit}.play-button--worklife{border:2px solid #8beed9}.play-button--worklife:hover{color:#8beed9}.play-button--travel{border:2px solid #002856}.play-button--travel:hover{color:#002856}.play-button--future{border:2px solid #ffc857}.play-button--future:hover{color:#ffc857}.play-button--culture{border:2px solid #472479}.play-button--culture:hover{color:#472479}.play-button--earth{border:2px solid #002856}.play-button--earth:hover{color:#002856}.play-button--desktop{font-size:30px;height:76px;width:76px}.play-button--background-hover:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.6)}.inline-video{height:100%}.inline-video__container{position:relative}.inline-video__border-line{padding:0 10px}.inline-video .play-button__inline-video{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;z-index:1000}.inline-video__smp{background-color:#000;padding-bottom:56.25%}.inline-video__smp--loaded{background-color:unset;padding-bottom:unset}.inline-video__description{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(106,106,106,0.43);color:#737373;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;line-height:24px;margin:0 10px 0 3%;padding:20px 0 12px}.inline-video__description--desktop{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(106,106,106,0.43);margin:0 18px;padding:28px 0 18px} .body-text-card-inline-video{margin:24px 0;position:relative}.previous-media-button{align-items:center;background-color:#000;border:0;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:16px;height:50px;justify-content:center;outline:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px}.previous-media-button__icon--white svg{fill:#fff}.previous-media-button span{height:18px;width:16px}.error-button{align-items:center;background-color:#000;border:0;display:flex;font-size:22px;height:50px;justify-content:center;outline:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px}.error-button .gelicon--alert{color:#ececec}.inline-audio-player{background:none}.inline-audio-player__smp-container{display:inline-block;width:100%}.inline-audio-player__smp-container>div{display:inline-block;width:100%}.inline-audio-player__smp-container>div>div{height:50px;position:relative}.inline-audio-player__smp-container>div>div>div{padding:0 !important}.inline-audio-player__container{display:flex}.inline-audio-player__cta-holder{align-items:center;background-color:#ededed;display:flex;padding-right:8px}.inline-audio-player__cta-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising *{cursor:initial;pointer-events:none;user-select:none}.inline-audio-player__cta-container.initialising button{opacity:0.6}.inline-audio-player__text{background:none;border:0;color:#222;cursor:pointer;font-size:18px;height:25px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:25px;margin-left:12px;outline:inherit;padding:0}.inline-audio-player__text--offline{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}.inline-audio-player__disclaimer{background-color:#e6711b;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;height:25px;left:-110px;line-height:12px;margin-left:0;padding:0 7px;position:relative;top:25px;width:66px}.inline-audio-player__disclaimer:hover .inline-audio-player__arrow{transform:rotate(45deg)}.inline-audio-player__inner-arrow{color:#4d4d49;font-size:10px}.inline-audio-player__arrow-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;margin-left:auto;outline:none;transition:all 0.5s ease}.inline-audio-player__arrow-button__open{transform:rotate(180deg)}.inline-audio-player__disclaimer-copy{color:#444;display:block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:17px;margin-top:16px}.inline-audio-player__arrow{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 2px 2px 0;display:inline-block;padding:3px;position:relative;top:-1px;transform:rotate(-45deg);transition:0.4s}.inline-audio-player__hidden{display:none}.inline-audio-player .collapsible-container{background-color:#ededed;color:#444;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;padding:1rem}.inline-audio-player .collapsible-container__hide{display:none}.inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio{margin-right:1px}.inline-audio-player__line{margin-top:16px}.inline-audio-player .previous-media-button{height:50px;margin-right:1px;width:50px}.inline-audio-player .previous-button__inline-audio{margin-right:1px}.text-summary__text{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;margin:0;text-align:left}.text-summary__text--blue{color:#193e6d}.text-summary__text--black{color:#000}.text-summary__text--grey{color:#6a6a6a}.text-summary__text--dark-grey{color:#444}.text-summary__text--left{text-align:left}.text-summary__text--right{text-align:right}.inline-image__description{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(106,106,106,0.43);font-style:italic;margin:0 10px;padding:20px 0 12px}.inline-image__description--desktop{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(106,106,106,0.43);margin:0 18px;padding:20px 0 18px}.inline-image img{border-radius:0}.simple-p-tag{color:#444;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;line-height:24px;margin:0}.simple-p-tag--large{font-size:28px;line-height:34px}.simple-p-tag--medium{font-size:27px;letter-spacing:-1.69px;line-height:32px}.simple-p-tag--quote{color:#575757}.simple-header--serif-light-italic{font-style:italic;line-height:inherit}.inline-quote{border-left:3px solid #575757;color:#575757;font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-1.69px;line-height:32px;margin:0;padding-left:22px}.inline-quote--worklife{border-left:3px solid #8beed9}.inline-quote--future{border-left:3px solid #ffc857}.inline-quote--culture{border-left:3px solid #472479}.inline-quote--earth{border-left:3px solid #002856}.inline-quote h2{font-weight:300}.article-video{height:100%;position:relative}.article-video img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.article-video__overlay{display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;top:0;width:100%}.article-video__play-button{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;left:50%;padding:0;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%);z-index:1500}.article-video__label{margin-bottom:16px}.article-video__image{bottom:0;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.article-video__image--hide{opacity:0}.article-video__playercore{display:block}.article-video__playercore--mobile{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.article-video__playercore--show{display:block}.article-video--bordered{border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden} .copyright__text{color:#737373;font-size:16px;font-style:italic;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:10px;text-align:center}@media (max-width: 767px){.copyright__text{margin-top:12px}}.hero-video{align-items:center;display:flex;height:180px;justify-content:center;position:relative;z-index:1}.hero-video__video{align-items:center;display:flex;height:80%;justify-content:center;position:relative;width:80%;z-index:2}.hero-video__video--desktop{left:0;top:65px;width:71.5% !important}.hero-video__video--mobile{height:100%;width:100%}.hero-video__video--small-desktop{height:70%;left:0;top:78px;width:67%}.hero-video--small-desktop,.hero-video--desktop{display:block;height:720px}.hero-video img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%;filter:brightness(40%)}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active){.hero-video img{opacity:0.5}}.hero-video--mobile{height:280px}.hero-video--medium-mobile{height:430px}.hero-video--tablet{height:574px}.hero-video--tablet .hero-video__video{margin-bottom:10px}.hero-video__play-button{position:absolute;z-index:100}.hero-video__video div div{position:inherit !important;position:unset !important} .content-embed{width:100%} .infographic-embed__frame{width:100%} .screen-reader-only{border:0;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute !important;width:1px;word-wrap:normal !important}.email-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:11px;height:50px;justify-content:center;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.email-icon:hover{background-color:#000}.email-icon--red:hover{background-color:#f00}.facebook-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:15px;height:50px;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.facebook-icon:hover{background-color:#3b5998}.facebook-icon--blue{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #3b5998;color:#3b5998}.facebook-icon--blue:hover{background-color:#3b5998;color:#fff}.facebook-icon--white{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #fff;color:#fff}.facebook-icon--white:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#3b5998}.facebook-icon--small{font-size:20px;height:38px;width:38px} .ticked-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#13de99;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);display:flex;height:50px;justify-content:center;width:50px;z-index:55}.ticked-icon--small{font-size:12px;height:38px;width:38px}.google-plus-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:26px;height:50px;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.google-plus-icon:hover{background-color:#d34836}.google-plus-icon--red:hover{background-color:#f00}.linkedin-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:13px;height:50px;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.linkedin-icon:hover{background-color:#0077b5}.linkedin-icon--red:hover{background-color:#f00}.reddit-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:26px;height:50px;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.reddit-icon:hover{background-color:#ff4500}.reddit-icon__hide{display:none}.reddit-icon--red:hover{background-color:#f00}.twitter-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:13px;height:50px;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.twitter-icon:hover{background-color:#1da1f2}.twitter-icon--light-blue{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #1da1f2;color:#1da1f2}.twitter-icon--light-blue:hover{background-color:#1da1f2;color:#fff}.twitter-icon--white{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #fff;color:#fff}.twitter-icon--white:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#1da1f2}.twitter-icon--small{font-size:18px;height:38px;width:38px}.whatsapp-icon{align-items:center;background-color:#193e6d;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:13px;height:50px;justify-content:center;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.6s;width:50px;z-index:55}.whatsapp-icon:hover{background-color:#25d366}.whatsapp-icon--red:hover{background-color:#f00}.article-share-tools{display:flex}.article-share-tools a,.article-share-tools button{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #e4e4e4;border-radius:0;box-sizing:border-box;color:#979797;display:flex;height:52px;margin-right:2px;width:52px}.article-share-tools--dark a,.article-share-tools--dark button{color:#444;height:54px;width:54px}.article-share-tools--dark a svg,.article-share-tools--dark button svg{stroke:#444}.article-share-tools a:hover,.article-share-tools button:hover{background-color:#fff}.article-share-tools .facebook-icon:hover{color:#3b5898}.article-share-tools .email-icon:hover{color:#615f5d}.article-share-tools .twitter-icon:hover{color:#47c7fa}.article-share-tools .linkedin-icon:hover{color:#0077b5}.article-share-tools .whatsapp-icon:hover{color:#25d366}.article-share-tools .facebook-messenger{color:#0184ff}.article-share-tools .ticked-icon{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid #e4e4e4;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;font-size:11px;margin-right:2px;padding:3px}.article-share-tools--popout>*,.article-share-tools--popout a{color:#020203;margin-bottom:3px;transition:0.4s} .share-button{align-items:center;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #e4e4e4;color:#444;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;justify-content:center;letter-spacing:3px;padding:18px 16px;text-transform:uppercase;transition:0.6s;width:110px;z-index:55}.share-button .gelicon--share{margin-right:10px;transition:0.3s ease-in}.share-button:hover .gelicon--share,.share-button .gelicon--share-sharing{transform:rotate(-180deg)} .share-tools-popout{align-items:center;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #979797;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:30px 0 20px;position:relative;width:300px}.share-tools-popout__text{color:#444;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;margin:0 18px 18px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.share-tools-popout__url-container{padding:0 18px;width:100%}.share-tools-popout__articleurl{border:1px solid #979797;box-sizing:border-box;color:#a39f9f;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:0;padding:12px 10px;text-align:center;width:262px}.share-tools-popout__close{align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;display:flex;position:absolute;right:8px;top:20px}.share-tools-popout__close:hover .share-tools-popout__close-icon{color:#888;transform:rotate(90deg)}.share-tools-popout__close-icon{color:#000;font-size:16px;transition:0.4s}.share-tools-popout__border-arrow{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #979797;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;height:12px;left:40px;position:absolute;top:-7px;transform:rotate(45deg);width:12px}.share-tools-popout__tools{margin-bottom:13px}.share-tools-popout__details{align-self:normal;color:#444;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:16px;margin:0;max-width:180px;padding-left:14px}.share-tools-popout__copied,.share-tools-popout__copy{background-color:#000;border:unset;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;margin-bottom:18px;padding:12px 6px;text-transform:uppercase;transition:0.4s;width:110px}.share-tools-popout__copy:hover{background-color:#555}.share-tools-popout__copied .gelicon--yes{color:#ff9700;margin-left:8px} .share-button-with-popout{position:relative;z-index:9999}.share-button-with-popout__popout{max-width:330px;padding-right:8px;position:absolute;top:53px;width:100%}.share-button-with-popout__popout--desktop{width:auto} .article-end__line--long{margin-bottom:24px}.article-end__share-tools{margin-bottom:0}.article-end--tablet .article-end__line--long{margin-bottom:36px}.article-end--desktop .article-end__line--long{margin-bottom:44px}.article-end--desktop .article-end__share-tools{display:flex;margin-bottom:50px}.article-end--desktop .article-end__share{margin-top:0}.article-end__share{margin-top:5px}.section-header-text__text{background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:0 0 20px 0 rgba(153,153,153,0.5),0 2px 5px 0 rgba(153,153,153,0.5);margin:0 8px;opacity:0.95;padding:16px;position:relative;z-index:3}.section-header-text__text--no-margin{margin:0}.section-header-text__ad{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;margin:0 8px 8px;position:relative;top:unset}.section-header-text__ad--desktop{margin:0 0 8px}.section-header-text__title{display:inline-block}.section-header-text__title--large-margin{margin:0 40px 16px 0}.section-header-text__title--premium{border:1.78px solid;padding:8px}.section-header-text__title-content{color:#444;font-size:22px;font-weight:bold;margin:unset}.section-header-text__title-content--tablet{font-size:24px}.section-header-text__title-content--desktop{font-size:28px}.section-header-text__description{color:#555;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;margin:0}.section-header-text__description--large{font-size:16px;line-height:24px}.section-header-unit{max-width:1280px;position:relative}.section-header-unit--tablet{height:320px}.section-header-unit--desktop{border-radius:4px;height:320px;overflow:hidden}.section-header-unit__image{height:320px;max-height:320px;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.section-header-unit__image img{left:50%;position:relative;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%)}.section-header-unit__image--right img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:0;width:unset}.section-header-unit__image--left img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:unset;width:unset}.section-header-unit__content{position:relative;transform:translateY(-50%)}.section-header-unit__content--desktop{bottom:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;max-width:420px;position:absolute;right:32px;top:0;transform:none}.section-header-unit__content--advert{transform:translateY(calc(-50% - 28px))} .domestic-disclaimer{background-color:#333;position:relative}.domestic-disclaimer__content{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:auto;max-width:990px}.domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop-small{max-width:976px}.domestic-disclaimer__content--desktop{max-width:1248px}.domestic-disclaimer__text{color:#d8d8d8;font-size:13px;line-height:14px;margin:auto;padding:8px 16px}.domestic-disclaimer__text--tablet{font-size:14px;line-height:19px;padding:16px 54px 16px 16px}.domestic-disclaimer__text--desktop{font-size:14px;line-height:19px;margin-left:0;max-width:890px;padding:14px 16px}.domestic-disclaimer__close-button{align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;display:flex;padding:0 16px 0 0;position:relative}.domestic-disclaimer__close-button--desktop{padding:0 16px 0 0}.domestic-disclaimer__close-icon{color:#d8d8d8;font-size:16px}.domestic-disclaimer__close-icon--desktop{font-size:22px}.drop-capped{align-items:center;border:2px solid #444;color:#444;display:flex;float:left;font-size:58px;font-weight:bold;height:84px;justify-content:center;margin:8px 10px 4px 0;text-transform:uppercase;width:84px}.drop-capped--worklife{border-color:#8beed9}.drop-capped--future{border-color:#ffc857}.drop-capped--culture{border-color:#444}.drop-capped--earth{border-color:#002856}.drop-capped--travel{border-color:#002856}.drop-capped--desktop{margin-right:24px}.label-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;position:relative}.label-list__line{width:100%}.label-list__content{margin:30px 0 0 16px;width:100%}.label-list__content--tablet{margin:34px 0 0 38px}.label-list__content--desktop{margin:42px 0 0 32px}.label-list__list-item{margin:0;padding:0}.label-list__link{color:#444;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;text-decoration:none}.label-list__link:hover{color:#adadad}.label-list__link--large{font-size:22px;line-height:29px}.label-list__link:not(:first-of-type){margin-top:8px}.label-list__link--large:not(:first-of-type){margin-top:12px}.label-list__list-items{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-top:36px}.label-list__list-items--tablet{margin-top:52px}.label-list__list-items--desktop{margin-top:46px}.offline-reading{font-family:'CuriousSansBold';align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column}.offline-reading__header{font-size:14px;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 16px;max-width:220px;text-align:center}.offline-reading__header--desktop{font-size:18px;max-width:460px}.offline-reading__buttons{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;text-align:center}.offline-reading__buttons--desktop{align-items:center;flex-direction:row}.offline-reading__top-stories{margin-bottom:24px}.offline-reading__top-stories--desktop{margin:0 16px 0 0}.offline-reading__icon{display:block;height:auto;margin-bottom:24px;width:120px}.rectangle-image{background-size:cover;height:74px;max-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:132px}.rectangle-image img{height:100%;left:50%;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%);width:auto}.rectangle-image--small{box-sizing:border-box;height:32px;width:56px}.rectangle-image--large{box-sizing:border-box;height:162px;width:288px}.rectangle-image--medium{box-sizing:border-box;height:126px;width:222px}.rectangle-image--full-screen{padding-top:56.25%;width:100%}.rectangle-image img{transition:all 0.4s ease}.rectangle-image__overlay{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.6);bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%}.rectangle-image__overlay--culture{background-color:rgba(72,41,120,0.6)}.rectangle-image:hover .rectangle-image__overlay{opacity:1}.rectangle-image:hover img{height:108%}.rectangle-story-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;justify-content:space-between;margin:auto;max-width:100%;width:288px}.rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image__overlay{opacity:1}.rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon{background-color:#000}.rectangle-story-item__image-container--culture:hover .rectangle-story-item__icon{background-color:#482978}.rectangle-story-item__image-container:hover .rectangle-image img{height:108%}.rectangle-story-item__image-container{position:relative;width:100%}.rectangle-story-item--tablet{width:222px}.rectangle-story-item__container{display:flex;flex:1 1 auto;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:3px;width:100%}.rectangle-story-item__label{color:#4a4a4a;display:block;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:16px;margin-right:auto;margin-top:20px;padding-bottom:3px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.rectangle-story-item__label--worklife:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label--future:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label__travel:hover{background-image:none}.rectangle-story-item__label--worklife>span:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label--future>span:hover,.rectangle-story-item__label__travel>span:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a}.rectangle-story-item__label--culture:hover{background-image:none}.rectangle-story-item__label--culture>span:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #482978}.rectangle-story-item__line{display:block;margin:16px 0}.rectangle-story-item__author{color:#4a4a4a;display:block;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;letter-spacing:0.1px;line-height:35px;text-decoration:none}.rectangle-story-item__title{color:rgba(46,46,46,0.85);display:block;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.21px;line-height:30px;text-decoration:none}.rectangle-story-item__icon{background-color:#000;bottom:0;color:#fff;font-size:14px;height:44px;line-height:44px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transition:0.4s ease;width:44px}.rectangle-story-item__title--white,.rectangle-story-item__author--white,.rectangle-story-item__label--white{color:#fff}.rectangle-story-item__label--white:hover{border-bottom:0}.rectangle-story-item__label--white>span:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #fff} .rectangle-article-group{display:flex;flex:1;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;position:relative}.rectangle-article-group--tablet,.rectangle-article-group--desktop{flex-direction:row}.rectangle-article-group__article{display:inline-block;padding-top:12px}.rectangle-article-group__article--tablet{padding:0 16px 0 0}.rectangle-article-group__article--desktop{padding:0 24px 0 0} .fake-ad{align-content:center;align-items:center;background:#f6f6f6;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding:8px}.fake-ad__body{align-items:center;background:#5ae9cb;color:#fff;display:flex;flex:0 0 auto;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;justify-content:center}.fake-ad__text{align-self:center;color:#444;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5;text-align:right;text-transform:uppercase}.fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__body{height:320px;width:320px}.fake-ad--mpu .fake-ad__text{width:320px}.fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__body{height:50px;width:300px}.fake-ad--mobile-leaderboard .fake-ad__text{width:300px}.fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__body{height:90px;width:728px}.fake-ad--leaderboard .fake-ad__text{width:728px} .inline-html{display:block} .body-text-card-inline-image{margin:24px 0;position:relative}.body-text-card{color:#444;display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:1.5}.body-text-card__image,.body-text-card__video{margin:24px 0}.body-text-card__text{display:block}.body-text-card__advert{margin:20px 0}.body-text-card__text div a{cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none}.body-text-card__text a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.body-text-card__text>div>p{margin:0 20px 16px}.body-text-card__text>div>p:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.body-text-card__drop-capped{float:left;margin:0 8px 0 20px;padding-top:6px}.body-text-card__text--drop-capped p:first-of-type::first-letter{color:transparent;font-size:0}.body-text-card__text--flush-text>div>p{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.body-text-card__text--future div a:visited{color:#666}.body-text-card__text--future div a{color:#002856;text-decoration-color:#002856}.body-text-card__text--travel div a{color:#589e50;text-decoration-color:#589e50}.body-text-card__text--worklife div a{color:#0052a1;text-decoration-color:#0052a1}.body-text-card__text--earth div a{color:#0fbb56;text-decoration-color:#0fbb56}.body-text-card__text--culture div a{color:#472479;text-decoration-color:#472479}.swimlane-inner{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:auto 100%;display:block;padding:24px 16px}.swimlane-inner--small{padding:24px 8px}.swimlane-inner--tablet{padding:28px 16px 42px}.swimlane-inner--small-desktop{padding:30px 16px 42px}.swimlane-inner--desktop{padding:38px 16px 42px}.swimlane{overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:0}.swimlane__black{background-color:#0e0e0e}.swimlane__background-image{height:500px;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:915px;z-index:-1}.swimlane__background-image--mobile{height:181px;width:320px}.swimlane__background-image--tablet{height:421px;width:752px}.swimlane__background-image--desktop{height:500px;width:915px}.swimlane__background-image--atb{background-color:rgba(51,51,51,0.8);background-size:cover;height:100%;width:100%}.swimlane__item{margin:0 0 25px;width:100%}.swimlane__item--desktop{margin:0}.swimlane__item--tablet{margin:0 16px 25px 0;width:calc((100% - 48px) / 3)}.swimlane__item--tablet:nth-of-type(3n+3){margin-right:0}.swimlane__item--two-columns{margin-right:0 !important;max-width:572px;width:50%}.swimlane__item--four-columns{box-sizing:border-box;margin-bottom:25px;margin-right:16px;width:calc((100% - 48px) / 4)}.swimlane__item--four-columns:nth-of-type(4n+4){margin-right:0}.swimlane__items{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-top:24px;text-align:left}.swimlane__items--desktop{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;margin-top:42px}.swimlane__items--small-desktop{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:30px}.swimlane__items--tablet{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:30px}.swimlane__items--no-title{margin-top:0}.swimlane__content{margin:auto;max-width:942px;text-align:center}.swimlane__content--desktop{max-width:1216px}.swimlane__title{color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;text-transform:uppercase}.swimlane__title--black{color:#010101;font-weight:400}.see-more-button-container-alt{color:#0e0e0e}.branding{box-sizing:content-box !important;display:inline-block;height:24px;padding:12px 16px;width:100%}.branding__icon{display:inline-block;height:24px;width:100%}.branding__icon g{fill:#fff}.branding--medium{padding:16px}.branding--large{padding:16px 24px}.branding--worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.branding--future{background-color:#002856}.branding--culture{background-color:#472479}.branding--earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.branding--travel{background-color:#589e50}.branding--travel svg,.branding--earth svg,.branding--culture svg,.branding--future svg,.branding--worklife svg{height:24px}.branding--small,.branding--small svg{height:17px}.branding__icon--medium,.branding--medium,.branding--medium svg{height:22px}.branding__icon--large,.branding--large,.branding--large svg{height:24px}.branding__icon--largest,.branding--largest,.branding--largest svg{height:32px}.branding__icon--small,.branding--travel .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--earth .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--culture .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--future .branding__icon--small svg,.branding--worklife .branding__icon--small svg{height:17px}.nav-label{color:#4e4e4e;font-size:16px;line-height:22px;margin:auto;max-width:1280px;transition:0.4s}.nav-label:hover{color:#8e8e8e}.nav-label--menu{color:#ebebeb}.nav-label--menu:hover{color:#cecece}.nav-label--white{color:#fff}.nav-label--curiousSans{font-family:'CuriousSansBold'}.nav-links__link{align-items:center;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;padding-right:24px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.nav-links__link--active p{border-bottom:2px solid #002856;font-weight:bold}.nav-links__link--active--menu p{border-bottom:unset}.nav-links__link--active--worklife p{border-bottom:2px solid #0052a1}.nav-links__link--active--culture p{border-bottom:2px solid #472479}.nav-links__link--active--earth p{border-bottom:2px solid #0fbb56}.nav-links__link--active--travel p{border-bottom:2px solid #589e50}.nav-links__icon{background-color:#0052a1;bottom:10px;height:2px;position:absolute;width:80px}.nav-links__link--menu{display:block;padding-right:unset}.nav-links__icon--menu{display:none}.nav-links__icon--menu-tablet{width:60px}.nav-links__icon--worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.nav-links__icon--future{background-color:#002856}.nav-links__icon--culture{background-color:#472479}.nav-links__icon--earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.nav-links__icon--travel{background-color:#589e50}.nav-links__link--menu p{font-size:26px;padding:0 0 32px 24px}.nav-links__link--menu-desktop p{font-size:32px;line-height:42px;padding:0 0 44px 100px}.close-nav{align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;display:flex;position:relative;transition:0.4s}.close-nav__icon{color:#fff;display:flex;font-size:20px;transition:0.4s}.close-nav:hover .close-nav__icon{color:#cecece;transform:rotate(90deg)}.close-nav__label{display:inline-block;margin-right:12px} .follow-us-on{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.follow-us-on__text{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-style:condensed;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 20px;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase}.follow-us-on__links{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.follow-us-on__link:first-child{margin-right:16px}.ad-slot{display:inline-block}.ad-slot__container{align-items:center;display:flex}.ad-slot__label{max-width:120px;min-width:112px;padding-right:8px;text-align:right}.ad-slot--leaderboard{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center}.ad-slot__label--mpu,.ad-slot__label--leaderboard{margin-bottom:8px;max-width:unset;padding-right:unset;text-align:right}.ad-slot__container--mpu,.ad-slot__container--leaderboard{display:inline-block;flex-wrap:unset}.ad-slot__fake--sponsor{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:31px;min-width:88px}.ad-slot__fake--mpu{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:250px;min-width:300px}.ad-slot__fake--mpu-large{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:600px;min-width:300px}.ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-large{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:90px;min-width:728px}.ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-medium{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:50px;min-width:320px}.ad-slot__fake--leaderboard-small{background-color:#5ae9cb;height:50px;min-width:300px}.ad-slot__label--dark{color:#dcdcdc}.ad-slot--dark{background-color:#f6f6f6;padding:8px}.ad-slot--black{background-color:rgba(26,26,26,0.8);padding:8px} .sponsor-section{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;max-width:530px}.sponsor-section--menu{padding:20px 0 16px 24px}.sponsor-section__container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}.sponsor-section__container--desktop{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between}.sponsor-section__sponsor{color:#fff;padding-right:16px}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name{font-family:'CuriousSansBold';color:#4e4e4e;font-size:26px;margin:0;white-space:nowrap}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--mobile{padding-bottom:16px}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--desktop{font-size:22px}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu{color:#fff}.sponsor-section__sponsor-name--menu-desktop{font-size:32px}.sponsor-section__summary{color:#ebebeb;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;padding-top:16px}.sponsor-section__advert{display:inline-block}.nav-menu{background-color:#0052a1;display:block;height:100%;left:0;min-height:100vh;opacity:0.98;overflow:auto;position:fixed;top:0;width:100vw}.nav-menu--worklife{background-color:#0052a1}.nav-menu--future{background-color:#002856}.nav-menu--culture{background-color:#472479}.nav-menu--earth{background-color:#0fbb56}.nav-menu--travel{background-color:#589e50}.nav-menu__close-nav{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 8px 60px}.nav-menu__close-nav--desktop{padding:20px 16px 70px}.nav-menu__sponsored{background-color:rgba(34,34,34,0.5);height:100%;margin-bottom:32px}.nav-menu__sponsored--desktop{margin-bottom:44px}.nav-menu__sponsored-container{padding:20px 16px 16px 24px}.nav-menu__sponsored--desktop-container{margin:auto;max-width:1264px;padding:20px 16px 20px 100px}.nav-menu__follow-us{padding:52px 0 34px}.burger-nav{background:transparent;border:0;color:#0052a1;cursor:pointer;font-size:20px;outline:none;padding:0}.burger-nav--worklife{color:#0052a1}.burger-nav--future{color:#002856}.burger-nav--culture{color:#472479}.burger-nav--earth{color:#0fbb56}.burger-nav--travel{color:#589e50}.burger-nav--medium{font-size:16px}.burger-nav--small{font-size:12px} .open-nav{align-items:center;background-color:unset;border:unset;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;padding:0;position:relative;transition:0.4s}.open-nav__icon{display:flex}.open-nav__label{display:inline-block;margin-right:12px}.nav-build-bar{align-items:center;display:flex;height:auto;margin:auto;max-width:1280px;width:100%}.nav-build-bar--mobile{height:auto;justify-content:space-between}.nav-build-bar--mobile .nav-build-bar__title-content{white-space:pre-wrap}.nav-build-bar--tablet{height:58px}.nav-build-bar--desktop{height:60px}.nav-build-bar__links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;height:100%;justify-content:flex-end;margin-left:auto;overflow:hidden}.nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand{align-items:center;display:flex;margin-left:8px;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.nav-build-bar__sponsored-brand--no-brand{margin-left:0}.nav-build-bar__branding{display:flex;padding:0 8px 0 0}.nav-build-bar__branding--tablet{padding:0 30px 0 0}.nav-build-bar__branding--desktop{padding:0 80px 0 0}.nav-build-bar__title-content{border:1.78px solid;color:#444;font-size:22px;font-weight:bold;margin:unset;padding:8px;width:fit-content}.nav-build-bar__title-content--tablet{font-size:24px;white-space:nowrap}.nav-build-bar__title-content--desktop{font-size:28px}.nav-build-bar__open-nav{display:flex;height:48px}.nav-build-bar__open-nav-button{display:flex;padding-left:8px}.nav-build-bar__sponsored{background-color:#f6f6f6;border:1px solid #d3d3d3;height:48px;padding:0 16px}.nav-build-bar__open-nav--desktop{padding-right:16px}.nav-build-bar__open-nav--mobile{justify-content:flex-end;max-width:100px;width:100%}.nav-bar{background-color:#fff}.nav-bar__hidden-menu{display:none}.nav-bar__visible-menu{display:block}.nav-bar__no-scroll{max-height:100vh;overflow:hidden}.styled-dot{background-color:#5ae9cb;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 1px 2px 0 rgba(25,62,109,0.5);cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:6px;width:6px}.styled-dot--no-cursor{cursor:unset}.styled-dot--medium{box-shadow:unset;height:10px;width:10px}.styled-dot--dark-blue{background-color:#193e6d}.styled-dot--purple{background-color:#362e67;box-shadow:unset}.styled-dot--black{background-color:#000;box-shadow:unset}.styled-dot--grey-green{background-color:#008e9b;box-shadow:unset}.styled-dot--dark-green{background-color:#589e50;box-shadow:unset}.styled-dot--worklife{background-color:#8beed9}.styled-dot--future{background-color:#ffc857}.styled-dot--culture{background-color:#472479}.styled-dot--earth{background-color:#002856}.styled-dot--travel{background-color:#002856}.styled-dot--worklife-prime{background-color:#0052a1}.styled-dot--future-prime{background-color:#002856}.styled-dot--culture-prime{background-color:#472479}.styled-dot--earth-prime{background-color:#0fbb56}.styled-dot--travel-prime{background-color:#589e50}.styled-dot--large{box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(25,62,109,0.5);height:16px;width:16px}.styled-dot--small{box-shadow:unset;height:8px;width:8px}.styled-dot--grey{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.2)}.dot-with-label{align-items:center;display:flex}.dot-with-label__text{padding-left:8px}.dot-with-label__text a{text-decoration:none}.dot-with-label__text:hover h2{color:#adadad} .play-icon{background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:12px;outline:none;padding:0}.play-icon--red{color:#f00}.play-icon--grey{color:#999}.play-icon--medium{font-size:16px}.play-icon--large{font-size:20px} .camera-icon{background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:12px;outline:none;padding:0}.camera-icon--red{color:#f00}.camera-icon--grey{color:#999}.camera-icon--medium{font-size:16px}.camera-icon--large{font-size:20px} .info-icon{background:transparent;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:12px;outline:none;padding:0}.info-icon--red{color:#f00}.info-icon--grey{color:#999}.info-icon--medium{font-size:16px}.info-icon--large{font-size:20px} .icon-with-label{align-items:center;display:flex}.icon-with-label__icon{padding-right:10px}.more-articles-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;z-index:5}.more-articles-item__link{text-decoration:none}.more-articles-item__container{display:flex;width:100%}.more-articles-item__label{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:8px}.more-articles-item__type{margin-right:16px;position:relative}.more-articles-item__icon{color:#fff;font-size:12px;margin-right:8px}.more-articles-item__text{color:#fff;font-size:20px;font-weight:bold;line-height:24px;padding:0;position:relative;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(25,62,109,0.7);transition:color 0.4s}.more-articles-item__text--medium{font-size:22px;line-height:28px}.more-articles-item__text--large{color:#ebebeb;font-size:30px;line-height:37px}.more-articles-item__container--column{flex-direction:column}.more-articles-item__image-container{position:relative}.more-articles-item--two-columns{margin-right:16px}.more-articles-item__label--desktop{margin-top:16px}.more-articles-item__label--tablet{margin-top:16px}.more-articles-item__link:hover .more-articles-item__text{color:#adadad} .more-articles{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;object-fit:cover;overflow:hidden;position:relative;transition:background-image 0.4s}.more-articles__heading{display:inline-block;margin:auto;max-width:1272px;padding:20px 0 0 16px;position:relative;z-index:5}.more-articles__stories{margin:10px 16px 42px;max-width:1232px;padding:8px;position:relative;z-index:4}.more-articles__stories--small{padding:0}.more-articles__stories--tablet{margin:24px 16px 72px;max-width:1216px}.more-articles__stories--desktop{margin:56px 48px 92px;max-width:1152px}.more-articles__story-container:not(:first-of-type){padding-top:16px}.more-articles__line{opacity:0.3;padding-top:16px;z-index:5}.more-articles__image-overlay{background-color:rgba(25,62,109,0.3);bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%;z-index:1}.more-articles__image{opacity:0;transition:0.6s}.more-articles__image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.more-articles__image--right img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:0;width:unset}.more-articles__image--left img{left:unset;min-width:100%;right:unset;width:unset}.more-articles__image--visible{opacity:1}.more-articles__story--two-columns,.more-articles__story--three-columns{padding-right:16px;width:310px}.more-articles__story-container:nth-child(even) .more-articles__story--two-columns{padding-right:0}.more-articles__story-container:nth-child(3n+3) .more-articles__story--three-columns{padding-right:0}.more-articles__stories--two-columns,.more-articles__stories--three-columns{align-items:flex-end;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:16px}.more-articles__stories--two-columns .more-articles-item__link,.more-articles__stories--three-columns .more-articles-item__link{pointer-events:all}.more-articles__story-container--two-columns{display:flex;justify-content:center;width:50%}.more-articles__story-container--two-columns:nth-child(2){padding-top:0}.more-articles__story-container--three-columns{display:flex;justify-content:center;width:33%}.more-articles__story-container--three-columns:nth-child(-n+3){padding-top:0}.more-articles__heading--small{padding:20px 0 0 8px}.more-articles__heading--desktop{max-width:1264px;padding:38px 0 0 16px}.more-articles__heading--tablet{max-width:1264px;padding:24px 0 0 16px} .full-width-image-article{width:100%}.full-width-image-article__container{min-height:325px;overflow:hidden;position:relative}.full-width-image-article__container--desktop{min-height:400px}.full-width-image-article__image{height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%}.full-width-image-article__image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.full-width-image-article__text{align-items:center;color:#fff;left:50%;max-width:488px;padding:0 20px;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%);width:100%}.full-width-image-article__text a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__label{display:inline-block;font-size:14.4px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3.6px;line-height:19px;margin-bottom:11px;text-transform:uppercase}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:42px;margin:0;padding:0}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__header--desktop{font-size:33.6px}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author{font-size:16.6px;font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.13px;line-height:42px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:28px}.full-width-image-article__text .full-width-image-article-text__author--desktop{margin-top:32px}.full-width-image-article__background{background-image:radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5,36,53,0.37) 50%, rgba(0,0,0,0) 83%);height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.full-width-image-article__link{color:#fff;text-decoration:none} .most-popular{background-color:#f9f9f9}.most-popular__inner{margin:0 auto;max-width:894px;padding:45px 24px 21px}.most-popular__inner--desktop{padding:47px 0 86px}.most-popular__header{color:#010101;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;margin:0;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.most-popular__items{display:block}.most-popular__items--desktop{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:57px}.most-popular-item{box-sizing:border-box;padding-top:33px}.most-popular-item:last-of-type{margin-bottom:42px}.most-popular-item--desktop{padding:0 20px;width:calc(33.333%)}.most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n+2){order:2;padding:38px 20px}.most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(3n+3){order:3}.most-popular-item--desktop:nth-child(n+4){border-left:1px solid #dadada}.most-popular-item--desktop:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.most-popular-item a{text-decoration:none}.most-popular-item__content{align-items:flex-end;display:flex;margin-top:5px}.most-popular-item__number{color:#cbcbcb;font-size:40px;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;line-height:32px;margin:0 20px 0 0;width:25px}.most-popular-item__label{color:#4a4a4a;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;margin:0 0 0 45px;text-transform:uppercase}.most-popular-item__title{color:#2e2e2ecc;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-0.17px;line-height:22px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.most-popular-item__title--desktop{font-size:16px}.image-gallery-item{margin:26px 0}.image-gallery-item img{height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -3%;width:106%}@media (max-width: 1000px) and (min-width: 767px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -16%;width:116%}}@media (max-width: 1180px) and (min-width: 1024px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -8%;width:108%}}@media (max-width: 1365px) and (min-width: 1280px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -42%;width:142%}}@media (min-width: 1366px){.image-gallery-item__image--landscape{margin:20px 0 20px -55%;width:155%}}.image-gallery-item__image--portrait{margin:20px 0;width:100%}@media (max-width: 599px){.image-gallery-item__image--portrait{margin-left:-3%;width:106%}}.image-gallery-item__image--portrait,.image-gallery-item__image--portrait img{max-height:507px;min-height:463px}@media (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 768px){.image-gallery-item__image--portrait,.image-gallery-item__image--portrait img{min-height:818px}} .StickyElementContent{transition:transform 0.5s}.StickyElementContent--is-undocked{left:0;position:fixed;top:0;width:100%}.StickyElementContent--is-hidden{transform:translateY(-100%)}.styled-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.styled-list__item{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.styled-list__item:not(:first-of-type){padding-top:8px}.styled-list__item a{font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none}.styled-list__item--worklife a{color:#8beed9}.styled-list__item--future a{color:#ffc857}.styled-list__item--culture a{color:#472479}.styled-list__item--earth a{color:#002856}.styled-list__item--travel a{color:#002856}.styled-list__text{color:#444;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;padding-left:20px}.styled-list__dot{display:flex;margin-top:8px}.hero-header{align-items:center;display:flex}.hero-header__header{font-family:'CuriousSansBold';color:#fff;font-size:38px;line-height:40px;margin:0;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(25,62,109,0.7)}.hero-header__header--large{font-size:44px;line-height:48px}.hero-header__header--medium{font-size:38px;line-height:47px}.hero-header__header--small{font-size:28px;line-height:34px}.hero-header__header--black{color:#000;text-shadow:unset}.hero-header__header--grey{color:#adadad;text-shadow:unset}.error-page-header{position:relative}.error-page-header__headers{margin-bottom:16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.error-page-header__headers--tablet-plus{margin-bottom:32px}.error-page-header__description{color:#444;font-size:16px;line-height:20px}.error-page-header__play-icon{margin-right:16px}.error-page-header__play-icon button{color:#adadad}.error-page-header__dot-label{display:flex} .error-page{position:relative}.error-page__container{margin-bottom:16px}.error-page__container--tablet-plus{margin-bottom:32px}.error-page__title{margin-bottom:12px}.error-page__title--desktop{margin-bottom:24px} .article-title-card-rectangle{width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image:hover .article-title-card-rectangle__overlay{opacity:1}.article-title-card-rectangle__overlay{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.6);bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;transition:transform 0.5s ease;width:100%;will-change:transform}.article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--culture{background-color:rgba(72,41,120,0.6)}.article-title-card-rectangle__image{margin-right:40px;max-height:390px;max-width:620px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:auto}.article-title-card-rectangle__image img{display:block;min-height:194px;min-width:344px;width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet,.article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop{margin-right:0;width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image--tablet img,.article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop img{width:110%}.article-title-card-rectangle__image--preview-article{margin-right:0}.article-title-card-rectangle__image--index{margin-right:0;max-width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.article-title-card-rectangle__container--tablet,.article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop{align-items:center;flex-direction:row}.article-title-card-rectangle__container--preview-article{margin-right:8px}.article-title-card-rectangle__container--index{align-items:initial;flex-direction:column}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box{background-color:#fff;margin-left:40px;padding:16px 22px 0;position:relative;top:-22px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label{color:#4a4a4a;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:20px;margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;width:fit-content}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--worklife:hover,.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--culture:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #482978}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index{color:#000;font-size:20px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.53px;line-height:30px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--tablet{font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.74px;line-height:44px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--index--desktop{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.84px;line-height:44px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header{color:#2e2e2e;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.21px;line-height:30px;margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:12px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop{font-size:28px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--tablet{font-size:26px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--index{color:#3d3d3d;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.12px;line-height:31px;margin-top:4px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author{color:#4a4a4a;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:35px;margin:8px 0 0}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet{margin:14px 0 0}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet,.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop{left:-40px;margin:0;padding:40px;top:0;transform:none}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--tablet{padding:35px 22px 22px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index{left:0;margin-right:40px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--tablet{margin-left:50px;margin-right:50px;padding:30px 36px 0;top:-80px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--index--desktop{margin-left:50px;max-width:560px;top:-88px;width:100%}.article-title-card-rectangle__link{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-container{display:block;max-width:252px}.article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--tablet,.article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop{max-width:320px}.article-title-card-rectangle__preview-container{color:#4d4d4d;text-decoration:none}.article-title-card-rectangle__preview-text{display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:24px;margin-top:27px;max-width:396px}.article-title-card-rectangle__read-more{display:inline-block;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:4px;margin:25px 16px 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}.article-title-card-rectangle__arrow{color:#bababa;display:inline-block;transform:rotate(-90deg)}.rectangle-story-group{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin:auto;position:relative}.rectangle-story-group__articles{display:flex;flex:1;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;position:relative}.rectangle-story-group__articles--small-tablet{justify-content:unset}.rectangle-story-group__articles--full-screen{display:block}.rectangle-story-group__article{display:inline-block;padding-left:18px;padding-top:16px}.rectangle-story-group__article--tablet{padding-left:20px;padding-top:22px}.rectangle-story-group__article--desktop{padding-left:22px;padding-top:24px}.rectangle-story-group__article--desktop:first-of-type{padding-left:8px}.rectangle-story-group__article--small-tablet{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%}.rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen{display:block;padding:16px}.rectangle-story-group__article--full-screen:first-of-type{padding-top:0}.rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop{padding-left:10px}.rectangle-story-group__article--small-desktop:last-of-type{padding-right:8px}.rectangle-story-group__articles-container{margin:auto;max-width:950px;overflow:hidden;width:100%}.rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu{display:flex;justify-content:center;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding:16px 16px 24px}.rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--desktop{border-left:1px solid #dadada;display:block;padding:0 0 0 16px;padding-top:0}.rectangle-story-group__advert-mpu--small-desktop{display:block;padding:0 0 0 8px}.rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop{display:flex}.rectangle-story-group__article-hero--tablet{display:flex}.article-labels{font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-transform:uppercase}.article-labels a{color:#fff;letter-spacing:1px;text-decoration:none}.article-labels__text:first-child{font-weight:bold} .article-headline{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:43px 0}.article-headline .article-labels{text-align:center}.article-headline__line--short{margin-bottom:40px}.article-headline--largeTablet .article-headline__text{font-size:32px;text-align:center}.article-headline--tablet{padding:31px 0}.article-headline--tablet .article-headline__collection{margin-bottom:24px}.article-headline--tablet .article-headline__text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.84px;margin:0 15px 23px;text-align:center}.article-headline--mobile{padding:20px 0}.article-headline--mobile .article-headline__text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.63px;margin:0 15px 15px;text-align:center}.article-headline--mobile .article-headline__collection{margin-bottom:15px}.article-headline__collection{margin-bottom:40px}.article-headline__collection a{color:#242424}.article-headline__text{font-size:45px;letter-spacing:-1.26px;line-height:30px;margin-bottom:44px} @media only screen and (min-width: 1600px){.hero-image{height:900px;position:relative}.hero-image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}}@media only screen and (max-width: 1600px){.hero-image{height:0;overflow:hidden;padding-top:56.25%;position:relative}.hero-image img{height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}}.loading-spinner{margin:0 auto;text-align:center}.loading-spinner__message{color:#002756;display:block;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:bold;margin:12px 0;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.loading-spinner__image{display:block;margin:0 auto;width:48px}.article-hero{height:672px;margin:0;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%}.article-hero--small-mobile{height:373px}.article-hero--mobile{height:486px}.article-hero--small-tablet{height:433px}.article-hero--tablet{height:433px}.article-hero--tablet .article-hero__content{padding:60px 15px 0}.article-hero__content{margin:auto;max-width:1004px;pointer-events:none;position:relative;z-index:1}.article-hero--desktop{height:573px}.article-hero--desktop .article-hero__content{padding:50px 30px 0}.article-hero--large-desktop .article-hero__content{max-width:1276px}.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content,.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content{padding:60px 10px 0}.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-title,.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-title,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-title{font-size:24px;line-height:30px;max-width:220px}.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-line,.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-line,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-line{margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:16px}.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-labels,.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-labels,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-labels{margin-bottom:15px}.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta,.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta{line-height:22px}.article-hero--small-tablet .article-hero__content-cta a,.article-hero--mobile .article-hero__content-cta a,.article-hero--small-mobile .article-hero__content-cta a{letter-spacing:3px}.article-hero__ambient-hidden{display:none}.article-hero__background-ambient{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;z-index:-1}.article-hero__background::after{background-image:linear-gradient(-63deg, rgba(0,0,0,0) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,0.06) 24%, rgba(0,0,0,0.2) 51%, rgba(0,0,0,0.32) 67%, rgba(0,0,0,0.51) 100%);content:'';height:100%;left:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.article-hero__background img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.article-hero__background--parallax img{transform:scale(1.1)}.article-hero a{color:#fff;letter-spacing:3px;text-decoration:none}.article-hero__content-cta{clear:both;font-size:16px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:4px;line-height:20px;max-width:170px;pointer-events:all;text-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);text-transform:uppercase}.article-hero__content-cta a{display:flex;letter-spacing:4px}.article-hero__content-labels{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:16px;margin-bottom:20px;pointer-events:all}.article-hero__content-line{background-color:#fff;border:0;display:block;float:left;height:1px;margin-bottom:18px;margin-right:300px;margin-top:25px;width:120px}.article-hero__content-right-arrow{position:relative}.article-hero__content-right-arrow::before{background:#fff;content:'';height:2px;left:5px;margin-top:-1px;opacity:0.4;position:absolute;top:50%;transition:all 0.3s ease;width:20px}.article-hero__content-right-arrow::after{border-right:2px solid #fff;border-top:2px solid #fff;content:'';display:inline-block;height:10px;left:16px;margin-top:5px;opacity:0.4;position:absolute;transform:rotate(45deg);width:10px}.article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::before{opacity:1}.article-hero__content-right-arrow--small::after{margin-top:6px;opacity:1}.article-hero__content-right-arrow img{height:11px;margin-left:10px;width:19px}.article-hero__content-title{color:#fff;font-size:50px;line-height:54px;margin-top:0;max-width:450px;pointer-events:all;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(51,51,51,0.7)}.article-hero__content-title a{letter-spacing:-1.32px}.article-hero__title-text{display:inline}.article-hero__content-title>a:hover>div,.article-hero__content-subtitle>a:hover{background-image:linear-gradient(to right, currentColor 100%, transparent 0%);background-position:0 1.15em;background-repeat:repeat-x;background-size:100% 2px}.article-hero__content-subtitle{clear:both;color:#fff;font-size:23px;font-weight:500;line-height:32px;margin-bottom:16px;margin-top:0;max-width:440px;pointer-events:all;text-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(51,51,51,0.5)}.article-hero__content-subtitle a{letter-spacing:-1px}.article-hero__content-title--small{font-size:30px;line-height:35px}.article-hero__content-title--tablet{clear:both;font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.84px;line-height:42px;max-width:264px}.article-hero__content-title--small a{letter-spacing:-0.63px}.article-hero__down-arrow{background-color:transparent;border:0;bottom:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;left:calc(50% - 29px);margin:0;margin-bottom:15px;padding:0;position:absolute;transform:scale(0.5)}.see-more-button-container{color:#fff}.see-more-button{border-bottom:1px solid #979797;text-align:center}.see-more-button__inner{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#6c6c6c;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;margin-bottom:13px;position:relative;text-transform:uppercase;transition:linear 0.6s}.see-more-button__inner-arrow{color:#6c6c6c;font-size:10px;position:absolute;right:9px;top:2px;transition:linear 0.3s}.see-more-button__inner-text{margin-right:24px}.see-more-button__inner:hover{color:#4a4a4a}.see-more-button__inner:hover .see-more-button__inner-arrow{color:#4a4a4a;transform:rotate(90deg)} @media screen and (min-width: 1000px){.similar-articles-story{max-width:900px}}@media screen and (min-width: 601px) and (max-width: 999px){.similar-articles-story{max-width:600px}}@media screen and (max-width: 600px){.similar-articles-story{max-width:300px}}.related-articles{position:relative}.related-articles__header{text-align:center;background-color:#000;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:3px;margin:0 0 20px;padding:8px;text-transform:uppercase}.related-articles__header--bright{margin:20px 0 1.15ex;font-size:13px;background-color:#d8d8d8;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.7);letter-spacing:2px;line-height:3}.related-articles__list{list-style:none;padding:0 0 1.5ex 0;margin:0;display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap}.related-articles__list li{flex-basis:100%;display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;align-content:stretch}.related-articles__list li>div{flex:1}.related-articles__list.with-numbers{counter-reset:related-numbers;list-style-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7);margin:0 35px}.related-articles__list.with-numbers li::before{counter-increment:related-numbers;content:counter(related-numbers);font-weight:bold;font-size:40px;align-self:flex-end;line-height:1.85;font-style:italic;letter-spacing:0;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.18);flex:0.1 0.1;flex-basis:1ex;padding-right:1ex;text-align:center;display:block}.related-articles__list.with-numbers li{margin-bottom:10px}.related-articles--wide-layout{background-color:initial;margin-top:20px}ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide) li{max-width:100%}ul.related-articles__list:not(.list-wide).with-borders li:not(:last-of-type){border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}ul.related-articles__list.list-wide li{max-width:49.8%}ul.related-articles__list.list-wide.with-borders li{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.related-article{align-items:stretch;display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:16px;min-height:90px}.related-article__image{width:calc(90px + 0.5ex);flex:0.3 0.3;min-width:90px;max-width:calc(90px + 0.5ex);margin:0;display:block;line-height:0;order:-1}.related-article__image img{width:100%;border:0;margin:0 12px 0 0}.related-article__text{display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;width:100%;justify-content:flex-start;align-content:flex-start;position:relative;padding:12px 6px 12px 0;line-height:1.5}.related-article__text a{width:100%;padding-left:12px;display:flex;text-decoration:none}.related-article__text a+a{margin-top:1ex}.related-article__text br{display:none}.related-article__title{color:rgba(46,46,46,0.85);letter-spacing:-0.01em;flex:1}.related-article__title:hover{color:#2e2e2e}.related-article__collection{display:block;color:#4a4a4a;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:2.5px;line-height:1.2;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.related-article__collection span{display:none}.related-articles__list.square-images .related-article{margin:0.75ex 0}.related-articles__list.square-images .related-article:hover{background-color:#f9f9f9}.related-articles__list.square-images.list-wide .related-article{margin:1.25ex 1.75ex}.related-articles__list.round-images a:hover{color:#000}.related-articles__list.round-images .related-article{margin:1.25ex 1.75ex}.related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__title{padding-left:10px}.related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image{width:calc(90px + 15px);max-width:calc(90px + 15px);margin:0}.related-articles__list.round-images .related-article__image img{border-radius:50%}.related-articles__list.round-images.list-wide .related-article{margin:1.75ex 1.75ex} .vertical-story-card-item{cursor:pointer;font-family:'ReithSans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif;height:456px;margin:20px 10px;position:relative;width:297px}@media only screen and (max-width: 1007px){.vertical-story-card-item{width:276px}}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.vertical-story-card-item{width:276px}}.vertical-story-card-item img{width:100%}.vertical-story-card-item__content-box{background-color:#fff;bottom:0;box-shadow:0 0 5px #d8d8d8;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:111px;justify-content:center;position:absolute;right:0;width:275px}@media only screen and (max-width: 1007px){.vertical-story-card-item__content-box{width:261px}}.vertical-story-card-item__content-box h1{color:#4a4a4a;font-size:0.75rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;margin:0;padding:0 10px;text-transform:uppercase}.vertical-story-card-item__content-box h2{color:#3d3d3d;font-size:1.3125rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.06px;line-height:42px;margin:0;padding:0 10px} .vertical-story-group{font-family:'ReithSans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif;position:relative}.vertical-story-group img{object-fit:cover;width:100%}.vertical-story-group__image-container{height:370px;position:relative;width:100%}.vertical-story-group__image-container img{height:100%}.vertical-story-group__image-mask{background:linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0,0,0,0.6), rgba(0,0,0,0));bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.vertical-story-group__heading-container{color:#fff;left:50%;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:80px;transform:translate(-50%, -50%)}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__heading-container{top:120px}}.vertical-story-group__heading-container button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:0.875rem;letter-spacing:0.