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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1931–1948:_childhood_and_adolescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 1931–1948: childhood and adolescence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1931–1948:_childhood_and_adolescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1949–1960:_university_and_career_in_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1949–1960:_university_and_career_in_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1949–1960: university and career in construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1949–1960:_university_and_career_in_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CPSU_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CPSU_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 CPSU career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-CPSU_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle CPSU career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-CPSU_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960–1975:_early_membership_of_the_Communist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1975:_early_membership_of_the_Communist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1960–1975: early membership of the Communist Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1975:_early_membership_of_the_Communist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976–1985:_First_Secretary_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976–1985:_First_Secretary_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1976–1985: First Secretary of Sverdlovsk Oblast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976–1985:_First_Secretary_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985:_relocation_to_Moscow_to_become_Head_of_Gorkom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985:_relocation_to_Moscow_to_become_Head_of_Gorkom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1985: relocation to Moscow to become Head of Gorkom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985:_relocation_to_Moscow_to_become_Head_of_Gorkom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987:_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987:_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1987: resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987:_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic subsection </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1991:_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991:_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1991: presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991:_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 President of the Russian Federation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_the_Russian_Federation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle President of the Russian Federation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1991–1996:_first_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991–1996:_first_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 1991–1996: first term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991–1996:_first_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radical_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Radical reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confrontation_with_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confrontation_with_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Confrontation with parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confrontation_with_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_NATO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_NATO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Relations with NATO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_NATO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Chechnya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegian_rocket_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian_rocket_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Norwegian rocket incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian_rocket_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privatization_and_the_rise_of_"the_oligarchs"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privatization_and_the_rise_of_"the_oligarchs""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.6 Privatization and the rise of "the oligarchs" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privatization_and_the_rise_of_"the_oligarchs"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.7 Korean Air Lines Flight 007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.8 1996 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996–1999:_Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996–1999:_Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 1996–1999: Second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996–1999:_Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attempted_1999_impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_1999_impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Attempted 1999 impeachment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_1999_impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mabetex_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mabetex_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Mabetex corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mabetex_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_disease_and_alcoholism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_disease_and_alcoholism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Heart disease and alcoholism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_disease_and_alcoholism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_after_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_after_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Life after resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_after_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death and funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Reception and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion_in_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion_in_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Public opinion in Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion_in_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Honors and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources and further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Boris Yeltsin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%AC%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B5%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%95" title="ቦሪስ ዬልትሲን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቦሪስ ዬልትሲን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D4%A5%D0%B0" title="Елцин, Борис Николаи-иԥа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Елцин, Борис Николаи-иԥа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86" title="بوريس يلتسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوريس يلتسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Yeltsin" title="Borís Yeltsin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Borís Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بوریس یئلتسین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوریس یئلتسین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বরিস য়েলৎসিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বরিস য়েলৎসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Барыс Мікалаевіч Ельцын – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барыс Мікалаевіч Ельцын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Барыс Ельцын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Барыс Ельцын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Елцин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Борис Елцин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeljcin" title="Boris Jeljcin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Boris Jeljcin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Ельцин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Борис Ельцин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Ieltsin" title="Borís Ieltsin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Borís Ieltsin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jelcin" title="Boris Jelcin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boris Jelcin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بوريس ييلتسين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوريس ييلتسين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolajewitsch_Jelzin" title="Boris Nikolajewitsch Jelzin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boris Nikolajewitsch Jelzin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boriss_Jeltsin" title="Boriss Jeltsin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boriss Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Μπορίς Γέλτσιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπορίς Γέλτσιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Yeltsin" title="Borís Yeltsin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Borís Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jelcin" title="Boris Jelcin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boris Jelcin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بوریس یلتسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوریس یلتسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Eltsine" title="Boris Eltsine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boris Eltsine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Eltsin" title="Boris Eltsin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boris Eltsin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%90%EC%B9%9C" title="보리스 옐친 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보리스 옐친" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B5%D5%AC%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Բորիս Ելցին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բորիս Ելցին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस येल्तसिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोरिस येल्तसिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeljcin" title="Boris Jeljcin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boris Jeljcin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolayevich_Yelcin" title="Boris Nikolayevich Yelcin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Boris Nikolayevich Yelcin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ельцин, Борис Николайы фырт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ельцин, Борис Николайы фырт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Jelts%C3%ADn" title="Borís Jeltsín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borís Jeltsín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_El%27cin" title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בוריס ילצין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוריס ילצין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბორის ელცინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბორის ელცინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Николаевич Ельцин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Борис Николаевич Ельцин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%AEs_Yelts%C3%AEn" title="Borîs Yeltsîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Borîs Yeltsîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Ельцин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Борис Ельцин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Ieltsin" title="Boris Ieltsin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Boris Ieltsin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boriss_Je%C4%BCcins" title="Boriss Jeļcins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Boriss Jeļcins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolajewitsch_Jelzin" title="Boris Nikolajewitsch Jelzin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Boris Nikolajewitsch Jelzin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borisas_Jelcinas" title="Borisas Jelcinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Borisas Jelcinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_El%27cin" title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borisz_Nyikolajevics_Jelcin" title="Borisz Nyikolajevics Jelcin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Borisz Nyikolajevics Jelcin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Елцин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Борис Елцин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ബോറിസ് യെൽത്സിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോറിസ് യെൽത്സിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस येल्त्सिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोरिस येल्त्सिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბორის ელცინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბორის ელცინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86" title="بوريس يلتسن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوريس يلتسن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بوریس یلتسین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوریس یلتسین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Ельцин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Борис Ельцин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस येल्तसिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बोरिस येल्तसिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="बोरिस येल्सिन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बोरिस येल्सिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%84%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ボリス・エリツィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボリス・エリツィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%ADs_Ieltzin" title="Borís Ieltzin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Borís Ieltzin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬੋਰਿਸ ਯੈਲਤਸਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਰਿਸ ਯੈਲਤਸਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="بورس یلسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بورس یلسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بوریس یلتسین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوریس یلتسین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_El%27cin" title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jelcyn" title="Boris Jelcyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boris Jelcyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_I%C3%A9ltsin" title="Boris Iéltsin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boris Iéltsin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_El%C8%9B%C3%AEn" title="Boris Elțîn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boris Elțîn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Николаевич Ельцин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Борис Николаевич Ельцин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ельцин Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jellcin" title="Boris Jellcin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boris Jellcin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Eltsin" title="Boris Eltsin – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Boris Eltsin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolajevi%C4%8D_Je%C4%BEcin" title="Boris Nikolajevič Jeľcin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boris Nikolajevič Jeľcin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jelcin" title="Boris Jelcin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boris Jelcin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A_%D1%A4%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Борисъ Ѥл҄ьцинъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Борисъ Ѥл҄ьцинъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jelcyn" title="Boris Jelcyn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Boris Jelcyn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%8C%DB%8E%DA%B5%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بۆریس یێڵتسین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆریس یێڵتسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%99%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Јељцин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Борис Јељцин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeljcin" title="Boris Jeljcin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boris Jeljcin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="போரிஸ் யெல்ட்சின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போரிஸ் யெல்ட்சின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Ельцин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борис Ельцин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="บอริส เยลต์ซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บอริส เยลต์ซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Борис Елтсин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Борис Елтсин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ельцин, Борис Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Єльцин Борис Миколайович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єльцин Борис Миколайович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86" title="بورس یلسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بورس یلسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_El%27cin" title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Boris Nikolaevič El'cin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel%27cin_Boris" title="Jel'cin Boris – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jel'cin Boris" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nikolayevich_Yeltsin" title="Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Y%C3%A4lzin" title="Boris Yälzin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Boris Yälzin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%A9%E9%92%A6" title="鲍里斯·尼古拉耶维奇·叶利钦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲍里斯·尼古拉耶维奇·叶利钦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Boris Yeltsin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E5%88%A9%E6%AC%BD" title="葉利欽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葉利欽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borisos_Jelcins" title="Borisos Jelcins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Borisos Jelcins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%8D%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%A9%E9%92%A6" title="鲍里斯·叶利钦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鲍里斯·叶利钦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Boris Jeltsin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34453#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Boris_Yeltsin" rel="discussion" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Russia from 1991 to 1999</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Yeltsin" redirects here. For the name, see <a href="/wiki/Yeltsin_(name)" title="Yeltsin (name)">Yeltsin (name)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Boris Yeltsin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Борис Ельцин</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1991–1993</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 December 1991 – 31 December 1999</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Himself (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kiriyenko" title="Sergey Kiriyenko">Sergey Kiriyenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Sergei Stepashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Russia" title="Vice President of Russia">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a> (1991–1993)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Office established; Himself (as President of the Russian SFSR)</li> <li>Alexander Rutskoy (<a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Russia" title="Acting President of Russia">acting</a>, <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Alexander Rutskoy (acting, disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 10 July 1991 – 25 December 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Lobov" title="Oleg Lobov">Oleg Lobov</a> (acting)</li> <li>Himself (de facto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Himself (as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Himself (as President of Russia)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic#Heads_of_state" title="List of leaders of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 29 May 1990 – 10 July 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a> (as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Presidium</a> of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 23 December 1985 – 11 November 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Zaykov" title="Lev Zaykov">Lev Zaykov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1931-02-01)1 February 1931 <a href="/wiki/Butka,_Russia" title="Butka, Russia">Butka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_Oblast_(1923%E2%80%931934)" title="Ural Oblast (1923–1934)">Ural Oblast</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 2007(2007-04-23) (aged 76) Moscow, Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1961–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (after 1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Girina</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1956)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Yumasheva" title="Tatyana Yumasheva">Tatyana Yumasheva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ural_State_Technical_University" title="Ural State Technical University">Ural State Technical University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeltsin_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boris Yeltsin's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/128px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/192px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/256px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="174" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_1999_%D0%B3.ogg" title="File:Борис Николаевич Ельцин Новогоднее обращение к народу 1999 г.ogg">Boris Yeltsin's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="656" data-mwtitle="Борис_Николаевич_Ельцин_Новогоднее_обращение_к_народу_1999_г.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_1999_%D0%B3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_1999_%D0%B3.ogg/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_1999_%D0%B3.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Yeltsin's 1999 New Year's address and resignation speech Recorded 31 December 1999</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1986–1988: Candidate member, <a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a>, <a href="/wiki/27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th</a> Politburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1985–1986: Member, <a href="/wiki/26th_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a> Secretariat </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1981–1990: Full member, <a href="/wiki/26th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a>, <a href="/wiki/27th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th</a> Central Committee </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1992: Minister, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Defence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1976–1985: First Secretary, Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#0036A7;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD-1_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#0036A7;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_education">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeltsinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeltsinism">Yeltsinism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Communist_Party_membership">CPSU membership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_elected_by_the_26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee elected by the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_elected_by_the_27th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee elected by the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">27th Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vote_or_lose" title="Vote or lose">Vote or lose</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Loans for shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soskovets_campaign_strategy" title="Soskovets campaign strategy">Soskovets campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_affair" title="Xerox affair">Xerox affair</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> First term <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Yegor_Gaidar" title="Cabinet of Boris Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar">Gaidar Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin%27s_First_Cabinet" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin's First Cabinet">1st Chernomyrdin Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Conference_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation">Constitutional conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin#First_term_as_president" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trips made by Boris Yeltsin">International trips</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> Second term <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Second inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">Ruble crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin#Resignation" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin#Second_term_as_president" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trips made by Boris Yeltsin">International trips</a></li></ul> <hr /> Post-Presidency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Library" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Illness_and_suspected_alcoholism">Illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Yeltsin_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/150px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/225px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yeltsin_signature.svg/300px-Yeltsin_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="174" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_(1978%E2%80%931991),_Emblem_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/68px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Russian_SFSR_%281978%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Emblem_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="960" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a> </li></ul> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boris_Yeltsin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boris Yeltsin">Media gallery</a> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yeltsin_sidebar" title="Template:Yeltsin sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yeltsin_sidebar" title="Template talk:Yeltsin sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yeltsin_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yeltsin sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> (1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician and statesman who served as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">president of Russia</a> from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> from 1961 to 1990. He later stood as a <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">political independent</a>, during which time he was viewed as being ideologically aligned with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">liberalism</a>. Yeltsin was born in <a href="/wiki/Butka,_Russia" title="Butka, Russia">Butka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ural_Oblast_(1923%E2%80%931934)" title="Ural Oblast (1923–1934)">Ural Oblast</a>. He would grow up in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berezniki" title="Berezniki">Berezniki</a>. He worked in construction after studying at the <a href="/wiki/Ural_State_Technical_University" title="Ural State Technical University">Ural State Technical University</a>. After joining the Communist Party, he rose through its ranks, and in 1976, he became First Secretary of the party's <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a> committee. Yeltsin was initially a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> reforms of Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. He later criticized the reforms as being too moderate and called for a transition to a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. In 1987, he was the first person to resign from the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, which established his popularity as an anti-establishment figure. In 1990, he was elected chair of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Russian Supreme Soviet</a> and in 1991 was <a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">elected</a> president of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR), becoming the first popularly-elected head of state in Russian history. Yeltsin allied with various non-Russian <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> leaders and was instrumental in the formal <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in December of that year. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the RSFSR became the Russian Federation, an independent state. Through that transition, Yeltsin remained in office as president. He was later reelected in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 election</a>, which critics claimed to be pervasively corrupt. He oversaw the transmission of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">command economy</a> into a capitalist <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> by implementing <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">economic shock therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">market exchange rate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">ruble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">nationwide privatization</a>, and lifting of <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>. Economic downturn, volatility, and inflation ensued. Amid the economic shift, a small number of <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">oligarchs</a> obtained most of the national property and wealth, while international monopolies dominated the market. A <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> emerged in 1993 after Yeltsin ordered the unconstitutional dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Russian parliament</a>, leading parliament to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeach</a> him. The crisis ended after troops loyal to Yeltsin stormed the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">parliament building</a> and stopped an armed uprising; he then introduced a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">new constitution</a> which significantly expanded the powers of the president. After the crisis, Yeltsin governed the country in a <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> until 1994, as the Supreme Soviet of Russia was absent. Secessionist sentiment in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Federal_District" title="North Caucasian Federal District">Russian Caucasus</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> between 1994 and 1999. Internationally, Yeltsin promoted renewed collaboration with Europe and signed <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">arms control</a> agreements with the United States. Amid growing internal pressure, he resigned by the end of 1999 and was succeeded as president by his chosen successor, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, whom he had appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a> a few months earlier. After leaving office, he kept a low profile and was accorded a <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">state funeral upon his death in 2007</a>. Domestically, he was highly popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s, although his reputation was damaged by the economic and political crises of his presidency, and he left office widely unpopular with the Russian population. He received praise and criticism for his role in dismantling the Soviet Union, transforming Russia into a representative democracy, and introducing new political, economic, and cultural freedoms to the country. Conversely, he was accused of economic mismanagement, abuse of presidential power, autocratic behavior, corruption, and of undermining Russia's standing as a major world power. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education_and_early_career">Early life, education and early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education and early career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1931–1948:_childhood_and_adolescence">1931–1948: childhood and adolescence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1931–1948: childhood and adolescence">edit</a>]</div> Boris Yeltsin was born on 1st February 1931 in the village of Butka, <a href="/wiki/Talitsky_District" title="Talitsky District">Talitsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a>, then in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, one of the republics of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200817-3">[1]</a> His family, who were ethnic Russians, had lived in this area of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a> since at least the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200814-4">[2]</a> His father, Nikolai Yeltsin, had married his mother, Klavdiya Vasilyevna Starygina, in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200816-5">[3]</a> Yeltsin always remained closer to his mother than to his father;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200835–36-6">[4]</a> the latter beat his wife and children on various occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200839-7">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_of_Eltsin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Youth_of_Eltsin.JPG/150px-Youth_of_Eltsin.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Youth_of_Eltsin.JPG/225px-Youth_of_Eltsin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Youth_of_Eltsin.JPG/300px-Youth_of_Eltsin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin (second from left) with childhood friends</figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union was then under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, who led the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">one-party state</a> governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Seeking to transform the country into a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist society</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> doctrine, in the late 1920s Stalin's government had initiated a project of <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">mass rural collectivisation</a> coupled with <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">dekulakization</a>. As a prosperous farmer, Yeltsin's paternal grandfather, Ignatii, was accused of being a <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a> in 1930. His farm, which was in Basmanovo (also known as Basmanovskoye), was confiscated, and he and his family were forced to reside in a cottage in nearby Butka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200814–19-8">[6]</a> There, Nikolai and Ignatii's other children were allowed to join the local <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farm</a>), but Ignatii himself was not; he and his wife, Anna, were exiled in 1934 to <a href="/wiki/Serov_(town)" title="Serov (town)">Nadezhdinsk</a>, where he died two years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200819–21-9">[7]</a> As an infant, Yeltsin was christened in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200817-3">[1]</a> his mother was devout, and his father unobservant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200835-10">[8]</a> In the years after his birth, the area was hit by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–1933">famine of 1932–1933</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200818-11">[9]</a> throughout his childhood, Yeltsin was often hungry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20006–7Colton200838-12">[10]</a> In 1932, Yeltsin's parents moved to <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200822–23-13">[11]</a> where Yeltsin attended <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837-14">[12]</a> There, in 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_State_Political_Directorate" title="Joint State Political Directorate">OGPU</a> state security services arrested Nikolai, accused him of <a href="/wiki/Article_58_(RSFSR_Penal_Code)" title="Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)">anti-Soviet agitation</a>, and sentenced him to three years in the <a href="/wiki/Dmitrov" title="Dmitrov">Dmitrov</a> labor camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200823–24,_26-15">[13]</a> Yeltsin and his mother then were ejected from their residence and were taken in by friends; Klavdiya worked at a garment factory in her husband's absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200825–26-16">[14]</a> In October 1936, Nikolai returned; in July 1937, the couple's second child, Mikhail, was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20006Colton200826-17">[15]</a> That month, they moved to <a href="/wiki/Berezniki" title="Berezniki">Berezniki</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a>, where Nikolai got work on a <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> combine project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20006Colton200828-18">[16]</a> In July 1944, they had a third child, Valentina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20007Colton200833-19">[17]</a> Between 1939 and 1945, Yeltsin received a primary education at Berezniki's Railway School Number 95.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837-14">[12]</a> Academically, he did well at primary school and was repeatedly elected class monitor by fellow pupils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20008,_9Colton200841–42-20">[18]</a> There, he also took part in activities organized by the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_All-Union_Pioneer_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization">Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200840–41-21">[19]</a> This overlapped with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Soviet involvement in the Second World War</a>, during which Yeltsin's paternal uncle, Andrian, served in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200840-22">[20]</a> From 1945 to 1949, Yeltsin studied at the municipal secondary school number 1, also known as <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_High_School" title="Pushkin High School">Pushkin High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837,_43-23">[21]</a> Yeltsin did well at secondary school,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200843-24">[22]</a> and there took an increasing interest in sports, becoming captain of the school's volleyball squad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20009Colton200844-25">[23]</a> He enjoyed playing pranks and in one instance playing with a grenade, which blew off the thumb and index finger of his left hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20007–8Colton200845–47-26">[24]</a> With friends, he would go on summer walking expeditions in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, sometimes for many weeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200010-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1949–1960:_university_and_career_in_construction">1949–1960: university and career in construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1949–1960: university and career in construction">edit</a>]</div> In September 1949, Yeltsin was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_State_Technical_University" title="Ural State Technical University">Ural Polytechnic Institute</a> (UPI) in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200011Colton200853-28">[26]</a> He took the stream in industrial and civil engineering, which included courses in maths, physics, materials and soil science, and draftsmanship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200856-29">[27]</a> He was also required to study Marxist–Leninist doctrine and choose a language course, for which he selected German, although never became adept at it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200856-29">[27]</a> Tuition was free and he was provided a small stipend to live on, which he supplemented by unloading railway trucks for a small wage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200014-30">[28]</a> Academically, he achieved high grades,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200858-31">[29]</a> although temporarily dropped out in 1952 when afflicted with <a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">tonsillitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200856-32">[30]</a> He devoted much time to <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200859-33">[31]</a> and joined the UPI volleyball team.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200016Colton200864-34">[32]</a> He avoided any involvement in political organizations while there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200859-33">[31]</a> During the summer 1953 break, he traveled across the Soviet Union, touring the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, central Russia, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a>; much of the travel was achieved by hitchhiking on freight trains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200015–16Colton200862-35">[33]</a> It was at UPI that he began a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Iosifovna Girina</a>, a fellow student who would later become his wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200018Colton200858-36">[34]</a> Yeltsin completed his studies in June 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200856-32">[30]</a> Leaving the Ural Polytechnic Institute, Yeltsin was assigned to work with the Lower Iset Construction Directorate in Sverdlovsk; at his request, he served the first year as a trainee in various building trades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200020Colton200864-37">[35]</a> He quickly rose through the organization's ranks. In June 1956 he was promoted to foreman (master), and in June 1957 was promoted again, to the position of work superintendent (prorab).