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}.vertical-story-group__heading-container h1{font-size:0.9rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3.6px;margin-bottom:20px}.vertical-story-group__heading-container h2{font-size:2.1rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:42px}.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;left:0;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:absolute;right:0;top:65px;width:70%}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape{align-items:center;flex-direction:column}}.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape h1{color:#fff;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:0.95px;margin:0}.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:0.875rem;height:60px;letter-spacing:0.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;width:260px}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__heading-container-landscape button{margin-top:50px}}.vertical-story-group__container{display:grid;grid-auto-rows:minmax(auto, auto);grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit, minmax(290px, 310px));height:100%;justify-content:center;justify-items:center;margin-top:-210px;width:100%}@media only screen and (max-width: 599px){.vertical-story-group__container{margin-top:-120px}}.beta-btn{background-color:#e6711b;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;height:25px;line-height:12px;padding:0 7px;width:66px}.beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow{cursor:pointer;transform:rotate(45deg)}.beta-btn:hover .beta-btn__arrow--expanded{transform:rotate(-35deg)}.beta-btn__copy{color:#444;display:block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:17px;margin:16px auto;max-width:50%}.beta-btn__arrow{border:solid #fff;border-width:0 2px 2px 0;display:inline-block;padding:3px;position:relative;top:-1px;transform:rotate(-45deg);transition:0.4s}.beta-btn__arrow--expanded{transform:rotate(45deg)} .location-header{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:2.92px;line-height:19px;text-transform:uppercase} .temperature-switcher{background:transparent;border:0;cursor:pointer;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;white-space:nowrap}.temperature-switcher:active{color:currentColor}.temperature-switcher__active{font-weight:bold}.temperature-switcher span{margin:0 0.2ex} .day{--w-day-font-size: 14px;--w-day-temp-font-size: 20px;--w-day-temp-font-size-big: 32px;--w-day-temp-font-weight: 600;--w-day-name-font-weight: 500;align-items:center;color:#959595;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:var(--w-day-font-size)}.day--desktop{--w-day-temp-font-size: 24px;--w-day-temp-font-weight: normal;--w-day-name-font-weight: 600}.day:first-of-type{color:#4b4b4b}.day__name{font-weight:var(--w-day-name-font-weight);line-height:1;margin-bottom:0.75em;text-transform:uppercase}.day__symbol-header{display:block;height:80px;margin:7px 0 5px;width:98px}.day__symbol{display:block;height:40px;margin:7px 0 5px;width:50px}.day--desktop .day__symbol{height:60px;margin-top:15px;width:70px}.day__temp{font-size:var(--w-day-temp-font-size);font-weight:var(--w-day-temp-font-weight);line-height:1.2;margin-top:0.75em;text-transform:lowercase}.day__temp--header{color:#4b4b4b;font-size:32px;font-weight:bold}.day--mobile:first-of-type{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:3em}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__symbol{height:60px;margin-right:10px;overflow:visible;width:80px}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__temp{font-size:var(--w-day-temp-font-size-big);font-weight:bold;margin-top:0}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location{font-size:120%;font-weight:500;margin:1em 0}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name{color:#959595}.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__location,.day--mobile:first-of-type .day__name{text-align:center;width:100%} .weather{--w-height: 50px;--w-wrapper-margin: 24px;--w-days-flexbasis: 33%;margin-bottom:2rem}.weather--desktop{--w-height: 80px;--w-wrapper-margin: 50px;--w-days-flexbasis: initial;margin-bottom:1rem}.weather:not(.weather--desktop) .weather__days{flex-flow:row wrap}.weather:not(.weather--desktop) .day:first-of-type{flex-basis:100%;width:auto}.weather__separator{border-right:1px solid #dcdcdc;display:block;height:var(--w-height)}.weather__days{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-basis:var(--w-days-flexbasis);justify-content:space-evenly;margin-top:2.5rem}.weather__days--desktop{margin-top:4rem}.weather__header{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-flow:column;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:var(--w-wrapper-margin)}.weather__header button{margin-top:1.5rem}.weather__header--desktop{position:relative}.weather__header--desktop button{margin:0;position:absolute;right:0} .destination-header{width:100%}.destination-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center;min-height:380px;overflow:hidden;padding:0 16px;position:relative}.destination-header__image{height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:100%}.destination-header__image img{bottom:-100%;display:block;height:100%;left:-100%;margin:auto;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;object-fit:cover;position:absolute;right:-100%;top:-100%;width:100%}.destination-header__text{color:#fff;font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.95px;line-height:37.4px;max-width:488px;padding:0 20px;position:relative;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;width:100%}.destination-header__text a{color:#fff;font-weight:300;text-decoration:none}.destination-header__text--desktop{font-size:36px}.destination-header__text-container{border-bottom:solid 1px #fff;display:inline-block;line-height:1.3;padding-bottom:17px}.destination-header__text-container--desktop{padding-bottom:0.75ex}.destination-header__link-page,.destination-header__advert{color:#fff;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.5px;margin-top:20px;position:relative;text-align:center}.destination-header__link-page span,.destination-header__advert span{display:block;width:100%}.destination-header__link-page--desktop,.destination-header__advert--desktop{margin-top:40px}.destination-header__link-page{left:14px;margin:0;position:absolute;text-transform:uppercase;top:20px}.destination-header__link-page--desktop{left:25px;top:36px}.destination-header__background{background-image:radial-gradient(50% 49%, rgba(5,36,53,0.37) 50%, rgba(0,0,0,0) 83%);height:100%;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.destination-header a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none} .image-card{position:relative}.image-card img{object-fit:cover;width:100%}.image-card__heading-container{color:#fff;left:50%;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:80px;transform:translate(-50%, -50%)}.image-card__heading-container button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:0.875rem;letter-spacing:0.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none}.image-card__heading-container h1{font-size:0.9rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3.6px;margin-top:0}.image-card__heading-container h2{font-size:2.1rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:42px;margin-top:0}.image-card__heading-container-landscape{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;left:50%;position:absolute;text-align:center;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%, -50%);width:90%}.image-card__heading-container-landscape__mobile{align-items:center;flex-direction:column}.image-card__heading-container-landscape h1{color:#fff;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:0.95px;margin-top:0}.image-card__heading-container-landscape button{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:0.875rem;height:60px;letter-spacing:0.183rem;outline:none;padding:15px 32px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;width:260px} .filter{display:inline-block;max-width:160px;position:relative}.filter__button{background-color:#000;border:0;color:#fff;font-size:16px;padding:16px;width:160px}.filter__content{background-color:#000;display:none;position:absolute;width:160px;z-index:1}.filter:focus .filter__content,.filter:hover .filter__content{display:block}.filter__content--open{display:block}.filter__content button{background-color:#000;border:0;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:block;font-style:italic;padding:12px 16px;text-decoration:none;width:100%}.filter__content button:hover{background-color:#494848} .callout-box-card{background-color:#eaeaea;color:#4a4a4a;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left}.callout-box-card img{height:100%;width:100%}.callout-box-card__container{padding:0.2rem 1.5rem}.callout-box-card__container h3{font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:16px;margin:1rem 0;text-transform:uppercase}.callout-box-card__container h4{font-size:28px;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.21px;line-height:35px}.callout-box-card__container .body{font-size:16px;font-weight:lighter;letter-spacing:-0.12px;line-height:31px}.callout-box-card__container .body a{color:#4a4a4a;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none}.mapboxgl-map{font:12px/20px Helvetica Neue,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;position:relative;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}.mapboxgl-canvas{position:absolute;left:0;top:0}.mapboxgl-map:-webkit-full-screen{width:100%;height:100%}.mapboxgl-canary{background-color:salmon}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive,.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass{cursor:-webkit-grab;cursor:-moz-grab;cursor:grab;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive.mapboxgl-track-pointer{cursor:pointer}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-interactive:active,.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass:active{cursor:-webkit-grabbing;cursor:-moz-grabbing;cursor:grabbing}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate,.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate .mapboxgl-canvas{touch-action:pan-x pan-y}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan,.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas{touch-action:pinch-zoom}.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan,.mapboxgl-canvas-container.mapboxgl-touch-zoom-rotate.mapboxgl-touch-drag-pan .mapboxgl-canvas{touch-action:none}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left,.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right,.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left,.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right{position:absolute;pointer-events:none;z-index:2}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left{top:0;left:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right{top:0;right:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left{bottom:0;left:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right{right:0;bottom:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl{clear:both;pointer-events:auto;transform:translate(0)}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:10px 0 0 10px;float:left}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:10px 10px 0 0;float:right}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:0 0 10px 10px;float:left}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right .mapboxgl-ctrl{margin:0 10px 10px 0;float:right}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group{border-radius:4px;background:#fff}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty){-moz-box-shadow:0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);box-shadow:0 0 0 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}@media (-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl-group:not(:empty){box-shadow:0 0 0 2px ButtonText}}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button{width:29px;height:29px;display:block;padding:0;outline:none;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;background-color:transparent;cursor:pointer}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button+button{border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mapboxgl-ctrl button .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50%}@media (-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-color:transparent}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button+button{border-top:1px solid ButtonText}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus{box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px #0096ff}.mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.mapboxgl-ctrl button:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{opacity:.25}.mapboxgl-ctrl button:not(:disabled):hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 2px #0096ff}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:not(:focus-visible){box-shadow:none}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:first-child{border-radius:4px 4px 0 0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:last-child{border-radius:0 0 4px 4px}.mapboxgl-ctrl-group button:focus:only-child{border-radius:inherit}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}@media (-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-out .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}@media (-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}@media (-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{-webkit-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite;-moz-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-o-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-ms-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite}@media (-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23666'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg)}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(1turn)}}@-moz-keyframes mapboxgl-spin{0%{-moz-transform:rotate(0deg)}to{-moz-transform:rotate(1turn)}}@-o-keyframes mapboxgl-spin{0%{-o-transform:rotate(0deg)}to{-o-transform:rotate(1turn)}}@-ms-keyframes mapboxgl-spin{0%{-ms-transform:rotate(0deg)}to{-ms-transform:rotate(1turn)}}@keyframes mapboxgl-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo{width:88px;height:23px;margin:0 0 -4px -4px;display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;cursor:pointer;overflow:hidden;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg opacity='.3' stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20220720114317im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg opacity='.9' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo.mapboxgl-compact{width:23px}@media (-ms-high-contrast: active){a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo{background-color:transparent;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23000' stroke-width='3'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20220720114317im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cg fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){a.mapboxgl-ctrl-logo{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='88' height='23' viewBox='0 0 88 23' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cdefs%3E%3Cpath id='a' d='M11.5 2.25c5.105 0 9.25 4.145 9.25 9.25s-4.145 9.25-9.25 9.25-9.25-4.145-9.25-9.25 4.145-9.25 9.25-9.25zM6.997 15.983c-.051-.338-.828-5.802 2.233-8.873a4.395 4.395 0 013.13-1.28c1.27 0 2.49.51 3.39 1.42.91.9 1.42 2.12 1.42 3.39 0 1.18-.449 2.301-1.28 3.13C12.72 16.93 7 16 7 16l-.003-.017zM15.3 10.5l-2 .8-.8 2-.8-2-2-.8 2-.8.8-2 .8 2 2 .8z'/%3E%3Cpath id='b' d='M50.63 8c.13 0 .23.1.23.23V9c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 2.17 0 3.95 1.85 3.95 4.17s-1.77 4.19-3.94 4.19c-1.04 0-2.03-.43-2.74-1.18v3.77c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V8.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-3.86.01c.01 0 .01 0 .01-.01.13 0 .22.1.22.22v7.55c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V15c-.7.76-1.69 1.19-2.73 1.19-2.17 0-3.94-1.87-3.94-4.19 0-2.32 1.77-4.19 3.94-4.19 1.03 0 2.02.43 2.73 1.18v-.75c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm26.375-.19a4.24 4.24 0 00-4.16 3.29c-.13.59-.13 1.19 0 1.77a4.233 4.233 0 004.17 3.3c2.35 0 4.26-1.87 4.26-4.19 0-2.32-1.9-4.17-4.27-4.17zM60.63 5c.13 0 .23.1.23.23v3.76c.7-.76 1.7-1.18 2.73-1.18 1.88 0 3.45 1.4 3.84 3.28.13.59.13 1.2 0 1.8-.39 1.88-1.96 3.29-3.84 3.29-1.03 0-2.02-.43-2.73-1.18v.77c0 .12-.1.23-.23.23h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.1-.23-.23V5.23c0-.12.1-.23.23-.23h1.4zm-34 11h-1.4c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23V8.22c.01-.13.1-.22.23-.22h1.4c.13 0 .22.11.23.22v.68c.5-.68 1.3-1.09 2.16-1.1h.03c1.09 0 2.09.6 2.6 1.55.45-.95 1.4-1.55 2.44-1.56 1.62 0 2.93 1.25 2.9 2.78l.03 5.2c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.8 0-1.46.7-1.59 1.62l.01 4.68c0 .13-.11.23-.23.23h-1.41c-.13 0-.23-.11-.23-.23v-4.59c0-.98-.74-1.71-1.62-1.71-.85 0-1.54.79-1.6 1.8v4.5c0 .13-.1.23-.23.23zm53.615 0h-1.61c-.04 0-.08-.01-.12-.03-.09-.06-.13-.19-.06-.28l2.43-3.71-2.39-3.65a.213.213 0 01-.03-.12c0-.12.09-.21.21-.21h1.61c.13 0 .24.06.3.17l1.41 2.37 1.4-2.37a.34.34 0 01.3-.17h1.6c.04 0 .08.01.12.03.09.06.13.19.06.28l-2.37 3.65 2.43 3.7c0 .05.01.09.01.13 0 .12-.09.21-.21.21h-1.61c-.13 0-.24-.06-.3-.17l-1.44-2.42-1.44 2.42a.34.34 0 01-.3.17zm-7.12-1.49c-1.33 0-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51 0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.42-2.52 1.33 0 2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51 0 1.39-1.08 2.51-2.42 2.52zm-19.865 0c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.42-2.48v-.07c.02-1.38 1.09-2.49 2.4-2.49 1.32 0 2.41 1.12 2.41 2.51 0 1.39-1.07 2.52-2.39 2.53zm-8.11-2.48c-.01 1.37-1.09 2.47-2.41 2.47s-2.42-1.12-2.42-2.51c0-1.39 1.08-2.52 2.4-2.52 1.33 0 2.39 1.11 2.41 2.48l.02.08zm18.12 2.47c-1.32 0-2.39-1.11-2.41-2.48v-.06c.02-1.38 1.09-2.48 2.41-2.48s2.42 1.12 2.42 2.51c0 1.39-1.09 2.51-2.42 2.51z'/%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cmask id='c'%3E%3Crect width='100%25' height='100%25' fill='%23fff'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/mask%3E%3Cg stroke='%23fff' stroke-width='3' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Ccircle mask='url(%23c)' cx='11.5' cy='11.5' r='9.25'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b' mask='url(/web/20220720114317im_/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/%23c)'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23a'/%3E%3Cuse xlink:href='%23b'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib{padding:0 5px;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);margin:0}@media screen{.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact{min-height:20px;padding:0;margin:10px;position:relative;background-color:#fff;border-radius:3px 12px 12px 3px}.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover{padding:2px 24px 2px 4px;visibility:visible;margin-top:6px}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left>.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover,.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left>.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover{padding:2px 4px 2px 24px;border-radius:12px 3px 3px 12px}.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner{display:none}.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:hover .mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib-inner{display:block}.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after{content:"";cursor:pointer;position:absolute;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5);width:24px;height:24px;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:12px}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-right>.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after{bottom:0;right:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-right>.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after{top:0;right:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-top-left>.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after{top:0;left:0}.mapboxgl-ctrl-bottom-left>.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after{bottom:0;left:0}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib.mapboxgl-compact:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='24' height='24' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cpath d='M4 10a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 10-12 0m5-3a1 1 0 102 0 1 1 0 10-2 0m0 3a1 1 0 112 0v3a1 1 0 11-2 0'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.75);text-decoration:none}.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib a:hover{color:inherit;text-decoration:underline}.mapboxgl-ctrl-attrib .mapbox-improve-map{font-weight:700;margin-left:2px}.mapboxgl-attrib-empty{display:none}.mapboxgl-ctrl-scale{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.75);font-size:10px;border:2px solid #333;border-top:#333;padding:0 5px;color:#333;box-sizing:border-box}.mapboxgl-popup{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex;will-change:transform;pointer-events:none}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top,.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left,.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right{-webkit-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom,.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left,.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right{-webkit-flex-direction:column-reverse;flex-direction:column-reverse}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left{-webkit-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right{-webkit-flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-direction:row-reverse}.mapboxgl-popup-tip{width:0;height:0;border:10px solid transparent;z-index:1}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:center;align-self:center;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:flex-end;align-self:flex-end;border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:center;align-self:center;border-bottom:none;border-top-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:flex-start;align-self:flex-start;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:flex-end;align-self:flex-end;border-bottom:none;border-right:none;border-top-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-left .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:center;align-self:center;border-left:none;border-right-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-right .mapboxgl-popup-tip{-webkit-align-self:center;align-self:center;border-right:none;border-left-color:#fff}.mapboxgl-popup-close-button{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;border:0;border-radius:0 3px 0 0;cursor:pointer;background-color:transparent}.mapboxgl-popup-close-button:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05)}.mapboxgl-popup-content{position:relative;background:#fff;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);padding:10px 10px 15px;pointer-events:auto}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-left .mapboxgl-popup-content{border-top-left-radius:0}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-top-right .mapboxgl-popup-content{border-top-right-radius:0}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-left .mapboxgl-popup-content{border-bottom-left-radius:0}.mapboxgl-popup-anchor-bottom-right .mapboxgl-popup-content{border-bottom-right-radius:0}.mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer{display:none}.mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer *{pointer-events:none;user-select:none}.mapboxgl-map:hover .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer{display:flex}.mapboxgl-map:active .mapboxgl-popup-track-pointer{display:none}.mapboxgl-marker{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;will-change:transform}.mapboxgl-user-location-dot,.mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before{background-color:#1da1f2;width:15px;height:15px;border-radius:50%}.mapboxgl-user-location-dot:before{content:"";position:absolute;-webkit-animation:mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite;-moz-animation:mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite;-ms-animation:mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite;animation:mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse 2s infinite}.mapboxgl-user-location-dot:after{border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #fff;content:"";height:19px;left:-2px;position:absolute;top:-2px;width:19px;box-sizing:border-box;box-shadow:0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.35)}@-webkit-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1);opacity:1}70%{-webkit-transform:scale(3);opacity:0}to{-webkit-transform:scale(1);opacity:0}}@-ms-keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse{0%{-ms-transform:scale(1);opacity:1}70%{-ms-transform:scale(3);opacity:0}to{-ms-transform:scale(1);opacity:0}}@keyframes mapboxgl-user-location-dot-pulse{0%{transform:scale(1);opacity:1}70%{transform:scale(3);opacity:0}to{transform:scale(1);opacity:0}}.mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale{background-color:#aaa}.mapboxgl-user-location-dot-stale:after{display:none}.mapboxgl-user-location-accuracy-circle{background-color:rgba(29,161,242,0.2);width:1px;height:1px;border-radius:100%}.mapboxgl-crosshair,.mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive,.mapboxgl-crosshair .mapboxgl-interactive:active{cursor:crosshair}.mapboxgl-boxzoom{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;height:0;background:#fff;border:2px dotted #202020;opacity:.5}@media print{.mapbox-improve-map{display:none}}.styled-line{background-color:#8beed9;height:3px;width:72px}.styled-line--small{width:45px}.styled-line--medium{width:135px}.styled-line--large{height:1px;width:auto}.styled-line--height--large{height:5px}.styled-line--height--small{height:1px}.styled-line--xs-small{width:25px}.styled-line--worklife{background-color:#8beed9}.styled-line--future{background-color:#ffc857}.styled-line--culture{background-color:#472479}.styled-line--earth{background-color:#002856}.styled-line--travel{background-color:#002856}.styled-line--white{background-color:#fff}.styled-line--dark-grey{background-color:#6a6a6a}.styled-line--light-grey{background-color:#4b4b4b}.styled-line--grey{background-color:#dedede}.mapContainer .mapTitle{background:transparent;color:#fff;display:block;font-family:'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif;font-size:0.9rem;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3.6px;line-height:1.1875em;margin-top:2%;min-width:25%;padding:2%;padding-bottom:0.375em;padding-left:8px;padding-right:16px;padding-top:0.375em;position:relative;text-align:center;z-index:100}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.mapContainer .mapTitle{font-size:2.4em}}.mapContainer .styled-line{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mapContainer button{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);border:0;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:60px;outline:none;padding:2px;width:60px}.mapContainer button .gelicon{color:#589e50;font-size:2.5em;vertical-align:middle}.mapContainer button:hover{background-color:#f2f2f2}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.mapContainer button{height:50px;width:50px}.mapContainer button .gelicon{font-size:2em}}.mapContainer .navigationPanel{align-items:flex-end;bottom:0;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;left:50%;max-width:1200px;padding:10px;position:absolute;transform:translate(-50%, 0);width:100%}.mapContainer .zoomControls{background-color:#fff}.mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content{border-radius:0;box-shadow:0 3px 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1) !important;cursor:default;font-family:'curiousSans-Bold', Arial, sans-serif;max-width:300px;padding:0 !important;text-align:left}.mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img{width:300px}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content{max-width:190px}.mapContainer .mapboxgl-popup-content img{width:190px}}.mapContainer .mapboxgl-ctrl-logo{display:none !important}.mapContainer .map-marker svg{transition:all 0.1s ease-out}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.mapContainer .map-marker svg{height:52px;transform:scale(0.75)}}.mapContainer .map-marker-active svg{transform:scale(1.3)}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.mapContainer .map-marker-active svg{height:52px;transform:scale(1)}}.mapContainer__articleInfo{padding:0 18px}.mapContainer__articleInfo .article-vertical a{color:#4a4a4a;display:block;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:3px;line-height:16px;margin-right:auto;margin-top:20px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.21px;line-height:30px;margin:0.725em 0}.mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title a{color:rgba(46,46,46,0.85);text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (max-width: 600px){.mapContainer__articleInfo .article-title{font-size:1.7em}}.mapContainer__articleInfo .article-author{color:#4a4a4a;display:block;font-size:14px;font-style:italic;letter-spacing:0.1px;line-height:35px;margin:1.45em 0;text-decoration:none}html,body{margin:0;padding:0}#root *,#root *::before,#root *::after{box-sizing:border-box}#root article,#root aside,#root figure,#root footer,#root header,#root nav,#root section{display:block}body{background:#fff}.app__body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-height:100vh;overflow:visible;position:relative}.app__domestic-disclaimer{bottom:0;position:fixed;width:100%;z-index:5000}.main{display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;flex-direction:column} .navigation{display:none;margin:auto;max-width:1248px;padding:4px 16px 0;position:relative;z-index:1000}@media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px){.navigation{max-width:976px}}@media (min-width: 600px){.navigation{padding:0 16px 1px}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px){.navigation{max-width:990px}}@media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px){.navigation{padding:4px 8px}}.navigation>.nav-bar{background-color:unset;margin-top:1px}.navigation--display{display:block}.navigation-sticky--undocked{background-color:#fff;width:100%;z-index:10000}.StickyElement{position:relative;z-index:1501} .loader{display:none;height:100%;left:-99999px;opacity:0;position:absolute;top:0;transition:0.2s opacity;width:100%;z-index:1000}.loader--is-active{background:#fff;display:block;left:0;opacity:1}.loader__body{display:none;left:50%;position:fixed;top:50%;transform:translateX(-50%) translateY(-50%)}.loader__body--show-loader{display:block}.no-js .loader{display:none} .index{display:block;margin-bottom:16px}@media (min-width: 600px){.index{margin-bottom:24px}}.index__article-hero{margin-bottom:27px}.index .article-hero__content{margin-top:60px}.index__latest-articles{width:100%}@media (max-width: 599px){.index__latest-articles{margin-top:8px;padding:0}}@media (min-width: 768px){.index__latest-articles{margin:auto;max-width:1248px;padding:24px 16px 0}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px){.index__latest-articles{margin:auto;max-width:990px;padding-top:8px}}@media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px){.index__latest-articles{margin:auto;max-width:976px}}.index__load-more{display:flex;justify-content:center;padding:0 0 24px}.index__storyworks-section{margin:auto;max-width:1248px;padding:16px 0 0}@media (min-width: 1008px){.index__storyworks-section{padding:16px 16px 0}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px){.index__storyworks-section{margin:auto;max-width:990px;padding:8px 16px 0}}@media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px){.index__storyworks-section{max-width:976px}}.index__storyworks-section>div>div.bbccom_visible{background:#f1f1f1 !important;display:inline-block;width:100%}.index__more-articles{margin:auto;max-width:1248px;padding:16px 0 0}@media (min-width: 1008px){.index__more-articles{padding:16px 16px 0}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px){.index__more-articles{margin:auto;max-width:990px;padding:8px 0 0}}@media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px){.index__more-articles{max-width:976px}}.index__full-width-image-article{padding-top:8px}.index__stories-container{margin:16px 16px 0}@media (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 399px){.index__stories-container{margin:16px 8px 0}}@media (min-width: 1008px){.index__stories-container{margin:auto;max-width:1248px}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px){.index__stories-container{margin:auto;max-width:990px}}@media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px){.index__stories-container{max-width:976px}}.index__section-header-unit img{width:100vw}@media (max-width: 420px){.index__section-header-unit img{width:150vw}}.index__section-header-unit{margin:auto;max-width:1248px;padding:8px 8px 0}@media (min-width: 1008px){.index__section-header-unit{padding:16px 16px 0}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px){.index__section-header-unit{max-width:990px;padding:16px 8px 0}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px){.index__section-header-unit{padding-bottom:24px}}@media (max-width: 599px){.index__section-header-unit{padding:8px 0}}@media (min-width: 1008px) and (max-width: 1279px){.index__section-header-unit{max-width:976px}}@media (min-width: 1008px){.index__latest-articles--desktop-ad{max-width:1280px;padding:24px 0 0}} .latest-articles__container{margin-bottom:24px}.latest-articles__container--tablet{margin-bottom:26px}.latest-articles__container--desktop{margin-bottom:32px}.latest-articles__articles{margin:auto}.latest-articles__articles--mobile-rectangle{margin:auto}.latest-articles__articles--tablet-rectangle{margin:auto 8px}.latest-articles__editor{color:#020202;font-stretch:normal;font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:2.92px;margin:0 0 22px}.latest-articles__editor--tablet{margin-bottom:32px}.latest-articles__editor--desktop{margin-bottom:36px}.latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu>div{padding:0 8px 8px !important}.latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert{background:#f1f1f1;padding:0 8px 8px}.latest-articles__rectangle .adslot--mpu .bbccom_advert>div{padding:0}.latest-articles__rectangle .bbccom_mpu_bottom{background:#f1f1f1;padding:0 8px 8px;padding-bottom:8px !important} .index__stories-container{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}@supports (display: grid){.index__stories-container{display:-ms-grid;display:grid;-ms-grid-columns:100%;grid-template-columns:100%;row-gap:16px}}@media (min-width: 768px){.index__stories-container{-ms-grid-columns:(33%)[3];grid-template-columns:repeat(3, 33%);margin:auto;max-width:950px;row-gap:24px}.index__stories-container--advert{max-width:942px}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px){.index__stories-container{grid-row-gap:24px;-ms-grid-columns:(100%)[1];grid-template-columns:repeat(1, 100%)}}@media (min-width: 768px){.index__stories-container{-ms-grid-columns:(33%)[3];grid-template-columns:repeat(3, 33%);margin:auto;max-width:950px;row-gap:24px}.index__stories-container--advert{max-width:942px}}@media (min-width: 600px){.index__stories-container{margin-top:24px}}.index__stories-container--advert{margin-top:16px}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1007px){.index-stories__ad-container{-ms-grid-row:3;-ms-grid-row-span:2;grid-row:3 / span 2}}@media (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 767px){.index-stories__ad-container{grid-row:auto}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1007px){.index-stories__ad-container{-ms-grid-column:2;-ms-grid-column-span:2;grid-column:2 / span 2;-ms-grid-row:3;-ms-grid-row-span:2;grid-row:3 / span 2}}.index-stories__story-item{margin:10px}@supports (display: grid){.index-stories__story-item{margin:0}}.index-stories__ad-container{display:block}.index-stories__ad-container--invisible{display:none} </style> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/features_prod.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=future.tags.food.page&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[index-section]&x8=[reverb-3.5.0-nojs]&x11=[FEATURE_SITES_GNL]&x12=[GNL_FUTURE]" height="1" width="1" alt=""></p></noscript><style>body.dotcom .feature-ad { display: block; }</style><div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"></div> <div class="orbit-header-container" id="orbit-header"><header id="orb-banner" role="banner" aria-label="BBC-wide" class="orbit-header geo orbit-default orbit-language-en orbit-ux-v5"><div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-white orb-nav-empty" dir="ltr"><div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/" id="homepage-link"><svg width="112" height="32" viewbox="0 0 112 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8.99999 6.99999H15.7552C17.7458 6.99999 19.2878 7.39887 20.3811 8.19576C21.4741 8.99309 22.021 10.1385 22.021 11.6321C22.021 12.4881 21.8252 13.2308 21.4335 13.8601C21.0419 14.4894 20.4625 14.9891 19.6958 15.358C20.7563 15.7104 21.5682 16.2686 22.1311 17.0321C22.6941 17.796 22.9755 18.7232 22.9755 19.814C22.9755 20.8882 22.7021 21.8114 22.1555 22.5832C21.6087 23.3553 20.8296 23.9513 19.8182 24.3706C18.8062 24.7903 17.5909 25 16.1713 25H8.99999V6.99999ZM0 32H32V0H0V32ZM48.9999 6.99999H55.7551C57.7457 6.99999 59.2877 7.39887 60.3811 8.19576C61.4741 8.99309 62.0209 10.1385 62.0209 11.6321C62.0209 12.4881 61.8251 13.2308 61.4334 13.8601C61.0419 14.4894 60.4624 14.9891 59.6957 15.358C60.7562 15.7104 61.568 16.2686 62.1311 17.0321C62.694 17.796 62.9753 18.7232 62.9753 19.814C62.9753 20.8882 62.7019 21.8114 62.1554 22.5832C61.6087 23.3553 60.8297 23.9513 59.818 24.3706C58.8062 24.7903 57.5908 25 56.1712 25H48.9999V6.99999ZM39.9999 32H71.9999V0H39.9999V32ZM55.8775 17.2209H52.6469V22.0797H55.8286C56.9216 22.0797 57.7622 21.8743 58.3497 21.4629C58.9369 21.0518 59.2308 20.4602 59.2308 19.6881C59.2308 18.0435 58.1128 17.2209 55.8775 17.2209ZM55.4125 9.92026C57.3541 9.92026 58.3252 10.6338 58.3252 12.06C58.3252 12.7988 58.0763 13.3735 57.5787 13.7846C57.0808 14.196 56.3588 14.4014 55.4125 14.4014H52.6469V9.92026H55.4125ZM15.4126 9.92026C17.3542 9.92026 18.3253 10.6338 18.3253 12.06C18.3253 12.7988 18.0763 13.3735 17.5787 13.7846C17.0808 14.196 16.3588 14.4014 15.4126 14.4014H12.6469V9.92026H15.4126ZM15.8776 17.2209H12.6469V22.0797H15.8287C16.9217 22.0797 17.7623 21.8743 18.3497 21.4629C18.937 21.0518 19.2308 20.4602 19.2308 19.6881C19.2308 18.0435 18.1129 17.2209 15.8776 17.2209ZM100.391 24.8338C101.373 24.5956 102.237 24.2706 102.982 23.8592V20.4292C101.407 21.4001 99.6879 21.8851 97.8249 21.8851C96.6052 21.8851 95.5677 21.6549 94.7125 21.1942C93.857 20.7338 93.2048 20.0633 92.7562 19.1831C92.3071 18.3032 92.0829 17.238 92.0829 15.9876C92.0829 14.7377 92.3155 13.6766 92.7814 12.8045C93.2472 11.9327 93.9161 11.2665 94.7887 10.8058C95.6608 10.3454 96.7153 10.1148 97.9519 10.1148C98.8494 10.1148 99.705 10.2343 100.518 10.4726C101.331 10.7113 102.084 11.0609 102.779 11.5212V8.01737C102.017 7.62259 101.191 7.32259 100.302 7.1167C99.4128 6.91126 98.4683 6.80826 97.4691 6.80826C96.0292 6.80826 94.7292 7.02226 93.5691 7.44981C92.4088 7.87781 91.4136 8.4947 90.5839 9.30048C89.7537 10.1067 89.1187 11.0732 88.6783 12.1999C88.2377 13.3269 88.0176 14.5896 88.0176 15.9876C88.0176 17.4188 88.2295 18.7062 88.6529 19.8493C89.0761 20.9929 89.6859 21.9591 90.4822 22.7488C91.2782 23.5383 92.252 24.143 93.404 24.5624C94.5557 24.9819 95.8515 25.1917 97.2912 25.1917C98.375 25.1917 99.4085 25.0721 100.391 24.8338ZM112 32H79.9998V4.44444e-05H112V32Z"></svg><span class="orbit-button-text">Homepage</span></a></div><section><div class="orb-skip-links"><h2>Accessibility links</h2><ul><li><a href="#orb-modules"><span>Skip to content</span></a></li><li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/"><span>Accessibility Help</span></a></li></ul></div></section><div class="orbit-header-left"><div class="orbit-module-idcta"><div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orbit-header-account" data-bbc-container="id-cta" data-bbc-event-type="click" data-bbc-ignore-views="1" data-bbc-metadata="{"id-cta-type": "statusbar-orbit"}" data-bbc-source="responsive_web" data-bbc-title="id-cta-sign-in"><a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://account.bbc.com/account"><span id="idcta-username">BBC Account</span></a></div><script type="text/javascript">require(['idcta/statusbar'], function (statusbar) {new statusbar.Statusbar({id: 'idcta-statusbar', publiclyCacheable: true});});</script></div><div class="orbit-module-notifications"><div class="orbit-module-notifications"><a class="orbit-header-notifications" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/notifications"><svg width="23" height="24" viewbox="0 0 23 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.35 15.1883C19.8562 15.7235 20.6674 16.0612 21.7837 16.1996L23 16.3481V18.6667H0V16.3481L1.21634 16.1996C2.35241 16.0612 3.16834 15.7235 3.66602 15.1883C4.16276 14.6532 4.41113 13.8413 4.41113 12.7517V9.71992C4.41113 7.97614 4.87764 6.53868 5.81068 5.40938C6.74371 4.28008 8.06204 3.54752 9.76567 3.20983V0H13.2343V3.20983C14.938 3.54752 16.2553 4.28008 17.1893 5.40938C18.1224 6.53868 18.5889 7.97614 18.5889 9.71992V12.7517C18.5889 13.8413 18.8429 14.6532 19.35 15.1883ZM11.4996 24C10.4854 24 9.66944 23.6713 9.05088 23.0122C8.43232 22.353 8.12351 21.5721 8.12351 20.6667H14.8767C14.8767 21.5721 14.5669 22.353 13.9493 23.0122C13.3307 23.6713 12.5139 24 11.4996 24Z"></svg><span class="orbit-button-text">Notifications</span></a></div></div></div><nav class="orbit-header-links domestic"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#B80000" d="M302,424h-68c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,422.552,232,422V306c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,304,234,304h68c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S304,305.448,304,306v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S302.552,424,302,424z"></path><path fill="#EB0000" d="M422,280H234c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,278.552,232,278V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,88,234,88h188c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v188c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,280,422,280z"></path><path fill="#D30000" d="M206,328H90c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S88,326.552,88,326V210c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S89.448,208,90,208h116c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S206.552,328,206,328z"></path></g></svg><span>News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#FFD230" d="M90,184h332c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,182.552,424,182V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,89.448,88,90v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414S89.448,184,90,184z"></path><path fill="#FFA100" d="M306,424h116c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,422.552,424,422v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,328,422,328H306c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S304,329.448,304,330v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S305.448,424,306,424z"></path><path fill="#FFBA00" d="M210,304h212c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,302.552,424,302v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,208,422,208H210c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S209.448,304,210,304z"></path></g></svg><span>Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#067EB3" d="M316.234,368.56l52.326-52.326c0.391-0.391,0.586-0.902,0.586-1.414c0-0.512-0.195-1.024-0.586-1.414 L252.594,197.44c-0.391-0.391-0.902-0.586-1.414-0.586s-1.024,0.195-1.414,0.586l-52.326,52.326 c-0.391,0.391-0.586,0.902-0.586,1.414s0.195,1.024,0.586,1.414L313.406,368.56c0.391,0.391,0.902,0.586,1.414,0.586 C315.332,369.146,315.844,368.95,316.234,368.56z"></path><path fill="#1969A6" d="M90,424h74c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S166,422.552,166,422V258c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S164.552,256,164,256H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,257.448,88,258v164c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S89.448,424,90,424z"></path><path fill="#149EDC" d="M258,166h164c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,164.552,424,164V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H258c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S256,89.448,256,90v74c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S257.448,166,258,166z"></path></g></svg><span>Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#DC2878" d="M182,358h-68c-0.55,0-1.05-0.225-1.412-0.587C112.225,357.05,112,356.55,112,356V156 c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414S113.448,154,114,154h68c0.55,0,1.05,0.225,1.413,0.587C183.775,154.95,184,155.45,184,156v200 c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414S182.552,358,182,358z"></path><path fill="#FF4C98" d="M372.106,248.243l34-58.89c0.275-0.476,0.33-1.022,0.197-1.517c-0.133-0.495-0.453-0.94-0.93-1.215 l-173.205-100c-0.478-0.276-1.023-0.332-1.518-0.2c-0.494,0.132-0.938,0.454-1.214,0.932l-34,58.89 c-0.275,0.476-0.33,1.022-0.197,1.517c0.133,0.495,0.453,0.94,0.93,1.215l173.205,100c0.478,0.276,1.023,0.332,1.518,0.2 C371.386,249.042,371.83,248.721,372.106,248.243z"></path><path fill="#AF0D5B" d="M372.106,263.757l34,58.89c0.275,0.476,0.33,1.022,0.197,1.517c-0.133,0.495-0.453,0.94-0.93,1.215 l-173.205,100c-0.478,0.276-1.023,0.332-1.518,0.2c-0.494-0.132-0.938-0.454-1.214-0.932l-34-58.89 c-0.275-0.476-0.33-1.022-0.197-1.517c0.133-0.495,0.453-0.94,0.93-1.215l173.205-100c0.478-0.276,1.023-0.332,1.518-0.2 C371.386,262.958,371.83,263.279,372.106,263.757z"></path></g></svg><span>iPlayer</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#A13104" d="M122,304H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,302.552,76,302v-92c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,208,78,208h44c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S124,209.448,124,210v92c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S122.552,304,122,304z"></path><path fill="#D24712" d="M230,376h-80c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S148,374.552,148,374V138c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S149.448,136,150,136h80c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S232,137.448,232,138v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S230.552,376,230,376z"></path><path fill="#FA6400" d="M422,424H258c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S256,422.552,256,422V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S257.448,88,258,88h164c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v332c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,424,422,424z"></path></g></svg><span>Sounds</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#6100A8" d="M134,400H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,398.552,76,398V162c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,160,78,160h56c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S136,161.448,136,162v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S134.552,400,134,400z"></path><path fill="#7222C6" d="M254,400h-92c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S160,398.552,160,398V114c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S161.448,112,162,112h92c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S256,113.448,256,114v284c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S254.552,400,254,400z"></path><path fill="#963CE1" d="M444.77,373.863l-85.829,26.232c-0.529,0.162-1.073,0.093-1.526-0.148s-0.812-0.655-0.973-1.184 L273.901,126.63c-0.16-0.528-0.091-1.07,0.149-1.521c0.241-0.451,0.653-0.811,1.18-0.972l85.829-26.232 c0.529-0.162,1.073-0.093,1.526,0.148s0.812,0.655,0.973,1.184l82.542,272.133c0.16,0.528,0.091,1.07-0.149,1.521 C445.71,373.342,445.297,373.702,444.77,373.863z"></path></g></svg><span>Bitesize</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies"><span>CBeebies</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc"><span>CBBC</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food"><span>Food</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="orbit-header-links international"><ul><li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/news"><span>News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/sport"><span>Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/reel"><span>Reel</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/worklife"><span>Worklife</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/travel"><span>Travel</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future"><span>Future</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/culture"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m"><span>TV</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/weather"><span>Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds"><span>Sounds</span></a></li></ul></nav><div class="orbit-header-right"><a aria-label="All BBC destinations menu" class="orbit-header-more" href="#orbit-more-drawer" id="orbit-more-button"><svg class="orbit-header-more-desktop" width="20" height="4" viewbox="0 0 20 4" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g id="Overflow" transform="translate(-14.000000, -22.000000)"><path d="M18,22 L18,26 L14,26 L14,22 L18,22 Z M34,22 L34,26 L30,26 L30,22 L34,22 Z M26,22 L26,26 L22,26 L22,22 L26,22 Z" id="More"></path></g></svg><svg class="orbit-header-more-mobile" width="24" height="22" viewbox="0 0 20 19" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M0 3.63393H20V0H0V3.63393ZM0 10.9018H20V7.26787H0V10.9018ZM0 18.5H20V14.8661H0V18.5Z"></svg><span class="orbit-button-text">More menu</span></a><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search" role="search"> <a id="orbit-search-button" class="orbit-search__button" aria-expanded="false" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search?scope=all" title="Search BBC"><span class="ux-v4">Search BBC</span> <span class="ux-v5"><svg class="orbit-search-button-icon-only" width="28" height="29" viewbox="0 0 28 29" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><path d="M11,-0.0001 C17.0751322,-0.0001 22,4.92476775 22,10.9999 C22,13.5276632 21.1473793,15.8562862 19.7140404,17.7138664 L28,26 L25,29 L16.518046,20.5178339 C14.8960209,21.4602385 13.0110328,21.9999 11,21.9999 C4.92486775,21.9999 0,17.0750322 0,10.9999 C0,4.92476775 4.92486775,-0.0001 11,-0.0001 Z M11,2.5 C6.30557963,2.5 2.5,6.30557963 2.5,11 C2.5,15.6944204 6.30557963,19.5 11,19.5 C15.6944204,19.5 19.5,15.6944204 19.5,11 C19.5,6.30557963 15.6944204,2.5 11,2.5 Z"></path></svg><svg class="orbit-search-button-icon-with-text" width="15" height="16" viewbox="0 0 15 16" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><path d="M6,-5.32907052e-15 C9.3137085,-5.32907052e-15 12,2.6862915 12,6 C12,7.43892143 11.4934776,8.75953821 10.6490096,9.79327337 L15,14.24 L13.2782609,16 L8.72578477,11.3465317 C7.90789326,11.7643456 6.98146665,12 6,12 C2.6862915,12 -1.687539e-14,9.3137085 -1.687539e-14,6 C-1.687539e-14,2.6862915 2.6862915,-5.32907052e-15 6,-5.32907052e-15 Z M6,1.5 C3.51471863,1.5 1.5,3.51471863 1.5,6 C1.5,8.48528137 3.51471863,10.5 6,10.5 C8.48528137,10.5 10.5,8.48528137 10.5,6 C10.5,3.51471863 8.48528137,1.5 6,1.5 Z"></path></svg><span>Search BBC</span></span></a> </div></div></div></div></header><div id="orbit-drawer-container" class="orbit-drawer-container"></div><section class="orbit-more-drawer geo orbit-default orbit-language-en b-r b-g-p" id="orbit-more-drawer"><div class="orbit-more-drawer-content"><ul class="more-domestic"><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#B80000" d="M302,424h-68c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,422.552,232,422V306c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,304,234,304h68c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S304,305.448,304,306v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S302.552,424,302,424z"></path><path fill="#EB0000" d="M422,280H234c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,278.552,232,278V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,88,234,88h188c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v188c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,280,422,280z"></path><path fill="#D30000" d="M206,328H90c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S88,326.552,88,326V210c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S89.448,208,90,208h116c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S206.552,328,206,328z"></path></g></svg><span>News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#FFD230" d="M90,184h332c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,182.552,424,182V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,89.448,88,90v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414S89.448,184,90,184z"></path><path fill="#FFA100" d="M306,424h116c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,422.552,424,422v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,328,422,328H306c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S304,329.448,304,330v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S305.448,424,306,424z"></path><path fill="#FFBA00" d="M210,304h212c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,302.552,424,302v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,208,422,208H210c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S209.448,304,210,304z"></path></g></svg><span>Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#067EB3" d="M316.234,368.56l52.326-52.326c0.391-0.391,0.586-0.902,0.586-1.414c0-0.512-0.195-1.024-0.586-1.414 L252.594,197.44c-0.391-0.391-0.902-0.586-1.414-0.586s-1.024,0.195-1.414,0.586l-52.326,52.326 c-0.391,0.391-0.586,0.902-0.586,1.414s0.195,1.024,0.586,1.414L313.406,368.56c0.391,0.391,0.902,0.586,1.414,0.586 C315.332,369.146,315.844,368.95,316.234,368.56z"></path><path fill="#1969A6" d="M90,424h74c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S166,422.552,166,422V258c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S164.552,256,164,256H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,257.448,88,258v164c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S89.448,424,90,424z"></path><path fill="#149EDC" d="M258,166h164c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,164.552,424,164V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H258c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S256,89.448,256,90v74c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S257.448,166,258,166z"></path></g></svg><span>Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#DC2878" d="M182,358h-68c-0.55,0-1.05-0.225-1.412-0.587C112.225,357.05,112,356.55,112,356V156 c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414S113.448,154,114,154h68c0.55,0,1.05,0.225,1.413,0.587C183.775,154.95,184,155.45,184,156v200 c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414S182.552,358,182,358z"></path><path fill="#FF4C98" d="M372.106,248.243l34-58.89c0.275-0.476,0.33-1.022,0.197-1.517c-0.133-0.495-0.453-0.94-0.93-1.215 l-173.205-100c-0.478-0.276-1.023-0.332-1.518-0.2c-0.494,0.132-0.938,0.454-1.214,0.932l-34,58.89 c-0.275,0.476-0.33,1.022-0.197,1.517c0.133,0.495,0.453,0.94,0.93,1.215l173.205,100c0.478,0.276,1.023,0.332,1.518,0.2 C371.386,249.042,371.83,248.721,372.106,248.243z"></path><path fill="#AF0D5B" d="M372.106,263.757l34,58.89c0.275,0.476,0.33,1.022,0.197,1.517c-0.133,0.495-0.453,0.94-0.93,1.215 l-173.205,100c-0.478,0.276-1.023,0.332-1.518,0.2c-0.494-0.132-0.938-0.454-1.214-0.932l-34-58.89 c-0.275-0.476-0.33-1.022-0.197-1.517c0.133-0.495,0.453-0.94,0.93-1.215l173.205-100c0.478-0.276,1.023-0.332,1.518-0.2 C371.386,262.958,371.83,263.279,372.106,263.757z"></path></g></svg><span>iPlayer</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#A13104" d="M122,304H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,302.552,76,302v-92c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,208,78,208h44c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S124,209.448,124,210v92c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S122.552,304,122,304z"></path><path fill="#D24712" d="M230,376h-80c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S148,374.552,148,374V138c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S149.448,136,150,136h80c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S232,137.448,232,138v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S230.552,376,230,376z"></path><path fill="#FA6400" d="M422,424H258c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S256,422.552,256,422V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S257.448,88,258,88h164c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v332c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,424,422,424z"></path></g></svg><span>Sounds</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#6100A8" d="M134,400H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,398.552,76,398V162c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,160,78,160h56c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S136,161.448,136,162v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S134.552,400,134,400z"></path><path fill="#7222C6" d="M254,400h-92c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S160,398.552,160,398V114c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S161.448,112,162,112h92c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S256,113.448,256,114v284c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S254.552,400,254,400z"></path><path fill="#963CE1" d="M444.77,373.863l-85.829,26.232c-0.529,0.162-1.073,0.093-1.526-0.148s-0.812-0.655-0.973-1.184 L273.901,126.63c-0.16-0.528-0.091-1.07,0.149-1.521c0.241-0.451,0.653-0.811,1.18-0.972l85.829-26.232 c0.529-0.162,1.073-0.093,1.526,0.148s0.812,0.655,0.973,1.184l82.542,272.133c0.16,0.528,0.091,1.07-0.149,1.521 C445.71,373.342,445.297,373.702,444.77,373.863z"></path></g></svg><span>Bitesize</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies"><span>CBeebies</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc"><span>CBBC</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food"><span>Food</span></a></li></ul><ul class="more-international"><li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/news"><span>News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/sport"><span>Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/reel"><span>Reel</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/worklife"><span>Worklife</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/travel"><span>Travel</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future"><span>Future</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/culture"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m"><span>TV</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/weather"><span>Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds"><span>Sounds</span></a></li></ul><a href="#" class="orbit-more-drawer-close" role="button"><svg width="32" height="32" viewbox="0 0 28 28" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.48651 5.71054L5.79834 7.39871L12.3428 14.0225L5.81992 20.6229L7.46434 22.2673L13.9778 15.6768L20.5123 22.2895H20.5135L22.2017 20.6007L15.6567 13.9781L22.1795 7.37712L20.5351 5.73271L14.0216 12.3232L7.48651 5.71054Z"></svg><span class="orbit-button-text">Close menu</span></a></div></section></div>  <div id="orb-modules"> <div id="root"><div id="ad-portal"></div><nav class="navigation navigation--display"><div class="nav-bar"><div class="nav-build-bar nav-build-bar--desktop"><div class="nav-build-bar__branding nav-build-bar__branding--desktop"><a class="branding branding--future branding--large" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future"><span class="branding__icon branding__icon--future branding__icon--large"><svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 84.1 15.8" style="enable-background:new 0 0 84.1 15.8;" xml:space="preserve"><style type="text/css"> .st0{fill:#FFFFFF;} </style><g><g><g><path class="st0" d="M0,0h10v2.3H2.7v4.4h6.4V9H2.7v6.4H0V0z"></path><path class="st0" d="M18.9,15.8c-1.4,0-2.5-0.3-3.5-0.8c-1-0.5-1.7-1.3-2.2-2.2c-0.5-1-0.8-2.1-0.8-3.5V0h2.7v9.6 c0,1.2,0.3,2.2,1,2.8c0.6,0.7,1.6,1,2.7,1c1.2,0,2.1-0.3,2.7-1c0.6-0.7,1-1.6,1-2.8V0h2.7v9.3c0,1.4-0.3,2.5-0.8,3.5 c-0.5,1-1.3,1.7-2.2,2.2C21.4,15.5,20.2,15.8,18.9,15.8z"></path><path class="st0" d="M27.4,0h12.8v2.4h-5v13.1h-2.7V2.4h-5V0z"></path><path class="st0" d="M48.8,15.8c-1.4,0-2.5-0.3-3.5-0.8c-1-0.5-1.7-1.3-2.2-2.2c-0.5-1-0.8-2.1-0.8-3.5V0h2.7v9.6 c0,1.2,0.3,2.2,1,2.8c0.6,0.7,1.6,1,2.7,1c1.2,0,2.1-0.3,2.7-1c0.6-0.7,1-1.6,1-2.8V0h2.7v9.3c0,1.4-0.3,2.5-0.8,3.5 c-0.5,1-1.3,1.7-2.2,2.2C51.3,15.5,50.1,15.8,48.8,15.8z"></path><path class="st0" d="M61.5,9.5v5.9h-2.7V0h5.3c2,0,3.5,0.4,4.6,1.2c1.1,0.8,1.6,2,1.6,3.5c0,1-0.3,1.9-0.8,2.6 C69,8.1,68.2,8.7,67.3,9c0.7,1,1.3,2.1,2,3.2c0.7,1.1,1.3,2.2,2,3.3h-3.2c-0.6-1-1.1-2-1.7-3c-0.6-1-1.2-2-1.8-3 c-0.2,0-0.4,0-0.5,0H61.5z M61.5,2.2v5.2h2.4c1.2,0,2.1-0.2,2.7-0.6c0.6-0.4,0.9-1.1,0.9-2c0-0.9-0.3-1.5-0.9-2 c-0.6-0.4-1.5-0.6-2.7-0.6H61.5z"></path><path class="st0" d="M73.4,0h10.3v2.3h-7.6v4h6.8v2.3h-6.8v4.5h8v2.3H73.4V0z"></path></g></g></g></svg></span></a></div><div id="nav-build-bar__links" class="nav-build-bar__links"><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151016-welcome-to-a-home-for-the-insatiably-curious/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">What is BBC Future?</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/future-planet/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Future Planet</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/inner-space/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Inner Space</p></a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/" class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id=""><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Follow the Food</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/health-gap/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Health Gap</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Family Tree</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/best-of-bbc-future/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Best of BBC Future</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/food-fictions/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Food Fictions</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/towards-net-zero/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Towards Net Zero</p></a><a class="nav-links__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">Latest</p></a></div><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav"><div class="nav-build-bar__open-nav-button"><button class="open-nav" aria-label="Open more navigation" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" id="open-nav"><div class="open-nav__label"><p class="nav-label b-reith-sans-font">More</p></div><div class="open-nav__icon"><div class="burger-nav gelicon--menu burger-nav--future"></div></div></button></div></div></div></div></nav><div class="app__body"><div class="loader loader--is-active"><div class="loader__body loader__body--show-loader"><div class="loading-spinner"><span class="loading-spinner__image"><span class="spinner--future"><svg class="spinner__image" viewbox="0 0 32 32" id="gel-icon-loading" width="100%" height="100%"><path d="M29.8 8l-3.5 2c1 1.8 1.6 3.8 1.6 6 0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12S4 22.6 4 16 9.4 4 16 4V0C7.2 0 0 7.2 0 16s7.2 16 16 16 16-7.2 16-16c0-2.9-.8-5.6-2.2-8z"></path></svg></span></span><span class="loading-spinner__message b-reith-sans-font">Loading</span></div></div></div><main class="main"><div class="index"><div class="index__latest-articles"><div class="latest-articles__container latest-articles__rectangle latest-articles__container--desktop"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--desktop">Food</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group rectangle-story-group--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group__hero rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why China is sending seeds into space" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font article-title-card-rectangle--desktop"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0ckrlkg.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0ckrlkg.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0ckrlkg.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0ckrlkg.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0ckrlkg.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0ckrlkg.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0ckrlkg.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0ckrlkg.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="China has fired thousands of seeds into space on board spacecraft in the hope of developing new, better crops (Credit: China Photos/Getty Image)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0ckrlkg.jpg" alt="China has fired thousands of seeds into space on board spacecraft in the hope of developing new, better crops (Credit: China Photos/Getty Image)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/space"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Space</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Why China is sending seeds into space</h2></a><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet b-reith-sans-font">By Tereza Pultarova</p></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--desktop"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Is the world facing a pollen crisis?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cjbwq2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cjbwq2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cjbwq2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cjbwq2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cjbwq2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cjbwq2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cjbwq2.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cjbwq2.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The pollen of some plants are transported by the wind while others rely on visiting insects to pollinate neighbouring plants (Credit: Zuma Press/Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cjbwq2.jpg" alt="The pollen of some plants are transported by the wind while others rely on visiting insects to pollinate neighbouring plants (Credit: Zuma Press/Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/plant"><span>Plant</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis"><span>Is the world facing a pollen crisis?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Carolyn Beans</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--desktop"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="A breakfast staple created by accident" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0chd07k.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0chd07k.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0chd07k.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0chd07k.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0chd07k.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0chd07k.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0chd07k.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0chd07k.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Splash from glass of orange juice (Credit: Proformabooks/Getty images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0chd07k.jpg" alt="Splash from glass of orange juice (Credit: Proformabooks/Getty images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/taste-of-tomorrow"><span>Taste of Tomorrow</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table"><span>A breakfast staple created by accident</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Veronique Greenwood</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--desktop"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The milk that changes every day" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cfb0mm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cfb0mm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cfb0mm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cfb0mm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cfb0mm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cfb0mm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cfb0mm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cfb0mm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="A mother breastfeeds her child during the "all for breastfeeding" festival in Bogota, Colombia (Credit: Daniel Garzon Herazo/NurPhoto via Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cfb0mm.jpg" alt="A mother breastfeeds her child during the "all for breastfeeding" festival in Bogota, Colombia (Credit: Daniel Garzon Herazo/NurPhoto via Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span>Family Tree</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods"><span>The milk that changes every day</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Anna Turns</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index__more-articles"></div><div class="index__stories-container"><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Is a vegan diet safe for children?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c90hk0.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c90hk0.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c90hk0.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c90hk0.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c90hk0.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c90hk0.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c90hk0.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c90hk0.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Vegans are rediscovering India's nutritious traditional grains and pulses (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c90hk0.jpg" alt="Vegans are rediscovering India's nutritious traditional grains and pulses (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span>Family Tree</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids"><span>Is a vegan diet safe for children?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Kamala Thiagarajan</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The superfood that saves lives" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c91mzj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c91mzj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c91mzj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c91mzj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c91mzj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c91mzj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c91mzj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c91mzj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Man's hand on baby's bottle (Credit: FotoDuets/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c91mzj.jpg" alt="Man's hand on baby's bottle (Credit: FotoDuets/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/taste-of-tomorrow"><span>Taste of Tomorrow</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about"><span>The superfood that saves lives</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Veronique Greenwood</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Are decaffeinated drinks healthier?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c51ftt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c51ftt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c51ftt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c51ftt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c51ftt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c51ftt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c51ftt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c51ftt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Decaffeinated coffee shares many of the same antioxidants as the alternatives (Credit: OScar Wong/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c51ftt.jpg" alt="Decaffeinated coffee shares many of the same antioxidants as the alternatives (Credit: OScar Wong/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/food-fictions"><span>Food Fictions</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health"><span>Are decaffeinated drinks healthier?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Jessica Bradley</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Is veganism always best for the planet?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c40hwm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c40hwm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c40hwm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c40hwm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c40hwm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c40hwm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c40hwm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c40hwm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Roasting vegetables in the oven can cause up to 80% of their climate impact (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c40hwm.jpg" alt="Roasting vegetables in the oven can cause up to 80% of their climate impact (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/sustainability-on-a-shoestring"><span>Sustainability on a Shoestring</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism"><span>Is veganism always best for the planet?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Martha Henriques and Zaria Gorvett</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="What gives a famous sauce its kick" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::5"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c38vqj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c38vqj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c38vqj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c38vqj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c38vqj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c38vqj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c38vqj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c38vqj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Oyster sauce is a classic ingredient in many Chinese dishes, imparting a rich, savoury flavour (Credit: Lingqi Xie/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c38vqj.jpg" alt="Oyster sauce is a classic ingredient in many Chinese dishes, imparting a rich, savoury flavour (Credit: Lingqi Xie/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/taste-of-tomorrow"><span>Taste of Tomorrow</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment"><span>What gives a famous sauce its kick</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Veronique Greenwood</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why seed banks aren't just for doomsday" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::6"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bybdwj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bybdwj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bybdwj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bybdwj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bybdwj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bybdwj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bybdwj.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bybdwj.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Credit: Noel Celis/AFP/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bybdwj.jpg" alt="Credit: Noel Celis/AFP/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/taste-of-tomorrow"><span>Taste of Tomorrow</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday"><span>Why seed banks aren't just for doomsday</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Veronique Greenwood</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="How vegan cheese is made without milk" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::7"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bw17w4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bw17w4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bw17w4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bw17w4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bw17w4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bw17w4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bw17w4.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bw17w4.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Samples of dairy-free cheese (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bw17w4.jpg" alt="Samples of dairy-free cheese (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/get-the-facts"><span>Get the Facts</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from"><span>How vegan cheese is made without milk</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Jessica Brown</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The hidden menace in your kitchen" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::8"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0brm693.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0brm693.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0brm693.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0brm693.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0brm693.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0brm693.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0brm693.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0brm693.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Using a fan hood is recommended, as gas stoves can produce harmful fumes (Credit: Brizmaker/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0brm693.jpg" alt="Using a fan hood is recommended, as gas stoves can produce harmful fumes (Credit: Brizmaker/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/taste-of-tomorrow"><span>Taste of Tomorrow</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen"><span>The hidden menace in your kitchen</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Veronique Greenwood</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The meats that are hard to make vegan" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::9"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bknxqc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bknxqc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bknxqc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bknxqc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bknxqc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bknxqc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bknxqc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bknxqc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bknxqc.jpg" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/food"><span>Food</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat"><span>The meats that are hard to make vegan</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By William Park</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The invention of the doughnut" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::10"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b9xnzh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b9xnzh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b9xnzh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b9xnzh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b9xnzh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b9xnzh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b9xnzh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b9xnzh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Pile of sugared doughnuts (Credit: Lauri Patterson)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b9xnzh.jpg" alt="Pile of sugared doughnuts (Credit: Lauri Patterson)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/taste-of-tomorrow"><span>Taste of Tomorrow</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world"><span>The invention of the doughnut</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Veronique Greenwood</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The next generation of tomatoes" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::11"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b8r676.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b8r676.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b8r676.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b8r676.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b8r676.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b8r676.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b8r676.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b8r676.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Scientists are attempting to create new varieties of tomatoes using gene editing that are hardier and tastier (Credit: NurPhoto/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b8r676.jpg" alt="Scientists are attempting to create new varieties of tomatoes using gene editing that are hardier and tastier (Credit: NurPhoto/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/food"><span>Food</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution"><span>The next generation of tomatoes</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Marta Zaraska</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The 'remarkable' power of honey" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::12"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b5m60z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b5m60z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b5m60z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b5m60z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b5m60z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b5m60z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b5m60z.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b5m60z.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Honey has many hidden benefits for bees (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b5m60z.jpg" alt="Honey has many hidden benefits for bees (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/insect"><span>Insect</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood"><span>The 'remarkable' power of honey</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Berly McCoy</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index__load-more"><div data-bbc-container="load-more-btn" data-bbc-title="Latest Stories" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"load-more-btn","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="load-more-button"><button class="basic-button basic-button--future"><span class="load-more-button__refresh gelicon--refresh"></span><span class="basic-button__text">Load more articles</span></button></div></div></main></div></div> <script>window.__PWA_PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"router":{"location":{"pathname":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Ffood","search":"","hash":"","state":undefined,"key":"fpl8jq"},"action":"POP"},"config":{"version":"2.2.7","adsEnabled":false,"domain":"www.bbc.com","env":"live","clientApiUrl":"\u002Fdata","faqsUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffaqs","mapboxAccessToken":"pk.eyJ1IjoiYmJjd29ybGR3aWRlIiwiYSI6ImNpemp2dWZ0OTAwNGkyd3I0bHV6ems3eDMifQ.Vxn6FQ8xNwEltlVVvwpCjw","imageRecipe":{"recipePrefix":"live\u002F"},"analytics":{"ati":{"destination":"FEATURE_SITES_GNL","producer":"GNL_HOMEPAGE"},"chartbeat":{"uid":50924,"domain":"bbc.co.uk"}},"entityRouterProtocol":"https","swimlanes":true,"future":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Future","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_FUTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCFuture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbcfuture_official","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official"}},"facebookPageIds":"279678448760878"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"BBC Future Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp077yzlp.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp08gp0tv.jpg"},"future-planet":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp0836dcl.jpg","collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtqy6.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09sbm5d.jpg","title":"Tag background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.future","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"future"},"metaData":{"description":"You’ll find stories on BBC Future on almost every topic that matters: psychology, food, climate change, health, social trends, technology and more.","titleDefault":"BBC Future","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_FUTURE"}}},"worklife":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCWorklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCWorklife"},"instagram":{"username":"BBC_Worklife","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002FBBC_Worklife"}},"facebookPageIds":"133536249999517"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"image"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp07fsc3b.jpg","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06dkks1.jpg"},"collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtqvk.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtqvk.jpg","title":"Tag background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.worklife","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"worklife"},"metaData":{"description":"The latest insight and advice from BBC Worklife: careers, milestones, leadership, personal finance, economy, future of work, wellness, professional life abroad - everything you need to upgrade yourself.","titleDefault":"BBC Worklife","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CAPITAL"}},"swimlanes":[{"id":"office-space","title":"Office Space","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp00sm03v.jpg"},{"id":"work-ethic","title":"Work Ethic","backgroundImg":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F976x549\u002Fp06yflr4.jpg"}]},"culture":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@BBC_Culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_CULTURE"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCCulture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCCulture"},"instagram":{"username":"bbc_culture","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_culture"}},"facebookPageIds":"237388053065908"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"BBC Culture Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp082b33v.png","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp08bmlwb.jpg","title":"Around the BBC background image"},"collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtrht.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09rtrht.jpg","title":"Tag background image"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.culture","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"culture"},"metaData":{"description":"Covering the latest in global arts and culture in all its forms, BBC Culture gives an international view of film and TV, books, art, music and style.","titleDefault":"BBC Culture","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_CULTURE"}}},"travel":{"relatedArticles":{"numberOfArticlesToDisplay":4},"social":{"profiles":{"twitter":{"username":"@bbc_travel","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_TRAVEL"},"facebook":{"username":"BBCTravel","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCTravel"},"instagram":{"username":"bbc_travel","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbc_travel"}},"facebookPageIds":"147105585468223"},"newsletter":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F"},"images":{"default":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp0984kwj.png","title":"BBC Travel Default Placeholder"},"author":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp0984kwj.png","title":"author"},"aroundTheBBC":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp099tg7y.jpg","title":"Around the BBC background image"},"destination":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09f5vpy.jpg","title":"Destination background image"},"collection":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09gq1x8.jpg","title":"Collection background image"},"tag":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F960x540\u002Fp09gq221.jpg","title":"Tag background image"},"destinationImageCard":{"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F2000x540\u002Fp09f5vpy.jpg","title":"Destination Image Card Background"}},"advertising":{"topLevelZone":"bbccom.live.site.travel","defaultZoneId":"homepage","prefix":"travel"},"metaData":{"description":"The latest stories from BBC Travel on travel topics from all over the globe: culture, identity, food, history, heritage, archaeology, nature, sustainability, adventure, experiences, destinations and other themes that celebrate the people and places that make the world diverse and amazing.","titleDefault":"BBC Travel","titleErrorPage404":"Page Not Found","titleErrorPageOther":"Page Unavailable","titleOffline":"Offline Articles"},"analytics":{"ati":{"producer":"GNL_TRAVEL"}}},"moduleId":"future","isUk":false,"ua":{"ua":"Amazon CloudFront","browser":{"name":undefined,"version":undefined,"major":undefined},"engine":{"name":undefined,"version":undefined},"os":{"name":undefined,"version":undefined},"device":{"vendor":undefined,"model":undefined,"type":undefined},"cpu":{"architecture":undefined}},"cacheExpiryMs":600000},"entities":{"authors":{"future\u002Fauthor\u002Ftereza-pultarova":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Ftereza-pultarova","_id":"62c811e31f4b7b31d20cbb84","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Tereza Pultarova","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2022-07-08T11:15:29.527138Z","entity":"author","guid":"2d132ca6-d907-465b-a4e4-96cbd6264125","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Ftereza-pultarova","modifiedDateTime":"2022-07-08T11:15:29.527138Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Ftereza-pultarova","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399307},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fcarolyn-beans":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fcarolyn-beans","_id":"62bed6a91f4b7b624411651e","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Carolyn Beans","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2022-07-01T11:12:24.262871Z","entity":"author","guid":"cd43b152-6ceb-4547-a87b-808ad21527ca","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fcarolyn-beans","modifiedDateTime":"2022-07-01T11:12:24.262871Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fcarolyn-beans","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood","_id":"62b420671f4b7b431505d840","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Veronique Greenwood","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-10-01T12:30:50.417913Z","entity":"author","guid":"6e250446-54be-4286-bea1-a15171047df6","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T08:54:31.249549Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-turns":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-turns","_id":"62b420611f4b7b45fe270afe","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Anna Turns","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2022-05-12T11:07:05.499223Z","entity":"author","guid":"417392ab-8dac-4c1d-9cff-acccf9427159","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-turns","modifiedDateTime":"2022-05-12T11:07:05.499223Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-turns","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan","_id":"62b420641f4b7b0e09090ba5","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Kamala Thiagarajan","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-01-31T12:36:58.701947Z","entity":"author","guid":"50612dc6-9e56-4921-bb9f-8b35693645fe","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T08:27:31.318571Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-bradley":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-bradley","_id":"62b4207b1f4b7b57180d6095","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Jessica Bradley","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2022-04-12T14:19:59.255811Z","entity":"author","guid":"b1734234-d806-48fd-b8d8-3a2c20fbd0fe","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-bradley","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-12T14:19:59.255811Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-bradley","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques-and-zaria-gorvett":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques-and-zaria-gorvett","_id":"62b420751f4b7b57466c15be","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Martha Henriques and Zaria Gorvett","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2022-04-29T16:11:45.475291Z","entity":"author","guid":"697a71a3-6240-4253-a1b9-0d352e3eeedc","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques-and-zaria-gorvett","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-29T16:11:45.475291Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques-and-zaria-gorvett","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-brown":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-brown","_id":"62b420641f4b7b4ca877b2d2","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Jessica Brown","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2019-10-01T11:39:18.753281Z","entity":"author","guid":"4c4c3efc-ca05-4a17-8467-5e6b9a4ece75","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-brown","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T08:24:02.894134Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-brown","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park","_id":"62b420611f4b7b4b8b007fa3","assetImage":[],"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"William Park","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"@williamhpark","creationDateTime":"2019-10-01T11:17:48.415538Z","entity":"author","guid":"10f2e559-1acb-4268-8a36-c081c33e8cd3","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T07:58:57.484639Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmarta-zaraska":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmarta-zaraska","_id":"62b420631f4b7b4ccd7620d5","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Marta Zaraska","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2020-12-15T16:09:01.933699Z","entity":"author","guid":"fc9c37f9-1a6f-451e-96f7-7f1a9ab87f49","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmarta-zaraska","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T08:32:28.449885Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmarta-zaraska","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fberly-mccoy":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:author:future\u002Fauthor\u002Fberly-mccoy","_id":"62b420611f4b7b2e4a758003","assetImage":null,"description":"","email":"","links":[{"Label":"","Url":""}],"name":"Berly McCoy","primaryVertical":"future","twitter":"","creationDateTime":"2021-11-22T13:25:38.105784Z","entity":"author","guid":"2eda23cf-d556-44db-9130-fc181c5fe20b","id":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fberly-mccoy","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T08:06:55.982889Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fauthor\u002Fberly-mccoy","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313}},"collections":{"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow","_id":"62b4207b1f4b7b575665c977","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"The future of food and flavour. Veronique Greenwood takes you on a gastronomic tour with a difference, revealing the latest thinking behind the way food is produced and sold to you, and exploring how and why we respond to food in the way we do.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Taste of Tomorrow","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"Taste of Tomorrow","creationDateTime":"2019-10-01T12:50:07.810781Z","entity":"collection","guid":"b5868dbf-a655-4dd7-8d39-0fcef83f7915","id":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T19:45:36.496132Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree","_id":"62b41b1c1f4b7b55a60ecd7f","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"premium-collection","description":"Family Tree explores the complexities and questions about parenting, children and family life from a global perspective.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":true,"moreArticles":[],"name":"Family Tree","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"#005a5a","title":"Family Tree","creationDateTime":"2021-09-16T18:29:05.754142Z","entity":"collection","guid":"414420e7-8401-409e-91e3-a8982d8199f0","id":"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree","modifiedDateTime":"2022-07-06T07:04:42.409709Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffood-fictions":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffood-fictions","_id":"62b4207a1f4b7b4ed7728691","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"column","description":"","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":false,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Food Fictions","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"Food Fictions","creationDateTime":"2019-10-01T12:45:48.639959Z","entity":"collection","guid":"3ac7062b-6f2b-4528-a7cb-ebf3b8a17b50","id":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffood-fictions","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T19:41:37.837549Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffood-fictions","image":[],"cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring","_id":"62b4207c1f4b7b32e54957f7","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"premium-collection","description":"We currently live in an unsustainable world. While the biggest gains in the fight to curb climate change will come from the decisions made by governments and industries, we can all play our part. This series aims to explore how each of us can individually live more sustainable lives, without breaking the bank.","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":true,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Sustainability on a Shoestring","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"Sustainability on a Shoestring","creationDateTime":"2021-10-21T10:13:22.901623Z","entity":"collection","guid":"964aa019-c59f-460c-922e-68ac8ff236de","id":"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T19:48:37.559588Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring","image":null,"cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fget-the-facts":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:collection:future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fget-the-facts","_id":"62b4207c1f4b7b4ed7728695","brandingLogo":"","campaign":null,"collectionType":"premium-collection","description":"","imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isPremiumCollection":true,"moreArticles":null,"name":"Get the Facts","partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","theme":"","title":"Get the Facts","creationDateTime":"2022-03-18T09:56:38.851655Z","entity":"collection","guid":"e68b30f0-3780-48b7-a3d0-06597dd85e26","id":"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fget-the-facts","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-18T09:56:38.851655Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fget-the-facts","image":null,"cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311}},"images":{"p09g0nzq":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p09g0nzq","_id":"62b41e8d1f4b7b2de73676cb","copyright":"Alexander Spatari\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002F9g\u002F0n\u002Fp09g0nzq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"(Credit: Alexander Spatari\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Alexander Spatari\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Variety of dishes served during traditional Turkish breakfast, Istanbul, Turkey","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09g0nzq.jpg","title":"Variety of dishes served during traditional Turkish breakfast, Istanbul, Turkey","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p09g0nzq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp09g0nzq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317397868},"p0ckqrk4":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0ckqrk4","_id":"62c84b301f4b7b4bfe46eeb8","copyright":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fck\u002Fqr\u002Fp0ckqrk4.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The second most planted wheat crop in China is the Luyuan 502 mutant variety that was created using space mutagenesis (Credit: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)","synopsisShort":"Luyuan 502 wheat (Credit: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqrk4.jpg","title":"The second most planted wheat crop in China is the Luyuan 502 mutant variety that was created using space mutagenesis","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0ckqrk4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqrk4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399307},"p0ckqs6x":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0ckqs6x","_id":"62c84b301f4b7b4b4a05c2e9","copyright":"Li Xihua\u002FVCG\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fck\u002Fqs\u002Fp0ckqs6x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"High-energy radiation in space can trigger mutations in seeds that can lead to improved and desirable traits in important crops such as rice (Credit: Li Xihua\u002FVCG\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Rice seeds that were flown to the Moon by China (Credit: Li Xihua\u002FVCG\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqs6x.jpg","title":"High-energy radiation in space can trigger mutations in seeds that can lead to improved traits in crops such as rice","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0ckqs6x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqs6x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399307},"p0ckqpvh":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0ckqpvh","_id":"62c84b2f1f4b7b4b4a05c2e6","copyright":"Li Xihua\u002FVCG\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fck\u002Fqp\u002Fp0ckqpvh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"By sending seeds into space, Chinese scientists are trying to breed stronger crops that can produce better yields back on Earth (Credit: Li Xihua\u002FVCG\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Researchers plant rice seeds from Chang'e-5 mission (Credit: Li Xihua\u002FVCG\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqpvh.jpg","title":"By sending seeds into space, Chinese scientists are trying to breed stronger crops that can produce better yields","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0ckqpvh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqpvh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399307},"p0ckqsxj":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0ckqsxj","_id":"62c84b301f4b7b4b4a05c2e8","copyright":"Nasa\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fck\u002Fqs\u002Fp0ckqsxj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Nasa has been growing lettuce on the International Space Station in experiments it hopes will lead to fresh food for astronauts (Credit: Nasa\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"Astronaut Michael Hopkins holds a lettuce leaf on ISS (Credit: Nasa\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqsxj.jpg","title":"Nasa has been growing lettuce on the International Space Station in experiments it hopes will lead to fresh food for astronauts","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0ckqsxj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckqsxj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399307},"p0ckrlkg":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0ckrlkg","_id":"62c84b2f1f4b7b4b4a05c2e7","copyright":"China Photos\u002FGetty Image","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fck\u002Frl\u002Fp0ckrlkg.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"China has fired thousands of seeds into space on board spacecraft in the hope of developing new, better crops (Credit: China Photos\u002FGetty Image)","synopsisShort":"A worker holds tubes of seeds sent into space (Credit: China Photos\u002FGetty Image)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckrlkg.jpg","title":"China has fired thousands of seeds into space on board spacecraft in the hope of developing new, better crops","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0ckrlkg","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0ckrlkg.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399307},"p0cjbv8m":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cjbv8m","_id":"62bef4661f4b7b678a6fa195","copyright":"Frank Bienewald\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcj\u002Fbv\u002Fp0cjbv8m.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The pollen produced by canola is sensitive to temperature, so timing flowering to cooler days is crucial (Credit: Frank Bienewald\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"A bee visiting a canola flower (Credit: Frank Bienewald\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbv8m.jpg","title":"The pollen produced by canola is sensitive to temperature, so timing flowering to cooler days is crucial","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cjbv8m","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbv8m.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cjbxy8":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cjbxy8","_id":"62bef4661f4b7b1e535e53e2","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcj\u002Fbx\u002Fp0cjbxy8.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A single cell from a pollen grain grows into a tube to deliver genetic material to a plant's ovary, but high temperatures cause the proteins involved to break down (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Microscope picture of pollen grain with tube (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbxy8.jpg","title":"A single cell from a pollen grain grows into a tube to deliver genetic material to a plant's ovary","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cjbxy8","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbxy8.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cjbx8r":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cjbx8r","_id":"62bef4661f4b7b1e535e53e4","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcj\u002Fbx\u002Fp0cjbx8r.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Climate change is expected to bring more extreme heatwaves and even just a few hours of high temperatures are enough to leave pollen damaged beyond repair (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Sunrise behind walnut tree orchard (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbx8r.jpg","title":"Even just a few hours of extreme heatwaves are enough to leave pollen damaged beyond repair","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cjbx8r","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbx8r.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cjbwq2":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cjbwq2","_id":"62bef4661f4b7b1e535e53e3","copyright":"Zuma Press\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcj\u002Fbw\u002Fp0cjbwq2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The pollen of some plants are transported by the wind while others rely on visiting insects to pollinate neighbouring plants (Credit: Zuma Press\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"Cloud of pollen blows off grass (Credit: Zuma Press\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbwq2.jpg","title":"The pollen of some plants are transported by the wind while others rely on visiting insects to pollinate neighbouring plants","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cjbwq2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbwq2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cjbth5":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cjbth5","_id":"62bef4641f4b7b1e535e53e1","copyright":"Ed Reschke\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcj\u002Fbt\u002Fp0cjbth5.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Plants rely on pollinators like bumblebees for fertilisation, but in extreme heat the pollen itself can become damaged (Credit: Ed Reschke\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A bumblebee with pollen on its face (Credit: Ed Reschke\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbth5.jpg","title":"Plants rely on pollinators like bumblebees for fertilisation, but in extreme heat the pollen itself can become damaged","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cjbth5","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cjbth5.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0chd0tm":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0chd0tm","_id":"62b9a0061f4b7b3e22338e2a","copyright":"Catherine Falls Commercial\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fch\u002Fd0\u002Fp0chd0tm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Orange juice was, until relatively recently, only something you could enjoy at home if you squeezed the oranges yourself (Credit: Catherine Falls Commercial\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Glass of orange juice on table (Credit: Catherine Falls Commercial\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0chd0tm.jpg","title":"table_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0chd0tm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0chd0tm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0chd2qd":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0chd2qd","_id":"62b9a0061f4b7b3e22338e29","copyright":"Wundervisuals\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fch\u002Fd2\u002Fp0chd2qd.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The innovation arrived as Florida growers were dealing with cyclical, massive overproduction of oranges (Credit: Wundervisuals\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Man carrying box or picked oranges in orchard (Credit: Wundervisuals\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0chd2qd.jpg","title":"box_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0chd2qd","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0chd2qd.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0chd07k":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0chd07k","_id":"62b9a0061f4b7b3e22338e2b","copyright":"Proformabooks\u002FGetty images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fch\u002Fd0\u002Fp0chd07k.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Splash from glass of orange juice (Credit: Proformabooks\u002FGetty images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0chd07k.jpg","title":"index_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0chd07k","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0chd07k.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cfb02g":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cfb02g","_id":"62b41f031f4b7b5fdb55489c","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcf\u002Fb0\u002Fp0cfb02g.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A Yanomami mother breastfeeds her baby as she waits at a health care centre in Brazil (Credit: Andressa Anholete \u002F Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A Yanomami mother breastfeeds her baby as she waits at a health care centre in Brazil","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cfb02g.jpg","title":"A Yanomami mother breastfeeds her baby as she waits at a health care centre in Brazil (Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cfb02g","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cfb02g.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cfb181":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cfb181","_id":"62b41f031f4b7b2e113e0750","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcf\u002Fb1\u002Fp0cfb181.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Breast milk is a dynamic, adaptable food, and varies over the course of a day and even from the start to the end of a feed (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A mother breastfeeds her baby while working on a laptop (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cfb181.jpg","title":"Breast milk varies over the course of a day and even from the start to the end of a feed (Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cfb181","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cfb181.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cf9z67":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cf9z67","_id":"62b41f021f4b7b5fdb55489a","copyright":"Gou Yige\u002FAFP via Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcf\u002F9z\u002Fp0cf9z67.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A dad bottle-feeds his son in a pre-school class in Beijing (Credit: Gou Yige\u002FAFP via Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A dad bottle-feeds his son in a pre-school class in Beijing","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cf9z67.jpg","title":"A dad bottle-feeds his son in a pre-school class in Beijing (Credit: Gou Yige\u002FAFP via Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cf9z67","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cf9z67.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cfb0mm":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cfb0mm","_id":"62b41f021f4b7b39391887ce","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcf\u002Fb0\u002Fp0cfb0mm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A mother breastfeeds her child during the \"all for breastfeeding\" festival in Bogota, Colombia (Credit: Daniel Garzon Herazo\u002FNurPhoto via Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A mother breastfeeds her child during a breastfeeding festival in Bogota, Colombia","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cfb0mm.jpg","title":"A mother feeds her child during the \"all for breastfeeding\" festival in Bogota, Colombia (Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cfb0mm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cfb0mm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0cf9y3f":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cf9y3f","_id":"62b41f031f4b7b2dfa3a6fea","copyright":"Wikimedia Commons","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcf\u002F9y\u002Fp0cf9y3f.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A microscopy image of a sample of human breast milk (Credit: Wikimedia Commons)","synopsisShort":"A microscopy image of a sample of human breast milk","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cf9y3f.jpg","title":"A microscopy image of a sample of human breast milk (Credit: Wikimedia Commons)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cf9y3f","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cf9y3f.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"p0c90kx7":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c90kx7","_id":"62b41efe1f4b7b2dfe172145","copyright":"Ashish Kumar Jain","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc9\u002F0k\u002Fp0c90kx7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Arul Jain follows a vegan diet, and started engaging in vegan activism early on (Credit: Ashish Kumar Jain)","synopsisShort":"Arul Jain, a vegan girl, kneels next to a tethered goat (Credit: Ashish Kumar Jain)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90kx7.jpg","title":"Arul Jain follows a vegan diet, and started engaging in vegan activism early on (Credit: Ashish Kumar Jain)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c90kx7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90kx7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0cb03r1":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0cb03r1","_id":"62b41f001f4b7b393c0e70e0","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fcb\u002F03\u002Fp0cb03r1.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Vegan food is becoming increasingly popular around the world (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A platter of delicious-looking vegan Indian food (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cb03r1.jpg","title":"Vegan food is gaining popularity around the world","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0cb03r1","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0cb03r1.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c90m25":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c90m25","_id":"62b41efe1f4b7b393765d7ef","copyright":"Bhavya Chandra Prem","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc9\u002F0m\u002Fp0c90m25.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Vegan mum Bhavya Chandra Prem with her son. Prem followed a vegan diet while she was pregnant, with protein-rich lentils, legumes and tofu (Credit: Bhavya Chandra Prem)","synopsisShort":"Vegan mum Bhavya Chandra Prem poses with her son (Credit: Bhavya Chandra Prem)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90m25.jpg","title":"Vegan mum Bhavya Chandra Prem with her son (Credit: Bhavya Chandra Prem)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c90m25","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90m25.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c90hfs":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c90hfs","_id":"62b41efe1f4b7b393765d7ec","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc9\u002F0h\u002Fp0c90hfs.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Traditional Indian grains and pulses can enrich a vegan diet (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A woman in India sells grains and pulses by the river (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90hfs.jpg","title":"Traditional Indian grains and pulses can enrich a vegan diet (Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c90hfs","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90hfs.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c90hk0":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c90hk0","_id":"62b41efe1f4b7b11135af214","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc9\u002F0h\u002Fp0c90hk0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Vegans are rediscovering India's nutritious traditional grains and pulses (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A woman holds a selection of Indian pulses in her hands (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90hk0.jpg","title":"Vegans are rediscovering India's nutritious traditional grains and pulses (Credit: Getty Images)","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c90hk0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c90hk0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c91mlz":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c91mlz","_id":"62b41efe1f4b7b5fdc221058","copyright":"Paulo Sousa\u002FEyeEm\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc9\u002F1m\u002Fp0c91mlz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Some babies find it easier to feed with bottles, especially since the advent of flexible rubber nipples for bottles (Credit: Paulo Sousa\u002FEyeEm\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Baby having bottle feed (Credit: Paulo Sousa\u002FEyeEm\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c91mlz.jpg","title":"feeding_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c91mlz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c91mlz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c91gr2":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c91gr2","_id":"62b41efe1f4b7b110a3fbbd1","copyright":"Huizeng Hu\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc9\u002F1g\u002Fp0c91gr2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Modern infant formula is a highly specialised supplement, full of vitamins and minerals needed for growth and development (Credit: Huizeng Hu\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Scoop and infant formula (Credit: Huizeng Hu\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c91gr2.jpg","title":"scoop_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c91gr2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c91gr2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c91mzj":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c91mzj","_id":"62b41efe1f4b7b2e1220e2db","copyright":"FotoDuets\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc9\u002F1m\u002Fp0c91mzj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Man's hand on baby's bottle (Credit: FotoDuets\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c91mzj.jpg","title":"bottle_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c91mzj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c91mzj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c51ftt":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c51ftt","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b5fdb55488a","copyright":"OScar Wong\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc5\u002F1f\u002Fp0c51ftt.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Decaffeinated coffee shares many of the same antioxidants as the alternatives (Credit: OScar Wong\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Woman drinking cup of coffee (Credit: OScar Wong\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51ftt.jpg","title":"coffee_oscar-wong-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c51ftt","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51ftt.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c518ys":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c518ys","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b11135af200","copyright":"DoctorEgg\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc5\u002F18\u002Fp0c518ys.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Matcha powder has been a popular recent addition to the hot beverage market in the West (Credit: DoctorEgg\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Matcha powder (Credit: DoctorEgg\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c518ys.jpg","title":"matcha_dr-egg-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c518ys","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c518ys.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c51fck":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c51fck","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b2df875fb5d","copyright":"Westend61\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc5\u002F1f\u002Fp0c51fck.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The health benefits of turmeric are unlikely to be found in the amounts added to a latte, experts say (Credit: Westend61\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Turmeric poweder in drink (Credit: Westend61\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51fck.jpg","title":"turmeric_westend61-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c51fck","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51fck.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c51bvf":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c51bvf","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b2df2083359","copyright":"Ma-no\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc5\u002F1b\u002Fp0c51bvf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Ginseng is a stimulant which can have similar effects to caffeine (Credit: Ma-no\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Ginseng root and powder (Credit: Ma-no\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51bvf.jpg","title":"gingseng_ma-no-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c51bvf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51bvf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c51g1j":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c51g1j","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b2dee12dba8","copyright":"Daniel Kloe\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc5\u002F1g\u002Fp0c51g1j.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Coffee beans and cup of coffee (Credit: Daniel Kloe\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51g1j.jpg","title":"beans_danile-kloe-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c51g1j","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c51g1j.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"p0c40hwm":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c40hwm","_id":"62b41ef91f4b7b2dfa3a6fce","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F0h\u002Fp0c40hwm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Roasting vegetables in the oven can cause up to 80% of their climate impact (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Roast vegetables in oven dish","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c40hwm.jpg","title":"Crop Roast vegetables Alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c40hwm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c40hwm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c41hws":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c41hws","_id":"62b41ef81f4b7b1ce253bf4d","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F1h\u002Fp0c41hws.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The total climate impact (in kg CO2e per kg of food cooked) ranges widely between foods (Source: Angelina Frankowska et al., Nature Food, 2020)","synopsisShort":"Chart showing climate impact of different foods","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41hws.jpg","title":"Graph_4.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c41hws","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41hws.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c41fcj":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c41fcj","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b2dfd0805da","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F1f\u002Fp0c41fcj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Emissions (in kg CO2e) from the food supply chain – the climate impact of food miles is often a small proportion (Source: Our World in Data\u002FPoore and Nemecek, Science, 2018)","synopsisShort":"Chart showing greenhouse gas emissions from the food supply chain","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41fcj.jpg","title":"Graph_5.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c41fcj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41fcj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c40h26":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c40h26","_id":"62b41ef61f4b7b1109727879","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F0h\u002Fp0c40h26.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Hard cheeses like parmesan have higher emissions than soft cheeses as they require greater quantities of milk to make (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Parmesan cheese board","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c40h26.jpg","title":"Crop parmesan cheese Alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c40h26","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c40h26.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c424pz":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c424pz","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b110a3fbbbe","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F24\u002Fp0c424pz.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The waste from throwing away a few pieces of fruit and veg greatly outweighs the emissions from a hearty cooked vegetarian meal (Source: BBC\u002FSarah Bridle\u002FRebecca Lait)","synopsisShort":"Chart showing emissions from food waste compared to cooked meal","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c424pz.jpg","title":"graph CHANGED.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c424pz","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c424pz.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c41f3d":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c41f3d","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b6267516383","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F1f\u002Fp0c41f3d.