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200021,_23Colton200865-38">[36]</a> In these positions, he confronted widespread alcoholism and a lack of motivation among construction workers, an irregular supply of materials, and the regular theft or vandalism of available materials. He soon imposed fines for those who damaged or stole materials or engaged in absenteeism, and closely monitored productivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200021–22-39">[37]</a> His work on the construction of a textile factory, for which he oversaw 1000 workers, brought him wider recognition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200025–26-40">[38]</a> In June 1958 he became a senior work superintendent (starshii prorab) and in January 1960 was made head engineer (glavni inzhener) of Construction Directorate Number 13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200026–27Colton200865-41">[39]</a> At the same time, Yeltsin's family was growing; in September 1956, he married Girina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200024Colton200866-42">[40]</a> She soon got work at a scientific research institute, where she remained for 29 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200025-43">[41]</a> In August 1957, their daughter Yelena was born, followed by a second daughter, Tatyana, in January 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200032–33Colton200866-44">[42]</a> During this period, they moved through a succession of apartments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200866,_68-45">[43]</a> On family holidays, Yeltsin took his family to a lake in northern Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200034-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CPSU_career">CPSU career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CPSU career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960–1975:_early_membership_of_the_Communist_Party">1960–1975: early membership of the Communist Party</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1960–1975: early membership of the Communist Party">edit</a>]</div> In March 1960, Yeltsin became a probationary member of the governing Communist Party and a full member in March 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200030Colton200868-47">[45]</a> In his later autobiography, he stated that his original reasons for joining were "sincere" and rooted in a genuine belief in the party's socialist ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200886-48">[46]</a> In other interviews he instead stated that he joined because membership was a necessity for career advancement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200869-49">[47]</a> His career continued to progress during the early 1960s; in February 1962 he was promoted chief (nachal'nik) of the construction directorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200865-50">[48]</a> In June 1963, Yeltsin was reassigned to the Sverdlovsk House-Building Combine as its head engineer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200865-50">[48]</a> and in December 1965 became the combine's director.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200865-50">[48]</a> During this period he was largely involved in building residential housing, the expansion of which was a major priority for the government. He gained a reputation within the construction industry as a hard worker who was punctual and effective and who was used to meeting the targets set forth by the state apparatus. There had been plans to award him the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> for his work, although this was scrapped after a five-story building he was constructing collapsed in March 1966. An official investigation found that Yeltsin was not culpable for the accident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200865,_70,_71,_72-51">[49]</a> Within the local Communist Party, Yeltsin gained a patron in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Ryabov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Ryabov (page does not exist)">Yakov Ryabov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Рябов, Яков Петрович">ru</a>], who became the first secretary of the party <a href="/wiki/Gorkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkom">gorkom</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200872–73-52">[50]</a> In April 1968, Ryabov decided to recruit Yeltsin into the regional party apparatus, proposing him for a vacancy in the <a href="/wiki/Obkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Obkom">obkom</a>'s department for construction. Ryabov ensured that Yeltsin got the job despite objections that he was not a longstanding party member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200873–74-53">[51]</a> That year, Yeltsin and his family moved into a four-room apartment on Mamin-Sibiryak Street, downtown Sverdlovsk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200886-48">[46]</a> Yeltsin then received his second <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labor">Order of the Red Banner of Labor</a> for his work completing a cold-rolling mill at the Upper Iset Works, a project for which he had overseen the actions of 15,000 laborers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200875-54">[52]</a> In the late 1960s, Yeltsin was permitted to visit the West for the first time as he was sent on a trip to France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200896-55">[53]</a> In 1975, Yeltsin was then made one of the five obkom secretaries in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, a position that gave him responsibility not only for construction in the region but also for the forest and the pulp-and-paper industries. Also in 1975, his family relocated to a flat in the House of Old Bolsheviks on March Street. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200875–76,_86-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976–1985:_First_Secretary_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast">1976–1985: First Secretary of Sverdlovsk Oblast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1976–1985: First Secretary of Sverdlovsk Oblast">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Brezhnev_Portrait_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Leonid_Brezhnev_Portrait_%281%29.jpg/220px-Leonid_Brezhnev_Portrait_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Leonid_Brezhnev_Portrait_%281%29.jpg/330px-Leonid_Brezhnev_Portrait_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Leonid_Brezhnev_Portrait_%281%29.jpg/440px-Leonid_Brezhnev_Portrait_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>In 1976, Yeltsin was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, General Secretary of the Communist Party, who decided that he was an appropriate choice to become First Secretary of the party's Sverdlovsk obkom.</figcaption></figure> In October 1976, Ryabov was promoted to a new position in Moscow. He recommended that Yeltsin replace him as the First Secretary of the Party Committee in Sverdlovsk Oblast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200876–77-57">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, who then led the Soviet Union as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> of the party's <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>, interviewed Yeltsin personally to determine his suitability and agreed with Ryabov's assessment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200877-58">[56]</a> At the Central Committee's recommendation, the Sverdlovsk obkom then unanimously voted to appoint Yeltsin as its first secretary. This made him one of the youngest provincial first secretaries in the RSFSR, and gave him significant power within the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200877–81-59">[57]</a> Where possible, Yeltsin tried to improve consumer welfare in the province, arguing that it would make for more productive workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200894-60">[58]</a> Under his provincial leadership, work started on various construction and infrastructure projects in the city of Sverdlovsk, including <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg_Metro" title="Yekaterinburg Metro">a subway system</a>, the replacement of its barracks housing, new theaters and a circus, the refurbishment of its 1912 opera house, and youth housing projects to build new homes for young families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200895-61">[59]</a> In September 1977, Yeltsin carried out orders to demolish the <a href="/wiki/Ipatiev_House" title="Ipatiev House">Ipatiev House</a>, the location where the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov</a> royal family <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">had been killed</a> in 1918, over the government's fears that it was attracting growing foreign and domestic attention. He was also responsible for punishing those living in the province who wrote or published material that the Soviet government considered to be seditious or damaging to the established order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200889–91-62">[60]</a> Yeltsin sat on the civil-military collegium of the <a href="/wiki/Urals_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals Military District">Urals Military District</a> and attended its field exercises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200880-63">[61]</a> In October 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Defence</a> gave him the rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(Eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel (Eastern Europe)">colonel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200880-63">[61]</a> Also in 1978, Yeltsin was elected without opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200884-64">[62]</a> In 1979 Yeltsin and his family moved into a five-room apartment at the Working Youth Embankment in Sverdlovsk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200887-65">[63]</a> In February 1981, Yeltsin gave a speech to the <a href="/wiki/26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th CPSU Congress</a> and on the final day of the Congress was selected to join the Communist Party Central Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200884-64">[62]</a> Yeltsin's reports to party meetings reflected the ideological <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> that was expected within the authoritarian state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200889-66">[64]</a> Yeltsin played along with the <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> surrounding Brezhnev, but he was contemptuous of what he saw as the Soviet leader's vanity and sloth. He later claimed to have quashed plans for a Brezhnev museum in Sverdlovsk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200886-48">[46]</a> While First Secretary, his world-view began to shift, influenced by his reading; he kept up with a wide range of journals published in the country and also claimed to have read an illegally printed <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a> copy of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200895–96-67">[65]</a> Many of his concerns about the Soviet system were prosaic rather than ideological, as he believed that the system was losing effectiveness and beginning to decay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200896-55">[53]</a> He was increasingly faced with the problem of Russia's place within the Soviet Union; unlike other republics in the country, the RSFSR lacked the same levels of autonomy from the central government in Moscow. In the early 1980s, he and Yurii Petrov privately devised a tripartite scheme for reforming the Soviet Union that would involve strengthening the Russian government, but it was never presented publicly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200898–99-68">[66]</a> By 1980, Yeltsin had developed the habit of appearing unannounced in factories, shops, and public transport to get a closer look at the realities of Soviet life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008100-69">[67]</a> In May 1981, he held a question-and-answer session with college students at the Sverdlovsk Youth Palace, where he was unusually frank in his discussion of the country's problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008101-70">[68]</a> In December 1982 he then gave a television broadcast for the region in which he responded to various letters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008101–103-71">[69]</a> This personalised approach to interacting with the public brought disapproval from some Communist Party figures, such as First Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a>, Gennadii Bogomyakov, although the Central Committee showed no concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008103–104-72">[70]</a> In 1981, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> for his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200893-73">[71]</a> The following year, Brezhnev died and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, who in turn ruled for 15 months before his own death;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200890-74">[72]</a> Yeltsin spoke positively about Andropov.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008108-75">[73]</a> Andropov was succeeded by another short-lived leader, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008109-76">[74]</a> After his death, Yeltsin took part in the Central Committee plenum which appointed <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> the new <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, and thus de facto <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Soviet leader</a>, in March 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008109-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985:_relocation_to_Moscow_to_become_Head_of_Gorkom">1985: relocation to Moscow to become Head of Gorkom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1985: relocation to Moscow to become Head of Gorkom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorbachev_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>The reformer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> took office as the General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985; he soon promoted Yeltsin to a job in Moscow</figcaption></figure> Gorbachev was interested in reforming the Soviet Union and, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a>, the organizational secretary of the Central Committee, soon summoned Yeltsin to meet with him as a potential ally in his efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008109-76">[74]</a> Yeltsin had some reservations about Gorbachev as a leader, deeming him controlling and patronizing, but committed himself to the latter's project of reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008110,_118-77">[75]</a> In April 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin head of the Construction Department of the Party's Central Committee. Although it entailed moving to the capital city, Yeltsin was unhappy with what he regarded as a demotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008111–112-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> There, he was issued a <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> flat at 54 Second Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street, where his daughter <a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Yumasheva" title="Tatyana Yumasheva">Tatyana</a> and her son and husband soon joined him and his wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008112-80">[78]</a> Gorbachev soon promoted Yeltsin to secretary of the Central Committee for construction and capital investment, a position within the powerful <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU Central Committee Secretariat</a>, a move approved by the Central Committee plenum in July 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Leon_Aron_2000._page_739-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008112–113-82">[80]</a> With Gorbachev's support, in December 1985, Yeltsin was installed as the first secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow gorkom of the CPSU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008113-83">[81]</a> He was now responsible for managing the Soviet capital city, which had a population of 8.