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Animal products typically have higher greenhouse gas emissions (in kg CO2e of food product) than plant-based foods (Source: Our World in Data\u002FPoore and Nemecek, Science, 2018)","synopsisShort":"Chart showing emissions from different foods","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41f3d.jpg","title":"Graph_1.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c41f3d","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41f3d.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c3wm8v":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c3wm8v","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b528464f0f0","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1770,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc3\u002Fwm\u002Fp0c3wm8v.jpg","sourceWidth":3148,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Food waste is responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Food waste in a rubbish bin","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c3wm8v.jpg","title":"Crop food waste 3 Getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c3wm8v","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c3wm8v.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c41np7":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c41np7","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b2dfa3a6fc7","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F1n\u002Fp0c41np7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Food waste which is composted releases just 14% the greenhouse gases of food that goes to landfill (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Food thrown on compost heap","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41np7.jpg","title":"Crop compost Alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c41np7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41np7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c41dzq":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c41dzq","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b39391887c4","copyright":"","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F1d\u002Fp0c41dzq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"A beef meal has very large emissions (in kg CO2e) compared with a vegan or vegetarian meal (Source: BBC\u002FSarah Bridle\u002FRebecca Lait)","synopsisShort":"Chart showing emissions from beef meal compared to vegan and vegetarian meal","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41dzq.jpg","title":"Graph_3.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c41dzq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c41dzq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c40sny":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c40sny","_id":"62b41ef71f4b7b0337359ac6","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc4\u002F0s\u002Fp0c40sny.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Swapping animal products for a plant-based diet can significantly lower emissions from your diet (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Assortment of vegetables in a basket","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c40sny.jpg","title":"Crop vegetables Alamy.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c40sny","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c40sny.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c38vqj":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c38vqj","_id":"62b41ef41f4b7b037f503044","copyright":"Lingqi Xie\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc3\u002F8v\u002Fp0c38vqj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Oyster sauce is a classic ingredient in many Chinese dishes, imparting a rich, savoury flavour (Credit: Lingqi Xie\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Braised fish with oyster sauce (Credit: Lingqi Xie\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c38vqj.jpg","title":"fish_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c38vqj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c38vqj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c38z11":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c38z11","_id":"62b41ef41f4b7b1a1e2e1b7c","copyright":"AndreySt\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc3\u002F8z\u002Fp0c38z11.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Oysters are indeed involved, but the creating the sauce is a multi-stage process (Credit: AndreySt\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Oyster sauce and oyster shell (Credit: AndreySt\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c38z11.jpg","title":"oyster_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c38z11","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c38z11.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0c38st5":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0c38st5","_id":"62b41ef41f4b7b2dec2ff6c8","copyright":"Bowonpat Sakaew\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fc3\u002F8s\u002Fp0c38st5.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Bowl of oyster sauce (Credit: Bowonpat Sakaew\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c38st5.jpg","title":"bowl_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0c38st5","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0c38st5.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0bylgrq":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bylgrq","_id":"62b41eef1f4b7b393a66dfb6","copyright":"Sarayut Thaneerat\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fby\u002Flg\u002Fp0bylgrq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"If you want to study the gene history of a particular plant, a seed bank is a good place to start (Credit: Sarayut Thaneerat\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Man pushing trolley through seed bank (Credit: Sarayut Thaneerat\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bylgrq.jpg","title":"trolley_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bylgrq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bylgrq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0bybcx2":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bybcx2","_id":"62b41eef1f4b7b1ce1198d50","copyright":"Arterra\u002FUniversal Images Group\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fby\u002Fbc\u002Fp0bybcx2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Seed banks such as the one located on Norway's island Svalbard are intended to protect agriculture from future disasters (Credit: Arterra\u002FUniversal Images Group\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Svalbard seed bank (Credit: Arterra\u002FUniversal Images Group\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bybcx2.jpg","title":"svalbard2_arterra_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bybcx2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bybcx2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0bybdwj":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bybdwj","_id":"62b41eef1f4b7b062d57d42d","copyright":"Noel Celis\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fby\u002Fbd\u002Fp0bybdwj.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Credit: Noel Celis\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Farmer between rice rows (Credit: Noel Celis\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bybdwj.jpg","title":"rice_afp-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bybdwj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bybdwj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"p0bw2qp2":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bw2qp2","_id":"62b41eeb1f4b7b2851469e9b","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbw\u002F2q\u002Fp0bw2qp2.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Many vegan cheeses are based on coconut oil, which is solid at room temperature due to its high concentration of saturated fat Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A platter of vegan cheeses (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw2qp2.jpg","title":"vegan cheeses Getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bw2qp2","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw2qp2.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0bw2vgf":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bw2vgf","_id":"62b41eeb1f4b7b2e113e072d","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbw\u002F2v\u002Fp0bw2vgf.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Cashew cheese is usually made from nuts that have been soaked in water, then blended. The mixture can either be flavoured and eaten raw or left to ferment (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A row of vegan cheese-making kits (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw2vgf.jpg","title":"vegan cheese kit getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bw2vgf","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw2vgf.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0bw2nnm":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bw2nnm","_id":"62b41eeb1f4b7b55d210a01e","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbw\u002F2n\u002Fp0bw2nnm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Today there are a wide variety of vegan cheeses available, from soft, spreadable versions with herbs to smoked products and even aged blue cheeses (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A pizza topped with tofu ricotta and artichokes (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw2nnm.jpg","title":"pizza getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bw2nnm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw2nnm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0bw17w4":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bw17w4","_id":"62b41eeb1f4b7b037f50302f","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1686,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbw\u002F17\u002Fp0bw17w4.jpg","sourceWidth":2996,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Samples of dairy-free cheese (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw17w4.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1203609434.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bw17w4","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bw17w4.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0brm9lm":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0brm9lm","_id":"62b41ee41f4b7b062d57d415","copyright":"Tek Image\u002FSPL\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbr\u002Fm9\u002Fp0brm9lm.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Early electric kettles weren't quite as safe as the ones we use today (Credit: Tek Image\u002FSPL\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Steam rising from kettle spout (Credit: Tek Image\u002FSPL\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0brm9lm.jpg","title":"kettle_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0brm9lm","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0brm9lm.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0brm693":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0brm693","_id":"62b41ee51f4b7b5fd97dcefb","copyright":"Brizmaker\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbr\u002Fm6\u002Fp0brm693.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Using a fan hood is recommended, as gas stoves can produce harmful fumes (Credit: Brizmaker\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Person turning on fan hood (Credit: Brizmaker\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0brm693.jpg","title":"hood_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0brm693","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0brm693.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0brmdm9":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0brmdm9","_id":"62b41ee41f4b7b626d078d8f","copyright":"Sean Gladwell\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1079,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbr\u002Fmd\u002Fp0brmdm9.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Gas stove flames (Credit: Sean Gladwell\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0brmdm9.jpg","title":"gas_getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0brmdm9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0brmdm9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0bknzvw":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bknzvw","_id":"62b41edd1f4b7b1a2e5bf6d7","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbk\u002Fnz\u002Fp0bknzvw.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Without the addition of dyes and cultured connective tissues, cultured meat can look a little like a blob of fat (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Cultured meat in a petri dish (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bknzvw.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1171551782.crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bknzvw","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bknzvw.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0bkp0gs":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bkp0gs","_id":"62b41edd1f4b7b106623e6b6","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbk\u002Fp0\u002Fp0bkp0gs.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The way that week cook our food can help to release delicious aromas and flavours (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"A vegan burger in a pan (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bkp0gs.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1279349939.crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bkp0gs","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bkp0gs.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0bkp190":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bkp190","_id":"62b41edd1f4b7b2dfd0805c3","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbk\u002Fp1\u002Fp0bkp190.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Milk powder, made from spray-dried whey, is a common ingredient in a variety of consumer goods (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Milk powder sold in a supermarket (Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bkp190.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1255253039.crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bkp190","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bkp190.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0bknxqc":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bknxqc","_id":"62b41edd1f4b7b26585ce360","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbk\u002Fnx\u002Fp0bknxqc.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"(Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bknxqc.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1074190612.crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bknxqc","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bknxqc.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0b9xtqq":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b9xtqq","_id":"62b41ed21f4b7b0337359a73","copyright":"Piotr Malcyk\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb9\u002Fxt\u002Fp0b9xtqq.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Though doughnuts have become ingrained in American cuisine, they were brought there by European settlers (Credit: Piotr Malcyk\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Dougnuts resting in basket (Credit: Piotr Malcyk\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b9xtqq.jpg","title":"icing_piotr-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b9xtqq","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b9xtqq.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0b9xw6x":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b9xw6x","_id":"62b41ed21f4b7b53746c9f27","copyright":"Christine von Diepenbroek\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb9\u002Fxw\u002Fp0b9xw6x.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"The modern doughnut is seen as a dessert, but earlier varitieties were much more rustic - some even fried by sailors in whale oil (Credit: Christine von Diepenbroek\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Doughnuts covered in icing (Credit: Christine von Diepenbroek\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b9xw6x.jpg","title":"dougnuts_christine-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b9xw6x","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b9xw6x.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0b9xnzh":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b9xnzh","_id":"62b41ee61f4b7b112172c1a7","copyright":"Lauri Patterson","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb9\u002Fxn\u002Fp0b9xnzh.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"Pile of sugared doughnuts (Credit: Lauri Patterson)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b9xnzh.jpg","title":"fried_lauri-patterson-getty_1920.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b9xnzh","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b9xnzh.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"p0b8r47z":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b8r47z","_id":"62b41ed01f4b7b28443c8d5d","copyright":"Alamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1280,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb8\u002Fr4\u002Fp0b8r47z.jpg","sourceWidth":1024,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Solanum pimpinellifolium is a wild tomato found in Peru and Ecuador which bears fruit the size of currants (Credit: Alamy)","synopsisShort":"Fruit of Solanum pimpinellifolium (red currant tomato) (Credit: Alamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r47z.jpg","title":"Solanum pimpinellifolium is a wild tomato found in Peru and Ecuador which bears fruit the size of currants","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b8r47z","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r47z.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"p0b8r559":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b8r559","_id":"62b41ed01f4b7b110a3fbb7c","copyright":"Janos Chiala\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb8\u002Fr5\u002Fp0b8r559.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"As climate change alters rainfall patterns, new varieties of drought resistant crops will be needed in areas that struggle with water shortages (Credit: Janos Chiala\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"An Italian farmer checks tomatoes damaged by drought (Credit: Janos Chiala\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r559.jpg","title":"As climate change alters rainfall patterns, new varieties of drought resistant crops will be needed","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b8r559","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r559.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"p0b8r4wn":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b8r4wn","_id":"62b41ed01f4b7b2851469e7e","copyright":"Sean Gallup\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb8\u002Fr4\u002Fp0b8r4wn.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Some scientists believe that Crispr's ability to accurately edit the traits of plants could usher in a new green revolution (Credit: Sean Gallup\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Petri dishes containing Crispr-edited barley (Credit: Sean Gallup\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r4wn.jpg","title":"Some scientists believe that Crispr's ability to accurately edit the traits of plants could usher in a new green revolution","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b8r4wn","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r4wn.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"p0b8r6s7":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b8r6s7","_id":"62b41ed01f4b7b033633f875","copyright":"Reuters\u002FEloy Alonso\u002FAlamy","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb8\u002Fr6\u002Fp0b8r6s7.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Scientists Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of the Crispr-Cas9 genetic scissors (Credit: Reuters\u002FEloy Alonso\u002FAlamy)","synopsisShort":"Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna (Credit: Reuters\u002FEloy Alonso\u002FAlamy)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r6s7.jpg","title":"Scientists Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of Crispr-Cas9","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b8r6s7","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r6s7.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"p0b8r62m":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b8r62m","_id":"62b41ed01f4b7b2ded236fe6","copyright":"Arif Ali\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb8\u002Fr6\u002Fp0b8r62m.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"More than 180 million tons of tomatoes are produced globally each year, but the crop is sensitive to changes in the climate (Credit: Arif Ali\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"A farmer sorts through tomatoes on a lorry (Credit: Arif Ali\u002FAFP\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r62m.jpg","title":"More than 180 million tons of tomatoes are produced globally each year, but the crop is sensitive to changes in the climate","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b8r62m","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r62m.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"p0b8r676":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b8r676","_id":"62b41ed11f4b7b11135af1b8","copyright":"NurPhoto\u002FGetty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb8\u002Fr6\u002Fp0b8r676.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Scientists are attempting to create new varieties of tomatoes using gene editing that are hardier and tastier (Credit: NurPhoto\u002FGetty Images)","synopsisShort":"Close up of a tomato on a plant (Credit: NurPhoto\u002FGetty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r676.jpg","title":"Scientists are attempting to create new varieties of tomatoes using gene editing that are hardier and tastier","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b8r676","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b8r676.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"p0b5m633":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b5m633","_id":"62b41ecc1f4b7b528464f09e","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1194,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb5\u002Fm6\u002Fp0b5m633.jpg","sourceWidth":2121,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Honey, and the plant compounds within, impart all sorts of health benefits to bees (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Bee pokes head into hexagonal comb","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m633.jpg","title":"GettyImages-512596224.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b5m633","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m633.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313},"p0b5m63p":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b5m63p","_id":"62b41ece1f4b7b2e133db21f","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1192,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb5\u002Fm6\u002Fp0b5m63p.jpg","sourceWidth":2119,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Hexagons are the most efficient shape to store things (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Topshot of honeycomb with bees crawling over","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m63p.jpg","title":"GettyImages-543973710.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b5m63p","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m63p.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313},"p0b5m64l":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b5m64l","_id":"62b41ee01f4b7b2dfa3a6f9d","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":3132,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb5\u002Fm6\u002Fp0b5m64l.jpg","sourceWidth":5568,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Beekeepers could help the insects by leaving a variety of honey in the hive (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Bees fly into hive","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m64l.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1236133308.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b5m64l","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m64l.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313},"p0b5m60z":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0b5m60z","_id":"62b41ecc1f4b7b284109c6aa","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":2828,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fb5\u002Fm6\u002Fp0b5m60z.jpg","sourceWidth":5028,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Honey has many hidden benefits for bees (Credit: Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Beekeeper holding bees in outstretched hands","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m60z.jpg","title":"GettyImages-471414256.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0b5m60z","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0b5m60z.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space","_id":"62cb68151f4b7b1c4c3ef43d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Ftereza-pultarova"],"bodyIntro":"Sending seeds for short trips to space helps scientists develop new crop varieties that can thrive in the changing climate and help feed the world's growing population.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt first glance they are identical to any other ears of wheat swaying in the wind all over the world. But the vast fields of crops in north-eastern China are no ordinary plants – they were created in outer space.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are a variety known as Luyuan 502 and are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iaea.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fpublications\u002Fmagazines\u002Fbulletin\u002Fbull60-1\u002F6013435.pdf\"\u003EChina's second most widely grown type of wheat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The plants were bred from seeds that were flown into orbit 200 miles (340km) above the Earth's surface. Here, in the unique low gravity environment and outside the protective magnetic shield of our planet, they picked up subtle changes to DNA that gave them new qualities that made them more tolerant to drought and able to better resist certain diseases.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are an example of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finis.iaea.org\u002Fcollection\u002FNCLCollectionStore\u002F_Public\u002F50\u002F009\u002F50009355.pdf?r=1\"\u003Ea growing number of new varieties of important food crops that are being bred on spacecraft and space stations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while orbiting our planet. Here they are subjected to microgravity and are bombarded by cosmic rays, which trigger the plants to mutate – a process known as space mutagenesis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile some of the mutations leave the plants unable to grow, others can be advantageous. Some become hardier and able to withstand more extreme growing conditions while others produce more food from a single plant or grow faster or require less water. When brought back to Earth, seeds from these space-bred plants undergo careful screening and further breeding to create viable versions of popular crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a world facing increasing pressure on agriculture due to climate change and vulnerable supply chains, which have underlined the need for crops to be grown closer to where they are eaten, some researchers now believe that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2021.771985\u002Ffull\"\u003Espace-breeding, also known as space mutagenesis, may help them to adapt crops to these new challenges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0ckqrk4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Space mutagenesis makes beautiful mutations,\" says Liu Luxiang, China's leading space mutagenesis expert and director of the National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement at the Institute of Crop Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELuyuan 502, for example, has an 11% higher yield than the standard wheat variety grown in China, a better tolerance to drought and stronger resilience against the most common wheat pests, according to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iaea.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fpublications\u002Fmagazines\u002Fbulletin\u002Fbull60-1\u002F6013435.pdf\"\u003Ethe International Atomic Energy Agency\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which coordinates international cooperation in the use of irradiation-based techniques for creation of new crop types.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"[Luyuan 502] is a real success story,\" says Liu. \"It has a very high yield potential and adaptability. It can be cultivated in many different areas with different conditions.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis adaptability is what makes Luyuan 502 such a hit among farmers across China's vastly diverse agricultural landscapes and varied climate.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is just one of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hnxb.org.cn\u002FEN\u002F10.11869\u002Fhnxb.2007.06.0589\"\u003Emore than 200 space-mutated crop varieties created in China\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over the past 30 years, according to Liu. In addition to wheat, Chinese scientists have produced space-bred rice, corn, soybeans, alfalfa, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finis.iaea.org\u002Fsearch\u002Fsearchsinglerecord.aspx?recordsFor=SingleRecord&RN=36043935\"\u003Esesame, cotton, watermelons, tomatoes, sweet peppers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other types of vegetables.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChina has been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intechopen.com\u002Fchapters\u002F73657\"\u003Eexperimenting with space mutagenesis since 1987\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and is the only country in the world consistently using the technique. Since then it has conducted dozens of missions to carry crop seeds into orbit. Chinese scientists released the first space-bred crop – a type of sweet pepper called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnucleus.iaea.org\u002Fsites\u002Fmvd\u002FSitePages\u002FSearch.aspx?MVID=2906\"\u003EYujiao 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – in 1990. Compared to conventional sweet pepper varieties grown in China, Yujiao 1 produces much bigger fruit and is more resistant to diseases, says Liu.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0ckqs6x"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChina's emergence as a global space power in recent decades has enabled it to send thousands of seeds into orbit. In 2006, the country shipped into orbit their largest batch ever – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\u002Fnmc\u002Fspacecraft\u002Fdisplay.action?id=2006-035A\"\u003Emore than 250kg (551lbs) worth of seeds and microorganisms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of 152 species – aboard the satellite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intlcss.org\u002Ffiles\u002Ficss\u002Fcongress-proceedings\u002F2008-papers\u002Fcs3-s7\u002Fcs3-s7-o2-luxiang-liu.pdf\"\u003EShijian 8.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E In May this year, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.cgtn.com\u002Fnews\u002F2022-05-25\u002FResearchers-start-breeding-12-000-space-seeds-returned-by-Shenzhou-13-1akgsi7HbJm\u002Findex.html\"\u003E12,000 seeds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including several types of grass, oats, alfalfa and fungi, returned from a six-month visit to China's Tianhe space station as part of the crewed Shenzhou 13 mission.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Chinese even sent a batch of rice seeds for a lunar round-trip with the Chang'e-5 mission that put a lander on the surface of the Moon in November 2020. According to Chinese \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globaltimes.cn\u002Fpage\u002F202107\u002F1228365.shtml\"\u003Enews reports\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, these lunar rice seeds successfully produced grain in laboratory after their return to Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We benefit from China's strong space programme,\" Liu says. \"We can use recoverable satellites, high-altitude platforms but also manned spacecraft to send our seeds to space up to twice a year and use those space utilities for crop improvement.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe seeds are sent on trips lasting from just four days to several months. In this unusual environment, a number of changes can happen to seeds and plants. First, high energy solar and cosmic radiation can damage the genetic material in the seeds itself, leading to mutations or chromosomal aberrations that are passed onto future generations. The low gravity environment could also lead to other changes. Plants that germinate and are grown in microgravity show changes in cell shape and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2021.771985\u002Ffull\"\u003Eorganisation of structures within the cells themselves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn most cases, Chinese scientists \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.intlcss.org\u002Ffiles\u002Ficss\u002Fcongress-proceedings\u002F2008-papers\u002Fcs3-s7\u002Fcs3-s7-o2-luxiang-liu.pdf\"\u003Efly the seeds into space and then germinate them back on the ground\u003C\u002Fa\u003E once they are returned to Earth. The seedlings are then screened for useful traits that provide an advantage over more traditional crop varieties. The scientists are looking for changes that lead to bigger fruit, lower watering requirements, better nutrient profiles, resistance to high and low temperatures or resilience against disease. In some cases rare mutations can lead to breakthroughs in crop yield or resilience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"On Earth, we are protected from high-energy rays by the Earth's magnetic field and thick atmosphere, but in orbit, spacecraft and satellites are constantly exposed to this radiation","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe most promising plants are bred further, until the researchers arrive at a substantially improved variant that can address the farmers’ needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EChina, however, although currently a leader in space mutagenesis, wasn't the first nation to experiment with space-breeding. The technique dates back to some early experiments conducted by US and Soviet scientists using \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.200.4337.67\"\u003Ecarrot cells launched into orbit aboard the Soviet satellite Kosmos 782\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe approach relies on the same principles as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iaea.org\u002Fnewscenter\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fvideos\u002Ftargeting-hunger-with-nuclear-techniques\"\u003Enuclear mutagenesis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which has been around since the late 1920s. Nuclear mutagenesis speeds up the naturally occurring mutation processes in the DNA of living organisms by exposing them to radiation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while nuclear mutagenesis uses gamma rays, X-rays and ion beams from terrestrial sources, space mutagenesis relies upon the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iaea.org\u002Fnewscenter\u002Fnews\u002Fcosmic-radiation-why-we-should-not-be-worried\"\u003Ebombardment by cosmic rays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that pepper space around our planet. On Earth, we are protected from those high-energy rays by the Earth's magnetic field and its thick atmosphere, but in orbit, spacecraft and satellites are constantly exposed to this radiation, which mostly comes from the Sun.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like to read:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210601-how-transplant-organs-might-be-printed-in-outer-space\"\u003EWhy astronauts are printing organs in space\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220210-the-trees-grown-from-space-faring-seeds\"\u003EThe trees grown from seeds that went to the Moon\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-man-growing-lettuce-for-space-station-salads\"\u003EThe man growing lettuce for space salads\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth space and nuclear mutagenesis can help cut down the development times of new crop varieties by up to a half, according to Shoba Sivasankar, who leads the joint Plant Breeding and Genetics group of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe IAEA's nuclear laboratories in Seibersdorf, 21 miles (35km) south-east of Vienna, Austria, are the global hub and training centre for nuclear mutagenesis. Cooperating countries that don't possess their own nuclear facilities send their seeds, plant cuttings or seedlings to Sivasankar's team for irradiation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It only takes a couple of minutes to irradiate the seeds, but it requires sufficient knowledge and expertise,\" says Sivasankar. \"Every variety has a different tolerance. Give the seeds a dose that is too high, keep them inside the irradiator too long, and you destroy them. They won't germinate. If you don't give them enough radiation, you won't generate enough mutations and end up with a generation that would look just like the predecessors.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0ckqpvh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe Joint FAO\u002FIAEA Division of Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, of which the Plant Breeding and Genetics group is a part, was founded in 1964. In the late 1920s, experiments using \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasonline.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fbiographical-memoirs\u002Fmemoir-pdfs\u002Fstadler-lewis.pdf\"\u003EX-rays to induce mutations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in wheat, maze, rice, oats and barley, sparked the interest of botanists all over the world. By the 1950s most developed nations had their nuclear breeding programmes, experimenting not only with X-rays but also with UV rays and gamma rays.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"At that time, there was a lot of effort in Europe and North America,\" says Sivasankar. \"Many new varieties created with the help of nuclear mutagenesis were released. But in the past two to three decades, many of these countries abandoned the technique. Especially the US has turned to transgenic technologies that enable the insertion of pieces of foreign DNA into the genome of plants in the lab.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENuclear mutagenesis, however, didn't disappear. Countries in the Asia Pacific region maintained the momentum, headed by the increasingly confident China. They continue filling the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnucleus.iaea.org\u002Fsites\u002Fmvd\u002FSitePages\u002FHome.aspx\"\u003EIAEA's database of mutant crop varieties\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which today encompasses 3,300 newly developed crop varieties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESivasankar says that while for some of the poorer Asian countries, the high cost of transgenic technologies may have been the primary motivation for sticking with nuclear mutagenesis, there are more practical reasons to continue using the technique mostly abandoned by the West.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"For example, the US industrial farming sector prioritises a handful of traits such as insect and herbicide resistance,\" says Sivasankar. \"The transgenic technologies work quite well for that. But in Asian countries the situation is very different.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAsian breeders produce seeds for many small farmers who work in extremely diverse environments. Modifying just one or two traits would not be enough.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They need more complex traits, many of them related to the climate situation such as heat and drought tolerance or the ability to grow in nutrient-poor or saline soil,\" says Sivasankar. \"That, in my opinion, cannot be achieved with transgenic technologies.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"According to Liu and his team the world has to increase its production of vital cereals by 70% if it wants to feed an additional two billion people that are expected to live on the planet by 2050","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EChina sees the effort to improve the genetic pool of its agriculture crops as a necessity. According to Liu and his team the world \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Finis.iaea.org\u002Fsearch\u002Fsearch.aspx?orig_q=RN:50009381\"\u003Ehas to increase its production of vital cereals by 70%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E if it wants to feed an additional two billion people that are expected to live on the planet by 2050. The growing population in the Asia Pacific region is at the highest risk of suffering from food shortages, they say.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThrough nuclear and space mutagenesis, China alone has developed and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnucleus.iaea.org\u002Fsites\u002Fmvd\u002FSitePages\u002FHome.aspx\"\u003Eintroduced over 800 new varieties\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, improving on all key characteristics compared to the original crops, according to the IAEA.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut one questions remains: what is the advantage of sending seeds to space when the same can be done in labs on the ground?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELiu admits that sending seeds to space costs more than sticking them into ground-based irradiators. Still, the space trips seem to provide clear benefits and frequently produce more interesting results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We actually see a higher frequency of useful mutations from space mutagenesis than from gamma rays,\" says Liu. \"In space, the radiation intensity is considerably lower, but the seeds are exposed to it over a much longer period of time. What we call the linear energy transmission of the particles and the overall biological effect are higher in space and there is a much lower rate of damage to the seeds compared to those irradiated in labs.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn an irradiator, the seeds receive large doses of ionising – from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-022-14949-6\"\u003E50-400 grays\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – over a period of a few seconds, says Liu. On the other hand, seeds on a weeklong space trip are exposed to only two milligrays. As a result, up to 50% of seeds don't survive the harsh ground-based treatment while almost all of the seeds flown in space usually germinate, he adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"All these techniques are very useful and are helping us solve some very real problems,\" says Liu. \"There are too few opportunities to fly seeds to space. We can't rely only on that.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0ckqsxj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENow it appears there is renewed interest from other parts of the world in growing food in space. In November 2020, American commercial space services company NanoRacks announced \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnanoracks.com\u002Fnanoracks-adio-agtech-announcement\u002F\"\u003Eplans to operate orbiting greenhouses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Their goal? To develop new crop varieties that would be better suited to feed the world as it faces worsening climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the endeavour, the company, known for dispatching small satellites from the International Space Station, partnered with the United Arab Emirates, a country with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FAG.LND.ARBL.ZS?locations=AE\"\u003Elittle arable land of its own\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, meaning it has to import much of the food it requires.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, not all seeds return from space as fledgling super plants. A batch of lettuce seeds sent to the International Space Station by European scientists in 2020 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.royalholloway.ac.uk\u002Fabout-us\u002Fnews\u002Fnow-that-is-rocket-science-scientists-discover-seeds-could-one-day-be-grown-on-mars\u002F\"\u003Egrew slower after their return\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to Earth when compared to plants that had stayed on the ground.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuch of the research now being conducted on growing food while in space is aimed at helping astronauts feed themselves while on missions. Astronauts on the ISS, for example, have been harvesting romaine lettuce since 2015 and eating it, and a study published in 2020 found it was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2020.00199\u002Ffull\"\u003Esafe to eat, and could provide a valuable source of nutrients\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on long missions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut while growing food for astronauts could prove invaluable as space agencies around the world set their sights on returning humans to the Moon and visiting other planets such as Mars, space food will perhaps be of even greater use to those of us who remain here on Earth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-07-11T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How China is creating new foods in space","headlineShort":"Why China is sending seeds into space","image":["p0ckrlkg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Sending seeds for short trips to space helps scientists develop new crop varieties that can thrive in the changing climate and help feed the world's growing population.","summaryShort":"Plants grown from seeds flown in space can thrive in testing conditions","tag":["tag\u002Fspace","tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Fagriculture"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-07-11T00:00:03.283271Z","entity":"article","guid":"2703bc22-8b20-4fc6-b55a-e7bd193ae07f","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space","modifiedDateTime":"2022-07-11T15:21:56.409774Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399307},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis","_id":"62c22dcb1f4b7b5e206dd804","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fcarolyn-beans"],"bodyIntro":"Many of the crops we rely on need to be pollinated to produce food, but extreme heat can destroy pollen. In a world facing rising temperatures due to climate change, scientists are searching for a solution.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELast June, Aaron Flansburg felt the temperature spike and knew what that meant for his canola crop. A fifth-generation farmer in Washington state, north west United States, Flansburg times his canola planting to bloom in the cool weeks of early summer. But last year, his fields were hit with 108F (42C) heat just as the flowers opened. \"That is virtually unheard of for our area to have a temperature like that in June,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYellow blooms sweltered, reproduction stalled, and many seeds that would have been pressed for canola oil never formed. Flansburg yielded about 600-800lbs (272-363kg) per acre. The previous year, under ideal weather conditions, he had reached as high as 2,700lbs (1,225kg) per acre. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany factors likely contributed to this poor harvest – heat and drought persisted throughout the growing season. But one point is becoming alarmingly clear to scientists: heat is a pollen killer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven with adequate water, heat can damage pollen and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2020.622748\u002Ffull\"\u003Eprevent fertilisation in canola\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and many other crops, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fplphys\u002Farticle\u002F181\u002F2\u002F683\u002F6000142?login=true\"\u003Ecorn\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-020-78695-3\"\u003Epeanuts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-020-58869-9\"\u003Erice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For this reason, many farmers aim for crops to bloom before the temperature rises.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut as climate change increases the number of days where temperatures reach over 90F (32C) in regions across the globe, and multi-day stretches of extreme heat \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fac5712\u002Fpdf\"\u003Ebecome more common\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, getting that timing right could become challenging, if not impossible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cjbv8m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFaced with a warmer future, researchers are looking for ways to help pollen beat the heat. They're uncovering genes that could lead to more heat-tolerant varieties and breeding cultivars that can survive winter and flower before heat strikes. They're probing pollen's precise limits and even harvesting pollen at large scales to spray directly onto crops when weather improves. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt stake is much of our diet. Every seed, grain, and fruit that we eat is a direct product of pollination, explains biochemist Gloria Muday of North Carolina's Wake Forest University. \"The critical parameter is the maximum temperature during reproduction,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe creation of seeds begins when a pollen grain leaves the anther of a plant's male reproductive organ (the stamen), lands on the sticky stigma of a female reproductive organ (the pistil), and sets about growing a tube. This tube is formed by a single cell that grows through the stigma and down a stalk called the style until it ultimately reaches the ovary, where it delivers the pollen grain's genetic material.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPollen tube growth is one of the fastest examples of cellular growth in the plant world, says Mark Westgate, an emeritus professor of agronomy at Iowa State University. \"It grows up to one centimetre (0.4in) an hour, which is incredibly fast,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cjbxy8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EGrowing at such a clip requires energy. But at temperatures starting around 90F (32C) for many crops, the proteins that power a pollen grain's metabolism start to break down, Westgate says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, heat hinders not only tube growth but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fnph.17380\"\u003Eother stages of pollen development as well\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The result: a pollen grain may never form, or may burst, fail to produce a tube, or produce a tube that explodes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot all cultivars are equally susceptible to heat. Indeed, researchers are still working out the molecular mechanisms that allow pollen from some crop cultivars to survive while pollen from others dies off.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, fertilisation is notoriously heat-sensitive in many cultivars of tomato – a crop that in 2021 covered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Findicators.extension.iastate.edu\u002Fprojects\u002FCommodityReport\u002Fmarketmaker_pdf_2.php?topic=Tomatoes&geo=national\"\u003E274,000 acres\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1,109sq km) of open fields in the US alone. If the weather gets too hot, says Randall Patterson, president of the North Carolina Tomato Growers Association, \"the pollen will burn up\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190314-the-unexpected-magic-of-mushrooms\"\u003EThe unexpected magic of mushrooms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fwhy-soil-is-disappearing-from-farms\u002F\"\u003EWhy fertile soil is disappearing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210831-the-people-who-believe-plants-can-talk\"\u003EThe plants that might be talking to us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPatterson times his tomato plantings to flower during the longest stretch of nights below 70F (21C) and days below 90F (32C). Typically, he has a three-to-five-week window in which the weather cooperates for each of his two annual growing seasons. \"If it does get hotter, and if we do have more nights over 70 degrees, that's going to close our window,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuday studies pollen from a mutant tomato plant that may carry clues for keeping that window open. In 2018, her team reported that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.1811492115\"\u003Eantioxidants known as flavonols play an important role in suppressing highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called reactive oxygen species (ROS), that would otherwise increase to destructive levels at high temperatures.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The hope is that breeders could then incorporate these genes into new, more resilient tomatoes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMuday is now part of a multi-university team aiming to uncover the molecular mechanisms and underlying genes that could help tomato pollen weather a heatwave. The hope is that breeders could then incorporate these genes into new, more resilient tomatoes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInsights from her initial study have already helped Muday develop a tomato that produces especially high levels of flavonols. \"They appear to be extra good at dealing with high temperature stress,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, Muday expects they'll find that the path from heat to pollen death involves many players beyond flavonols and ROS, and so potentially many targets for fixes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, breeders of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmountainhort.ces.ncsu.edu\u002Ffresh-market-tomato-breeding\u002F\"\u003Etomatoes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other crops are already working to develop cultivars that can better handle heat. \"If farmers in the Pacific Northwest or in the Mountain States or in the High Plains are going to grow peas, and the climate is going to be warmer, then we have to have peas with more heat tolerance,\" says pulse crop breeder and plant geneticist Rebecca McGee of the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service in Pullman, Washington.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPulse crops – so named for the Latin \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fextension.colostate.edu\u002Ftopic-areas\u002Fagriculture\u002Fpulse-crops-and-their-key-role-as-staple-foods-in-healthful-eating-patterns-0-313\u002F\"\u003E\"puls\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E meaning thick soup – include dried beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas. These plants don't require a lot of moisture. But if temperatures get too hot, the pollen aborts, says Todd Scholz, vice president of research for the USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council. The same heat wave that pummeled Flansburg's crop last year decimated pulse plants. Lentil and dry pea harvests fell to about half of the average production, while chickpeas fell by more than 60%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cjbx8r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMcGee is breeding some of her peas and lentils to be more resilient to high temperatures. But with other projects, she's taking a different and somewhat counterintuitive approach: breeding crops that can withstand cold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the northern US, growers typically plant pulse crops in the spring. McGee is breeding peas, lentils, and chickpeas that are instead sown in autumn. The idea is that these cultivars will survive the winter and then get a jump-start on flowering early in the summer – giving them a fighting chance to pollinate successfully before a heat wave.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELast year, McGee released to seed producers a limited amount of the first three autumn-sown, food-quality pea cultivars for her region. She says they flower about two weeks earlier than most spring-sown peas – and with double the yield. Of course, these crops aren't guaranteed to flower before high heat arrives, McGee says, \"but you don't have to worry as much\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt Michigan State University, Jenna Walters is studying how temperature affects pollen – and pollinators – in a fruit crop. On Memorial Day weekend of 2018, the temperature in southwestern Michigan lingered at 95F (35C) while bees buzzed between clusters of delicate white blossoms on blueberry bushes. Come harvest, many fruits were smaller than usual or had failed to form altogether. In a state that averages around 100 million lbs (45,359 tonnes) of blueberries a year, growers harvested just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.canr.msu.edu\u002Fnews\u002Fwhere-did-all-the-blueberries-go\"\u003E66 million\u003C\u002Fa\u003E lbs (29,937 tonnes).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cjbwq2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWalters – a PhD candidate earning a dual degree in entomology and ecology, evolution, and behaviour — is investigating what exactly went wrong. She began by pinpointing a blueberry pollen grain's heat limit – exposing pollen in petri dishes to a range of temperatures and monitoring the pollen for 24 hours. Her results, not yet published, suggest that at temperatures above 95F (35C), blueberry pollen tubes fail to grow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWalters also simulated an acute heat wave by exposing pollen grains to temperatures of 99.5F (37.5C) for four hours and then lowering the temperature to 77F (25C) for another 20 hours. \"There is basically no return,\" Walters says. \"[Heat] exposure for just four hours is enough to lead to permanent damage.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe is now confirming these results in actual blueberry bushes in growth chambers set to different temperatures. If the findings hold, she says, 95F (35C) could trigger growers to periodically flip on their misting systems to cool fields. But they would have to consider trade-offs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of pathogens are spread via high humidity or water, especially during that flower-opening period,\" she says. And when misting machines are on, most pollinators aren't likely to visit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's possible that overheated blueberry bushes might also lead to fewer blueberry pollinators over time, Walters says. She and her colleagues are comparing the nutritional content of heat-stressed and unstressed pollen, searching for differences in proteins, carbohydrates, and other factors that could be critical to a bee's health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"[Heat] exposure for just four hours is enough to lead to permanent damage – Jenna Walters","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis year, she will fill eight 6-by-12-foot (1.8m x 3.7m) mesh-walled cages with more than two dozen potted blueberry bushes each, as well as a few female blue orchard bees, one of the many bee species that pollinates blueberry flowers. For four hours a day, over the course of four or five weeks, she'll sit inside her cages and watch the bees lay eggs and forage for pollen on bushes that, in half of the cages, had been exposed to heat stress early in their bloom.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe concern, says Walters, is that if heat is destroying pollen, nutritional stress will cause females to make more male eggs, which require less pollen to produce. But male blue orchard bees are less useful to a blueberry grower, since only the females pollinate and lay eggs to start the next generation. To compensate for pollen loss, Walters says, growers might consider planting strips of wildflowers that are more heat tolerant and could provide pollinators with additional nutrients.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also some technological fixes. Westgate is the chief science officer at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpowerpollen.com\u002F\"\u003EPowerPollen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an Iowa-based ag tech company focused on improving pollination for producers of hybrid corn seed – a crop in which pollen fails at temperatures above 104F (40C).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUsing a tassel-shaking collection device attached to a tractor, the company gathers large quantities of ripe pollen in fields, then stores those living pollen grains in a controlled environment. PowerPollen returns to apply that pollen when weather conditions favour fertilisation – typically no later than five days after collection. The window sounds small, but it could enable farmers to dodge an especially hot day. The company is working on extending this time frame and on applying its technology to other crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor some, a simpler solution may be switching crops altogether. \"There are pulses that grow in tropical climates, so it may be that you pick a different cultivar,\" says Scholz, of the Dry Pea and Lentil Council. But some pulses that stand up to heat, he notes, such as fava beans and black-eyed peas, require more moisture than dryland farmers of the Pacific Northwest can supply.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFlansburg, in Washington, doesn't want to switch. He remains hopeful that breeding efforts will help him continue to grow the canola and other crops his family has cultivated for generations. Still, he worries about the future. \"There's an overall picture of a changing climate that we're going to have to address and deal with if we're going to be able to continue to feed people,\" he says. \"There's just a limit to how much heat a plant can take.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fthefern.org\u002F\"\u003EFood & Environment Reporting Network\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a non-profit investigative news organization. It \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ewas originally published by \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fe360.yale.edu\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYale e360\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and is republished with permission – read the original story \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fe360.yale.edu\u002Ffeatures\u002Fpollen-and-heat-a-looming-challenge-for-global-agriculture\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehere\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis-12"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-07-04T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How heatwaves are creating a pollen crisis","headlineShort":"Is the world facing a pollen crisis?","image":["p0cjbth5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fyale-360"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0cjbwq2"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Many of the crops we rely on need to be pollinated to produce food, but extreme heat can destroy pollen. So scientists are searching for a solution.","summaryShort":"On the hottest days, plants struggle to be fertilised, affecting important crops","tag":["tag\u002Fplant","tag\u002Fclimatechange","tag\u002Fenvironment","tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-07-04T00:00:57.82814Z","entity":"article","guid":"c136cedc-84b3-4126-9a5a-f777e4de8452","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis","modifiedDateTime":"2022-07-14T09:26:40.122287Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table","_id":"62ba44ab1f4b7b1ae621805f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood"],"bodyIntro":"Orange juice used to be a treat you had to squeeze out yourself. More than a century ago, an overproduction of oranges helped create the morning staple we know and love.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe staid carton of orange juice has long sat next to tea and coffee at the breakfast table. It’s bright, but somewhat boring, and bears the dubious halo of being something good for you. Few of us give it much thought, other than to recall its oft-trumpeted Vitamin C content.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut processed orange juice as a daily drink, you might be surprised to learn, is a relatively recent arrival. Its present status as a global phenomenon is the creation of 20th-Century marketers, dealing with a whole lot of oranges and nowhere to dump them.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the early 1900s, Florida and California oranges vied for the attention of American shoppers. The fruits were shipped all over and eaten fresh or juiced in the home, producing a delicious honey-coloured elixir. California relied on the navel orange and the Valencia orange,; the latter was the best for juicing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFlorida, however, grew four varieties, and all of these were decent juice oranges. That meant that when, in 1909, the growers met to deal with a burgeoning problem – a glut of oranges, too many for the market to bear – juicing them, rather than curbing their production, was considered a feasible solution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOrange juice made commercially was only available in a can. The flavour of canned orange juice was nothing like fresh, and the appetite for it reflected that. Only 0.01 pounds, or about a teaspoon, of canned orange juice was consumed per person in the US in 1930, writes historian \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FSqueezed-About-Orange-Agrarian-Studies\u002Fdp\u002F0300164556\"\u003EAlissa Hamilton in her book Squeezed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, compared to nearly 19lbs (8.6kg) of oranges per person in the same year. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow doughnuts conquered the world\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180126-the-100-most-nutritious-foods\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe world’s most nutritious foods\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160222-the-secret-transformative-powers-in-a-potato\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy not all potatoes are created equal\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBe that as it may, oranges, juiced and otherwise, were the subject of a strenuous advertising campaign by orange interests in the 1920s, when the discovery of vitamins was a current event. Vitamin C was a perfect reason to consume more oranges. Things really got off the ground when nutrition personality Elmer McCollum popularised a mysterious ailment he said resulted from eating too many \"acid-producing\" foods, like bread and milk: acidosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0chd0tm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, true acidosis, which has a variety of causes, cannot be remedied by eating lettuce and citrus, as McCollum claimed. But that didn’t stop the imagination of the citrus industry from taking advantage of this new fear. Adee Braun, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fhealth\u002Farchive\u002F2014\u002F02\u002Fmisunderstanding-orange-juice-as-a-health-drink\u002F283579\u002F\"\u003Ein a story for the Atlantic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, quotes from \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frepository.duke.edu\u002Fdc\u002Feaa\u002FCK0061\"\u003Ea Sunkist advertising pamphlet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\"Estelle seemed to lack vitality; didn’t even make an effort to be entertaining; hence, she did not attract the men...' 'Acidosis' is the word on almost every modern physician’s tongue.”\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E“The cure was simple: Consume oranges in any form and at every possible opportunity,\" Braun writes. \"And Sunkist assured the acidosis-fearing reader that it was impossible to overindulge in oranges.\" The focus soon got back on vitamins, as doctors pushed back against these ideas, but the will to embrace any whimsy in the service of oranges was there.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJuice was still canned at this point in its evolution and far from popular. But the government, especially the Florida Department of Citrus, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FCombat-Ready-Kitchen-U-S-Military-Shapes\u002Fdp\u002F1591845971?asin=1591845971&revisionId=&format=4&depth=2\"\u003Ewas willing to invest in experimentation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The US Army’s World War Two search for a form of citrus that soldiers would not surreptitiously jettison from their rations led to a research program into palatable orange juice. Trying to condense orange juice like milk led to memorably bad results. \"High temperatures burned off its shine and produced a viscous and brownish mixture that lacked fresh flavor [sic],\" writes Hamilton, the historian. But evaporating some of the water under pressure, mixing a portion of fresh juice back into the concentrate, then freezing it, was more successful. The fresh juice rescued the funky concentrate. It produced something worth drinking, if still a far cry from the undiluted fresh version.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If juice could be kept in stasis, held in waiting for a consumer’s glass, then the only problem was ramping up demand as much as possible","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe innovation arrived as Florida growers were dealing with cyclical, massive overproduction. The promise of a new way to make juice that could be kept frozen, then reconstituted in people’s homes, prompted them into even more production, however. They ramped up tree planting in the 1940s. The oranges went to frozen concentrate and eventually, to chilled juice, an industry term for the refrigerated product. If juice could be kept in stasis, held in waiting for a consumer’s glass, then the only problem was ramping up demand as much as possible.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt did not matter that this juice was different from a glass of truly fresh-squeezed. When John McPhee checked into a Florida hotel for a reporting trip more than 50 years ago, he discovered that even in the heartland of oranges, fresh juice was a dim memory.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0chd2qd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"Next door was a restaurant, with orange trees, full of fruit, spreading over its parking lot,\" he wrote in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FOranges-John-McPhee\u002Fdp\u002F0374512973\u002Fref=sr_1_1?crid=2F750GO07VNMM&keywords=john+mcphee+oranges&qid=1655584650&s=books&sprefix=john+mcphee+oranges%2Cstripbooks%2C201&sr=1-1\"\u003Ehis book Oranges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"I went in for dinner, and, since I would be staying for some time and this was the only restaurant in the neighborhood, I checked on the possibility of fresh juice for breakfast. There were never any requests for fresh orange juice, the waitress explained, apparently unmindful of the one that had just been made. \"Fresh is either too sour or too watery or too something,\" she said. \"Frozen is the same every day. People want to know what they’re getting.\" She seemed to know her business, and I began to sense what turned out to be the truth – that I might as well stop asking for fresh orange juice, because few restaurants in Florida serve it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The dumping ground for extra oranges was solidly ensconced as its own product","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPackaged orange juice only gained in popularity as companies began to add \"flavour packs\", oils and essences that could be added to old juice to give the taste of fresh. While this practice \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fabcnews.go.com\u002FHealth\u002Fcalifornia-woman-sues-pepsicos-tropicana-alleging-deceptive-advertising\u002Fstory?id=15394357\"\u003Eled to lawsuits about whether the resulting product could be considered \"natural\",\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by this time US consumers were used to the taste, convinced of the need for orange juice to accompany a complete breakfast, and out of practice at juicing. Busy 20th-Century lifestyles also saw a broader shift towards convenient foods that didn't require much preparation, which may have helped the appeal of packaged juice.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt had taken a few decades, but with the help of advertising and processing technology, the dumping ground for extra oranges was solidly ensconced as its own product, far outpacing oranges themselves in sales.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"On any given day (with oranges and tangerines together), 5% of Americans will consume a fresh orange,\" concluded \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ers.usda.gov\u002Fwebdocs\u002Foutlooks\u002F37012\u002F50262_fts30501.pdf?v=1030\"\u003Ea USDA report from 2003\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"21% will consume orange juice.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table-8"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-06-28T11:43:52Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How orange juice took over the breakfast table","headlineShort":"A breakfast staple created by accident","image":["p0chd07k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Orange juice used to be a treat you had to squeeze out yourself. More than a century ago, an overproduction of oranges helped create the morning staple we know and love.","summaryShort":"More than a century ago, a glut kickstarted a craze","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-06-28T00:00:25.282863Z","entity":"article","guid":"54f82958-c101-44ea-a945-21e910d71214","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-28T00:01:57.599731Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b03f84badae","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fanna-turns"],"bodyIntro":"Scientists are discovering the extraordinary power of human milk and the benefits it brings to infants, but there are also some hidden contaminants that can lurk in breast and formula milks.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThroughout the first year of their lives, I breastfed my two children without the use of infant formula. Breast milk has been shown to be an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4882692\u002F\"\u003Eideal source of nutrition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for babies, with many benefits for their developing brains, immune systems and digestive tracts, and I was glad to be able to offer them that boost. But when I had my \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220512-the-chemicals-that-linger-for-decades-in-your-blood\"\u003Eblood tested for persistent toxic chemicals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while researching a book on pollution, I discovered that some pesticides banned more than 40 years ago could still be detected in my body. There is also evidence that low levels of some chemical contaminants can be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1021\u002Facs.est.0c06978\"\u003Epassed from a mother into her breast milk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Yet formula milk is also prone to\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2799451\u002F\"\u003E contamination with toxic chemicals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcronobacter\u002Foutbreaks\u002Finfant-formula.html\"\u003Epotentially harmful bacteria\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which have led to high-profile food scares and recalls in recent years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt made me wonder what's really in the first foods our children consume – from the most beneficial ingredients, to hidden, undesirable or even toxic ones. And given what we know about some of the dangers, what can be done to improve all the available options for babies, be they breast- or formula-fed, and offer them the best possible start in life?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe milk that changes every day\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBreast milk is considered the top choice for a baby's first food (the World Health Organization recommends that infants should be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Finfant-and-young-child-feeding\"\u003Eexclusively breastfed for the first six month of life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). It mainly consists of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4882692\u002F#B11-nutrients-08-00279\"\u003Ewater, fat, protein, as well as vitamins, minerals, digestive enzymes and hormones\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It is rich in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffped.2020.00428\u002Ffull\"\u003Ematernal antibodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and has \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fjn\u002Farticle\u002F138\u002F9\u002F1801S\u002F4750860\"\u003Eanti-infective properties\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Breast milk is also a dynamic, adaptable food – it is fattier in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3586783\u002F\"\u003Eafternoon and evening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than in the morning, for example. It also varies during a feed. When the baby latches onto the breast, the first gush of milk, or foremilk, is thin and high in lactose, making it thirst-quenching and easy to drink. The so-called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3586783\u002F\"\u003Ehindmilk that follows is creamier and fattier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making it more filling. This dynamic aspect is one reason why breast milk is hard to replicate, despite \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about\"\u003Econsiderable advances in the quality of infant formula\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Human milk varies over the course of lactation, over the course of a day, from the start to the end of the feed, and to some extent on maternal factors such as her diet,\" says Mary Fewtrell, a professor of paediatric nutrition at University College London, who published \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12916-019-1473-8\"\u003Ea peer-reviewed study of lactation\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"That all makes it difficult to decide on a precise amount that should be included in a formula whose composition doesn't change with the baby's age.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFewtrell highlights non-nutrient ingredients in breast milk such as hormones, cells (including stem cells), microRNAs (small strands of genetic material), which give it unique properties. \"We still don't fully understand the role of all these components but… quite probably they allow the mother to transmit information to the infant about her own experiences and the environment, which is why breastfeeding is sometimes described as 'personalised nutrition'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cfb02g"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, while \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fbreastfeeding\u002Fdata\u002Freportcard.htm\"\u003Emore than 80% of babies in the US are breastfed at the start of their life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, that rate falls to 58% at six months. Health authorities have tried to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hhs.gov\u002Fsurgeongeneral\u002Freports-and-publications\u002Fbreastfeeding\u002Ffactsheet\u002Findex.html\"\u003Eincrease that\u003C\u002Fa\u003E rate, for example by offering more breastfeeding support to mothers. Diagnosing and treating conditions \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220322-how-dangerous-is-tongue-tie\"\u003Esuch as tongue-tie in babies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can also help. But in the meantime, parents who do use formula may also wish to understand more about it, including what might be done to improve it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Whilst human milk is the biological norm for human infants and provides benefits for both mother and infant, some women may be unable to breast-feed or choose not to do so, and some choose to partly breast-feed,\" says Fewtrell. \"For young infants, the only safe alternative if an infant is not breast-fed (or not fully breast-fed) is an infant formula which is designed to meet the nutritional needs of infants and support normal growth and development.\" Flexibility is expected – there's no \"one size fits all\" approach to infant nutrition, she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETowards better formula\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe manufacture of infant formula has come a long way over recent decades. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, bottle-feeding was not a safe option. In orphanages during the early 1900s, as many \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F14510003\u002F\"\u003Eas 80% of bottle-fed babies died\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the first year of life due to infections from unsterilised bottles, or malnourishment. Since infant formula was first commercially produced in 1865 using just four key ingredients (cows' milk, wheat and malt flour, and potassium bicarbonate), its nutritional contents have been refined in remarkable ways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo what's in formula today?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMultiple fat sources are often used in formula, including cows' or goats' milk (often skimmed, which isn't as fatty as breast milk) and vegetable oils such as palm, sunflower or rapeseed, plus fatty acids. One fatty acid called DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, a type of omega-3 fat), which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29413359\u002F\"\u003Eplays an important role in infant development\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, is now \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feur-lex.europa.eu\u002Flegal-content\u002FEN\u002FTXT\u002F?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0127\"\u003Ea mandatory ingredient in the European Union\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn breast milk, the main carbohydrate is lactose. In formula, this is usually added into the skimmed dairy milk powder base. Maltodextrin (a carbohydtrate derived from maize or potatoes) is also added. In the UK, glucose (a sugar) isn't routinely added but in the US, glucose sugars such as corn syrup are more commonly used. One problem is that this can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41415-020-1252-0\"\u003Eincrease the risk of dental decay in infants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when their teeth come through.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3586783\u002F\"\u003Emajor breast milk proteins\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are whey and casein, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0955286316301711\"\u003Echange in proportion as the baby grows\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, plus lactoferrin which is found at higher concentrations in colostrum, the first milk a mother produces after birth. The protein quantity and composition differs in formulas based on cows' and goats' milk, which have a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002F1750-3841.15574\"\u003Ehigher casein to whey ratio than human milk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Plant-based ones are often made with soya protein. Formula also contains a mix of vitamins (including A, D, B and K), minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and many other trace elements.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cfb181"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, formula can also contain lurking, unwelcome ingredients: just like I discovered pollutants in my own body, toxic substances can make their way into infant formula, too. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHeavy metal mix\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2017, the Clean Label Project, a US-based not-for-profit that tests products for toxic substances such as pesticides and heavy metals, found that almost \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcleanlabelproject.org\u002Fbaby-food-infographic\u002F\"\u003E80% of 86 infant formula samples tested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E positive for arsenic. It also discovered that soy-based formulas \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcleanlabelproject.org\u002Fbaby-food-infographic\u002F\"\u003Ehad seven times more cadmium, a carcinogenic metal found in batteries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, than other formulas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETwo years later, researchers from the Clean Label Project and the department of neurology at the University of Miami \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30253364\u002F\"\u003Epublished a study into the heavy metal content of 91 infant formulas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They found that 22% of infant formula samples tested exceeded the lead exposure limit set by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foehha.ca.gov\u002Fproposition-65\"\u003ECalifornian state law\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while 23% exceeded the state's limit for cadmium. The study concluded that \"low-level heavy metal contamination is widespread\" in baby foods and formulas and that \"further research is needed to understand the long-term health effects of this chronic daily low-level heavy metal exposure in babies\". Another study of baby foods in Sweden found that the dietary cadmium exposure of children fed infant formula was up to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F10789373\u002F\"\u003E12 times higher than those who are breast fed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, although the levels were still within weekly tolerable limits set by the WHO and FAO.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Food safety regulators insist they are actively trying to tackle the issue of heavy metals in baby foods","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJackie Bowen, an environmental biologist and executive director of Clean Label Project, co-authored the study. She campaigns for greater transparency about the hidden contaminants that end up in our food, including infant formula. According to Bowen, food safety regulation can miss those contaminants since it focuses primarily on microbial pathogens such as \u003Cem\u003EE. coli\u003C\u002Fem\u003E that cause acute, short-term food poisoning.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFood safety regulators, however, insist they are actively trying to tackle the issue of heavy metals in baby foods. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for example, insists it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Ffood\u002Fcfsan-constituent-updates\u002Ffda-response-questions-about-levels-toxic-elements-baby-food-following-congressional-report\"\u003Eroutinely monitors baby foods for toxic elements\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and takes action if they present a health concern. It says it is working with food companies and other stakeholders in an attempt to reduce the levels of heavy metals and other toxic substances in baby foods \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Ffood\u002Fmetals-and-your-food\u002Fcloser-zero-action-plan-baby-foods\"\u003Eto as low as possible.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E But a recent report by the Committee on Oversight and Reform at the US House of Representatives \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Foversight.house.gov\u002Fsites\u002Fdemocrats.oversight.house.gov\u002Ffiles\u002F2021-02-04%20ECP%20Baby%20Food%20Staff%20Report.pdf\"\u003Ecriticised the FDA and food companies for not doing enough\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe FDA, however, says it is continuing to issue guidance to industry that will help lead to \"meaningful and lasting reductions in exposure to toxic elements from foods\", alongside its sampling and enforcement work.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As parents and caregivers ourselves, we recognise and understand concerns about toxic elements and how they could impact the health of children,\" a spokesperson told the BBC.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Consumers are increasingly concerned about how the foods they eat are linked to long-term chronic diseases like cancer or infertility that can take decades to manifest,\" explains Bowen who adds that, in the US, this food safety regulation is 'silent' when it comes to heavy metal contamination. \"There's a growing divide between the court of law and the court of public opinion of what it means for food to be safe.\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHeavy metals like cadmium and lead naturally occur in the Earth's crust, so it's impossible to totally eliminate them. But human activities such as mining, fracking, industrial agriculture and the use of waste water for irrigation, exacerbate the presence of heavy metals in air, water and soil in the form of pollution, Bowen argues. Unlike microbial pathogens which can be destroyed by high heat and other methods, there's no way to get rid of such contaminants once they are in a product, she says. Instead, the problem has to be addressed at the start of the process, by beginning with clean, uncontaminated soil. After all, formula starts with farming, since key ingredients come from dairy livestock or crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you want a high-quality finished product, that comes from high-quality ingredients. That comes from healthy nutritious soils and that comes from good environmental policy that isn't going to allow for that level of pollution that contributed to the problem,\" says Bowen who explains that certain formula ingredients are at higher risk of heavy metal contamination. Soy, a mainstream plant-based substitute for cows' milk, tends to bioaccumulate heavy metals, as does hemp, whereas pea protein doesn't have that same tendency.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cf9z67"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHidden formula contaminants are only one part of the problem. Powdered formula gets mixed with tap water to create infant milk. That poses a health risk in areas where that water is contaminated by old, flaking lead pipes, which happened in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-59243426\"\u003EFlint, Michigan, for example\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (lead exposure \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fbreastfeeding\u002Fbreastfeeding-special-circumstances\u002Fenvironmental-exposures\u002Flead.html\"\u003Ecan also affect breastfeeding mothers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). While lead piping is gradually being replaced, water testing typically focuses on microbes, rather than high levels of heavy metals, Bowen says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's one thing to solve the problem for infant formula, but unless you solve heavy metal contamination of the drinking water that gets mixed with powdered milk to give to baby, you're only fixing half the problem,\" she says. \"What are we doing to prevent these problems in the first place?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fda.gov\u002Ffood\u002Fmetals-and-your-food\u002Fcloser-zero-action-plan-baby-foods\"\u003EUS Food and Drug Administration's Closer to Zero action plan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which aims to reduce exposure to arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury from foods eaten by babies and young children, could be one step towards cleaner food.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECommon formula ingredients such as palm and soy have also raised wider environmental concerns, because \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-palm-oil-the-everyday-ingredient-that-harms-the-climate\"\u003Etheir production often involves destruction of native forest habitat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For some, the solution is to use organic formula ingredients and source them as locally as possible. In Australia, for example, formula maker Bubs sources milk from local goat farms and cattle, which they say helps them ensure the traceability of the ingredients they use.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFeeding the microbiome\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, there has been growing awareness of the important role of the human microbiome, the ecosystem of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211115-how-your-microbiome-can-improve-your-health\"\u003Emicroorganisms that thrive inside and on our bodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including in our digestive system. Emily Bloxam, a paediatric dietitian at City Dietitians in London who specialises in neonatal nutrition and allergies, explains that while the nutritional composition of formula is now closer to breast milk than ever before, breast milk is \"a key driver\" for the development of the baby's gut microbiome. Breast milk components that facilitate this development, such as maternal antibodies and healthy gut bacteria, cannot be artificially manufactured yet. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\"Bifidobacteria is a key probiotic (friendly bacteria) found in breastmilk which colonises an infant's gut during the first 1,000 days of life and aids immune function, while reducing the risk of asthma, eczema and gastrointestinal symptoms,\" says Bloxam. \"Breast milk also contains prebiotics called human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) which feed the Bifidobacteria allowing their growth.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cfb0mm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a series of features that explore the issues and opportunities that families face all over the world. You might also be interested in other stories about a baby's first months:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220322-how-sleep-training-affects-babies\"\u003EWhat really happens when babies are left to cry it out?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220131-the-science-of-safe-and-healthy-baby-sleep\"\u003EThe science of healthy baby sleep\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220322-how-dangerous-is-tongue-tie\"\u003EHow dangerous is tongue-tie?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can also climb new branches of the Family Tree on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ffamily-tree\"\u003EBBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EOver \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0278691522000746\"\u003E150 types of HMOs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been found in breast milk. In fact, the gut microbiomes of breastfed infants have been found to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-020-72635-x\"\u003Edistinctly different to those of formula-fed babies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome hypoallergenic formulas now include prebiotic and probiotic additions which are designed to bring the gut microbiome of milk-allergic infants closer to that of breastfed infants. Newly developed probiotic Bifidobacteria supplements can be mixed with formula or breast milk for babies who have been delivered by C-section and therefore not exposed to some of their mother's gut bacteria during a vaginal delivery. Some HMOs have been chemically engineered for addition to infant formula as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EHowever, any added ingredients in formula still lack one distinctive feature of breast milk: the ability to constantly change and adapt. As Bloxam explains, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41390-019-0368-x\"\u003Ebreast milk is in a complex constant state of flux\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: \"The amounts and composition of these beneficial substances vary among women according to a number of factors such as genetics, geographical regions, stages of lactation and diet. Even within one individual, breast milk composition changes daily to meet the infant's needs.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELab-grown milk?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EOne way to potentially mimic some of those properties may be to grow breast-milk-producing cells in a laboratory, something scientists are beginning to explore.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EBioMilq, a North Carolina-based start-up, was set up by cell biologist Leila Strickland after she struggled to produce enough breast milk for her first child. Her team take cells from human breast tissue and breast milk before growing them in flasks in the lab. They are fed a mix of nutrients and vitamins, then incubated inside a bioreactor, where the cells start secreting the milk components that are found in natural human milk. However, BioMilq is still a few years at least away from market. Also, lab-grown milk would still not be as individually tailored to a baby's fluctuating needs as their own mother's milk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EOther biotech companies are also working on lab-grown milk projects that could change how we think of manufactured infant formula in the future. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fthe-green-milk-made-from-cells.html\"\u003EIn Singapore, Turtle Tree Labs is culturing cells from various different mammals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including cows, sheep, goats, camels and now humans, to create milk components. In New York, researchers at Helaina, a start-up, are using fermentation processes that programme yeast cells to manufacture functional human milk proteins, which could eventually be added to infant formula and other food products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We can quite successfully produce formulas to provide adequate and safe nutrition so the baby grows and develops as expected. However I think it would be impossible to ever mimic the 'non-nutrient' components – Mary Fewtrell","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EHowever, breast milk is a constantly changing fluid so in a way it's a moving target, with some components still not fully understood, says Fewtrell, the professor of paediatric nutrition at University College London.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003E\"We can quite successfully produce formulas to provide adequate and safe nutrition so the baby grows and develops as expected,\" she says. \"Indeed, there have been improvements to the composition of formulas in recent years so that they can more closely reproduce the growth patterns and some outcomes seen in breast-fed infants. However I think it would be impossible to ever mimic the 'non-nutrient' components in this complex fluid.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EAs for my investigation into my own body's toxic load, and the harmful chemicals that were perhaps present in my breastmilk, Bloxam, the dietician, reassures me:  \"I'd encourage breastfeeding wherever possible as the benefits for mother and baby would far outweigh any risks [from contamination].\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EStill it appears I'm not the only one wondering about the ingredients in my own milk. Stephanie Canale, previously a family medical doctor, is the founder of Lactation Lab in California, a private company that analyses breast milk for nutritional content as well as environmental toxics. Mothers send in frozen samples of their breast milk to check the levels of various ingredients including minerals and vitamins. The idea is that they can then adapt their diet accordingly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECanale says that when we look at a baby's nutrition, we need to include everything from prenatal vitamins to the food a breastfeeding mother consumes and the meals a weaning baby eats. Formula may be one part of that mosaic, in families where it is used. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's this holistic approach,\" says Canale who would like to see stricter regulations in the US about the contents of formula. \"I'm from Canada and it still surprises how much high-fructose corn syrup is present in US products, including formula. Moms are going to drive this change by saying we need to be better aware of what is going into these products, especially formula because that child is eating the same thing every single day – there's no variation [like there is naturally with breast milk].\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"xmsonormal\"\u003EIn the case of the toxic chemicals – whether they find their way into breast milk or into formula – the question is clearly not just about how we can provide our children with safe nutrition. It is also about how we can provide them and future generations with a safe, liveable environment, and reduce pollution along the entire food chain. One answer, surely, is to start by using fewer harmful chemicals in the first place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* Listen to\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fm0011lf7\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMy Toxic Cocktail\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Anna Turns's investigation for BBC Radio 4's Costing the Earth series on \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fsounds\"\u003EBBC Sounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mombooks.com\u002Fbook\u002Fgo-toxic-free\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGo Toxic Free: Easy and Sustainable Ways to Reduce Chemical Pollution\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eby Anna Turns is out now\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was updated on 27 June to include a quote from the FDA.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods-13"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-06-23T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The surprising science of breast milk","headlineShort":"The milk that changes every day","image":["p0cf9y3f"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0cfb0mm"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Scientists are discovering the extraordinary power of human breast milk and the benefits it brings to infants, which make it so difficult to replicate.","summaryShort":"Human milk contains so many elements it is difficult to replicate","tag":["tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Fbabies","tag\u002Fparenting"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-06-23T00:00:02.975146Z","entity":"article","guid":"7d00a8ce-59b0-406a-8493-995f3267945b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-27T16:56:16.485008Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b7f6237ba5f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkamala-thiagarajan"],"bodyIntro":"Kamala Thiagarajan investigates what vegan families can learn from India's ancient tradition of plant-based cooking, coupled with new scientific insights.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 2010, Ashish Kumar Jain, then 28 and working in the UK as an IT professional, chanced upon an online video that left a deep impact on him. It described the cruelties meted out by the dairy industry, especially to calves. As an expectant parent, and at a time when he was longing to return to India for the birth of his first baby, he says it convinced him and his wife to switch to a vegan diet. Living in Indore, a city in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, the couple decided to raise their child as a vegan, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday his daughter Arul is a healthy, fit 11-year-old and an ardent vegan advocate herself. Raising her as a vegan child wasn't as stressful as addressing concerns from extended family about these choices, says Jain. One factor made the transition particularly easy, he says: India's long history of meat-free cooking. While that tradition tends to be vegetarian rather than vegan, it holds useful lessons on maximising the nutritional power of plant-based meals – which could benefit the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ernaehrungs-umschau.de\u002Fenglish-articles\u002F15-06-2015-vegan-diet-motives-approach-and-duration\u002F\"\u003Egrowing number\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vrg.org\u002Fnutshell\u002FPolls\u002F2016_adults_veg.htm\"\u003Evegan adults\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnewsround\u002F58653757\"\u003Echildren\u003C\u002Fa\u003E not just in India, but around the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAn estimated 400 million people in India (amounting to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\u002Ffact-tank\u002F2021\u002F07\u002F08\u002Feight-in-ten-indians-limit-meat-in-their-diets-and-four-in-ten-consider-themselves-vegetarian\u002F#:~:text=However%2C%20most%20Indians%20do%20not,definition%20up%20to%20the%20respondent.)\"\u003E39% of  the country's population), identify\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as vegetarian for religious and other reasons, compared to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.gallup.com\u002Fpoll\u002F238328\u002Fsnapshot-few-americans-vegetarian-vegan.aspx\"\u003Eonly about 5% in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A vegetarian diet is not the same as a vegan diet: it usually includes dairy, for example, whereas a vegan diet avoids all animal products. However, India's vegetarian legacy has resulted in a particularly diverse cuisine of plant-centred dishes easily adapted to vegan requirements. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoupled with new scientific insights on plant-based diets from researchers around the world, that experience could also help parents answer a crucial question: is a vegan diet safe for children?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c90kx7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVeganism on the rise\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EVeganism has been gaining traction around the world, supported by campaigns such as \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fuk-england-york-north-yorkshire-50987943\"\u003EVeganuary\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" (which encourages people to go vegan for one month) as well as rising awareness of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism\"\u003Eclimate benefits of a meat- and dairy-free diet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A growing body of research suggests \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ox.ac.uk\u002Fnews\u002F2019-10-29-plant-based-foods-are-good-both-health-and-environment\"\u003Eplant-based diets have a range of health benefits\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for adults.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn India, the growing vegan movement taps into an ancient tradition, with vegan social media groups and influencers highlighting the nutritional power of local cereals, pulses and grains. Indian vegans swap traditional recipes in groups like \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fgroups\u002Fcookingwithmillets\u002F\"\u003ECooking with Millets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\" (\"Let's share our millet journey\"), which promotes\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E a cereal crop endemic to India. Vegan influencers tout the benefits of age-old ingredients such as lentils, chickpeas and mung beans. In 2016, the German International Academy, a residential school in Southern Indian city of Chennai, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com\u002Fcity\u002Fchennai\u002Fkids-dig-into-mock-meat-as-german-school-goes-vegan\u002Farticleshow\u002F60051945.cms\"\u003Emade headlines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when it became a fully vegan school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd while many Indian vegetarians rely heavily on dairy products such as ghee (clarified butter), yoghurt, and paneer (cottage cheese), Jain points out that in the past, this wasn't necessarily the case, as many traditional dishes are dairy-free.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, for children, the risks and benefits of a vegan diet are somewhat more complex than for adults.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPlanning a safe vegan diet\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the most important aspect to consider is that a growing child needs specific nutrients for each developmental stage. If those are missed, the consequences can be dangerous, especially for younger children. Their food also needs to be particularly nutrient- and energy-dense, because their portions are smaller.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Infants and children are growing and developing rapidly (especially during infancy) and have very high requirements for certain nutrients while having relatively small stomachs. This means that the foods they are given should have maximum nutrients and enough energy in a relatively small volume,\" says Mary Fewtrell, professor of paediatric nutrition at University College London's Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor infants, breast milk is seen as the best way of delivering the nutrition and energy they need to grow, while for toddlers and young children, a vegan diet needs to be carefully planned to ensure it meets their needs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMisguided veganism has in fact resulted in some rare, avoidable tragedies in that age group. In 2016, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.it\u002F20160708\u002Fone-year-old-vegan-weighing-kg-hospitalized-in-milan\u002F\"\u003Ea one-year-old child in Milan, Italy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was taken away from his parents after blood tests revealed that he had dangerously low levels of calcium after following a vegan diet. Italian media reported that the one-year-old weighed as much as a three-month-old, and his calcium levels were only enough to barely survive. In 2017, a court in Belgium \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-40274493\"\u003Econvicted the parents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of a seven-month old baby boy who had died from dehydration and malnourishment after being fed a diet of vegetable milk made from oats, buckwheat, rice and quinoa.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor older children, research suggests that a vegan diet can have benefits – but also, some disadvantages.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cb03r1"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGroundbreaking research on vegan kids\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2021, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fajcn\u002Farticle\u002F113\u002F6\u002F1565\u002F6178918?login=false\"\u003Ea study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition\u003C\u002Fa\u003E compared the health outcomes of a vegan, vegetarian and omnivorous diets in Polish children aged 5-10 years. The study recruited 63 vegetarians, 52 vegan and 72 omniovores – the latter eating a diverse diet which included meat and dairy. Malgorzata Desmond, the lead author of the study, is now an honorary research fellow at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Although the number of children in our study was relatively small, this is the largest study of its kind ever performed specifically in vegan children of this age; the first that recruited (over) 50 participants in each plant-based diet group and compared them to carefully matched omnivores,\" says Desmond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe study identified both good and bad points for vegan kids, says Fewtrell, who co-authored the study. \"The good news was that in comparison to their omnivore peers, the vegan children were leaner and had better markers of cardiovascular risk, such as lower blood cholesterol,\" she says. This could contribute to their lowering of heart disease later in life. \"The downsides were that they were shorter and had lower bone mass than expected for their age.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The only finding that the researchers thought was concerning was the vegan children's lower bone mineral density","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile vegan kids were 3cm (1.2in) shorter on average, it didn't mean that they were stunted in growth or would always stay short, says Jonathan Wells, professor of anthropology and paediatric nutrition at UCL and another co-author of the study.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Vegan kids had less fat mass, and tended to weigh less. It's possible that they would reach puberty a little later. We've seen that children who reach puberty later actually extended their growing period because they grow for more years,\" says Wells. So there was a potential for these kids to grow taller as adults.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe only finding that the researchers thought was concerning was their comparatively lower bone mineral density.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The bone reaches its optimal density by the early 20s. And so, if you don't build bone density at the time, you're not going to be able to do that later,\" Wells says. Those who have lower bone mineral density in adulthood will feel its impacts in older age, making them more vulnerable to diseases like osteoporosis as bones slowly grow more brittle. \"So vegan diets may have changed the profile of disease that people are more at risk to as they age,\" says Wells. \"Instead of cardiovascular disease [heart disease], they may be prone to bone disease (weaker bones). But it's not like they're unhealthy now.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of the study's findings were surprising. For example, the vegetarian children tended to eat more junk food like pizza and soft drinks – a reminder that a vegetarian diet doesn't in itself guarantee a healthy, balanced menu. As might be expected, omnivores had the highest estimated intake of protein, and vegans the lowest – but vegetarians had the highest estimated intake of calcium. (Vegans, it turns out, had the lowest).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd nearly a third of children on either vegetarian or vegan diets in the study were not given any B12 supplements or B12–fortified foods – even though such supplements are commonly recommended for people on a plant-based diet. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in the US for example states that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F27886704\u002F\"\u003Ewell-planned vegetarian and vegan diets are appropriate for all life stages\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including pregnancy, infancy and childhood. But it also adds that vegans need to ensure they take vitamin B12, be it in the form of supplements or fortified foods.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne possible conclusion is that some of these real-life plant-based diets could have had better results, had they included more nutritious ingredients. Or, as the authors state in the paper: \"Vegan and vegetarian children need guidelines on how to eat healthfully, beyond advice on supplementation.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore generally, studies of plant-centred diets – so, vegetarian, not just vegan – tend to conclude that they are safe for children. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublications.aap.org\u002Fpediatrics\u002Farticle\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1542\u002Fpeds.2021-052598\u002F186964\u002FVegetarian-Diet-Growth-and-Nutrition-in-Early\"\u003Elongitudinal study of children aged from six months to eight years in the US\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found there was no evidence of clinically meaningful differences in growth or nutritional status for children with a vegetarian diet, compared to their peers. However, the vegetarian kids (the sample also included vegans) faced higher odds of being underweight. The German Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine also took an overall positive stance in a 2019 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31722049\u002F\"\u003Epaper on vegetarian (including vegan) diets for children and teens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, stating that \"the nutritional needs of growing children and adolescents can generally be met through a balanced, vegetable-based diet\", though it adds that a vegetarian diet in childhood and adolescence requires supervision by a paediatrician, and that vegans should supplement B12.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA meat-based diet may also harbour risks of its own, due to the hormones found in meat and milk – though the evidence on this is mixed. \"In intensive farming, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feje.bioscientifica.com\u002Fview\u002Fjournals\u002Feje\u002F179\u002F6\u002FEJE-18-0591.xml\"\u003Econcentrations of estrogens in milk are higher\u003C\u002Fa\u003E due to long milking periods,\" state the authors of one review of studies on estrogens in cow's milk and their potential health effects. They point out that exposure to these hormones can impact children, and disrupt their development in ways that may only become evident in adult life, for example, through a lower sperm count. However, they also argue milk has a number of health benefits. The review concludes that while the amounts of estrogens in cow's milk are too low to affect the health of adult humans, more research should be done on the impact on children, especially during the earliest stages of development.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c90m25"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a series of features that explore the issues and opportunities that parents, children and families face all over the world. You might also be interested in other stories in the series:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210923-the-surprising-benefits-of-baby-massage\"\u003EThe surprising benefits of baby massage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220322-how-sleep-training-affects-babies\"\u003EWhat really happens when babies are left to cry it out?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210913-the-little-known-virus-that-surged-in-children-this-summer\"\u003EHow Covid changed a kids' virus\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can also climb new branches of the Family Tree on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ffamily-tree\"\u003EBBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and BBC Culture – and check out this playlist on changing families by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fplaylist\u002Fthe-next-generation\"\u003EBBC Reel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBack to the roots\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn recent years, the global spotlight has often been on plant-based novelties such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from\"\u003Evegan cheese or meat-free burgers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which have made it easier for many to switch to a more plant-centred diet. But the focus on these eye-catching innovations can risk missing other ingredients that have been around for centuries – and which could fill some of the potential nutritional gaps of vegan family meals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBhavya Chandra Prem, a 33-year-old technical engineer who grew up in the Kunnur district of the Southern Indian state of Kerala, grew up on a predominantly non-vegetarian diet of beef, chicken stew and parathas (an Indian flat bread). She turned vegan almost overnight in 2014 after moving to Sydney for university, when a vegan friend and housemate asked her \"Why would you want to kill and eat something you love?\" A little research showed her the horrific realities of the meat and dairy industry. \"I watched a few documentaries like Cowspiracy, Earthlings and I couldn't live a lie and consume meat or diary or fish products. I have been vegan ever since and I haven't looked back,\" says Prem, who now lives in the Czech Republic.     \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2020, when she learnt that she was pregnant, she had to contend with terrible morning sickness until 22 weeks, and could barely keep anything down except crackers, rice and soup. When that phase passed, she started seeking out healthier and nutrient-dense vegan food with the support of her husband, who is Italian. Her gynecologist said that following a vegan diet wouldn't harm their growing child, as long as she ate high-protein foods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I ate different types of dals (split pulses), lentils and legumes and tons of vegetable soups, tofu and soy products,\" she says. Her favourites were \u003Cem\u003Echerupayaru \u003C\u002Fem\u003E(a curry made with mung beans), and Kerala-style stews, which typically include coconut milk. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn November 2021, her baby boy was born at a healthy 3.6kg (7.9lb), and he is doing well, Prem says. While she adds she doesn't want to impose her own ethical values on her son, she will expose him to more diverse foods beyond meat as he grows older.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c90hfs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EProtein-rich foods\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEdwina Raj, a clinical dietician at the Bengaluru-based Aster CMI hospitals, points out that India's traditional foods offer plenty of options for vegans. \"We've seen that some vegans tend to rely too heavily on refined flours and carbohydrates,\" she says. \"Instead, they'll need to focus on complex carbs. We suggest the many varieties of unpolished rice – red, brown, black. As a vegan parent, you'll need to keep in mind the dietary requirements for protein are 1g per kg of body weight and plan your meals accordingly.\" She recommends millets, lentils, dried green peas and beans as sources of high-quality protein.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKarla Moreno-Bryce (MDA, RD, LD), a vegan Pediatric Nutrition Coach based in Minneapolis, in the US argues that regardless of the family's chosen cuisine, planning healthy vegan meals can be relatively easy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Meal prepping for vegan kids just requires a little attention to ensure that key nutrients (iron, zinc, iodine, omega-3s, calcium, Vitamin D, and Vitamin B12) are offered during the day through a variety of plant foods and dietary supplements,\" she says. \"It's particularly important that all vegan kids receive a reliable Vitamin B12 supplement, preferably at the time they begin solid foods. This is a nutrient that naturally lacks in plant foods and a supplement, in addition to fortified foods, is the most reliable source of meeting this important nutrient.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith the right mix of ingredients, she says, parents can offer healthy vegan versions of many different cuisines: \"Many vegan parents focus on ensuring that their children's meals consist of vegetables, and while they are important and provide an array of nutrients, they lack the calories to support a child's growth and development. I encourage vegan parents to focus on providing foods rich in iron (such as beans, lentils, and tofu) and fat (such as avocado and nut butters) since these are two important nutrients during periods of rapid growth,\" says Moreno-Bryce.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo meet his growing vegan child's nutritional needs in India, Ashish Kumar Jain has turned to locally grown leafy vegetables, like local spinaches, methi (fenugreek leaves), cumin seeds, coriander, and curry leaves, as well as nutrient-dense sesame seeds, tofu and finger millet. He substitutes milk with extracts from almonds and coconuts, makes \"cheese\" from cashews and potatoes, and yoghurt from peanut milk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We've never felt deprived of dairy,\" he says. \"And there are many reasons to prioritise veganism that go beyond diet and health – compassion for animals, climate and sustainability. Veganism is a social justice movement, as much as it is a healthy choice.\"   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EDisclaimer: All content within this article is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical and dietary advice of healthcare professionals. The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis or actions taken by a user based on the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. The BBC encourages anyone interested in making dietary changes to consult their healthcare provider beforehand. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health or the health of your child. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article has been corrected to state that Bhavya Chandra Prem studied in Sydney, not Spain.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids-11"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-06-01T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Is a vegan diet healthy for children?","headlineShort":"Is a vegan diet safe for children?","image":["p0c90hk0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Kamala Thiagarajan investigates what vegan families can learn from India's ancient tradition of plant-based cooking, coupled with new scientific insights.","summaryShort":"India offers surprising lessons on veganism","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-06-01T00:00:28.415512Z","entity":"article","guid":"cab8ab85-f19d-43f2-9ab5-000ea9f084ac","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-09T13:03:18.789893Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b0907499451","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood"],"bodyIntro":"Continuing shortages in the US have shone a light on a staple food that most often stays out of the spotlight – infant formula.