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008115-84">[82]</a> In February 1986, Yeltsin became a candidate (non-voting) member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008116-85">[83]</a> At that point he formally left the Secretariat to concentrate on his role in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008116-85">[83]</a> Over the coming year he removed many of the old secretaries of the gorkom, replacing them with younger individuals, particularly with backgrounds in factory management.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008119–120-86">[84]</a> In August 1986, Yeltsin gave a two-hour report to the party conference in which he talked about Moscow's problems, including issues that had previously not been spoken about publicly. Gorbachev described the speech as a "strong fresh wind" for the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008118-87">[85]</a> Yeltsin expressed a similar message at the <a href="/wiki/27th_Congress_of_the_CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Congress of the CPSU">27th Congress of the CPSU</a> in February 1986 and then in a speech at the House of Political Enlightenment in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008119-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987:_resignation">1987: resignation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1987: resignation">edit</a>]</div> On 10 September 1987, after a lecture from hard-liner <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a> at the Politburo for allowing two small unsanctioned demonstrations on Moscow streets, Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev who was holidaying on the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-oclery-89">[87]</a> When Gorbachev received the letter he was stunned – nobody in Soviet history had voluntarily resigned from the ranks of the Politburo. Gorbachev phoned Yeltsin and asked him to reconsider. On 27 October 1987 at the plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a>, Yeltsin, frustrated that Gorbachev had not addressed any of the issues outlined in his resignation letter, asked to speak. He expressed his discontent with the slow pace of reform in society, the servility shown to the general secretary, and opposition to him from Ligachyov making his position untenable, before requesting to resign from the Politburo, adding that the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">City Committee</a> would decide whether he should resign from the post of <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Moscow_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party">First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oclery-89">[87]</a> Aside from the fact that no one had ever quit the Politburo before, no one in the party had addressed a leader of the party in such a manner in front of the Central Committee since <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-oclery-89">[87]</a> In his reply, Gorbachev accused Yeltsin of "political immaturity" and "absolute irresponsibility". Nobody in the Central Committee backed Yeltsin.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_37106_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Raisa_Gorbachev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RIAN_archive_37106_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Raisa_Gorbachev.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_37106_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Raisa_Gorbachev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RIAN_archive_37106_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Raisa_Gorbachev.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_37106_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Raisa_Gorbachev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/RIAN_archive_37106_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Raisa_Gorbachev.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_37106_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Raisa_Gorbachev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin with <a href="/wiki/Raisa_Gorbachova" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisa Gorbachova">Raisa Gorbacheva</a></figcaption></figure> Within days, news of Yeltsin's actions leaked and rumors of his "secret speech" at the Central Committee spread throughout Moscow. Soon, fabricated <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a> versions began to circulate – this was the beginning of Yeltsin's rise as a rebel and growth in popularity as an anti-establishment figure.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Gorbachev called a meeting of the Moscow City Party Committee for 11 November 1987 to launch another crushing attack on Yeltsin and confirm his dismissal. On 9 November 1987, Yeltsin apparently tried to kill himself and was rushed to the hospital bleeding profusely from self-inflicted cuts to his chest. Gorbachev ordered the injured Yeltsin from his hospital bed to the Moscow party plenum two days later where he was ritually denounced by the party faithful in what was reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_show_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist show trial">Stalinist show trial</a> before he was fired from the post of <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Moscow_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party">First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party</a>. Yeltsin said he would never forgive Gorbachev for this "immoral and inhuman" treatment.<a href="#cite_note-oclery-89">[87]</a> Yeltsin was demoted to the position of First Deputy Commissioner for the <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Construction" title="State Committee for Construction">State Committee for Construction</a>. At the next meeting of the Central Committee on 24 February 1988, Yeltsin was removed from his position as a Candidate member of the Politburo. He was perturbed and humiliated but began plotting his revenge.<a href="#cite_note-StrangeDeath86-92">[90]</a> His opportunity came with Gorbachev's establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StrangeDeath90-93">[91]</a> Yeltsin recovered and started intensively criticizing Gorbachev, highlighting the slow pace of reform in the Soviet Union as his major argument. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_21_February_1989-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Boris_Yeltsin_21_February_1989-1.jpg/220px-Boris_Yeltsin_21_February_1989-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Boris_Yeltsin_21_February_1989-1.jpg/330px-Boris_Yeltsin_21_February_1989-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Boris_Yeltsin_21_February_1989-1.jpg/440px-Boris_Yeltsin_21_February_1989-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>Boris Yeltsin as candidate for the Congress of People's Deputies in 1989</figcaption></figure> Yeltsin's criticism of the Politburo and Gorbachev led to a smear campaign against him, in which examples of Yeltsin's awkward behavior were used against him. Speaking at the CPSU conference in 1988, Yegor Ligachyov stated, "<a href="/wiki/Boris,_you_are_wrong" title="Boris, you are wrong">Boris, you are wrong</a>". An article in <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> described Yeltsin as drunk at a lecture during his visit to the United States in September 1989,<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> an allegation which appeared to be confirmed by a TV account of his speech; however, popular dissatisfaction with the regime was strong, and these attempts to smear Yeltsin only added to his popularity. In another incident, Yeltsin fell from a bridge. Commenting on this event, Yeltsin hinted that he was helped to fall by the enemies of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>, but his opponents suggested that he was simply drunk.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> On 26 March 1989, Yeltsin <a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1989 Soviet Union legislative election">was elected</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union</a> as the delegate from Moscow district with a decisive 92% of the vote,<a href="#cite_note-Leon_Aron_2000._page_739-81">[79]</a> and on 29 May 1989, he was elected by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> to a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>. On 19 July 1989, Yeltsin announced the formation of the radical pro-reform faction in the Congress of People's Deputies, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Regional_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Regional Group">Inter-Regional Group</a> of Deputies, and on 29 July 1989 was elected one of the five co-chairmen of the Inter-Regional Group.<a href="#cite_note-Leon_Aron_2000._page_739-81">[79]</a> On 16 September 1989, Yeltsin toured a medium-sized grocery store (<a href="/wiki/Randalls" title="Randalls">Randalls</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Leon Aron, quoting a Yeltsin associate, wrote in his 2000 biography, Yeltsin, A Revolutionary Life (St. Martin's Press): "For a long time, on the plane to Miami, he sat motionless, his head in his hands. 'What have they done to our poor people?' he said after a long silence." He added, "On his return to Moscow, Yeltsin would confess the pain he had felt after the Houston excursion: the 'pain for all of us, for our country so rich, so talented and so exhausted by incessant experiments'." He wrote that Mr. Yeltsin added, "I think we have committed a crime against our people by making their standard of living so incomparably lower than that of the Americans." An aide, Lev Sukhanov, was reported to have said that it was at that moment that "the last vestige of Bolshevism collapsed" inside his boss.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In his autobiography, Against the Grain: An Autobiography, written and published in 1990, Yeltsin hinted in a small passage that after his tour, he made plans to open his line of grocery stores and planned to fill it with government-subsidized goods to alleviate the country's problems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic">President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">edit</a>]</div> On 4 March 1990, Yeltsin was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies of Russia</a> representing Sverdlovsk with 72% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> On 29 May 1990, he was elected chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR">Supreme Soviet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR), although Gorbachev personally pleaded with the Russian deputies not to select Yeltsin.<a href="#cite_note-dob30may-99">[97]</a> A part of this power struggle was the opposition between the power structures of the Soviet Union and the RSFSR. In an attempt to gain more power, on 12 June 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted a declaration of sovereignty. On 12 July 1990, Yeltsin resigned from the CPSU in a dramatic speech before party members at the <a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, some of whom responded by shouting "Shame!"<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991:_presidential_election">1991: presidential election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1991: presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_22_August_1991-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Boris_Yeltsin_22_August_1991-1.jpg/220px-Boris_Yeltsin_22_August_1991-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Boris_Yeltsin_22_August_1991-1.jpg/330px-Boris_Yeltsin_22_August_1991-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Boris_Yeltsin_22_August_1991-1.jpg/440px-Boris_Yeltsin_22_August_1991-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin on 22 August 1991</figcaption></figure> During May 1991 <a href="/wiki/Vaclav_Havel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaclav Havel">Vaclav Havel</a> invited Yeltsin to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> where the latter unambiguously condemned the Soviet intervention in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-spero07-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-akby-102">[100]</a> Although restored to his position, Gorbachev had been destroyed politically. Neither union nor Russian power structures heeded his commands as support had swung over to Yeltsin. By September, Gorbachev could no longer influence events outside of Moscow. Taking advantage of the situation, Yeltsin began taking over what remained of the Soviet government, ministry by ministry—including the Kremlin. On 6 November 1991, Yeltsin issued a decree banning all Communist Party activities on Russian soil. In early December 1991, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> voted for independence from the Soviet Union. A week later, on 8 December, Yeltsin met Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a> and the leader of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich" title="Stanislav Shushkevich">Stanislav Shushkevich</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Belovezhskaya_Pushcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezhskaya Pushcha">Belovezhskaya Pushcha</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a>, the three presidents declared that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality", and announced the formation of a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) in its place.