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBaby formula has been front-page news in the United States lately, as the closure of one of the nation's largest manufacturing plants due to contamination has sparked a serious shortage. As the US Food and Drug Administration seeks new sources of infant formula abroad, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fav\u002Fworld-us-canada-61544313\"\u003Eflies in emergency supplies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and tries to help get the plant back up and running, parents are struggling to get what they need to feed their babies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe situation is shocking – for one thing, it raises questions about why anything as essential as formula is vulnerable to the woes of any single manufacturer – and it has many people curious what parents did the in the past, before huge companies made the product that has become a lynchpin in so many lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnfortunately, today's parents are far from the first people in history to have to deal with this problem. The first widely marketed infant formula, called Liebig's Soluble Food for Babies, arrived in the 1860s, but people have been trying to find safe alternatives to breastmilk for millennia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the graves of young babies dating from as long as 6,000 years ago, archaeologists have uncovered curious little horn-shaped objects, thought at first to be tools for filling oil lamps. But chemical analyses have revealed that at least some of these were filled not with oil but with the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-019-1572-x\"\u003Emilk of ruminants, like cows or sheep\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They seem likely to be the infants' feeding vessels, buried alongside them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is clear that breastfeeding is always the preferred option – research clearly points to it having a wide range of benefits for infants, from \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fall.14736\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fall.14736\"\u003Epromoting stronger immune systems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F10500022\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F10500022\u002F\"\u003Ecognitive\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fapa.13139\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fapa.13139\"\u003Edevelopment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6486667\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6486667\"\u003Elonger-term health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But the ugly truth is that it does not always work. Some people's bodies don't make enough milk to sustain a child. Some babies are born unable to latch correctly onto the breast. Many women's nipples are not a good match for their babies' mouths – in a tragic episode recorded in the diary of Samuel Pepys, the great diarist of 1660s London, he describes a \u003Ca title=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pepysdiary.com\u002Fdiary\u002F1667\u002F05\u002F03\u002F\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pepysdiary.com\u002Fdiary\u002F1667\u002F05\u002F03\u002F\"\u003Enew mother as having no nipples\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, perhaps a way of describing what today are called inverted nipples, which can make breastfeeding more difficult. Her baby soon died.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20170327-the-milk-that-lasts-forever\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe milk that lasts for months\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201016-why-china-developed-a-fresh-taste-for-milk\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EChina's growing taste for milk\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200715-the-surprising-reason-why-pregnant-women-get-cravings\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat's really behind pregnancy cravings?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore modern medicine, babies died all the time, for all sorts of reasons. But if the baby and the mother could not get enough milk out of the breast, it was often a shortcut to the grave for the infant, because the alternatives were not great. In the early 19th Century, poor hygiene of feeding vessels and unsafe animal milk storage led to the deaths of a third of babies fed by bottle, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2684040\u002F\"\u003Eaccording to one account\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometimes, another lactating woman was available, and for many babies professional \"wet nurses\" were their saving grace. At various times throughout history, wet nurses – women who breastfeed babies professionally – have existed as a thriving industry of their own, complete with references and medical exams. But once bottles that could be sterilised and rubber nipples were invented, later on in the 19th Century, European and US parents seem to have stepped away from wet nursing as an alternative. Now the feeding vessels could be made safe: it was time, instead, to think about the contents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c91mlz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELiebig's formula, invented by a German chemist, contained cow's milk, malt flour, wheat flour, and potassium bicarbonate. Around 20 years later, in 1883, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC2684040\u002F\"\u003Ethere were 27 infant formulas on the market\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to one history. An early analysis found that cow's milk had more protein and fewer carbohydrates than human milk, so \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.contemporarypediatrics.com\u002Fview\u002Fconcise-history-infant-formula-twists-and-turns-included\"\u003Emany formulations were aimed at watering down cow's milk and adjusting it nutritionally so it was more like breastmilk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany people made their own formula at home, however. In fact, in the early 20th Century, doctors were taught to mix formula using milk, water, and sugar, using a calculation of two ounces (56g) of milk, 1\u002F8 ounces of sugar (3g), and three ounces (84g) of water per pound of the baby's body weight a day. As well, evaporated milk formula, based on the stupendous breakthrough of heating milk up to very high temperatures to concentrate it and break down the proteins, was a reasonable way to feed babies, studies found. Today, the formula shortage has prompted some desperate parents in the US to seek out old recipes to make their own formula – but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-us-canada-61485009\"\u003Eexperts strongly advise against it, as the homemade substitutes can be dangerous\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and result in life-threatening infections or malnutrition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Formula became not just a stopgap, but a kind of superfood, capable of delivering a kaleidoscope of nutrition","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe balance of carbs and protein was far from the only difference between breastmilk and early versions of formula. Little by little, over the course of the last century, nutritionists, doctors, and researchers have tweaked and altered and fiddled with the makeup of proprietary formulas, like the kinds people use today, in search of ways to make them more like breastmilk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst came vitamins. Cod liver oil was added, and mixtures of fats from a variety of sources. It took a while for people who were using the easy and cheap option of evaporated milk formula to get interested, but by the 1950s, proprietary formulas, some of which had been invented in the 1920s, were starting to gain steam. Formula became not just a stopgap, but a kind of superfood, capable of delivering a kaleidoscope of nutrition.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the 1970s, proprietary formulas were extremely popular in the US, for a variety of reasons, and breastfeeding rates were in freefall. Rates have since climbed again – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fbreastfeeding\u002Fdata\u002Freportcard.htm\"\u003E84% of babies born in the US in 2017 were breastfed for some period of time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – but formula is here to stay. While a breastmilk replacement might have started out as a food of desperation, having an alternative has radically altered for the better the lives of parents of all kinds.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c91gr2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe downsides of a manufactured product for feeding babies include the kind of difficulty parents in the US are now facing. Some years back, parents in China faced another kind of difficulty, when it was revealed that formula manufacturers in that country had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002F10565838\"\u003Eknowingly adulterated the product with melamine, which damaged babies' kidneys\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to cut costs. And in the US, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has pointed out that there is a risk of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcronobacter\u002Finfection-and-infants.html\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECronobacter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E infection from formula milk\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, though it adds that the risk is low. The benefits of mass manufacturing of food – standardised, controlled quality – are sometimes counteracted by the vulnerabilities of the system to shutdowns and to greed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs parents weather this crisis, they might find themselves faced with the kind of advice I got when I gave birth in the first days of the pandemic and there were no stores open or deliveries: if you need formula, the nurse said, do what they used to do, and make your own. Thankfully, I didn't have to hunt down evaporated milk and fumble with fractions of an ounce, only to come up with a potentially dangerous concoction. But it was a reminder that our current setup is a recent one, after all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* This story has been amended to make it clearer that breastfeeding is still considered to be the option recommended by scientific and global health authorities. We have removed a sentence referring to the evolution of breastfeeding that stated: \"it’s almost as if our bodies have decided where anything that kills less than 50% of the people involved is good enough to keep going\". This was poorly worded and could be easily misinterpreted, for which we apologise. We have also removed a sentence that described breastfeeding as \"glitchy\" for the same reason. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-05-26T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Infant formula: the superfood you never think about","headlineShort":"The superfood that saves lives","image":["p0c91mzj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Continuing shortages in the US have shone a light on a staple food that most often stays out of the spotlight – infant formula.","summaryShort":"Formula milk has a complicated history","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-05-26T00:00:51.970349Z","entity":"article","guid":"b49ee791-3b1c-4aaa-bbe0-be89614a57ce","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-09T14:51:52.060885Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b052460db1c","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-bradley"],"bodyIntro":"Many people are swapping coffee for alternatives, partly out of concerns about coffee's effect on health. But could sticking to decaffeinated coffee be a better decision?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECoffee might not be an obvious loser in the quest for healthier diets, especially since it's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F359\u002Fbmj.j5024\"\u003Ebeen linked to lower risks of diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E including heart disease and some cancers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut as we generally become more aware of the relationship between diet and health, caffeine is often blamed for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4668773\u002F\"\u003Eanxiety\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6292246\u002F\"\u003Esleep issues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. As a result, coffee companies have seen a rising interest in decaf coffee from those who love the taste, or ritual, of drinking a hot cup of Joe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECustomers of Decadent Decaf Coffee Co in the UK opt for decaf for health reasons, says co-founder Laura Smith, and decaf's bad reputation of being the easy way out is dwindling.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"'Death before decaf' is outdated,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut in recent years, there's been a surge in caffeine-free alternatives to coffee that claim to give a more \"natural\" boost without the coffee jitters, using ingredients including ancient medicinal herbs and so-called \"superfoods\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some coffee shops today, alongside the coffee lattes you'll find beetroot, turmeric and maca \"lattes\". \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.parsleyhealth.com\u002Fblog\u002Fherbs-for-energy\u002F\"\u003EGinseng\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.iherb.com\u002Fblog\u002Freplace-your-morning-latte-with-moringa\u002F621\"\u003Emoringa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are some other ingredients that are being marketed as healthy alternatives to coffee that also give an energy boost.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany of these ingredients contain plant bioactive compounds, which, when consumed, can influence our health. But will switching from decaf coffee to a coffee alternative really give you a health and energy boost?  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201028-the-benefits-of-coffee-is-coffee-good-for-health\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy coffee could be good for your health\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe coffee with zero air miles\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180917-how-do-you-decaffeinate-coffee\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow do you decaffeinate coffee?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most ubiquitous caffeine-free alternatives to coffee is maca, from the maca root plant, which is usually added in powder form to milk. But maca won't give you a coffee-like energy boost, says Michael Heinrich, professor of ethnopharmacology and pharmacognosy at University College London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Maca isn't a stimulant, like coffee,\" he says. \"It doesn't boost attention.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c51ftt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENor can you expect a maca latte to be any healthier than coffee, he adds. In a 2017 paper, Heinrich argues that, after being used as food and medicine by Andean people for more than 2,000 years in Peru, local knowledge about any \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28811221\u002F\"\u003Ehealth benefits of maca\u003C\u002Fa\u003E has been \"dragged out of context to fit the demands of a growing market for herbal remedies\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The health benefits of maca have not been well studied, and not all studies are as sound and reliable as they should be,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGinseng, another herb traditionally used as a medicine, has also become a popular ingredient for coffee substitutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You can only stomach so much turmeric – Charlotte Mills","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut while Heinrich says this also doesn't offer an energy boost comparable to coffee, \"there is some research suggesting it could have preventive effects especially in case of infectious diseases, and as others claim also in the prevention of some cancers\". Similarly, some studies have shown some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5664031\u002F\"\u003Ehealth benefits linked to turmeric\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But you won't see any of these benefits from drinking a turmeric latte, says Charlotte Mills, a lecturer in nutritional sciences at the University of Reading.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You can only stomach so much turmeric, so to get the effects shown in some of the research, the dose you'd need is incredibly high. I'm not sure you'd get that through a coffee alternative,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We've been researching coffee for ages,\" says Gunter Kuhnle, professor of food and nutritional sciences at the University of Reading. \"We know how caffeine acts. Turmeric is used as a spice and colourant in small amounts, but in large amounts in drinks, we don't know.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c518ys"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EKuhnle agrees, and says you're more likely to see adverse effects if you consume a large enough quantity of turmeric.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Research into the potential toxicity of drinking loads of turmeric, or other plant bioactives, hasn't been done, which is concerning,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is some research suggesting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffphar.2020.01021\u002Ffull\"\u003Ethat consuming turmeric while pregnant or breastfeeding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or on specific medication, such as insulin, can come with certain health risks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd if a turmeric latte does make you feel more awake, that's probably down to another property altogether, says Kirsten Brandt, senior lecturer at the Population Health Sciences Institute at Newcastle University.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I'm concerned people are being hoodwinked into thinking it's good for them – Wendy Russell","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It's impossible to say because it's not properly investigated, but it looks like there's little evidence that turmeric gives a boost. It might make you feel good because you expect it to; turmeric has a strong placebo effect because of its strong colour and taste.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother coffee-alternative ingredient is moringa, which refers to a tree native to India, which is also mixed in powder form with milk.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Moringa is high in protein and fibre, vitamins and minerals, and it has a wide range of bioactive phytochemicals, some of which have been linked to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2405844019365946\"\u003Ehelping to prevent type two diabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and heart disease,\" says Wendy Russell, professor of molecular nutrition at the University of Aberdeen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut a moringa latte is unlikely to bring about any of these benefits, she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Moringa tastes horrible,\" Russell says. \"You probably couldn't get enough of the plant into a drink to make it beneficial. The amount of moringa in these drinks will actually be quite small.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I've watched its popularity and sales of moringa drinks rise dramatically, but I'm concerned people are being hoodwinked into thinking it's good for them,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c51fck"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ENor will a standard moringa drink give you a coffee-like kick, Russell adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Caffeine is such an important compound for giving you a boost,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough, looking for this elusive coffee-like boost in caffeine-free alternatives might be a fruitless mission anyway. Some scientists think that coffee only fixes withdrawal symptoms from the last coffee you drank, rather than making you perform any better, Brandt says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the absence of any proven energy boost among any caffeine-free alternative, researchers are scratching their heads as to why people who want to forgo caffeine don't just drink regular decaf coffee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA lot of the compounds in turmeric and moringa are polyphenols – micronutrients found in plants – which are often attributed to a lot of the health benefits found in these drinks, says Mills. But they're also found in high amounts in coffee, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The reason people may turn their back on coffee altogether may be over confusion as to whether it's good for us","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of the health benefits within coffee are overlooked, but it's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4045301\u002F\"\u003Efull of bioactive compounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There's a lot more to coffee than just caffeine.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETraditionally, caffeine-free alternatives were drunk because they were cheaper than coffee. For example, people used to add \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Farts-culture\u002Fchicory-coffee-mix-new-orleans-made-own-comes-180949950\u002F\"\u003Echicory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to coffee to make it last longer, says Kuhnle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Old cookery books tend to suggest lots of ways to make coffee last longer, often using homegrown ingredients, because coffee beans were expensive,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHow times change. Now, a beetroot or turmeric latte from a coffee shop is likely to set you back just as much as a coffee.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c51bvf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the reason people may turn their back on coffee altogether may be over confusion as to whether it's good for us or not, says Mills.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Coffee is a very complicated topic. This confusion may be steering people away from coffee to things that are more one-dimensional, things termed 'superfoods', for example, are easier for people to get on board with without understanding the details.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut it turns out that there is no simple answer. The likes of turmeric, maca and moringa lattes either have too small doses to have any beneficial health effects, or may risk causing adverse side-effects we don't yet understand.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot more research needs to go into these things before we drink them as health drinks,\" says Mills. \"If you want a caffeine-free coffee, I'd suggest decaf coffee.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKuhnle agrees, and says the richest area of research focuses on caffeine. While it may not be as novel or as brightly coloured as beetroot or turmeric, a good old fashioned decaf coffee may be the safest bet for now.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ffood-fictions"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-05-10T11:50:07Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Are decaffeinated coffee alternatives better for health?","headlineShort":"Are decaffeinated drinks healthier?","image":["p0c51g1j"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0c51ftt"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Many people are swapping coffee for alternatives, partly out of concerns about coffee's effect on health. But could sticking to decaffeinated coffee be a better decision?","summaryShort":"The coffee bean itself might not be the problem","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-05-09T23:05:34.155532Z","entity":"article","guid":"1f4bd107-b972-4e21-9f51-079e453c762e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health","modifiedDateTime":"2022-05-09T23:30:50.196338Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism","_id":"62b4200b1f4b7b7ab61925a2","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques-and-zaria-gorvett"],"bodyIntro":"In a two-week experiment, BBC Future tracked emissions from a vegan, vegetarian and omnivorous diet – and found some thought-provoking ways to lower emissions from our food.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the most impactful things you can do to fight climate change is make a few small but meaningful tweaks to your diet. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.food.gov.uk\u002Fresearch\u002Fwider-consumer-interests\u002Fhealthy-and-sustainable-diets-consumer-poll\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ENearly three-quarters of people in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statista.com\u002Fstatistics\u002F245066\u002Fimportance-of-sustainability-of-food-production-to-us-consumers\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Emore than half of Americans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E think it is important to eat sustainably.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the information on which foods are really \"sustainable\", \"green\" or \"eco-friendly\" is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220330-why-bio-and-green-dont-mean-what-you-think\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eoften confusing – and sometimes such terms are outright misleading\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With products from beef to beer now being sold bearing a \"carbon neutral\" label, how can you make sure what you're eating is genuinely sustainable?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first big challenge is knowing how to weigh up the many different factors that contribute to food's emissions. For instance, there's excellent evidence \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fenvironmental-impacts-of-food\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eplant-based foods require less energy (and produce less emissions) than animal products\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But what if those plant-based products have been flown halfway around the world before they get to your table? And how much do \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43016-020-00200-w\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edifferent cooking methods cut or increase carbon emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo find out the answers, BBC Future worked with Sarah Bridle, professor of food, climate and society at the University of York in the UK, and freelance sustainability researcher Rebecca Lait to analyse our food emissions in a two-week experiment. We tracked the diets of a vegan, Zaria Gorvett, and a vegetarian, Martha Henriques – counting everything from lovingly home-made meals to furtive cupboard snacks. We also tracked dietary data from a volunteer omnivore, who provided us with a baseline to compare our vegan and vegetarian data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Read our quick summary of five handy tips to lower your diet's carbon footprint at the end of this article","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe hypothesis for our experiment? We supposed that a vegan diet would have the lowest emissions, the omnivore the highest emissions and the vegetarian would come somewhere in the middle. After all, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fnews\u002Fstory\u002Fen\u002Fitem\u002F197623\u002Ficode\u002F\"\u003Emeats such as beef are known to be some of the highest-emission foods you can eat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Meanwhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fk7930e\u002Fk7930e00.pdf\"\u003Eother animal products such as cheese, butter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0959652618300751?via%3Dihub\"\u003Eeggs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E also rank highly when it comes to climate impact. Some plant-based foods, on the other hand, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffood-choice-vs-eating-local\"\u003Ecan even have a negative climate impact (due to converting land from croplands to carbon-sequestering nut trees)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – making them hard to beat.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch an experiment might seem like a done deal – but our investigation yielded a few surprises. The role of air miles, cooking methods, food waste, and even the impact of eating out versus eating in all played a part. Some of our most revealing findings came from how these factors measured up against one another. In the end, the experiment also underscored some of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fhow-to-cut-your-foods-carbon-footprint\u002F\"\u003Ebest-evidenced ways to reduce the climate impact from food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe vegan (Zaria Gorvett)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI'm in my kitchen, basking in the glow of complacent superiority. I've been asked to take part in a sustainability experiment – and I have a sneaking suspicion that the results are going to make me look really good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll I have to do is keep track of my normal meals for a week and see how my carbon emissions compare to those of a colleague. Though it's technically not a competition, my opponent – whoops, I mean co-worker – is a vegetarian, while I am a vegan. And though it's strictly just for educational purposes, it seems like the pole position is probably already mine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EToday – the day it begins – I have already clawed out a head start by skipping breakfast, though of course this is essentially cheating. Now it's lunchtime. Swiftly side-stepping the carbon peril of avocado toast, I opt for another toast-based delicacy – pan con tomate. This version is just rye bread slathered with a mixture of chopped tomatoes, fresh garlic, olive oil and salt. Since this is a public-facing meal, I add a handful of parsley for added panache. Not a bad start, at 196g (6.9oz) CO2e (or \"CO2 equivalent\" – meaning CO2 emissions as well as other greenhouse gases such as methane have been factored into the figure).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c40hwm"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESkipping ahead a few days – and a few meals – things are looking promising. So far I've had herby pasta (356g\u002F12.6oz CO2e per serving), mashed potato (589g\u002F20.8oz CO2e), vegan yoghurt (69g\u002F2.4oz CO2e), and several salads. Like I said, this is theoretically not a carbon contest, but if it was, I think I'm probably doing quite well already. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow I'm having another meal that's so worthy, it seems almost contrived: quinoa and kale burgers (394g\u002F13.9oz CO2e), which turn out to be delicious. But too late, I stumble across a surprising fact: in some cases, the majority of a food's carbon footprint comes from the way it's cooked – rather than what's in it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUsually, emissions are calculated by looking at the way something is made, stored and transported \u003Cem\u003Ebefore\u003C\u002Fem\u003E it reaches the consumer. However, this doesn't factor in what happens when people get round to eating it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk\u002Fid\u002Feprint\u002F25224\u002F8\u002FAuthorAcceptedversion13122020withAppendix.pdf\"\u003E2020 study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, led by food sustainability researcher Angelina Frankowska of the University of Manchester, found up to 61% of the total emissions linked to some foods are generated as they're prepared in the home, particularly with vegetables. Even toasted bread is significantly more carbon-intensive than the regular kind – this final act \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk\u002Fid\u002Feprint\u002F25224\u002F8\u002FAuthorAcceptedversion13122020withAppendix.pdf\"\u003Eadds 13% to its footprint\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For foods that have already been partially pre-cooked in the factory, such as tofu, certain meat substitutes – and presumably, quinoa burgers – finishing the job contributes around \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk\u002Fid\u002Feprint\u002F25224\u002F8\u002FAuthorAcceptedversion13122020withAppendix.pdf\"\u003E42% of their total emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd this is not all. Certain kinds of cooking are significantly more energy-intensive than others. Turning on an entire oven is an almost-ludicrously inefficient way to heat anything up, since you're not just warming your dinner, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43016-020-00200-w\"\u003Ebut the surrounding air\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One step down is cooking on a hob – frying, for example – which involves a more efficient heat transfer. However, first place goes to microwaving, which specifically targets the water molecules inside the food, so you're not wasting it making the microwave itself hot. The latter also has the advantage that it only uses electricity, and if this is from a renewable source that's even better.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Note to self: Make your famous microwave-only paella more often. Just hope the Spanish don't ever find out.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003ECO2 equivalent is the metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases on the basis of their capacity to warm the atmosphere – their global warming potential.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"WHAT IS CO2 EQUIVALENT?","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"For vegetables, cooking can cause up to 80% of the climate impact of the food – if they are roasted in the oven,\" says the University of York's Sarah Bridle. \"This can be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fhow-to-cook-christmas-dinner-in-the-most-environmentally-friendly-way-possible-152119\"\u003Ecut right back if they are boiled, steamed or cooked in the microwave oven instead\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Pressure cooking and slow cooking are also very energy efficient.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, it looks like I'm in luck. As sustainability researcher Rebecca Lait adds, the proportion of emissions down to cooking vary wildly depending what you're making – naturally, for lower-carbon ingredients, the same footprint from cooking is going to make up a larger fraction of the total. In other words, what you're eating is still the most important factor, Somehow, I'm still on the right track.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you're cooking spaghetti bolognese, we could compare the use of lentils or beef,\" says Lait. \"Looking at the emissions from using 100g (3.5oz) of lentils and cooking them on the hob for 10 minutes, that would cause around 80g (2.8oz) CO2e from the food, and 60g (2.1oz) CO2e from the hob. It might look like the cooking emissions are very significant there. But if you used 100g (3.5oz) beef instead, that would cause around 4,500g (159oz) CO2e, and the hob just 60g (2.1oz) CO2e again,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs a vegan, everything I'm cooking is already so sustainable, I decide to view low-carbon heating methods as something of an added bonus.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnyway, back to my experiment. By Saturday, my resolution has cracked. For lunch I turn on the oven and have a vegan quiche with some chips (845g\u002F29.8oz CO2e) – but here there's another snag. It turns out the emissions generated once food arrives in your house aren't just down to cooking, but storage: frozen chips have higher emissions than \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F33234271\u002F\"\u003Eany other processed potato\u003C\u002Fa\u003E products, and this stage contributes significantly to their total.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c41hws"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFrom there, it seems like it's all downhill. That evening, I compound my previous transgression with a salad that turns out to have origins so decadent, it could have been ordered by a medieval lord. In addition to some locally grown tomatoes, I realise I have inadvertently used my consumer power to summon half an avocado from Peru, 9,777km (6,075 miles) away, a handful of olives from Greece, 2,969km (1,844 miles) away, and some diced smoked tofu made in an assortment of European countries including Germany, 857km (533 miles) away, Austria, 1,388km (863 miles) and France 840km (522 miles).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, a quick internet search reassures me that this international concoction might not actually have been as carbon-intensive to transport as you would think.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, the vast majority of foods are actually transported via land and sea, with just \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffood-transport-by-mode\"\u003E0.16% of food miles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E coming from air travel on average. It's so expensive, it's usually reserved for ultra-perishable products like blueberries, raspberries and strawberries, and delicate vegetables such as green beans, asparagus and sugar-snap peas.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Most foods are transported by boat, but sending that same food by air would cause 100 times as much climate change,\" says Bridle. \"It's hard for us to know which foods came by boat and which by air – but a rough rule of thumb is that if it would last a week in the fridge, then it could also last a few weeks in carefully controlled conditions on a boat.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EWe currently live in an unsustainable world. While the biggest gains in the fight to curb climate change will come from the decisions made by governments and industries, we can all play our part. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESustainability on a Shoestring\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, BBC Future explores how each of us can contribute as individuals to reducing carbon emissions by living more sustainably, without breaking the bank.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Sustainability on a Shoestring","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor everything else, a more leisurely journey is more cost-effective – some 60% of foods arrive via sea freight. \"Dried pulses, apples, oranges and bananas will have come by boat, if they are from the other side of the world,\" says Bridle. \"In that case, the climate impact of transporting them is likely less than the climate impact of growing the food in the first place.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven luxury fruits such as avocados rarely arrive by jet. According to the Danish investigative media and research centre Danwatch, most of those that end up in the country will have arrived from Chile via a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fold.danwatch.dk\u002Fen\u002Fundersogelseskapitel\u002Fthe-avocados-journey-from-chile-to-danish-supermarkets\u002F#:~:text=From%20the%20plantations%2C%20the%20avocados,them%20from%20ripening%20too%20early.\"\u003Ethree-week voyage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E across the Atlantic in cooling containers, followed by a seven-to-14-day layover in a ripening chamber in the Netherlands, before they're transported to where they'll be sold.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe biggest surprise – and in a way, the most satisfying discovery so far – is that the trendy practice of \"eating local\" has very little impact. One study found that, in the US, the proportion of a food's emissions linked to transport works out at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Fes702969f\"\u003Ejust 11%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In comparison to the carbon required to make it, even travelling long distances – the average product has covered \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Fes702969f\"\u003E6,760km (4200 miles)\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by the end of its life – makes a relatively small contribution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Note to self: Cut back on fantasising about the expensive locally grown food in the village grocers.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c41fcj"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe vegetarian (Martha Henriques)\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs soon as you make animal products a part of your diet, there's no escaping the fact that your carbon emissions are going to rise. As the experiment's resident vegetarian, I assumed I would be somewhere in the middle of the dietary emissions spectrum. But what I really wanted to know was, just how much higher would my emissions be than our vegan baseline? By eating dairy but avoiding meat, was I making a small dent in my dietary emissions or slashing them to near-vegan levels?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith some trepidation, I began taking notes of my daily meals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first meal I recorded was one I would struggle to live without: a staple breakfast of toasted pitta bread with a scrape of butter and marmite with boiled eggs. More than 500g (17.6oz) CO2e came from the two eggs. The pitta, butter and marmite combined, however, made up just 30g (1oz) CO2e. Although butter is an animal product too – and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs11367-019-01703-w\"\u003Ehas 3.5 times more emissions than plant-based spreads\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – I was intrigued to see that using just a little meant it contributed fewer emissions than the eggs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Note to self: Quantity matters. If you're going to use butter, just have a scrape.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt wasn't long before I was confronted with another animal product. Cheese is not my greatest weakness, but it comes high on the list. For every kilogram of cheese you buy, 23.9kg (0.84oz) CO2e is released. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fghg-per-kg-poore?country=Bananas~Beef+%28beef+herd%29~Beef+%28dairy+herd%29~Cheese~Eggs~Lamb+%26+Mutton~Milk~Maize~Nuts~Pig+Meat~Peas~Potatoes~Poultry+Meat~Rice~Tomatoes~Wheat+%26+Rye~Tofu+%28soybeans%29~Prawns+%28farmed%29~Fish+%28farmed%29\"\u003ECheese is more carbon-intensive even than pork, poultry and farmed fish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For a vegetarian, it is likely to be greatest source of emissions that finds its way onto your plate. Intriguingly, hard cheeses have higher emissions than soft cheeses as they require greater quantities of milk to make – and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F327269731_Sustainable_Cheese_Production_Understand_the_Carbon_Footprint_of_Cheese\"\u003Ehow the dairy in question deals with its waste products can also have a significant effect on emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut even the softest of cheeses have relatively high emissions. A light lunch of rice cakes with cottage cheese and sauerkraut came in at 766g (27oz) CO2e – one of my most carbon-intensive meals of the week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c40h26"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Note to self: Seriously consider vegan cheese alternatives.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESoon came a bigger surprise. It had happened one afternoon when the fridge had started to take on a certain odour, and I couldn't put off a clear-out any longer. Rootling around in the vegetable drawer, I found three ancient parsnips and two broccoli that were going brown and giving off a pungent cruciferous vegetable smell. Despite my best efforts not to over-buy fresh produce, there was also an incriminating mouldy orange in the fruit bowl. Regretfully, they all went in the bin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs sad as it is to throw away food, I'm not alone. The average household in the UK \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwrap.org.uk\u002Fresources\u002Freport\u002Ffood-surplus-and-waste-uk-key-facts\"\u003Ethrew away the equivalent of eight meals a week in 2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – curbing that waste could save as much as £60 ($75) a month on food costs. In the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fajae.12036\"\u003Ethe average household throws away the equivalent of $156 (£124) of food each month\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClearing out my fridge of waste, it turned out, led to more emissions than any single meal I ate that week (bar one – only a large and delicious meal out at a Greek restaurant had greater emissions, at 2,001g\u002F70.6oz CO2e). I was very aware that waste is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200224-how-cutting-your-food-waste-can-help-the-climate\"\u003Ea major contributor to emissions from food\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but it hadn't occurred to me that that afternoon's food waste would amount to \u003Cem\u003Edouble\u003C\u002Fem\u003E the emissions of the bean and vegetable stir-fry I had that evening (713g\u002F25.2oz CO2e).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c424pz"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOrdinarily, vegetables like broccoli and parsnips aren't high-carbon foods – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fexplorers\u002Ffood-footprints\"\u003Ethey take a lot less energy to produce than an animal-based product\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Gram-for-gram when eaten, a broccoli releases 3.7g (0.13oz) of CO2e less than an egg.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like: \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211021-the-coffee-with-zero-air-miles\"\u003EThe coffee with zero air miles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-are-homemade-shampoos-better-for-the-climate\"\u003EThe least polluting way to shower\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220420-living-in-an-eco-house-in-the-middle-of-an-energy-crisis\"\u003EHow to save energy at home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe problem was, I didn't eat those vegetables. It wasn't so much the carbon expense of growing or transporting the fruit and veg that was the main problem, but the fate it met in my dustbin.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen you throw away food, you might think its carbon emissions would be just the same as if you had eaten it. But in fact, eating it makes all the difference. When food breaks down in a low-oxygen environment like a landfill, much of its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200224-how-cutting-your-food-waste-can-help-the-climate\"\u003Ecarbon turns to methane instead of CO2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-021-02287-y\"\u003EMethane is around 80 times more potent a greenhouse gas than CO2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in its first 20 years in the atmosphere (though over time methane breaks down, whereas CO2 is much longer-lived). Methane emissions are responsible for almost \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fab9ed2\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ea quarter of global warming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and an all-out, rapid effort to reduce them \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\u002Farticle\u002F10.1088\u002F1748-9326\u002Fabf9c8\"\u003Ecould slow the rate of current warming by 30%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and avoid a 0.5C temperature rise by the end of the century. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne way to think about it, is that if you eat food rather than throwing it away, its emissions essentially stop there, says Lait. \"But if it's chucked away, the total for emissions released doesn't stop until that food has decomposed,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c41f3d"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-22"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhere I live there is no municipal food waste collection service, so household food waste goes in the ordinary bin destined for landfill. As my discarded parsnips, broccoli and orange were buried beneath other household waste, they entered an environment starved of oxygen and produced large quantities of methane.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBridle and Lait did the maths to calculate the magnitude of my food waste mistake: one head of broccoli releases approximately 153g (5.4oz) CO2e if it's eaten, versus the equivalent of 2.7 times that much if it goes to landfill (423g\u002F14.9oz of CO2e). If I had acted a few days earlier I could have turned that waste into a meal (roast parsnip and broccoli with an orange dressing, perhaps?).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There are great alternatives to throwing away food,\" says Lait. \"Being able to compost food is one. I would encourage that.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs luck would have it, soon after my food waste incident an opportunity came up to become a compost volunteer at a local community scheme, giving me access to shared food waste bins at the end of my road. Food waste which is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS092134490800133X\"\u003Ecomposted releases just 14% the greenhouse gases of food that goes to landfill\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For people living in other areas where there is no food waste collection service, it is possible to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gardenersworld.com\u002Fhow-to\u002Fmaintain-the-garden\u002Fhow-to-make-compost\u002F\"\u003Emake your own compost\u003C\u002Fa\u003E if you have space, or join one of many community schemes, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.makesoil.org\u002Fmap\"\u003EMakeSoil\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsharewaste.com\u002Fshare-waste\"\u003EShareWaste\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcompostnow.org\u002F\"\u003ECompostNow\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs I fork compost to aerate it on a warm spring day, I think of all the greenhouse gases saved, and try not to breathe in any flies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-23"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c3wm8v"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-24"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnother unexpected insight came from a satay paneer dish (1,049g\u002F37oz CO2e). It was going to be a dinner for my partner and I. As I don't particularly enjoy cooking and do it as infrequently as possible, I made double portions that we could eat over the next few days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEnergy from cooking on the stove made up more carbon emissions (45g\u002F1.6oz CO2e) than any of the vegetables in the dish. By making enough for around four people, the emissions from cooking per portion were one-quarter what they would have been if I was making a meal for one. However, the biggest change I could have made to this particular meal would have been to cut out the paneer (795g\u002F28oz CO2e) and replace with a plant-based alternative.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-25"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Note to self: Make sure to eat food before it goes off – get inventive to make sure as little as possible goes to waste.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-26"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETaking batch cooking one step further, I was interested to see that a meal out in a Greek restaurant was particularly efficient in terms of the energy used in cooking (an estimated 18g\u002F0.6oz CO2e for the whole meal).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt might seem surprising, given the image of a hot, steaming professional kitchen, that this can be quite an efficient way to cook. But, as Bridle points out, if 20 people eat out at a restaurant, that's dozens of ovens, hobs and microwaves that aren't being fired up at the diners' homes instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-27"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Note to self: Plan ahead and batch cook.","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-28"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA lot will depend, though, on the restaurant kitchen's sustainability practices, where they source their energy, and the types of food they're cooking. Certain types of restaurant are more likely to engage in sustainable practices than others – one study of 93 US restaurant chains found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2071-1050\u002F12\u002F17\u002F7127\u002Fhtm\"\u003Esit-down eateries were more likely than fast-food operators to have sustainability initiatives in place\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (including how they source, produce, market and serve food).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGlancing down my traffic-light colour-coded spreadsheet of emissions meticulously prepared by Bridle and Lait, I puzzled over an entry in prominent red from my last Friday evening of the experiment. It was my highest-emission meal that week and, to my great surprise, it was vegan mushroom pizza.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs our resident vegan found, the method of cooking can greatly affect the emissions of a given meal. As my pizza was baked in an oven, the emissions from cooking skewed this vegan pizza to be one of my most carbon-intensive meals of the week.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-29"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c41np7"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-30"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe results\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, how did we do?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA few weeks after our experiment, BBC Future attends a grand unveiling over Zoom, during which our total emissions during the experiment are revealed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVegan CO2e emissions per week: 9.9kg\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVegetarian CO2e emissions per week: 16.9kg\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOmnivore CO2e emissions per week: 48.9kg\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat do these figures this translate to in everyday terms? US Environmental Protection Agency's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.epa.gov\u002Fenergy\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator#results\"\u003Eequivalencies calculator\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, provides some useful comparisons:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVegan, 9.9kg (21.8lbs): 24.6 miles (39.6km) driven in a petrol-powered car, or 1,204 smartphones charged\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVegetarian, 16.9kg (37.3lbs): 41.9 miles (67.4km) driven in a petrol-powered car, or 2,056 smartphones charged\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EOmnivore, 48.9kg (107.8lbs): 121 miles (194.7km) driven in a petrol-powered car, or 5,948 smartphones charged\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs expected, our vegan scored the lowest emissions, coming in at less than two-thirds the emissions of our vegetarian and just one-fifth that of the omnivore's emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf it were a competition, our vegan would certainly be the winner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the result is not quite as clear cut as we had imagined. It turns out that on some days, vegetarianism came out as the diet with fewer emissions:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVegan day\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: Toasted crumpets with beans, followed with a lunch of mashed potato and salad, rounded off with yoghurt and most of a bag of fennel taralli snacks: 1.9kg (4.2lbs) CO2e – or 231 smartphones charged\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EVegetarian day\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E: A bowl of porridge with a splash of milk, an apple, a banana, a bowl of carrot and coriander soup with bread and butter, a bar of milk chocolate and a dinner of spinach and ricotta tortellini: 1.7kg (3.7lbs) CO2e – or 207 smartphones charged\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-31"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c41dzq"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-32"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt seems that having the lowest carbon footprint as a vegan isn't guaranteed – it depends on what you eat. What is clear from our experiment (and more importantly, from rigorous scientific research) is that on average a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-49238749\"\u003Eplant-based diet has significantly fewer emissions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Eating large amounts of meat, especially beef, is a sure way to increase your emissions many times over.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe tweaks to our diets that would result in the greatest fall in emissions were:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EReducing animal products – eating fewer of them, or replacing with a plant-based alternative\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EFocusing on what you eat rather than food miles\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ECooking efficiently, and saving ovens for special occasions rather than everyday use\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EBatch cooking to prepare food using a fraction of the energy\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAvoiding food waste, through careful planning and creative cooking\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fol\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd what did our researchers think of our experiment? \"The biggest surprise for me is how many different foods we all eat in a day,\" says Bridle. \"It's complicated for anyone to figure out for themselves what their food climate impact is. But despite this, the usual trends emerged – that the most important factors are usually the quantities of each animal product, and any long cooking times. I was impressed with your honesty about the food waste, and surprised how much the waste added to the total climate impact.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor Lait, it was how quickly decisions about food start to add up. \"I've done lots of calculations on individual meals or school menus,\" says Lait. \"But seeing over a couple of weeks what a difference your diet makes – it really reminded me how powerful our food choices can be in affecting climate change. We have the opportunity to make these powerful decisions several times a day.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe world's food system is immensely complex, and emissions come from many different sources. Many of these happen before we even pick food off a shelf: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fnews.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fstory\u002F2021\u002F11\u002F1105172\"\u003Eland use, farming, packaging and transport, and pre-retail waste among them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But a few simple rules of thumb can be helpful for finding our way through this maze, to make sure our food choices really do help curb emissions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd, while our experiment has been illuminating, the scale of the challenge of food emissions is deeply sobering. One 2020 review found that even if we had stopped burning fossil fuels immediately, humanity still wouldn't be able to meet the 1.5C limit for global warming set out by the Paris Agreement. Our emissions from food are so high, they alone could \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aba7357\"\u003Etip us over this threshold\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. At 2C warming, coral reefs are almost extinct – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002F2018\u002F10\u002F08\u002Fsummary-for-policymakers-of-ipcc-special-report-on-global-warming-of-1-5c-approved-by-governments\u002F\"\u003Emore than 99%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are expected to vanish – small islands and coastal communities will disappear, and the Arctic will have an ice-free summer \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsr15\u002F\"\u003Eonce every 10 years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo for now, our vegan will continue avoiding animal products, feeling rather pleased with herself, and our vegetarian will fork her compost with renewed determination.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article was produced with additional research by Zubaidah Abdul Jalil, Content Producer at BBC News\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ESarah Bridle is the author of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uit.co.uk\u002Ffood-and-climate-change-without-the-hot-air.html\"\u003EFood and Climate Change: Without the Hot Air\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, published by UIT Cambridge.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ERebecca Lait is a freelance sustainability researcher based in the UK\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EZaria Gorvett is a Senior Journalist at \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and tweets at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fzariagorvett?lang=en\"\u003E@ZariaGorvett\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMartha Henriques is Editor of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffuture-planet\u002F\"\u003EBBC Future Planet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and tweets at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FMartha_Rosamund\"\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism-33"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fsustainability-on-a-shoestring"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-05-02T00:00:01Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The climate benefits of veganism and vegetarianism","headlineShort":"Is veganism always best for the planet?","image":["p0c40sny"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0c40hwm"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In a two-week experiment, BBC Future tracked emissions from a vegan, vegetarian and omnivorous diet – and found some thought-provoking ways to lower emissions from our food.","summaryShort":"Can you count carbon like calories?","tag":["tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Fsustainability","tag\u002Fclimatechange"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-05-01T23:01:05.929891Z","entity":"article","guid":"bad72f2a-89d7-462d-82f9-4dafb50fb4f2","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism","modifiedDateTime":"2022-05-03T09:28:12.279537Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b7f6763e560","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood"],"bodyIntro":"Oyster sauce is a much-loved ingredient of the Chinese dinner table. How is it made, and why is it so irresistible?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf all the intriguing condiments in Chinese cooking, there is one whose moniker probably raises more questions than it answers: that is, oyster sauce. How, you might wonder idly, can such a pale, briny food item as the oyster, rarely cooked, produce something so deeply brown and velvety?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if you've never used it yourself, you've almost certainly had oyster sauce many times, in a wide variety of familiar Chinese dishes. The comforting savouriness of beef with broccoli owes much to this glossy brown sauce, and chow mein, likewise. Oyster sauce is salty and sweet, with a kiss of ginger and a strong umami punch. It has a long history, one that runs in parallel with that of other delicious brown gooey sauces from around the world.