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-104">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Leaders of the Soviet Republics</a> sign the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a></figcaption></figure> On 17 December, in a meeting with Yeltsin, Gorbachev accepted the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_no_return" title="Point of no return">fait accompli</a> and agreed to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolve the Soviet Union</a>. On 24 December, by mutual agreement of the other CIS states (which by this time included all of the remaining republics except Georgia), the Russian Federation took the Soviet Union's seat in the United Nations. The next day, Gorbachev resigned and handed the functions of his office to Yeltsin.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> On 26 December, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Council of the Republics</a>, the upper house of the Supreme Soviet, voted the Soviet Union out of existence, thereby ending the world's oldest, largest and most powerful Communist state.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-104">[102]</a> Economic relations between the former Soviet republics were severely compromised. Millions of ethnic Russians found themselves in newly formed foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-apn.ru-106">[104]</a> Initially, Yeltsin promoted the retention of national borders according to the pre-existing Soviet state borders, although this left ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> as a majority in parts of northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, eastern Ukraine, and areas of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199438–39-107">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_the_Russian_Federation">President of the Russian Federation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: President of the Russian Federation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency of Boris Yeltsin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991–1996:_first_term">1991–1996: first term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1991–1996: first term">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radical_reforms">Radical reforms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radical reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_52076_Leonid_Kravchuk,_Stanislav_Shushkevich_and_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RIAN_archive_52076_Leonid_Kravchuk%2C_Stanislav_Shushkevich_and_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_52076_Leonid_Kravchuk%2C_Stanislav_Shushkevich_and_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RIAN_archive_52076_Leonid_Kravchuk%2C_Stanislav_Shushkevich_and_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_52076_Leonid_Kravchuk%2C_Stanislav_Shushkevich_and_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RIAN_archive_52076_Leonid_Kravchuk%2C_Stanislav_Shushkevich_and_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_52076_Leonid_Kravchuk%2C_Stanislav_Shushkevich_and_Boris_Yeltsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin shortly after signing the <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> with <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Kravchuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich" title="Stanislav Shushkevich">Shushkevich</a>, 8 December 1991</figcaption></figure> Just days after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin resolved to embark on a programme of radical economic reform. Surpassing Gorbachev's reforms, which sought to expand democracy in the socialist system, the new regime aimed to completely dismantle socialism and fully implement capitalism, converting the world's largest command economy into a free-market one. During early discussions of this transition, Yeltsin's advisers debated issues of speed and sequencing, with an apparent division between those favoring a rapid approach and those favoring a gradual or slower approach. On January 1, 1992, Yeltsin signed accords with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, declaring the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> officially over after nearly 47 years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A visit to Moscow from Havel in April 1992 occasioned the written repudiation of the Soviet intervention and the withdrawal of armed forces from Czechoslovakia.<a href="#cite_note-akby-102">[100]</a> Yeltsin laid a wreath during a November 1992 ceremony in Budapest, apologized for the <a href="/wiki/1956_Soviet_intervention_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary">1956 Soviet intervention in Hungary</a> and handed over to president <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_G%C3%B6ncz" title="Árpád Göncz">Árpád Göncz</a> documents from the Communist Party and KGB archives related to the intervention.<a href="#cite_note-akby-102">[100]</a> A treaty of friendship was signed in May 1992 with <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>'s Poland, and then another one in August 1992 with <a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a>'s Bulgaria.<a href="#cite_note-akby-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_and_Mrs._Bush_show_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_the_South_Grounds_of_the_White_House_and_stop_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_and_Mrs._Bush_show_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_the_South_Grounds_of_the_White_House_and_stop_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186451.jpg/220px-President_and_Mrs._Bush_show_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_the_South_Grounds_of_the_White_House_and_stop_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186451.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_and_Mrs._Bush_show_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_the_South_Grounds_of_the_White_House_and_stop_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186451.jpg/330px-President_and_Mrs._Bush_show_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_the_South_Grounds_of_the_White_House_and_stop_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_and_Mrs._Bush_show_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_the_South_Grounds_of_the_White_House_and_stop_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186451.jpg/440px-President_and_Mrs._Bush_show_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_the_South_Grounds_of_the_White_House_and_stop_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, Washington, D.C., 1992</figcaption></figure> On 2 January 1992, Yeltsin, acting as his own <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a>, ordered the liberalization of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prices_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Prices control">prices</a>, and currency. At the same time, Yeltsin followed a policy of "macroeconomic stabilization", a harsh austerity regime designed to control inflation. Under Yeltsin's stabilization programme, interest rates were raised to extremely high levels to tighten <a href="/wiki/Russian_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian rouble">money</a> and restrict <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a>. To bring state spending and revenues into balance, Yeltsin raised new taxes heavily, cut back sharply on government subsidies to industry and construction, and made steep cuts to state welfare spending. In early 1992, prices skyrocketed throughout Russia, and a deep credit crunch shut down many industries and brought about a protracted depression. The reforms devastated the living standards of much of the population, especially the groups dependent on Soviet-era state subsidies and welfare programs.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Nolan_1995._pp._17-108">[106]</a> Through the 1990s, Russia's GDP fell by 50%, vast sectors of the economy were wiped out, inequality and unemployment grew dramatically, whilst incomes fell. <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">Hyperinflation</a>, caused by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank of Russia</a>'s loose monetary policy, wiped out many people's personal savings, and tens of millions of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> were plunged into poverty.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_of_Russia_since_1989.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/GDP_of_Russia_since_1989.svg/220px-GDP_of_Russia_since_1989.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/GDP_of_Russia_since_1989.svg/330px-GDP_of_Russia_since_1989.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/GDP_of_Russia_since_1989.svg/440px-GDP_of_Russia_since_1989.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Most of Yeltsin's time as president was plagued by economic contraction.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png/220px-Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png/330px-Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png/440px-Crude_oil_prices_since_1861.png 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Crude oil prices continued to fall during the 1990s, following the trend during the late 1980s.</figcaption></figure> Some economists argue that in the 1990s, Russia suffered an economic downturn more severe than the United States or <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> had undergone six decades earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Nolan_1995._pp._17-108">[106]</a> Russian commentators and even some Western economists, such as <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Goldman" title="Marshall Goldman">Marshall Goldman</a>, widely blamed Yeltsin's economic programme for the country's disastrous economic performance in the 1990s. Many politicians began to quickly distance themselves from the programme. In February 1992, Russia's vice president, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a> denounced the Yeltsin programme as "economic genocide".<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> By 1993, conflict over the reform direction escalated between Yeltsin on the one side, and the opposition to radical economic reform in Russia's parliament on the other. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confrontation_with_parliament">Confrontation with parliament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Confrontation with parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></div> Throughout 1992 Yeltsin wrestled with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet of Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_Russia" title="Congress of People's Deputies of Russia">Congress of People's Deputies</a> for control over government, government policy, government banking, and property. In 1992, the speaker of the Russian Supreme Soviet, <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>, came out in opposition to the reforms, despite claiming to support Yeltsin's overall goals. In December 1992, the 7th Congress of People's Deputies succeeded in turning down the Yeltsin-backed candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> for the position of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Prime Minister</a>. An agreement was brokered by <a href="/wiki/Valery_Zorkin" title="Valery Zorkin">Valery Zorkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="President of the Constitutional Court of Russia">president of the Constitutional Court</a>, which included the following provisions: a national referendum on the new constitution; parliament and Yeltsin would choose a new head of government, to be confirmed by the Supreme Soviet; and the parliament was to cease making constitutional amendments that change the balance of power between the legislative and executive branches. Eventually, on 14 December, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a>, widely seen as a compromise figure, was confirmed in the office. The conflict escalated soon, however, with the parliament changing its prior decision to hold a referendum. Yeltsin, in turn, announced in a televised address to the nation on 20 March 1993, that he was going to assume certain "special powers" to implement his programme of reforms. In response, the hastily called 9th Congress of People's Deputies attempted to remove Yeltsin from the presidency through <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeachment</a> on 26 March 1993. Yeltsin's opponents gathered more than 600 votes for impeachment but fell 72 votes short of the required two-thirds majority.<a href="#cite_note-nationel-112">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_sign_the_Start_II_Treaty_at_a_Ceremony_in_Vladimir_Hall,_The..._-_NARA_-_186462.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/President_Bush_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_sign_the_Start_II_Treaty_at_a_Ceremony_in_Vladimir_Hall%2C_The..._-_NARA_-_186462.tif/lossy-page1-220px-President_Bush_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_sign_the_Start_II_Treaty_at_a_Ceremony_in_Vladimir_Hall%2C_The..._-_NARA_-_186462.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/President_Bush_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_sign_the_Start_II_Treaty_at_a_Ceremony_in_Vladimir_Hall%2C_The..._-_NARA_-_186462.tif/lossy-page1-330px-President_Bush_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_sign_the_Start_II_Treaty_at_a_Ceremony_in_Vladimir_Hall%2C_The..._-_NARA_-_186462.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/President_Bush_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_sign_the_Start_II_Treaty_at_a_Ceremony_in_Vladimir_Hall%2C_The..._-_NARA_-_186462.tif/lossy-page1-440px-President_Bush_and_Russian_President_Boris_Yeltsin_sign_the_Start_II_Treaty_at_a_Ceremony_in_Vladimir_Hall%2C_The..._-_NARA_-_186462.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin during the signature ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/START_II" title="START II">START II</a> in Moscow, 3 January 1993</figcaption></figure> During the summer of 1993, a situation of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a> developed in Russia. From July, two separate administrations of the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a> functioned side by side, after Yeltsin refused to accept the newly elected pro-parliament head of the region. The Supreme Soviet pursued its foreign policies, passing a declaration on the status of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>. In August, a commentator reflected on the situation as follows: "The President issues decrees as if there were no Supreme Soviet, and the Supreme Soviet suspends decrees as if there were no President." (<a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a>, 13 August 1993).