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Oyster sauce gets its colour from a source known to everyone who's browned bacon or onions: the Maillard reaction, in which heat causes proteins and sugars to react together, deepening in hue as they become even more delicious. The sauce is made from the liquid oysters have been poached in, boiled until it's caramelised and dark and then enriched with soy sauce and spices. It is not, like a fish sauce or Worcestershire sauce, usually a product of fermentation. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=30KOL4jiCI8\"\u003Eone charming video, a couple in Shenzhen, China, demonstrate the traditional method with many hours of simmering in a wok\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (a bottle of beer appears part way through – the perfect accompaniment to some fishy hijinks). \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world\"\u003EThe long history of the doughnut\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20180126-the-100-most-nutritious-foods\"\u003EThe world's most nutritious foods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190503-the-mystery-taste-that-always-eluded-us\"\u003EThe man who discovered umami\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E Interestingly, while it has likely been made for ages, oyster sauce as a marketable concept is not terribly old. It was in 1888 that the founder of the most prominent oyster sauce brand, Lee Kum Kee, began to package and sell what \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuk.lkk.com\u002Fabout-lee-kum-kee\"\u003Ecompany legend describes as an overboiled oyster soup turned to briny, savoury goo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Since its founding in Zhuhai, China, the company has become a global condiment behemoth. It's not the only sauce on the market, but it is everywhere, and chances are, if you've had oyster sauce, you've had Lee Kum Kee. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c38vqj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to foggy but colourful origin stories, by the way, Lee Kum Kee is in good company with another umami staple: Worcestershire sauce, as conceived by Lea & Perrins. The original Lea and Perrins were chemists who released a fermented sauce of malt vinegar, tamarind extract, anchovies, sugar, and other goodies in 1837.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the legend circulated about the roots of Worcestershire sauce – that a local nobleman returning from India, where he had been Governor of Bengal, commissioned the sauce from them to imitate one he'd had abroad – has some significant plot holes, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.foodbeast.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworcestershire-sauce-history\u002F\"\u003Ethe largest of which is that said nobleman is not known have ever been to India, let alone been a governor\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"But if oyster sauce's origins are humble, the passion it inspires in some chefs is anything but","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut if oyster sauce's origins are humble, the passion it inspires in some chefs is anything but. Brandon Jew, the owner and executive chef of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmisterjius.com\u002F\"\u003EMister Jiu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E's and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsf.eater.com\u002F2020\u002F1\u002F13\u002F21063378\u002Fmamahuhu-brandon-jew-chinese-american-photos-menu\"\u003EMamahuhu\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in San Francisco, for a time made his own oyster sauce. In \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.splendidtable.org\u002Fstory\u002F2018\u002F03\u002F14\u002Fchef-brandon-jew-takes-handmade-oyster-sauce-very-seriously\"\u003Ean episode of the radio show The Splendid Table, he describes oyster sauce to what you'd get if barbecue sauce and fish sauce had a child\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"A pungent child who had trouble making friends on the playground,\" suggests host Francis Lam, \"but really sweet once you get to know them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo make his version, Jew made a stock using the oysters' liquor, their shells, seaweed, and ginger. He then poached oysters in the stock, and dehydrated them, amping up their umami flavour, before frying them with garlic, ginger, tamarind, onion, and anchovies. All that got mixed with brown rice syrup and molasses for sweetness, plus fermented bean paste and soy sauce for yet more umami. Puree, and swoon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c38z11"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJew says on the show that his quest to make oyster sauce from scratch, rather than reaching for a bottle of ready-made, reflected a desire to move past the great sameness afflicting American Chinese cuisine. If many chefs are making their own pickles and bread, in Asian American cuisine he saw a tendency to rely on condiments and flavourings bought rather than made in-house.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut scaling up that baroque version is not a simple process. When I wrote to Jew recently asking about the oyster sauce, he wrote back that at the moment, the sauce isn't in production.   \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I still have dreams to be able to produce the amount that I would need for the restaurant,\" he said. For those curious to taste the results, that's something to look forward to.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-04-27T12:17:38Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The surprising complexity of a classic Chinese condiment","headlineShort":"What gives a famous sauce its kick","image":["p0c38st5"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0c38vqj"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Oyster sauce is a much-loved ingredient of the Chinese dinner table. How is it made, and why is it so irresistible?","summaryShort":"It's a Chinese classic, but do you know how it's made?","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-04-27T00:00:01.413327Z","entity":"article","guid":"c32bc728-eab3-4218-8d50-15e9bce06fed","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-28T09:01:07.050876Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday","_id":"62b4200b1f4b7b0e0a14b64b","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood"],"bodyIntro":"Across the world, strategic seed banks keep safe seeds that could replenish agriculture after a cataclysm. But they aren't just for a worst-case scenario.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImagine an eerie slice of concrete on a frozen northern isle, holding a vault of seeds against the end of the world. The words \"seed bank\", might conjure up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fw3cswsjv\"\u003Ethe so-called Doomsday Vault\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, on the island of Svalbard. There, collections of the world's crops are held in stasis in case of future need, like a catastrophic volcanic eruption, a world war, or rapid sea level rise.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut what most people don't fully comprehend is that the Vault is primarily a back-up, a very placid hard drive of genetic material from a kaleidoscope of far more active facilities all around the world. These gene banks are managed by foundations, universities and governments. In some circles, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Favrdc.org\u002F\"\u003EWorld Vegetable Center\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Taiwan is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pbs.org\u002Fwgbh\u002Fnova\u002Farticle\u002Fwild-relatives-eggplant\u002F\"\u003Efamed for the completeness of their aubergine collection\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Peppers, too, are a specialty, and gene bank manager Maarten van Zonneveld has a particular yen for the mung bean.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMore than 132,000 samples of rice varieties reside in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irri.org\u002Finternational-rice-genebank\"\u003EInternational Rice Genebank in the Philippines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Wheat and corn and their little-known wild relatives swell the storage facilities of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cimmyt.org\u002F\"\u003EInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center\u003C\u002Fa\u003E not far from Mexico City. Other crops have their devotees, and their collections, dotted around the globe.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy and large, these resources are available to plant breeders looking to create better, hardier, or tastier crops. \"The gene bank is part of open science,\" says van Zonneveld. It's there to serve.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bylgrq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut with the rise of large-scale genome sequencing, these repositories are starting to play a new role. If you want to know the evolutionary history of the chili pepper, or how to breed a chickpea that can survive climate change, the seed bank is an intriguing dataset to draw on. It's not just for Doomsday. It's for the day after tomorrow.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen you have information about a plant's genetics, you can correlate its genes to its appearance, hardiness and other qualities. This makes it easier to choose promising parents for potential future varieties. It can also make it easier, once you have bred new plants and have a thousand twiggy saplings of apple, for instance, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencelearn.org.nz\u002Fresources\u002F847-genetic-information-and-apple-breeding\"\u003Epick the ones that are going to have the features you like the most\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. With a snip of leaf tissue, you can generate a sequence revealing which got their father's cold hardiness as well as their mother's convenient height for picking fruit, rather than having to grow and observe them for years. All the others go by the wayside.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn this first batch alone, the team identified more than 1,600 genes in chickpeas that were new to science\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In this first batch alone, the team identified more than 1,600 genes in chickpeas that were new to science","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn this context, a seed bank's tens-of-thousands of samples, or accessions, as they are generally known, start to look like rich pickings for anyone trying to understand how crops tick. Rajeev Varshney, presently at Murdoch University in Australia, put a vast sequencing project in motion when he was at the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icrisat.org\u002F\"\u003EInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in India. The seed bank there has more than 20,000 accessions of chickpeas and their relatives, as well as massive collections of millet and sorghum and other crops, some varieties of which have been wiped out in their original homelands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210330-the-seed-bank-thats-inadvertently-storing-fungi\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe seed banks storing fungi by accident\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fhow-to-bring-life-to-dying-soils\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow to bring life to dying soil\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220210-the-trees-grown-from-space-faring-seeds\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe trees grown from space-faring seeds\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the fall of last year, Varshney and his colleagues \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41586-021-04066-1\"\u003Epublished full genomes of more than 3,300 accessions of chickpeas and their relatives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, one of the largest crop genome sequencing efforts ever. That's just the beginning, he says: \"We had a plan to sequence all accessions… we have the data for another 10,000.\" In this first batch alone, the team identified more than 1,600 genes in chickpeas that were new to science, which may provide leads on new ways to breed disease and climate change resistance into the crop. It helped sketch a family tree suggesting that chickpeas went through a period of unpopularity some thousand years ago; a relatively small number of plants from back then seem to be the ancestors of all living varieties.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn another \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.2104315118\"\u003Ebig sequencing effort published in 2021\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Pasquale Tripodi at CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops in Italy and colleagues sequenced snippets of DNA from more than 10,000 accessions of peppers. Comparing data from peppers held in five different seed banks, they created a family tree which allowed them to trace the long-ago movement of pepper varieties back and forth between Europe and Asia, presumably along trade routes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bybcx2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAlthough this work sequenced only part of the peppers' genomes, it allowed the researchers a glimpse into the plants' history that would not have been possible without genetic technology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs more and more research groups sequence the bounty that seed banks hold, we may uncover not only the hidden travels of these familiar crops and their wild relations, but the genes that might be our saving grace in times of climate uncertainty. The World Vegetable Center, like other seed banks, is making an effort to put genetic and other information in a format that crop breeders can easily browse, says van Zonneveld. \"For many breeders, it's a challenge to select from 10,000 accessions. Where do you start?\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, seed banks put together curated collections of just a few hundred accessions. These might be centred around a theme – plants tested and proven to thrive in a hydroponic farm set-up, plants that don't blanch when salt water soaks their soil, or plants which handle drought well, for instance. Genetic information and detailed physical descriptions can be presented together. Then breeders who work for companies, universities, or other institutions can go shopping, in a sense, for the traits they are hoping to introduce to crops. It's a way get an easy sense of what the banks have to offer.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey're meant to be more than vaults, after all – they're active repositories of what lives on the planet, on hand to produce what might live here in the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-04-01T09:44:31Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why seed banks aren't just for doomsday","headlineShort":"Why seed banks aren't just for doomsday","image":["p0bybdwj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Across the world, strategic seed banks keep safe seeds that could replenish agriculture after a cataclysm. But they aren't just for a worst-case scenario, writes Veronique Greenwood.","summaryShort":"Secrets stored in seeds could transform agriculture","tag":["tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Fagriculture"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-04-01T00:00:46.653403Z","entity":"article","guid":"7cbf354e-3880-4f2e-8821-4f8213cc9627","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-05T21:51:37.470507Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b0527413568","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjessica-brown"],"bodyIntro":"Vegan cheese is now ubiquitous, but few people seem to know what it's actually made of. Here's the lowdown on this delicious-yet-enigmatic substance.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThey may seem synonymous with modern life, but meat and dairy-free alternatives have been around for centuries. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.soyinfocenter.com\u002Fbooks\u002F149\"\u003EFermented tofu, which originated in China\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, for example, has been consumed for around 1,500 years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first development of the modern era occurred in the late 1800s, when the doctor, businessman and health activist John Harvey \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.loc.gov\u002Finside_adams\u002F2020\u002F02\u002Fbattle-creek-diet-fake-meat\u002F\"\u003EKellogg – the man behind the cereal brand – invented a range of dairy-free cheese alternatives, including Nuttolene,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E a product made from nuts that had \"the consistency of cream cheese\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the 20th Century, dairy-free alternatives were readily available, partly thanks to the Beijing-born educator, politician and political activist Li Yu-Ying (also known as Li Shizeng), who was instrumental in bringing soy-based products from East to West. In 1911, he established a soy \"dairy\" near Paris and, from there, produced fermented tofu \"cheese\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese early products gradually evolved into those that more closely resembled, and were marketed as alternatives to, cheese. But until recently, there were only a small number of dairy-free cheese alternatives available on shelves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile meat-free burgers have been making headlines in recent years, dairy-free cheese alternatives have been lagging behind in popularity until very recently. But the stakes are higher now – soaring demand for plant-based alternatives to meat and dairy has pushed huge innovations in recent years to ensure people can swap their favourite foods for more realistic vegan alternatives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220120-the-race-to-make-a-multipurpose-vegan-egg\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe race to make a multipurpose vegan egg\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe reason some vegan alternatives don't taste like meat\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200203-the-hidden-biases-that-drive-anti-vegan-hatred\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe hidden biases that drive anti-vegan hatred\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile there are now realistic meat alternatives, even down to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-020-57565-y\"\u003Eheme compounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that contribute to its colour and flavour, getting to the heart of what makes cheese taste and act like cheese is much more of a challenge, says Ellie Brown, founder of vegan cheesemaker Kinda Co.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis is because cheese has a unique structure that allows it to be solid at room temperature, and melt at a higher temperature. Some vegetable fats can do the same – coconut oil and palm oil, for example, which are both common ingredients in vegan cheeses. But animal cheese can also do something that is difficult to replicate using plant-based ingredients – stretch as it melts. What makes animal cheese go gooey and bubbly when grilled is a protein found in cow's milk called casein. So far, no one has found a vegan alternative.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThankfully, vegan cheese-makers agree that dairy-free alternatives have become much more appetising over the last decade. This is largely thanks to one ingredient: cashew nuts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bw2qp2"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECashews – chosen for their relative creaminess – can be blended into a paste and then fermented, before other ingredients are added to achieve different flavours, such as truffle or chilli.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMuch like the processes used to make dairy cheese, artisan vegan cheesemaker Tyne Chease leaves fermented cashews to age for up to two weeks, depending on the product. Cream cheese, for example, isn’t left to age at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"A lot of smaller and artisanal brands use similar processes to dairy – fermenting, smoking, ageing and adding herbs and spices. It's just that the starter materials are different,\" says managing director James Deane.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen the Newcastle-based company launched in 2014, making vegan cheese out of nuts was a new concept, but now, although the cultures and ratios may differ slightly, this is the process many vegan cheese companies use, says Deane.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETyne Chease's cashew nut base only contains water, salt, cultures and cashew nuts, and has around 12 to 13g of protein per 100g – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nutrition.org.uk\u002Fhealthy-sustainable-diets\u002Fprotein\u002F?level=Consumer\"\u003Ealmost as much protein as there is in prawns or eggs,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E although only around half the protein found in cheddar cheese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECheeses that contain cashews and little else may be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2072-6643\u002F13\u002F9\u002F3291\"\u003Ehealthier than some dairy versions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E because they tend to be lower in saturated fat (though they may still contain moderate levels of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8465168\u002F\"\u003Esalt\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut relying so heavily on cashew nuts creates an ethical issue for the industry. They grow in tropical climates, including in parts of West and East Africa and India. But there are concerns that farmers aren't always given the correct protective gear to extract the nuts from their shells.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There's a huge movement trying to get cashews ethically sourced and make sure the entire supply chain is as ethical as possible,\" says Deane, who only works with supplies who are members of trade organisation Sedex.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd cashews aren't the only main ingredient used in vegan cheeses. Many companies use oils, like coconut oil, which is solid at room temperature and liquid at higher temperatures. One possible concern is that this is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ahajournals.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1161\u002FCIR.0000000000000510\"\u003Every high in saturated fat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – coconut oil contains around 82% saturated fat compared to 63% in butter and only 39% of lard. However, vegan cheesemakers argue that people don't eat cheese, or vegan alternatives, for the health benefits.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I don't think anyone consuming vegan cheese thinks it's healthy,\" says Chantelle Adkins, director of business development at the Vegan Society. \"That's not the intention of vegan cheese – the intention is to give a component to a dish. It's a misconception that vegans are healthy all the time.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bw2vgf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"But you want to eat oil-based products sparingly,\" says Adkins. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2072-6643\u002F14\u002F6\u002F1247\"\u003Erecent study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E into the nutritional profiles of 245 different non-dairy cheeses found that 60% contained high levels of saturated fat, while most contained little protein. Just 15% of those studied had low levels of salt.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo make vegan cheese slightly more nutritious, Adkins predicts that fortifying them with vitamins such as B12, which is found in dairy milk, will be a focus for vegan cheesemakers in the near future.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMozzaRisella, a company producing vegan mozzarella, uses coconut oil alongside sprouted brown rice, which is pressed and mixed with water and apple vinegar. Making vegan cheese this way isn't as complicated as it might sound, says Mauro Vendramin, the company's UK sales manager – despite its first prototype turning out blue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis was 10 years ago, when vegan food wasn't as popular or accessible. In fact, \"vegan\" was still a \"bad word\", Vendramin says, and vegan cheese was mostly sought after by people who were intolerant to lactose, which is found in dairy cheese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow, thanks to more people cutting down on their meat and dairy intake, Vendramin says flexitarians make up a large and expanding portion of its customer base.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut coconut oil brings its own ethical issues, as coconuts are often grown in areas of extreme poverty, mostly in Indonesia and the Philippines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor example, research by the British not-for-profit organisation Ethical Consumer \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ethicalconsumer.org\u002Ffood-drink\u002Fshopping-guide\u002Fvegan-cheese\"\u003Eon the ethics of 19 vegan cheese companies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that only one of the vegan cheese company they looked at uses Fairtrade coconut oil, says Ruth Strange, a writer and researcher at Ethical Consumer. \"The other companies aren't really talking about how they're sourcing it,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the plus side, most companies in the industry are producing their own vegan cheeses – rather than outsourcing the production to a factory elsewhere – which helps to minimise ethical issues that are sometimes found with companies who have long supply chains, such as low wages and dangerous working conditions, Strange says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlongside the vegan cheese companies capitalising on the rise of flexitarians, numerous companies are working to bring cell-based cream cheese to supermarket shelves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUS company Perfect Day, for example, has figured out how to make animal-product-free protein that is structurally identical to the protein in cow's milk, without involving animals. The process involves \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fperfectday.com\u002Fprocess\u002F\"\u003Emicroflora\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – microorganisms such as yeast cells or bacteria, it's not clear which in this case – that have been genetically engineered to contain the instructions for making whey proteins. The microorganisms are grown up in containers, where they survive on fermentation and make large amounts of the whey protein in return.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bw2nnm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe final product isn't yet commercially available, but in the meantime, other vegan cheese companies are also innovating to get closer to the experience of dairy cheese.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOver the last four years, product development and innovation in the industry has been \"insane\", says Adkins. Now companies are looking for other ingredients that could offer a taste and texture to rival cashew nuts. Tyne Chease, for example, is experimenting with seeds and oats, as well as trying different ratios.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe industry is putting a lot more investment into research and development now, Brown says, due to growing interest from people wanting to cut down or cut out animal products.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"People are always coming up with new methods – like recipes that use rice flour or using sourdough starter to ferment their cheese. There's lots of fun things to play around with,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut some argue that no one has yet managed to fully replicate dairy cheese's taste or texture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Crumblier cheeses, such as extra mature cheddar, are slighter harder than mozzarella,\" Adkins says. \"Also, replicating the taste of extra mature cheddar is probably a bit further away – its flavour and taste is escaping everyone.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor the moment, it seems vegan cheesemakers must choose between replicating the taste, or the texture, of cheese. Brown, for example, chooses to focus on taste over texture, because she says it's difficult to achieve both.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Big companies with big budgets will figure these things out,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile vegan cheese arguably has some way to go before it reaches the heights of the plant-based burger analogues we see on supermarket shelves, there's no doubt our options are better than they have ever been. In the meantime, vegan cheesemakers are rolling their sleeves up and enjoying the challenge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, or follow us on \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E or \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E, \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E and \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fget-the-facts"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-17T14:25:13.564Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How vegan cheese is made without milk","headlineShort":"How vegan cheese is made without milk","image":["p0bw17w4"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Vegan cheese is now ubiquitous, but few people seem to know what it's actually made of. Here's the lowdown on this delicious-yet-enigmatic substance.","summaryShort":"Vegan cheese is now ubiquitous, but few people know what it's actually made of.","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-18T01:00:47.813137Z","entity":"article","guid":"55019dbb-7ff2-4c6d-98fc-b87874f2ae45","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-18T11:04:11.875111Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b0cbb603d37","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood"],"bodyIntro":"Our modern kitchens are much safer than cooking over smoke-filled open fires. But not every danger has disappeared…","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECooking might be the way to someone’s heart, but it could also be the way to hospital. The number of accidents involving knives, boiling water, and deep-fat fryers is truly impressive. More than 67,000 children alone are injured in the kitchen in the UK every year, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rospa.com\u002Fhome-safety\u002Fadvice\u002Faccidents-to-children\"\u003Eaccording to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and that doesn’t include those adults who decide to deep-fry a whole chicken or put the bagel knife through their finger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of the dangers lurking in the kitchen are more insidious than you might realise – there is one source of indoor air pollution that you probably use every day and have never suspected. And yet, we’ve come a long way over the last century towards making the kitchen less of a death trap.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter World War Two, the boom in consumer goods and materials meant that the home became flammable in all sorts of exciting new ways. Nylon and other synthetic fabrics draped housewives and children in elegant, fluttering costumes, and now a sleeve against the gas range could not only catch fire, but melt, coating the skin with droplets of molten plastic that caused horrific burns.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwellcomecollection.org\u002Farticles\u002FWec6gyQAAKu4NGJI\"\u003EA 1946 poster campaign from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents\u003C\u002Fa\u003E urged citizens to use close-fitting garments and put guards over fires, lest their children wind up like the one on the poster, sporting a dress of flames. Legislation brought flame retardants to many home furnishings, though lately we’ve realised these have brought other dangers: they are endocrine disruptors, interfering with hormones.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200625-the-hidden-risks-of-cooking-your-food\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe hidden risk of cooking your food\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200909-why-indoor-air-pollution-is-an-overlooked-problem\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe surprising dangers of cooking and cleaning\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190415-how-air-pollution-is-doing-more-than-killing-us\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow air pollution is doing more than killing us\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESometimes the danger in the kitchen came from gadgets intended to be safer than the ones they replaced. Electric kettles are a particularly ironic example. Even as early as the 1920s they had automatic shut-offs intended to keep them from boiling dry, and some even had plugs that would pop out when the correct temperature was reached. However, the plugs could easily plop into a full sink of water if the kettle was on the drainboard (death to whoever was washing the dishes, sadly), and if the safety mechanism made it hard to put a popped plug back in, people would inquisitively shove knives and other metal objects in.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5071042\u002Fpdf\u002Fmedjsouthwest72332-0026.pdf\"\u003EPathologist F E Camps wrote in 1956 of one instance, involving an elderly woman\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: \"Under the impression that there was 'something stuck' she took the plug in one hand, thereby earthing herself with the earth safety metal strip upon it, and with the other hand introduced a metal screw driver into the positive terminal which was still connected to a 25-ampere power plug at 'on', she somewhat naturally received the full charge with fatal results.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0brm9lm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn the 1960s, the British Medical Journal noted that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F2\u002F5465\u002F821.3\"\u003Ethis was still a particular scourge of older ladies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Thankfully, modern electric kettles use a different kind of safety switch, activated by steam and not risking electrocution.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut we have a surprising danger still lingering on in our kitchens, one that most of us have never given much thought to, because it is not flamboyant or dramatic in its effects. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Frmi.org\u002Finsight\u002Fgas-stoves-pollution-health\u002F\"\u003EA growing body of evidence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E suggests that gas stoves, even when they are off, leak methane, and when on, produce carbon dioxide gas and nitrogen oxides. In fact, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1021\u002Facs.est.1c04707\"\u003Eone study out of Stanford University\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that, although it’s small compared to what comes from industry and agriculture, enough methane is leaked from stoves to make a significant contribution to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Perhaps in 20 years’ time we will look back and shake our heads at the dangers we unknowingly harboured","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, nitrogen oxides, produced when the gas is burned, have been linked to respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease. In just a few minutes of cooking on a gas stove without a fan hood on, levels in the kitchen were exceeding US national standards, according to the Stanford study, which was published in January 2022. As Rebecca Leber notes in her \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vox.com\u002F2022\u002F1\u002F27\u002F22902490\u002Fgas-stoves-methane-climate-pollution-health-off\"\u003Ecoverage of this study for Vox\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fije\u002Farticle\u002F42\u002F6\u002F1724\u002F737113?login=false\"\u003Eanother study\u003C\u002Fa\u003E found that kids in homes with gas stoves, rather than electric, were 42% more likely to have asthma.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat doesn't mean electric stoves are without risks. According to research by the National Fire Protection Association, the rate of cooking fires is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nfpa.org\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002FFiles\u002FNews-and-Research\u002FFire-statistics-and-reports\u002FUS-Fire-Problem\u002FFire-causes\u002F2018-Home-Cooking-FIres--Report_FINAL.ashx\"\u003E2.5 times higher in households with electric ranges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0brm693"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike many dangers in the home, both past and present, the gas stove has a strong PR team. Leber notes that this source of pollution can be replaced with an electric or induction stovetop with relatively little trouble, but in the United States, the natural gas industry is working to avoid a consumer exodus, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.motherjones.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2021\u002F06\u002Fhow-the-fossil-fuel-industry-convinced-americans-to-love-gas-stoves\u002F\"\u003Egoing so far as to hire social media influencers to tout the benefits of cooking with gas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They are also lobbying against municipalities banning new gas hookups and transitioning to a cleaner infrastructure.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps in 20 years’ time we will look back and shake our heads at the dangers we unknowingly harboured. But the scientific picture, at least, is growing clearer: your new stove should probably be electric or induction. And in the meantime, remember to switch on your fan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-08T14:41:30Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The hidden dangers lurking in your kitchen","headlineShort":"The hidden menace in your kitchen","image":["p0brmdm9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0brm693"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Our modern kitchens are much safer than cooking over smoke-filled open fires. But, Veronique Greenwood writes, not every danger has disappeared.","summaryShort":"One kitchen staple could harm your health","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-08T01:00:47.027785Z","entity":"article","guid":"06afd3c8-9db2-463b-b33c-cd266b050f49","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-21T15:30:19.839311Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat","_id":"62b41ff61f4b7b2de46d7d78","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"Some of the qualities that make meat \"meaty\" are hard to reproduce with plant-based alternatives. Should we be focusing on replicating them – or trying to make new, tasty alternatives?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EConsidering the environmental impact of the meat industry, and growing appetite from consumers for plant-based foods, you might wonder if we will soon have a vegan alternative for every animal product. From \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fbusiness-43802572\"\u003E\"bleeding\" burgers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Ffood\u002F2021\u002Fjun\u002F09\u002Fhow-to-make-the-perfect-tofish-vegan-fish-recipe-felicity-cloake\"\u003Evegan fish skin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, some new products try to emulate the experience of eating the real thing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there is a lot more going on with meat products than just taste and texture. What do we still have to perfect? And is there any meat that may never be replaced with a vegan alternative?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the most realistic way to recreate a meat without the carbon footprint will be to grow it in a lab. Cultured meats – meat grown in labs from cells – would \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Fes200130u\"\u003Euse far less energy, land, water and produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions than traditional meat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and they are the subject of extensive international research. But even cultured meats are some way off being convincingly meat-like, let alone commercially available.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe first cultured meats were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41538-021-00090-7\"\u003E\"unstructured\" collections of tissue grown in ge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41538-021-00090-7\"\u003El\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41538-021-00090-7\"\u003E\u003Cspan\u003Es\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that lacked the fibrous texture of a whole cut of meat (they even lacked the red colour of raw flesh – that had to be added in with dyes). After all, whole cuts of meat are more than just protein – they are fat, blood vessels and connective tissues. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41538-021-00122-2\"\u003EThe bundles of fat and muscle cells that were produced in early cell cultures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E made for more convincing burgers than steaks.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut increasingly researchers are experimenting with how to give lab-grown meat a more realistic texture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2021, researchers from Osaka University in Japan produced a cultured wagyu beef steak by 3D-printing muscle, fat and vessel cells in gel which were then assembled by hand. The finished steak measured 5mm by 10mm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPrized for its marbled appearance, wagyu beef has a high concentration of fat. The cattle are raised in conditions that mean they use less energy and are fed for longer than other breeds to achieve the desired high density of fat tissue, which gives the meat a buttery flavour. The slow process, and the fact that wagyu beef has protected status, means that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com\u002Fhowto\u002Fguide\u002Fwhat-wagyu-beef\"\u003Ethe meat commands a high retail price\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bknzvw"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Cultured meat in a petri dish (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"But [cultured meat] production is so small, and right now it's so expensive – we cannot make them on a large scale,\" says Mariana Lamas Bezerra, a research assistant at the Centre for Culinary Innovation at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in Canada.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAlthough it scores better on measures of sustainability, cultured meat is also not commonly considered vegan. There are two ways in which it is made: by taking muscle tissue from an animal carcass and then separating it into muscle satellite cells, adult stem cells and multipotent stem cells, or by inducing animal cells to turn into pluripotent stem cells, and culturing new cells from those. The medium in which the cells are cultured also contains horse serum, which is taken from horse blood.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven if cultured meat were considered vegan, for people who have given up meat or are looking to eat less, it might be too revolting to eat. For \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0272494422000032\"\u003E35% of meat-eaters and 55% of vegetarians, the \"unnaturalness\" of cultured meat makes it too disgusting to even try\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The proportion of meat eaters willing to taste cultured meat increased when it was framed as resembling meat, but there was no bump in vegetarians, for whom \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F03670240500530691\"\u003Ethe idea of meat is still a turn off\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut could we recreate something as prized as a wagyu beef steak without needing to use any animal products? Could vegan alternatives ever be as convincing as the real thing?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnimal proteins and plant proteins behave quite differently. You only have to think of the experience of eating veggie burgers made from beans and chickpeas, for example, says Lamas Bezerra. \"They do not have the chewy, bouncy texture of a meat burger – they're often a bit mushy,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFew plant products have the same fibrous, chewy texture of a whole cut of meat, but one exception is jackfruit, which when unripe is fleshy like pork or chicken. It's one of the most popular source materials for vegan meats – but even this would be difficult to piece together into a whole steak, says Lamas Bezerra.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen cooked, plant and animal proteins do different things, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Maillard reaction is what gives cooked foods their \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F87559129.2019.1600538\"\u003Esavoury smell and flavour, and brown colour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Although not only a reaction that occurs in meat products (it occurs during the brewing of beer, coffee and production of chocolate or bread, for example), it partly explains why the whiff of a BBQ or a waft from a takeaway is so appealing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The meaty aroma comes from the release of compounds like thiazoles or thiophenes during roasting or grilling – these can be found in plants too","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen heated to a high temperature, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS073497500500145X\"\u003Eamino acids and sugars on the surface of food rearrange themselves, and in doing so release flavour and aroma compounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The higher the concentration of protein, the more flavour compounds are released, and the higher the sugar concentration, the more aroma compounds there will be. Temperature (and also things like water content) is key to this reaction. Imagine the difference between a sausage boiled to 100C and one lightly charred on a hot grill. Both would be safe to eat, but only one is really appealing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bkp0gs"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A vegan burger in a pan (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe meaty aroma comes from the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0021967307002841\"\u003Erelease of compounds like thiazoles or thiophenes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during high-temperature dry cooking, like roasting or grilling. These can be found in plants, too. One such example is 2-methyl-3-thiophenethiol, which is released by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubs.acs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1021\u002Fjf202183y\"\u003Eroasted meats but is also found in fried sesame seeds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Similar compounds are released by roasted coffee, too. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fbook\u002F9781782421030\u002Fflavour-development-analysis-and-perception-in-food-and-beverages\"\u003Eplant aroma substitutes are harder to find\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo achieve the same release of aroma and flavour from plant proteins, they also have to be heated to a high temperature. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7915956\u002F\"\u003ECooking at high temperatures reduces the nutritional content of all foods\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E, particularly levels of B and C vitamins which are found in both animal and plant products\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. So, plant-based meat products might be tasty, and grilling them might help release some meaty aromas, but they are not necessarily as good for you as the veg they’re made from.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5112432\u002F\"\u003EAnimal-based fats have a unique profile\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that is hard to replicate with plant-based fats. Animal fats are mostly saturated, meaning they melt at higher temperatures, for example, whereas most plant-based fats melt at lower temperatures, with a few exceptions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECoconut oil and palm oil are two of those exceptions, and they are often used in vegan dairy alternatives as a result. But \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbcgoodfood.com\u002Freview\u002Fbest-vegan-cheese\"\u003Evegan cheeses have a different flavour profile and texture to most dairy cheeses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – vegan fats are arguably more convincing in soft cheeses than hard cheeses (vegan, floppy, sliced burger cheese is indistinguishable from the dairy alternative).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile progress has been made on the texture of vegan cheese alternatives, the nutritional profile is still some way off dairy. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200129-why-vegan-junk-food-may-be-even-worse-for-your-health\"\u003ECoconut oil is very high in saturated fats and even has higher levels than animal fats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and unless vegan dairy is fortified (as some vegan milks are) they lack the same levels of nutrients like calcium.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We use dairy in a whole host of ways that might be suitable for swapping out with plant-based alternatives","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut we use dairy in a whole host of ways that might not be immediately obvious and might be much more suitable for swapping out with plant-based alternatives. Powdered milk is used as an ingredient in many food products, from ice cream to infant formula, and might be easier to replace with plants.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInfant formulas are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0023643819312332\"\u003Emost commonly made from cows' milk proteins that are spray-dried to create a powder\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This powder is then reconstituted with water when the milk is required. Spray-drying means the milk powder can be stored for a longer period of time, it makes the milk temperature-stable and anti-microbial, and means you are transporting the milk without unnecessary water weight.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECould plant proteins replace cows' milk proteins in infant formula? The importance of having the right balance of macronutrients (like protein and fat) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) is clear for a product like infant formula. One difficulty for biochemists searching for plant-based alternatives is to reproduce the physical and nutritional properties of the powder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bkp190"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Milk powder sold in a supermarket (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"The challenge is that cows' milk is very consistent – it all comes from the same animal,\" says Cordelia Selomulya, a professor of chemical engineering at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. \"Whereas with plant-based proteins, there are any number of plants we could use.\" Even within pea or faba bean cultivars, for example, there is a great variety of different protein profiles.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We're in the process of working out which work best, which are most soluble, which maintain their nutritional profile [after being spray-dried], and so on,\" says Selomulya.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust as scientists have discovered with vegan eggs, (\u003Cem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220120-the-race-to-make-a-multipurpose-vegan-egg\"\u003Eread more from BBC Future about the ingenious tricks used to make them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E), it might be the case that a blend of legume proteins could be the answer. Peas, for example, have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0963996909002683?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ea high essential amino acid content\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cabdirect.org\u002Fglobalhealth\u002Fabstract\u002F20113222122\"\u003Ebind well with fat and water\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, meaning they can help to emulsify the milk. Meanwhile \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0023643819312332\"\u003Efaba beans are rich in some proteins that are less present in peas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, getting the right blend of proteins is challenging. Plant proteins tend to be larger and form thicker layers between oil and water, which means they are generally poorer emulsifiers than animal proteins.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo perfect recreations of some whole meat products might still be some way off. However, there is reason to think we might soon be able to swap out animal-based ingredients for the right kinds of plant alternatives in many foods. It might be some time before we see a realistic plant-based steak in the supermarket, but should that be the goal?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We should focus less on turning plant-based proteins into meat and focus more on what they do well,\" says Rana Mustafa, a food scientist at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Mustafa studies plant-based proteins in traditional Syrian cuisine, and cites \u003Cem\u003Ekibbeh\u003C\u002Fem\u003E as a good example of a food that works equally well with or without meat. \u003Cem\u003EKibbeh\u003C\u002Fem\u003E are balls of fried wheat and spices that can be filled with meat, chickpeas, lentils – pretty much anything. She envisions a future in which we eat less meat, and more plants that are cooked to bring out the best of their qualities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's not just a fad, it won't go away,\" agrees Lamas Bezerra. \"We're going to see more and more products with different varieties – pork, chicken, seafood, beef, whole cuts. The whole thing is here to stay.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"normal1\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* William Park is a senior journalist at BBC Future and is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fwilliamhpark\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E@williamhpark\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-01-28T14:07:21Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The reason some vegan alternatives don't taste like meat","headlineShort":"The meats that are hard to make vegan","image":["p0bknxqc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Some of the qualities that make meat \"meaty\" are hard to reproduce with plant-based alternatives. Should we be focusing on replicating them – or trying to make new, tasty alternatives?","summaryShort":"Some of the qualities that make meat \"meaty\" are hard to reproduce.","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-01-28T00:30:28.750154Z","entity":"article","guid":"0c372552-a2c6-456a-82b9-f053abcbca84","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-18T15:43:32.225913Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world","_id":"62b41ff71f4b7b2de46d7d7a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fveronique-greenwood"],"bodyIntro":"Doughnuts travelled to the US with Dutch settlers and became a much-loved national snack – despite their invention as a hunger-busting austerity food.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is a soft place in most hearts reserved for doughnuts: the pillowy texture, the crisp jacket of glazing, the sweetness so sweet it almost could put you off doughnuts, but never does, or at least not for long. In bakeries the warm yellow glow of tray upon tray of doughnuts has greeted many a morning customer and lightened many a load. I remember fondly the maple-frosting-capped pastries that graced the shop in my hometown, and chances are, you have an evocative doughnut memory of your own, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelocal.fr\u002F20190814\u002Ffrench-expression-of-the-day-madeleine-de-proust\u002F\"\u003Ea madeleine that's been deep-fat fried\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFried dough is an old, old vice. It probably has been on the menu for as long as flour has been milled and large quantities of animal fat or oil have been on hand. But doughnuts as we usually imagine them are a relatively young food. The North American version known by that name in shops around the world seems to have its origins in the decades after the American Revolution, when a Dutch treat took on a new identity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EReading histories of the doughnut, you might be surprised to find that the confection has long been tinged with nationalism. At the same time that the new nation of the United States was trying to find its footing in the world, its denizens were trying to figure out what was essential about it – about its literature, about its national character, about its food. This meant that writers and commentators looked back on the (rather short) history of the country with a kind of nostalgia mingled with bravado.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore New York was New York, of course, it was New Amsterdam, and writers often reflected on the Dutch customs of earlier eras with treacly fondness. One of these customs was the making of fried dough balls, known as oliekoecken, or oil cakes. \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fww.w.kookhistorie.nl\u002Findex.htm\"\u003EA recipe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for these treats appears in a 17th-Century Dutch cookbook: they are leavened with yeast and studded with dried fruit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210907-the-clever-science-behind-frozen-ramen\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe clever science behind frozen ramen\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210810-the-man-growing-lettuce-for-space-station-salads\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe man growing lettuce for space stations\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201016-why-china-developed-a-fresh-taste-for-milk\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow China learned to love milk\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the earliest mentions of doughnuts in American writing came from Washington Irving, the writer and diplomat, best known for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip Van Winkle. In his 1809 Knickerbocker's History of New York, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gutenberg.org\u002Ffiles\u002F13042\u002F13042-h\u002F13042-h.htm\"\u003Ehe goes on at length about quaint Amero-Dutch folkways\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, describing the \"primitive tea parties\" of the not-so-distant past: \"These fashionable parties were generally confined to the higher classes, or noblesse: that is to say, such as kept their own cows and drove their own wagons,\" he wrote with a mix of sentimentality and condescension. \"It was always sure to boast an enormous dish of balls of sweetened dough, fried in hog's fat, and called doughnuts, or olykoeks – a delicious kind of cake, at present scarce known in this city, except in genuine Dutch families.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b9xtqq"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIdentifying the doughnut as a down-home, folksy food made it more than just dessert – it gave it the colour of an authentic American treat. (The name, by the way, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=M-xwPIWhCFc\"\u003Eposits Jon Townsend of the YouTube channel 18th Century Cooking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, could be derived from the already-well-established confection called ginger nuts, which are little round cookies about the size of walnuts. Doughnuts are little round balls of dough, and thus they are \"nuts\".)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fantasies of homespun goodness surrounding doughnuts continued. More than 50 years after Irving wrote about them, doughnuts had achieved their modern circular shape – but the true how-and-why of this transformation have been lost to time, buried by a just-so-story involving a New England sailor and his mother. One version of this legend holds that Hanson Gregory's mother made doughnuts to take on his trips and he \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Featmagazine.ca\u002Fthe-great-unifier-the-history-of-fried-dough\u002F\"\u003Ejammed it over a handle on the ship's steering wheel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to eat during a storm, but there are nearly infinite variations. Perhaps one needs to look no farther than the material science of the doughnut to understand its perforation: A wad of thick, wet dough tossed into hot oil will still be raw in the middle after the outside is cooked. But if you insist on having a mega-sized pastry, a hole through the centre will help ensure it's evenly cooked.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"For all the joy a doughnut brings, fried dough is something you make when you don't have anything better around","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe culture of New England whaling vessels also involved what are likely to have been slightly fishy doughnuts. With vast quantities of whale fat onboard after a capture and rendering vats on hand, frying was the logical thing to do, Michael Krondl reports in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002Fdp\u002FB00K4JX1BC\u002Fref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1\"\u003Ehis book The Donut: History, Recipes, and Lore from Boston to Berlin\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Men all singing and bawling Doughnuts,\" wrote Mary Brewster, who was onboard a whaler in 1845 as a catch was hauled in. The next day, she wrote: \"This afternoon the men are frying doughnuts… and seem to be enjoying themselves merrily.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDoughnuts' folksy cred may have reached its apex with the doughnut girls of World War One, Salvation Army volunteers who fried doughnuts for American troops. Hundreds of thousands of them were handed out near the trenches, and posters and tributes to these women's devotion in bringing a taste of home to soldiers abound. The Salvation Army's profile was likewise elevated. By the time the war ended, \"their chosen totem, the donut [sic], was an ingrained symbol of home,\" writes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FDonuts-American-John-T-Edge\u002Fdp\u002FB000VYQ2VG\"\u003EJohn T Edge in his book Donuts: An American Passion.