<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> On 21 September 1993, in breach of the constitution, Yeltsin announced in a televised address his decision to disband the Supreme Soviet and Congress of People's Deputies by decree. In his address, Yeltsin declared his intent to rule by decree until the election of the new parliament and a referendum on a new constitution, triggering the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis of October 1993</a>. On the night after Yeltsin's televised address, the Supreme Soviet declared Yeltsin removed from the presidency for breaching the constitution, and Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a> was sworn in as acting president.<a href="#cite_note-nationel-112">[110]</a> Between 21 and 24 September, Yeltsin was confronted by popular unrest. Demonstrators protested the terrible living conditions under Yeltsin. Since 1989, GDP had declined by half. Corruption was rampant, violent crime was skyrocketing, medical services were collapsing, food and fuel were increasingly scarce and life expectancy was falling for all but a tiny handful of the population; moreover, Yeltsin was increasingly getting the blame. By early October, Yeltsin had secured the support of Russia's army and ministry of interior forces. In a massive show of force, Yeltsin called up tanks to shell the <a href="/wiki/Russian_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian White House">Russian White House</a> (parliament building). The attack killed 187 people and wounded almost 500 others.<a href="#cite_note-nationel-112">[110]</a> As the Supreme Soviet was dissolved, elections to the newly established parliament, the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, were held in December 1993. Candidates associated with Yeltsin's economic policies were overwhelmed by a huge anti-Yeltsin vote, the bulk of which was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party</a> and ultra-nationalists. However, the referendum held at the same time approved the new constitution, which significantly expanded the powers of the president, giving Yeltsin the right to appoint the members of the government, to dismiss the prime minister and, in some cases, to dissolve the Duma.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> This led to the de facto establishment of a super-presidential system.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_NATO">Relations with NATO</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations with NATO">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></div> The US <a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of State</a> seemed to confuse Yeltsin over <a href="/wiki/German_re-unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German re-unification">German re-unification</a> and dismemberment of the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Final_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Final Act">Helsinki Final Act</a> and ensuing <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP) push for <a href="/wiki/NATO_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO expansion">NATO expansion</a>. There is some question as to the involvement of his Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kozyrev" title="Andrei Kozyrev">Andrei Kozyrev</a>, who in August 1993 was painted by <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> as a saboteur of Polish aspirations for NATO membership but was regarded by domestic opponents as suborned by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-akby-102">[100]</a> In Yeltsin's letter to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> dated 15 September 1993 he strongly favored "a pan-European security system" instead of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and warned:<a href="#cite_note-gwunsa-118">[116]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Not only the opposition, but moderate circles as well [in Russia], would no doubt perceive this as a sort of neo-isolation of our country in diametric opposition to its natural admission into Euro-Atlantic space.</blockquote> After his August visit to Warsaw, Yeltsin saw the explosion of fright over NATO in the old guard and thereafter the window of détente slammed shut.<a href="#cite_note-akby-102">[100]</a> By December 1994, the month in which the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Memorandum" title="Budapest Memorandum">Budapest Memorandum</a> was signed, Clinton began to understand that Russia had concluded he was "subordinating, if not abandoning, integration [of Russia] to NATO expansion". In July 1995, by which time the Russians had signed up to PfP, Yeltsin said to Clinton, "we must stick to our position, which is that there should be no rapid expansion of NATO.. it's important that the <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> be the principal mechanism for developing a new security order in Europe. NATO is a factor, too, of course, but NATO should evolve into a political[-only] organization."<a href="#cite_note-gwunsa-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chechnya">Chechnya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chechnya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></div> In December 1994, Yeltsin ordered the military invasion of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> in an attempt to restore Moscow's control over the republic. Nearly two years later, Yeltsin withdrew federal forces from the devastated Chechnya under a 1996 peace agreement brokered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a>, Yeltsin's then-security chief. The peace deal allowed Chechnya greater autonomy but not full independence. The decision to launch the war in Chechnya dismayed many in the West. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a> wrote: <blockquote>Then, what was to be made of Boris Yeltsin? He could no longer be regarded as the democratic hero of Western myth. But had he become an old-style communist boss, turning his back on the democratic reformers he once championed and throwing in his lot with militarists and ultranationalists? Or was he a befuddled, out-of-touch chief being manipulated, knowingly or unwittingly, by—well, by whom exactly? If there were to be a dictatorial coup, would Yeltsin be its victim or its leader?<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norwegian_rocket_incident">Norwegian rocket incident</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norwegian rocket incident">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, a <a href="/wiki/Black_Brant_(rocket)" title="Black Brant (rocket)">Black Brant sounding rocket</a> launched from the <a href="/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Space" title="Andøya Space">Andøya Space Center</a> caused a high alert in Russia, known as the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_rocket_incident" title="Norwegian rocket incident">Norwegian rocket incident</a>. The Russians were alerted that it might be a <a href="/wiki/Trident_(missile)" title="Trident (missile)">nuclear missile</a> launched from an American <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">submarine</a>. The incident occurred in the post-Cold War era, where many Russians were still very suspicious of the United States and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> A full alert was passed up through the military chain of command to Yeltsin, who was notified and the "<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_briefcase" title="Nuclear briefcase">nuclear briefcase</a>" (known in Russia as <a href="/wiki/Cheget" title="Cheget">Cheget</a>) used to authorize nuclear launch was automatically activated. Russian satellites indicated that no massive attack was underway and he agreed with advisors that it was a false alarm.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privatization_and_the_rise_of_"the_oligarchs"">Privatization and the rise of "the oligarchs"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Privatization and the rise of "the oligarchs"">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm/220px-seek%3D355-Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="1720" data-mwtitle="Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_&_President_Yeltsin.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:05:50" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm#t=00:05:50" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:05:50" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:05:50" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:05:50" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm/Press_Conference_with_President_Clinton_%26_President_Yeltsin.webm.360p.webm#t=00:05:50" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Yeltsin and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> share a laugh in October 1995</figcaption></figure> Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin promoted <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">privatization</a> as a way of spreading ownership of shares in former state enterprises as widely as possible to create political support for his economic reforms. In the West, privatization was viewed as the key to the transition from Communism in Eastern Europe, ensuring a quick dismantling of the Soviet-era command economy to make way for "free market reforms". In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Chubais" title="Anatoly Chubais">Anatoly Chubais</a>, Yeltsin's deputy for economic policy, emerged as a leading advocate of privatization in Russia. In late 1992, Yeltsin launched a programme of free vouchers as a way to give mass privatization a jump-start. Under the programme, all Russian citizens were issued vouchers, each with a nominal value of around 10,000 rubles, for the purchase of shares of select state enterprises. Although each citizen initially received a voucher of equal face value, within months the majority of them converged in the hands of intermediaries who were ready to buy them for cash right away.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C,_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_1995.jpg/219px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_1995.jpg/329px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_1995.jpg/438px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%2C_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Boris Yeltsin and the country's leadership on the <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin Mausoleum</a> tribune during the celebration of the 50th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory</a>, 9 May 1995</figcaption></figure> In 1995, as Yeltsin struggled to finance Russia's growing foreign debt and gain support from the Russian business elite for his bid in the 1996 presidential elections, the Russian president prepared for a new wave of privatization offering stock shares in some of Russia's most valuable state enterprises in exchange for bank loans. The programme was promoted as a way of simultaneously speeding up privatization and ensuring the government a cash infusion to cover its operating needs.'<a href="#cite_note-apn.ru-106">[104]</a> However, the deals were effectively giveaways of valuable state assets to a small group of tycoons in finance, industry, energy, telecommunications, and the media who came to be known as "<a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">oligarchs</a>" in the mid-1990s. This was because ordinary people sold their vouchers for cash. The vouchers were bought by a small group of investors. By mid-1996, substantial ownership shares over major firms were acquired at very low prices by a handful of people. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a>, who controlled major stakes in several banks and the national media, emerged as one of Yeltsin's most prominent supporters. Along with Berezovsky, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khodorkovsky" title="Mikhail Khodorkovsky">Mikhail Khodorkovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Potanin" title="Vladimir Potanin">Vladimir Potanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bogdanov" title="Vladimir Bogdanov">Vladimir Bogdanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rem_Viakhirev" title="Rem Viakhirev">Rem Viakhirev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagit_Alekperov" title="Vagit Alekperov">Vagit Alekperov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smolensky" title="Alexander Smolensky">Alexander Smolensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fridman" title="Mikhail Fridman">Mikhail Fridman</a> and a few years later <a href="/wiki/Roman_Abramovich" title="Roman Abramovich">Roman Abramovich</a>, were habitually mentioned in the media as <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russia's oligarchs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Korean Air Lines Flight 007">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></div> On 5 December 1991, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Senator Jesse Helms</a>, ranking member of the Minority on the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, wrote to Yeltsin concerning U.S. servicemen who were POWs or MIAs: "The status of thousands and thousands of American servicemen who are held by Soviet and other Communist forces, and who were never repatriated after every major war this century, is of grave concern to the American people."<a href="#cite_note-Moscow_Bound_1993-124">[122]</a> Yeltsin responded with a statement made on 15 June 1992, whilst being interviewed on board his presidential jet en route to the United States, "Our archives have shown that it is true— some of them were transferred to the territory of the USSR and were kept in labour camps... We can only surmise that some of them may still be alive."