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b9xw6x"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut for at least one doughnut girl, the treat's pleasure was gone. Helen Purviance, who was reported to have fried a million doughnuts during the war, was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww-proquest-com.i.ezproxy.nypl.org\u002Fdocview\u002F102639474?accountid=35635&forcedol=true\"\u003Einterviewed by the New York Times on the occasion of a Salvation Army fundraiser afterwards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, when she made doughnuts at the Savoy. \"Miss Purviance said she did not relish the job of cooking doughnuts,\" the report read. \"She said that she has come to associate doughnut frying with the 'horrors of the war'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"There is no glory in war,\" she told the reporter.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIndeed, for all the joy a doughnut brings, fried dough is something you make when you don't have anything better around – on a whaling ship, for instance, or by a muddy trench. (Most famously, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Farts-culture\u002Ffrybread-79191\u002F\"\u003ENative American frybread rose to prominence as a food of adversity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E; it was made by people being horrifically wrenched from their homes by US resettlement policies.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe doughnut of the modern shop may be wrapped up in a narrative of American homespun delights. But fried dough is a comforter of souls, in distressed circumstances or otherwise, the world over. Look beyond the usual options and you'll find a doughnut in most every culture, each of them with their own stories, their own romances, their own devotees who will tell you just exactly what makes a good one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Ftaste-of-tomorrow"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-12-20T12:31:23Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Doughnuts: The fried treat that conquered the modern world","headlineShort":"The invention of the doughnut","image":["p0b9xnzh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Doughnuts travelled to the US with Dutch settlers and became a much-loved national snack – despite their invention as a hunger-busting austerity food.","summaryShort":"From austerity food to a much-loved snack","tag":["tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-12-20T01:00:01.876175Z","entity":"article","guid":"d4cd6f9b-14d4-42d9-a147-685a02c19218","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T19:34:33.045337Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399311},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution","_id":"62b41ff61f4b7b715561bdfa","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmarta-zaraska"],"bodyIntro":"As global temperatures increase and extreme weather events become more common, can gene editing help to tweak our food plants so they can cope with the changes?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAt first glance, it looked like any other plant that can be found growing in the corners of offices or on the windowsills of university laboratories. But this particular tomato plant, grown in 2018 at the University of Minnesota, was different. The bushy tangle of elongated leaves and small red fruits were characteristic of a wild species of tomato plant native to Peru and Ecuador called \u003Cem\u003ESolanum pimpinellifolium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, also known as the red currant tomato. A closer inspection, however, made the plant's uniqueness more apparent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThis particular plant was more compact, with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.locus.ufv.br\u002Fbitstream\u002F123456789\u002F23272\u002F1\u002Fartigo.pdf\"\u003Efewer branches but more fruits than the wild tomato.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Its fruits were also a little darker than was usual, a sign of increased lycopene – an antioxidant linked to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20160304105957id_\u002Fhttp:\u002Fwww.mccordresearch.com\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fpdf\u002FMultivitamin\u002FMulti-Lycopene.pdf\"\u003Elower risk of cancer and heart disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It had, in fact, been designed that way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe plant was created by geneticist Tomas Cermak and his colleagues with the use of Crispr gene editing, a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nobelprize.org\u002Fprizes\u002Fchemistry\u002F2020\u002Fpress-release\u002F\"\u003ENobel Prize-winning technology\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which works like a \"cut and paste\" tool for genetic material. The technique is now revolutionising agriculture and helping create crops for the future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ECermak himself is on a mission to find a perfect tomato, one that would be easy to cultivate, nutritious and tasty, yet more adaptable to a changing climate. \"The ideal plant would be resistant to all forms of stress — heat, cold, salt and drought, as well as to pests,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EClimate change spells trouble for many crops, and tomatoes are no exception. Tomatoes don't like heat, growing best between 18C (64F) and 25C (77F). Cross either side of that threshold and things start going downhill: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com\u002Fu.osu.edu\u002Fdist\u002F9\u002F24091\u002Ffiles\u002F2016\u002F01\u002FSato-et-al-2004-14fgp3s.pdf\"\u003Epollen doesn't form properly, the flowers don't form into berries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the way they should. Once the mercury goes over 35C (95F), \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org\u002Fd31f\u002Fffd49d0a32c40cb3c1e109d1469a2352c732.pdf\"\u003Eyields begin to collapse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A 2020 study showed that by mid-21st Century up to 66% of land in California historically used for growing tomatoes may \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0048969720344478\"\u003Eno longer have temperatures appropriate for the crop\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Other modelling studies suggest that by 2050 large swaths of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-agricultural-science\u002Farticle\u002Fassessing-the-impact-of-global-warming-on-worldwide-open-field-tomato-cultivation-through-csiromk30-global-climate-model\u002F0F9D27D4BC00DE3F5F911A520E63104A\"\u003Eland in Brazil, sub-Saharan Africa, India and Indonesia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E will also no longer have optimal climate for cultivation of tomatoes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b8r47z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOf course, as average temperatures rise, other, previously too chilly regions, may become tomato-friendly. Yet observations in Italy show that weather extremes are something to consider, too. The 2019 growing season in northern Italy was marred by hail, strong winds, unusually high rainfall, and both exceptional frost and exceptional heat. The result was \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tomatonews.com\u002Fen\u002Fitaly-climate-change-is-having-an-impact-on-the-tomato-industry_2_805.html\"\u003Estressed tomato plants and poor harvests\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAnd there is more. Water scarcity, which forces farmers to use lower quality irrigation water, often containing salt, leads to increases in soil salinity – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2018.01778\u002Ffull\"\u003Esomething commercial tomato cultivars don't like\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Higher ozone levels, meanwhile, make \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fplb.13041%20%20\"\u003Etomatoes more susceptible to diseases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E such as bacterial leaf spot\u003Cstrong\u003E.\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fthe-foods-that-reverse-climate-change\u002F\"\u003EThe foods that could reverse climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210412-the-genetic-mistakes-that-could-shape-our-species\"\u003EThe genetic mistakes that could shape our species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002Fa-staple-food-to-withstand-disaster\u002F\"\u003EHow a stable food can be made to withstand disaster\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThat's all troubling, especially considering that tomatoes are currently the largest horticultural crop in the world – humanity produces \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpls.2019.01554\u002Ffull#B54\"\u003E182 million tons \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eof the fruit every year, equivalent to the weight of almost 32 Great Pyramids of Giza. What's more, our appetites for tomatoes are growing fast – over the last 15 years \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tomatonews.com\u002Fen\u002Fbackground_47.html\"\u003Eglobal production of tomatoes rose by more than 30%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EBesides being humanity's favourite fruit, tomatoes also happen to be a model crop: they are fast to grow, easy to breed and relatively simple to manipulate on a genetic level. \"There is more funding available for research than there is for other plant species to develop resources like genome sequences, genetic engineering, and gene editing for tomato,\" says Joyce Van Eck, plant geneticist at the Boyce Thompson Institute in New York. Taken together, this makes tomatoes perfect for study of novel gene editing technologies such as Crispr, which could bring us many climate-adaptive crops in the near future.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Once the climate-smart genes such as these are identified, they can be targeted using Crispr to delete certain unwanted genes, to tune others or insert new ones","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ECrispr is a molecular toolbox scientists have repurposed from bacteria – when bacteria are attacked by viruses, they capture and cut the viral DNA to prevent the aggressor from being able to replicate and so fight it off. In use in plants since 2013, Crispr now allows researchers to modify genome with extreme precision and accuracy to obtain traits they desire. You can insert genes, delete them, and create targeted mutations. In non-human animals Crispr is being used for the study of human disease models, for improving livestock, and could even potentially be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpgl.soe.ucsc.edu\u002FshapiroGB15.pdf\"\u003Eused to resurrecting extinct species\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In plants, it can help create better, tastier, more nutritious and more resistant crops.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThe first step is finding the right genes to target. \"We need to identify the genes responsible or involved in being able to withstand abiotic and biotic stress because otherwise we cannot alter, modify or knock them out by using gene editing,\" says Richard Visser, plant geneticist at Wageningen University, the Netherlands.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EDomesticating crops, tomatoes included, has led to a huge loss of genetic diversity. Modern commercial cultivars may be fast to grow and easy to harvest, but genetically speaking they are plain vanilla. Just \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.db.zs-intern.de\u002Fuploads\u002F1550833944-journal.pone.0209788.pdf\"\u003Efour highly homogenised crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – soybeans, rice, wheat and corn – dominate global agriculture, accounting for more than half of all the world's agricultural land.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EIn contrast, their wild cousins – as well as so-called landraces (traditional varieties adapted to specific locations) – are a treasure box of genetic diversity. This is why scientists now search this genetic pool to identify traits that can be reintroduced into commercial plants – a process much helped by fast-dropping costs of DNA-sequencing technologies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b8r559"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOne 2021 study l\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F1826\u002F16374\u002FDe_Novo_genome_assembly_of_Solanum_sitiens-2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y\"\u003Eooked at the genome of \u003Cem\u003ESolanum sitiens \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E– a wild tomato species which grows in the extremely harsh environment of the Atacama Desert in Chile, and can be found at altitudes as high as 3,300m (10,826ft). The study identified several genes related to drought-resistance in \u003Cem\u003ESolanum sitiens\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, including one aptly named YUCCA7 (yucca are draught-resistant shrubs and trees popular as houseplants).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EThey are far from the only genes that could be used to give the humble tomato a boost. In 2020 Chinese and American scientists performed a genome-wide association study of 369 tomato cultivars, breeding lines and landraces, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.purdue.edu\u002Fhla\u002Fsites\u002Fzhulab\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002Fsites\u002F23\u002F2020\u002F03\u002Fembj.2019103256.pdf\"\u003Epinpointed a gene called SlHAK20 as crucial for salt tolerance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EOnce the climate-smart genes such as these are identified, they can be targeted using Crispr to delete certain unwanted genes, to tune others or insert new ones. This has recently been done with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fprofile\u002FDoan-Hai-Duong\u002Fpublication\u002F344739716_CRISPRCas9-based_precise_excision_of_SlHyPRP1_domains_to_obtain_salt_stress-tolerant_tomato\u002Flinks\u002F6035b0a0a6fdcc37a8497381\u002FCRISPR-Cas9-based-precise-excision-of-SlHyPRP1-domains-to-obtain-salt-stress-tolerant-tomato.pdf\"\u003Esalt tolerance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, resistance to various tomato \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-017-00578-x\"\u003Epathogens\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and even to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fpbi.12952\"\u003Ecreate dwarf plants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which could withstand strong winds (another side effect of climate change). However, scientists such as Cermak go even further and start at the roots – they are using Crispr to domesticate wild plant species from scratch, \"de novo\" in science speak. Not only can they achieve in a single generation what previously took thousands of years, but also with a much greater precision.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EDe novo domestication of \u003Cem\u003ESolanum pimpinellifolium\u003C\u002Fem\u003E was how Cermak and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota arrived at their 2018 plant. They targeted five genes in the wild species to obtain a tomato that would be still \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.locus.ufv.br\u002Fbitstream\u002F123456789\u002F23272\u002F1\u002Fartigo.pdf\"\u003Eresistant to various stresses, yet more adapted to modern commercial farming\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – more compact for easier mechanical harvesting, for example. The new plant also had larger fruits than the wild original.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\"The size and weight was about double,\" Cermak says. Yet this still wasn't the ideal tomato he strives to obtain – for that more work needs to be done. \"By adding additional genes, we could make the fruit even bigger and more abundant, increase the amount of sugar to improve taste, and the concentration of antioxidants, vitamin C and other nutrients,\" he says. And, of course, resistance to various forms of stress, from heat and pests to draught and salinity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b8r4wn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EDe novo domestication could also make orphan crops more attractive. These are plants that are grown on a limited scale, but have a great potential to help food security. Groundcherry, a wild cousin of tomatoes which produces subtly sweet berries, is one such crop that has been recently domesticated with Crispr technology. In the near future, de novo domestication could bring crops as cowpea, sorghum and teff — all cereals native to Africa – to a far wider audience around the world. Crispr is also now being used to improve various other plants, from bananas and grapes to rice and cucumbers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ESome scientists believe that Crispr gene-editing marks the beginning of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2214662820300669\"\u003Esecond green revolution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to help feed the fast-growing human population. Yet although the technology does hold a great promise for crop improvement, it's \"not a miracle potion\", Visser says. There are still technical hurdles to address.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Efficiency of editing can be a problem in some crop species,\" Van Eck says. As opposed to diploid plants like tomato (which have paired chromosomes), those that have more than two paired sets of chromosomes (known as polyploid, like wheat), are much harder to work on. \"You basically have more copies of a gene in polyploids that need to be affected by Crispr than in a diploid,\" Van Eck adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b8r6s7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuote":"In terms of acceptance, the few existing studies on acceptance of Crispr-edited food products show a mixed picture","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003ERegulation and social acceptance are also an issue. Crispr modified plants can be \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F1422-0067\u002F20\u002F2\u002F402\u002Fhtm\"\u003Etransgene-free\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" – meaning that unlike traditional genetically modified (GM) crops, those created by Crispr technology do not contain DNA from a different species (ie transgenic) – that's because the technology either involves simply deleting genes, or may involve inserting genes from a different varieties of the same species (as is being done with tomatoes).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EYet, the few existing studies on acceptance of Crispr-edited food products show a mixed picture. In a cross-country survey conducted in USA, Canada, Belgium, France and Australia, people perceived Crispr-edited and GM food similarly. However, in a 2020 Canadian study, consumers were more willing to accept Crispr-edited foods.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EAnd then, there is the law. Although in 2016 Crispr-edited \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41438-019-0159-x\"\u003Emushrooms fell into a legal loophole in the US \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eand escaped regulation, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Feuropean-journal-of-risk-regulation\u002Farticle\u002Fstatus-under-eu-law-of-organisms-developed-through-novel-genomic-techniques\u002F4812A77647B94B3BB789D3532379C081\"\u003EEurope's highest court decided in 2018 that gene-edited crops\u003C\u002Fa\u003E should be subject to the same stringent regulations that govern conventional GM organisms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EFor Cermak's climate-smart \"ideal tomato\", such legal hurdles paired with consumer hesitance, could prove a major obstacle.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* This article was updated on 7 January 2022 to change Joyce Van Eck's affiliation from Cornell University to the Boyce Thompson Institute, where she is primarily based.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story,\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E– \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ea handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-12-09T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The tomatoes at the forefront of a food revolution","headlineShort":"The next generation of tomatoes","image":["p0b8r62m"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0b8r676"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"As global temperatures increase and extreme weather events become more common, can gene editing help to tweak our food plants so they can cope with the changes?","summaryShort":"A squat wild plant from Peru is at the forefront of the next green revolution","tag":["tag\u002Ffood","tag\u002Fgenetics"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-12-09T01:00:42.926044Z","entity":"article","guid":"fcb6570a-e58c-40f8-aa6d-d540183c6bae","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-28T13:38:58.100714Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood","_id":"62b41ff61f4b7b7abb013882","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fberly-mccoy"],"bodyIntro":"From pesticide detox to increased longevity, the benefits of the sweet stuff for bees go well beyond simply nourishing the hardworking insects in the hive.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt should come as no surprise that bees know a lot about honey. They aren't only honey producers, they are also consumers, and pretty sophisticated ones at that. Offer a sick bee different varieties of honey, for example, and it will choose the one that best fights off its infection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople, on the other hand, have a lot of catching up to do when it comes to the nutritional nuances of honey. Just a few decades ago, most lists of \"functional foods\" – those that offer health benefits beyond basic nutrition – failed to mention it, says entomologist May Berenbaum, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. \"Even beekeepers – and certainly bee scientists – considered it nothing more than sugar water.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESince that time, a large body of research has revealed that honey is chock-full of plant chemicals that influence honey bee health. Components in honey can help bees live longer, boost their tolerance of harsh conditions such as intense cold and heighten their ability to fight off infections and heal wounds. The findings hint at ways to help bees, which have been hit hard in recent years by parasites, pesticide exposure and habitat loss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It's just such a remarkable substance, and I think people maybe still don't quite appreciate it,\" says Berenbaum.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190507-honey-bees-africas-untapped-resource\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe untapped potential of Africa's honey bees\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20140502-what-if-bees-went-extinct\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat would happen if bees went extinct?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20161215-why-bees-could-be-the-secret-to-superhuman-intelligence\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy bees could be the secret to superhuman intelligence\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's tasty on toast or stirred into tea, but honey is much more than a sweetener. Certainly, the viscous liquid is mostly sugar, which hive members use for sustenance, but it also harbours enzymes, vitamins, minerals and organic molecules that give each honey its uniqueness and confer a slew of health benefits to bees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA variety of insects can produce honey – bumblebees, stingless bees, even honey wasps – but only honey bees (\u003Cem\u003EApis \u003C\u002Fem\u003Especies) produce enough to stock grocery store shelves. This ability didn't happen overnight; it was millions of years in the making.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b5m633"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBees made the split from wasps around 120 million years ago, during a surge in the evolution and spread of flowering plants. This floral diversity – along with a shift in bee behaviour of feeding pollen, rather than insects, to bee larvae – spurred the evolution of the approximately 20,000 bee species known today.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBecoming an expert honey-maker took a few more behavioural and chemical tricks. Bees started adding a bit of nectar to the pollen, which moulded it into more transportable bundles. They also developed wax secretion glands, which provided a way to separately store the liquid nectar and solid pollen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The wax allows for a very flexible building material,\" says Christina Grozinger, an entomologist at Penn State University, who studies mechanisms underlying bee social behaviour and health. When forming a honeycomb, honey bees mould wax into hexagons, which turns out to be the most efficient shape to store something, since hexagons pack tightly together. \"It's an engineering feat,\" Grozinger says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConstructing many small, uniform cells has another advantage: more surface area means water evaporates faster, and less water means less microbial growth.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe process to yield honey that will fill those comb cells begins as soon as a foraging bee slurps up nectar. Though it might look like she is eating it, the sugary snack doesn't end up in her stomach, at least not in the traditional sense. She stores it in her crop, or honey stomach, where it mixes with various enzymes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of the first enzymes to go to work is invertase, which snips the nectar's sucrose molecules in half, yielding the simple sugars glucose and fructose (strangely, research suggests that bees don't have the genes to make this sucrose-snipping enzyme – a microbe that lives in bee guts probably makes it). Upon returning to the hive, the honey bee then regurgitates the payload to the first of an assembly line of bees. The mouth-to-mouth passage that follows lowers the water content and introduces more enzymes, processes that continue the nectar breakdown and stop microbes from growing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b5m63p"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe bees next deposit the mixture into a hive cell, then evaporate more water by fanning their wings. Another enzyme goes to work – glucose oxidase – which converts some of the glucose into gluconic acid that will help preserve the honey. The chemical reaction also lowers the pH – increasing the acidity – and produces hydrogen peroxide, which prevents microbes from growing but can become toxic at high levels. Still more enzymes, likely brought in with pollen and yeasts, break down some of the peroxide, keeping its levels in check.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFinally, the cell is ready to be capped with wax. Nurse bees will feed the processed honey to other members of the hive and the remainder will be stored for cold or rainy days.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESweet medicine\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENectar is what led Berenbaum to honey, an interest that first blossomed in the mid-1990s. She knew that nectar was infused with plant chemicals, called phytochemicals: compounds that deter pests and help with plant growth and metabolism. She had a hunch that these phytochemicals were coming along for the ride when bees turned nectar into honey. And if they were, she wanted to know what they might be doing for the bees.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo Berenbaum began probing the diversity of chemicals in honey. In 1998, her team found that different honeys contained different levels of antioxidants depending on the honey's floral origin. \"That piqued my interest,\" she says. Her group later found that honey bees fed sugar water mixed with two honey phytochemicals – p-coumaric acid and the potent antioxidant quercetin – tolerated pesticides better than ones that just got the sugar water. On top of that, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2075-4450\u002F8\u002F1\u002F22\"\u003Ebees that received the water laced with phytochemicals lived longer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than the bees that did not, she and her colleagues reported in 2017 in\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003Ethe journal Insects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther research has unearthed the effects of additional phytochemicals in honey. Abscisic acid boosts bees' immune response, improves wound-healing time and tolerance to cold temperatures, studies show. Other phytochemicals blunt the impact of parasites, one of the major causes of honey bee decline: for example, giving fungus-infected honey bees a syrup containing thymol, a phytochemical from thyme plants, cut the number of fungal spores by more than half. Phytochemicals have even been shown to inhibit the bacteria that cause European and American foulbrood, the latter of which is so devastating and contagious that burning whole hives is recommended to prevent its spread. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome phytochemicals seem to do their stuff by enhancing the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fjee\u002Farticle\u002F110\u002F5\u002F1959\u002F3988364?login=true\"\u003Eactivity of genes related to detoxification and immunity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When bees are fed nectar phytochemicals such as anabasine, for example, a gene in charge of making antimicrobial proteins dialled up production, a team reported in 2017 in the Journal of Economic Entomology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b5m64l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd phytochemicals might confer health by keeping happy the microbial communities that live in and on honey bees: their microbiomes. Caffeine, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid and kaempferol all \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fjam.14897\"\u003Eimprove the diversity and quantity of honey bee gut microbes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, researchers reported last year in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. Healthy gut microbiomes in honey bees have been linked to lower intensities of multiple parasitic infections.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHoney bees even choose a health-improving variety of honey when they're sick.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEntomologist Silvio Erler and his team presented parasite-infected honey bees with four honey types. \"We simply gave them a choice,\" says Erler, now at the Julius Kühn-Institut in Germany. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs00265-014-1786-8\"\u003Esick bees preferred sunflower honey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which was also the best medicine for the infection and had the highest antibiotic activity, the team reported in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHoney bee, heal thyself?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the immunity boost and other health benefits of honey, bees are still in trouble. US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Focm.auburn.edu\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnews_articles\u002F2021\u002F06\u002F241121-honey-bee-annual-loss-survey-results.php\"\u003Ebeekeepers lost 45% of their colonies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between April 2020 and April 2021, the second-to-worst year since the survey by the non-profit Bee Informed Partnership began in 2006. While beekeepers often leave some honey in the hive, having a variety of honey seems to matter: research suggests that different honeys, derived from bees foraging on black locust tree flowers, sunflowers or a mix of flowers, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1002\u002Fece3.1252\"\u003Eward off different types of bacteria\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EErler likens this variety to a pharmacy. \"We go to the pharmacy... and say we need this for the headache and this for stomach pain. And in the pharmacy, we have all these together.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Despite the immunity boost and other health benefits of honey, bees are still in trouble","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut bees are able to build up their honey pharmacy \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fsustainability\u002F2017\u002Fwhole-food-diet-bees\"\u003Eonly if the right flowers are available\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – not just in numbers and diversity, but throughout the growing season, says Berenbaum, who coauthored an overview of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-ento-040320-074933\"\u003Ehoney's impact on bee health\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the 2021 Annual Review of Entomology. This biodiversity is lacking in the large crop fields that bees are shipped to each year to pollinate staples like almonds, apples, pumpkins and pears.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EImproving the floral diversity does make for healthier bees, says Arathi Seshadri, an entomologist at the United States Department of Agriculture Honey Bee Health Lab in Davis, California. And the USDA incentivises landowners to convert sections of crop land into wildlife areas through the Conservation Reserve Program. \"Agriculture has to go on,\" Seshadri says. \"But it also has to sustain pollinators.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBetter bee nutrition won't solve all the problems bees face. But making sure that honey bees have access to their own medicine may help, Erler says. Beekeepers, he suggests, could leave portions of the honey made from various blooms in the hive so that bees have a well-stocked honey pharmacy all year long.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd Berenbaum, who began her investigations years ago because she didn't think honey was getting nearly enough research respect, says that the accumulating knowledge is a step in the right direction. \"I'm glad,\" she says, \"to see it's finally attracting some attention.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E*Berly McCoy is a freelance science writer and producer based in Northwest, Montana. Find her on Twitter \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Ftravlinscientst\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@travlinscientst\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fliving-world\u002F2021\u002Fbee-gold-honey-superfood\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Earticle originally appeared in Knowable Magazine\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, an independent journalistic endeavour from Annual Reviews. Sign up for \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knowablemagazine.org\u002Fpage\u002Fnewsletter-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Etheir newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC Future\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-11-25T00:00:20Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Bee gold: Why honey is an insect superfood","headlineShort":"The 'remarkable' power of honey","image":["p0b5m60z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":false,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From pesticide detox to increased longevity, the benefits of the sweet stuff for bees go well beyond simply nourishing the hardworking insects in the hive.","summaryShort":"Bees benefit far more from the sweet stuff than we realised","tag":["tag\u002Finsect","tag\u002Ffood"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-11-25T10:16:19.586661Z","entity":"article","guid":"16094e82-70ba-45a5-a2e9-fc55de00cd68","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T19:32:43.029993Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313}},"tags":{"tag\u002Ffood":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Ffood","_id":"62b420ab1f4b7b64a539efcf","assetImage":["p09g0nzq"],"description":"The BBC’s latest food stories from around the world","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F10646","name":"Food","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T10:24:16.885549Z","entity":"tag","guid":"008f74c0-b17b-4954-b5a1-8df55b6dadc4","id":"tag\u002Ffood","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T23:20:21.562403Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Ffood","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313},"tag\u002Fspace":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fspace","_id":"62b4209c1f4b7b603c089242","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Space","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T10:48:51.477278Z","entity":"tag","guid":"0dde5e36-9628-4922-a41e-823f38715f34","id":"tag\u002Fspace","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T23:51:27.289252Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fspace","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"tag\u002Fagriculture":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fagriculture","_id":"62b420961f4b7b603c08922e","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC's latest agriculture stories from around the world","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F627","name":"Agriculture","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T10:56:06.722457Z","entity":"tag","guid":"305a08c5-107b-49e2-ba77-9fcd61081645","id":"tag\u002Fagriculture","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:57:50.18517Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fagriculture","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"tag\u002Fplant":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fplant","_id":"62b4209b1f4b7b575132e80a","assetImage":null,"description":"BBC Travel’s latest stories about plants and gardening around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Plant","creationDateTime":"2015-08-31T16:14:05.26893Z","entity":"tag","guid":"6138c1c2-f56c-4ef9-95cf-664d27060fa2","id":"tag\u002Fplant","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T23:43:01.077606Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fplant","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"tag\u002Fclimatechange":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fclimatechange","_id":"62b420971f4b7b64ed4e493a","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC's latest stories on climate change from around the world","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttp:\u002F\u002Fdbpedialite.org\u002Fthings\u002F47512","name":"Climate change","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T11:21:04.418036Z","entity":"tag","guid":"a2a677db-ad10-41f4-a778-b4c3f8354e62","id":"tag\u002Fclimatechange","modifiedDateTime":"2022-05-26T11:33:04.054205Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fclimatechange","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"tag\u002Fenvironment":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fenvironment","_id":"62b420971f4b7b64cb2029dd","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC latest environment stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Environment","creationDateTime":"2019-08-06T20:06:20.300592Z","entity":"tag","guid":"10d417b3-9778-4a46-a481-05abe9d60810","id":"tag\u002Fenvironment","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T23:17:35.467101Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fenvironment","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"tag\u002Fbabies":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fbabies","_id":"62b420ab1f4b7b6071419b6f","assetImage":null,"description":"All the BBC's stories about infants and young children","linkUrl":"","name":"Babies","creationDateTime":"2022-06-22T15:11:13.497232Z","entity":"tag","guid":"40279ea6-8f77-41d1-a0a7-ddddceb2d7c4","id":"tag\u002Fbabies","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-22T15:11:13.497232Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fbabies","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"tag\u002Fparenting":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fparenting","_id":"62b4209b1f4b7b64b80759c2","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Parenting","creationDateTime":"2015-10-14T14:48:16.532929Z","entity":"tag","guid":"c1015e9e-70a2-4d2a-a386-b20fb240ba88","id":"tag\u002Fparenting","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T23:41:18.951768Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fparenting","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399309},"tag\u002Fsustainability":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fsustainability","_id":"62b4209c1f4b7b526832b598","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC’s latest sustainability stories from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Sustainability","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T11:15:28.33822Z","entity":"tag","guid":"8c7980e9-39cc-4b2b-a9ae-fac193a4b669","id":"tag\u002Fsustainability","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-29T17:09:04.557968Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fsustainability","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399310},"tag\u002Fgenetics":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fgenetics","_id":"62b420991f4b7b574e0bfa5d","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Genetics","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T11:12:14.962171Z","entity":"tag","guid":"7e721087-2a2e-4b96-bdc7-c8265248dbeb","id":"tag\u002Fgenetics","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T23:22:24.242657Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fgenetics","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399312},"tag\u002Finsect":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Finsect","_id":"62b420991f4b7b64e471f266","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"","name":"Insect","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T10:59:44.14649Z","entity":"tag","guid":"451fff35-3706-42f1-a916-db5f99056d9c","id":"tag\u002Finsect","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T23:28:27.732696Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Finsect","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313}},"navigations":{"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:navigation:future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture","_id":"62b420951f4b7b603c08922b","item":[{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"What is BBC Future?","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20151016-welcome-to-a-home-for-the-insatiably-curious\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-0"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Future Planet","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ffuture-planet\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-1"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Inner Space","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Finner-space\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-2"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Follow the Food","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fbespoke\u002Ffollow-the-food\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-3"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Health Gap","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fhealth-gap\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-4"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Family Tree","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-5"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Best of BBC Future","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-6"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Food Fictions","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Ffood-fictions\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-7"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Towards Net Zero","showFeaturedButton":true,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ftowards-net-zero\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-8"},{"lineOne":"","lineTwo":"Latest","showFeaturedButton":false,"url":"\u002Ffuture\u002F","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture-9"}],"primaryVertical":"future","creationDateTime":"2019-10-01T10:29:56.281346Z","entity":"navigation","guid":"1f57ee8d-68c2-4d5c-b04e-76251d83fd33","id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture","modifiedDateTime":"2022-07-13T10:15:29.167894Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture","cacheLastUpdated":1658317397815}},"partners":{"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fyale-360":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:partner:future\u002Fpartner\u002Fyale-360","_id":"62b420921f4b7b571d01b6e1","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fe360.yale.edu\u002F","name":"Yale e360","primaryVertical":"future","promoImage":null,"creationDateTime":"2020-10-13T15:04:22.434617Z","entity":"partner","guid":"c17da19f-3e25-4801-81d0-d280b0da856f","id":"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fyale-360","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:54:18.813863Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fyale-360","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399308},"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:partner:future\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine","_id":"62b420931f4b7b646376ba15","assetImage":null,"description":"","linkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220720114317\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fwww.knowablemagazine.org\u002F","name":"Knowable Magazine","primaryVertical":"future","promoImage":null,"creationDateTime":"2019-10-02T10:37:34.721417Z","entity":"partner","guid":"2b4e0ffc-eb25-4122-8089-c1c931c06851","id":"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:53:11.444426Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine","cacheLastUpdated":1658317399313}},"modules":{},"indexModules":{},"aroundTheBBC":{},"weathers":{},"destinations":{},"videos":{}},"ads":{},"destinationsAZ":{"azIndexFilter":"Continent"},"collectionsAZ":{"indexFilter":"MOST_RECENT"},"relatedArticlesById":{},"article":{"currentActiveArticle":null,"primaryArticle":null},"loader":{"message":null,"show":false},"location":{"currentLocation":"\u002Ffuture\u002Ftags\u002Ffood","previousLocation":null,"isFirstRendering":true},"serverRender":true,"hasArticleHero":{"value":false},"visitedCollectionIndex":false,"visitedTagIndex":false,"metaData":{"title":null},"fetchArticleGroupByArticleId":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null,"endpoint":null},"fetchArticleById":{"isFetching":null,"error":null},"fetchTagsByVertical":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchCollectionsIndexByVerticalReducer":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchDestinationsIndexByVerticalReducer":{"isFetching":false,"error":null},"fetchNavigationById":{"isFetching":false,"id":"future\u002Fnavigation\u002Ffuture","error":null},"fetchCollectionById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchDestinationById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchAroundTheBBCByVertical":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchTagById":{"isFetching":false,"id":"tag\u002Ffood","error":null},"fetchWeatherById":{"isFetching":false,"id":null,"error":null},"fetchModuleByVertical":{"isFetching":null,"error":null},"pagination":{"articleInfiniteScroll":{},"collectionArticlesIndex":{},"tagArticlesIndex":{"primaryArticles":{"site\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002Ftag\u002Ffood":{"pages":{"1":{"isFetching":false,"error":null,"items":["future\u002Farticle\u002F20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220701-how-heatwaves-are-creating-a-pollen-crisis","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220627-how-orange-juice-took-over-the-breakfast-table","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220622-whats-really-inside-babies-first-foods","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-is-a-vegan-diet-healthy-for-kids","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220525-infant-formula-the-superfood-you-never-think-about","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220506-are-decaffeinated-coffee-alternatives-better-for-health","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220429-the-climate-benefits-of-veganism-and-vegetarianism","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220426-the-surprising-complexity-of-a-classic-chinese-condiment","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220331-why-seed-banks-arent-just-for-doomsday","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220317-what-is-vegan-cheese-actually-made-from","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220228-the-hidden-dangers-lurking-in-your-kitchen","future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-the-reason-some-vegan-alternatives-dont-taste-like-meat","future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-doughnuts-the-fried-treat-that-conquered-the-modern-world","future\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-tomatoes-at-the-forefront-of-a-food-revolution","future\u002Farticle\u002F20211122-bee-gold-why-honey-is-an-insect-superfood"],"cacheLastUpdated":1658317399317}},"totalItems":215,"totalPages":14,"currentPage":1,"itemsPerPage":16}}},"verticalArticlesIndex":{},"premiumCollectionArticlesIndex":{},"swimlaneCollectionArticles":{},"destinationArticlesIndex":{}}}</script> <script>window.__ENTITY_ROUTES__ = {"article":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"previewArticle":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fpreview\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Farticle\u002F:primaryArticleId"},"premiumCollection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fpremium-collection\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexColumn":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fcolumns\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"collectionArticlesIndexSection":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fsections\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fcolumn\u002F:id"},"tagArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Ftags\u002F:id","entityMapping":":moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Ftag\u002F:id"},"tagsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Ftags","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Ftags"},"verticalArticlesIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)"},"collectionsColumnsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fcolumns","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"collectionsSectionsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(future|worklife|culture|travel)\u002Fsections","entityMapping":"\u002F:moduleId\u002Fcollections"},"destinationsIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(travel)\u002Fdestinations","entityMapping":"\u002Fdestinations"},"destinationIndex":{"path":"\u002F:moduleId(travel)\u002Fdestinations\u002F:destinationId","entityMapping":":moduleId\u002Fdestination-guide\u002F:destinationId"}};</script> <script>window.__PWA_CLIENT_SIDE_ENABLED__=true</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static-web-assets.gnl-common.bbcverticals.com/features/pwa/20220627-121132-6c8d5ccb739bf0e69926695c29fb48bc3e1fbf37/static/js/bundle.2217920b.js"></script> <script>window.BBC_GNL_PWA_MAIN();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = '50924'; _sf_async_config.domain = 'bbc.co.uk'; _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.sections = 'future'; _sf_async_config.path = '/future/tags/food'; _sf_async_config.authors = false; /** CONFIGURATION END **/ function loadChartbeat() { var e = document.createElement('script'); var n = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; e.type = 'text/javascript'; e.async = true; e.src = '//web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'; n.parentNode.insertBefore(e, n); } loadChartbeat(); })(); </script> </div> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer" dir="ltr"> <div id="navp-orb-footer-promo"></div><aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation" aria-label="BBC"><h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2><div class="orb-footer-primary-links"><ul class="domestic"><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#B80000" d="M302,424h-68c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,422.552,232,422V306c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,304,234,304h68c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S304,305.448,304,306v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S302.552,424,302,424z"></path><path fill="#EB0000" d="M422,280H234c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,278.552,232,278V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,88,234,88h188c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v188c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,280,422,280z"></path><path fill="#D30000" d="M206,328H90c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S88,326.552,88,326V210c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S89.448,208,90,208h116c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S206.552,328,206,328z"></path></g></svg><span>News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#FFD230" d="M90,184h332c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,182.552,424,182V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,89.448,88,90v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414S89.448,184,90,184z"></path><path fill="#FFA100" d="M306,424h116c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,422.552,424,422v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,328,422,328H306c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S304,329.448,304,330v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S305.448,424,306,424z"></path><path fill="#FFBA00" d="M210,304h212c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,302.552,424,302v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,208,422,208H210c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S209.448,304,210,304z"></path></g></svg><span>Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#067EB3" d="M316.234,368.56l52.326-52.326c0.391-0.391,0.586-0.902,0.586-1.414c0-0.512-0.195-1.024-0.586-1.414 L252.594,197.44c-0.391-0.391-0.902-0.586-1.414-0.586s-1.024,0.195-1.414,0.586l-52.326,52.326 c-0.391,0.391-0.586,0.902-0.586,1.414s0.195,1.024,0.586,1.414L313.406,368.56c0.391,0.391,0.902,0.586,1.414,0.586 C315.332,369.146,315.844,368.95,316.234,368.56z"></path><path fill="#1969A6" d="M90,424h74c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S166,422.552,166,422V258c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S164.552,256,164,256H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,257.448,88,258v164c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S89.448,424,90,424z"></path><path fill="#149EDC" d="M258,166h164c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,164.552,424,164V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H258c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S256,89.448,256,90v74c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S257.448,166,258,166z"></path></g></svg><span>Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#DC2878" d="M182,358h-68c-0.55,0-1.05-0.225-1.412-0.587C112.225,357.05,112,356.55,112,356V156 c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414S113.448,154,114,154h68c0.55,0,1.05,0.225,1.413,0.587C183.775,154.95,184,155.45,184,156v200 c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414S182.552,358,182,358z"></path><path fill="#FF4C98" d="M372.106,248.243l34-58.89c0.275-0.476,0.33-1.022,0.197-1.517c-0.133-0.495-0.453-0.94-0.93-1.215 l-173.205-100c-0.478-0.276-1.023-0.332-1.518-0.2c-0.494,0.132-0.938,0.454-1.214,0.932l-34,58.89 c-0.275,0.476-0.33,1.022-0.197,1.517c0.133,0.495,0.453,0.94,0.93,1.215l173.205,100c0.478,0.276,1.023,0.332,1.518,0.2 C371.386,249.042,371.83,248.721,372.106,248.243z"></path><path fill="#AF0D5B" d="M372.106,263.757l34,58.89c0.275,0.476,0.33,1.022,0.197,1.517c-0.133,0.495-0.453,0.94-0.93,1.215 l-173.205,100c-0.478,0.276-1.023,0.332-1.518,0.2c-0.494-0.132-0.938-0.454-1.214-0.932l-34-58.89 c-0.275-0.476-0.33-1.022-0.197-1.517c0.133-0.495,0.453-0.94,0.93-1.215l173.205-100c0.478-0.276,1.023-0.332,1.518-0.2 C371.386,262.958,371.83,263.279,372.106,263.757z"></path></g></svg><span>iPlayer</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#A13104" d="M122,304H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,302.552,76,302v-92c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,208,78,208h44c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S124,209.448,124,210v92c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S122.552,304,122,304z"></path><path fill="#D24712" d="M230,376h-80c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S148,374.552,148,374V138c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S149.448,136,150,136h80c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S232,137.448,232,138v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S230.552,376,230,376z"></path><path fill="#FA6400" d="M422,424H258c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S256,422.552,256,422V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S257.448,88,258,88h164c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v332c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,424,422,424z"></path></g></svg><span>Sounds</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#6100A8" d="M134,400H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,398.552,76,398V162c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,160,78,160h56c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S136,161.448,136,162v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S134.552,400,134,400z"></path><path fill="#7222C6" d="M254,400h-92c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S160,398.552,160,398V114c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S161.448,112,162,112h92c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S256,113.448,256,114v284c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S254.552,400,254,400z"></path><path fill="#963CE1" d="M444.77,373.863l-85.829,26.232c-0.529,0.162-1.073,0.093-1.526-0.148s-0.812-0.655-0.973-1.184 L273.901,126.63c-0.16-0.528-0.091-1.07,0.149-1.521c0.241-0.451,0.653-0.811,1.18-0.972l85.829-26.232 c0.529-0.162,1.073-0.093,1.526,0.148s0.812,0.655,0.973,1.184l82.542,272.133c0.16,0.528,0.091,1.07-0.149,1.521 C445.71,373.342,445.297,373.702,444.77,373.863z"></path></g></svg><span>Bitesize</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies"><span>CBeebies</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc"><span>CBBC</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food"><span>Food</span></a></li></ul><ul class="international"><li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/news"><span>News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/sport"><span>Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/reel"><span>Reel</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/worklife"><span>Worklife</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/travel"><span>Travel</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/future"><span>Future</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/culture"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m"><span>TV</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/weather"><span>Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds"><span>Sounds</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><footer role="contentinfo"><div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner"><div><ul><li class="orb-footer-terms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="orb-footer-about"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc">About the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-privacy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="orb-footer-cookies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/cookies/">Cookies</a></li><li class="orb-footer-accessibility"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li><li class="orb-footer-parental"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance">Parental Guidance</a></li><li class="orb-footer-contact"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact">Contact the BBC</a></li><li class="domestic orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">BBC emails for you</a></li><li class="international orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li><li class="international orb-footer-ads"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbcglobalnews.com/">Advertise with us</a></li><li class="international orb-footer-adchoices"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies/how-does-the-bbc-use-cookies-for-advertising/">AdChoices / Do Not Sell My Info</a></li></ul><small><em class="orb-hilight">Copyright © 2022 BBC.</em> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <span class="orb-footer-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></span></small></div></div></div></footer></div><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/redirect.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/performance.js" data-release="3.0.0-2191.8e587f60" data-ux="v5" async=""></script> <script type="module" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317jm_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/more-drawer.mjs"></script> <script type="module" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317jm_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/orbit.mjs" async=""></script><script nomodule="" type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/orbit.js" async=""></script> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { function loadJs(url) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.src = url; script.async = true; document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0].appendChild(script); } window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { loadJs('https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/24c857dedbf28a9407c12504883e6c3e/js/edr.js'); } }); })(); /*]]>*/</script> <script type="module">if (window.bbcuser && window.bbcuser.isUKCombined) { bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function (isUK) { if (isUK) { import('https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/a09604052573bb19bead51a4b2aba66c//js/search-suggest.js').then(drawer => { drawer.setupSearchDrawer({ searchboxAppStaticPrefix: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/a09604052573bb19bead51a4b2aba66c/', variant: 'default', }); }); } }); }</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/navpromo/34f98a4c8573fabed16dc8acea28feb8/js/footerpromo.js" data-base="https://navpromo.api.bbci.co.uk" data-variant="" async=""></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.COOKIES_STATIC_HOST="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/3f9f645bbdc728a44b169085209ac07f/cookie-banner/cookie-prompt/"</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/cookies/3f9f645bbdc728a44b169085209ac07f/cookie-banner/cookie-banners.bundle.js" async=""></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk//user-activity-helper/a8196ecdef2d10b40b1afc53b833773a/js/detectview.bundle.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">"use strict";window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){return e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Failed to load reverb. No event sent")});</script><noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317im_/https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=17986528&cs_ucfr=0&cv=2.0&cj=1"></noscript> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317js_/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/5.0.12//js/NotificationsMain.js" defer="defer"></script><script type="module">const drawerAPI = await window.shimport('orbit-drawer'); !window.location.href.includes('/notifications') && window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { window.NotificationsMain.run(drawerAPI, "https://web.archive.org/web/20220720114317/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/5.0.12/");}})</script> </body> </html>