<a href="#cite_note-Moscow_Bound_1993-124">[122]</a> On 10 December 1991, five days after Helms had written to Yeltsin regarding American servicemen, he again wrote to Yeltsin, this time concerning <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a> (KAL 007) requesting information concerning possible survivors, including Georgia Congressman <a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a>, and their whereabouts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">One of the greatest tragedies of the Cold War was the shoot-down of the Korean Airlines Flight 007 by the Armed Forces of what was then the Soviet Union on 1 September 1983... The KAL-007 tragedy was one of the most tense incident of the entire Cold War. However, now that relations between our two nations have improved substantially, I believe that it is time to resolve the mysteries surrounding this event. Clearing the air on this issue could help further to improve relations.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sen. Jesse Helms, writing to Yeltsin, 10 December 1991</cite></div></blockquote> In March 1992, Yeltsin handed over KAL 007's <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">black box</a> without its tapes to South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a> at the end of the plenary session of the South Korean National Assembly, saying "We apologize for the tragedy and are trying to settle some unsolved issues." Yeltsin released the tapes of the KAL 007's black box (its digital flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder) to the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) on 8 January 1993.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> For years the Soviet authorities had denied possessing these tapes. The openness of Yeltsin about POW/MIA and KAL 007 matters may also have signaled his willingness for more openness to the West. In 1992, which he labeled the "window of opportunity", he was willing to discuss biological weapons with the United States and admitted that the <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_anthrax_leak" title="Sverdlovsk anthrax leak">Sverdlovsk anthrax leak</a> of 2 April 1979 (which Yeltsin had originally been involved in concealing) had been caused as the result of a mishap at a military facility.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The Russian government had maintained that the cause was contaminated meat. The true number of victims in the anthrax outbreak at Sverdlovsk, about 850 miles (1,368 km) east of Moscow, is unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1996_presidential_election">1996 presidential election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1996 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 Russian presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_4_April_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boris_Yeltsin_4_April_1996.jpg/220px-Boris_Yeltsin_4_April_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boris_Yeltsin_4_April_1996.jpg/330px-Boris_Yeltsin_4_April_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Boris_Yeltsin_4_April_1996.jpg/440px-Boris_Yeltsin_4_April_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin at an election rally in <a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, 1996</figcaption></figure> In February 1996, Yeltsin announced that he would seek a second term in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 Russian presidential election</a> in the summer. The announcement followed weeks of speculation that Yeltsin was at the end of his political career because of his health problems and growing unpopularity in Russia. At the time, Yeltsin was recuperating from a series of heart attacks. Domestic and international observers also noted his occasionally erratic behavior. When campaigning began in early 1996, Yeltsin's popularity was close to being non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> Meanwhile, the opposition <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party</a> had already gained ground in parliamentary voting on 17 December 1995, and its candidate, <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a>, had a strong grassroots organization, especially in the rural areas and small towns, and appealed effectively to memories of the old days of Soviet prestige on the international stage and the domestic order under state socialism.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Panic struck the Yeltsin team when opinion polls suggested that the ailing president could not win; some members of his entourage urged him to cancel the presidential elections and effectively rule as a dictator from then on.<a href="#cite_note-wsj240407-130">[128]</a> Instead, Yeltsin changed his campaign team, assigning a key role to his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Dyachenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatyana Dyachenko">Tatyana Dyachenko</a>, and appointing Chubais as campaign manager. Chubais, acting as both Yeltsin's campaign manager and adviser on Russia's privatization programme, used his control of the privatization programme as an instrument of Yeltsin's re-election campaign. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_belt_in_Russian_1996_presidential_elections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Red_belt_in_Russian_1996_presidential_elections.svg/220px-Red_belt_in_Russian_1996_presidential_elections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Red_belt_in_Russian_1996_presidential_elections.svg/330px-Red_belt_in_Russian_1996_presidential_elections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Red_belt_in_Russian_1996_presidential_elections.svg/440px-Red_belt_in_Russian_1996_presidential_elections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4875" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>The results of the second round of the 1996 elections. Grey highlighted regions where Yeltsin won.</figcaption></figure> In mid-1996, Chubais and Yeltsin recruited a team of a handful of financial and media oligarchs to bankroll the Yeltsin campaign and guarantee favorable media coverage to the president on national television and in leading newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> In return, Chubais allowed well-connected Russian business leaders to acquire majority stakes in some of Russia's most valuable state-owned assets.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Led by the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lesin" title="Mikhail Lesin">Mikhail Lesin</a>, the media painted a picture of a fateful choice for Russia, between Yeltsin and a "return to totalitarianism". The oligarchs even played up the threat of civil war if a Communist was elected president.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> The American president, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, also committed himself to the campaign. American advisors were sent, on instruction from the White House, to join the campaign team of the sitting Russian president to teach new electoral techniques. Several European governments also showed their support for Yeltsin. French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a> visited Moscow on February 14, the day Yeltsin's candidacy was announced, and said he hoped the election campaign would be "an opportunity to highlight the achievements of President Yeltsin's reform policy". On the same day, German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> visited Moscow, where he presented Yeltsin as "an absolutely reliable partner who has always respected his commitments".<a href="#cite_note-hrlmd-134">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PreobrazhenskaiaPloshad96.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PreobrazhenskaiaPloshad96.JPG/220px-PreobrazhenskaiaPloshad96.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PreobrazhenskaiaPloshad96.JPG/330px-PreobrazhenskaiaPloshad96.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PreobrazhenskaiaPloshad96.JPG/440px-PreobrazhenskaiaPloshad96.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin presidential campaign</figcaption></figure> Yeltsin campaigned energetically, dispelling concerns about his health, and maintained a high media profile. To boost his popularity, Yeltsin promised to abandon some of his more unpopular economic reforms, boost welfare spending, end the war in Chechnya, and pay wage and pension arrears. Yeltsin had benefited from the approval of a US$10.2 billion <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> loan to Russia,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> which helped to keep his government afloat.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Zyuganov, who lacked Yeltsin's resources and financial backing, saw his strong initial lead whittled away. After the first round on 16 June, Yeltsin appointed a highly popular candidate <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a>, who finished in third place in the first round, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council of Russia</a>, sacked at the latter's behest defense minister <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a>, and on 20 June sacked a number of his <a href="/wiki/Siloviki" class="mw-redirect" title="Siloviki">siloviki</a>, one of them being his chief of presidential security <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korzhakov" title="Alexander Korzhakov">Alexander Korzhakov</a>, viewed by many as Yeltsin's <a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a>. In the run-off on 3 July, with a turnout of 68.9%, Yeltsin won 53.8% of the vote and Zyuganov 40.7%, with the rest (5.9%) voting "<a href="/wiki/Blank_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Blank vote">against all</a>".<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996–1999:_Second_term">1996–1999: Second term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1996–1999: Second term">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_with_President_Martti_Ahtisaari_of_Finland_and_President_Boris_Yeltsin_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/President_Bill_Clinton_with_President_Martti_Ahtisaari_of_Finland_and_President_Boris_Yeltsin_of_Russia.jpg/170px-President_Bill_Clinton_with_President_Martti_Ahtisaari_of_Finland_and_President_Boris_Yeltsin_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/President_Bill_Clinton_with_President_Martti_Ahtisaari_of_Finland_and_President_Boris_Yeltsin_of_Russia.jpg/255px-President_Bill_Clinton_with_President_Martti_Ahtisaari_of_Finland_and_President_Boris_Yeltsin_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/President_Bill_Clinton_with_President_Martti_Ahtisaari_of_Finland_and_President_Boris_Yeltsin_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin (right) meeting with President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (left) and President <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> (middle) in Helsinki, Finland on March 21, 1997</figcaption></figure> Yeltsin underwent emergency <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery#Number_of_arteries_bypassed" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">quintuple heart bypass surgery</a> in November 1996, and remained in the hospital for months. During his presidency, Russia received US$40 billion in funds from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and other international lending organizations. However, his opponents allege that most of these funds were stolen by people from Yeltsin's circle and placed into foreign banks.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba-meeting-october-1998-people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ba-meeting-october-1998-people.jpg/220px-Ba-meeting-october-1998-people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ba-meeting-october-1998-people.jpg/330px-Ba-meeting-october-1998-people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ba-meeting-october-1998-people.jpg/440px-Ba-meeting-october-1998-people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Yeltsin protests</figcaption></figure> In 1998, a political and economic crisis emerged when Yeltsin's government defaulted on its debts, causing financial markets to panic and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">ruble</a> to collapse in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">1999 Kosovo War</a>, Yeltsin strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military campaign against <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Yugoslavia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gnwarn-141">[139]</a> and warned of possible Russian intervention if NATO deployed ground troops to Kosovo. In televised comments, he stated: "I told NATO, the Americans, the Germans: Don't push us towards military action. Otherwise, there will be a European war for sure and possibly a world war."<a href="#cite_note-reuwarn-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnwarn-143">[141]</a> Yeltsin said that <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia</a> "trampled upon the foundations of international law and the United Nations charter".<a href="#cite_note-apnwarn-144">[142]</a> On 9 August 1999, Yeltsin fired his Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Sergei Stepashin</a>, and for the fourth time, fired his entire Cabinet. In Stepashin's place, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, relatively unknown at that time, and announced his wish to see Putin as his successor. In late 1999, Yeltsin and U.S. President Bill Clinton openly disagreed on the war in Chechnya. At the November meeting of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Clinton pointed his finger at Yeltsin and demanded he halt bombing attacks that had resulted in many civilian casualties. Yeltsin immediately left the conference.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Boris_Yeltsin-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vladimir_Putin_with_Boris_Yeltsin-5.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Boris_Yeltsin-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vladimir_Putin_with_Boris_Yeltsin-5.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Boris_Yeltsin-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vladimir_Putin_with_Boris_Yeltsin-5.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Boris_Yeltsin-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3315" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin with <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Patriarch Alexy II</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></figcaption></figure> In December, whilst visiting China to seek support on Chechnya, Yeltsin replied to Clinton's criticism of a Russian ultimatum to citizens of <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. He bluntly pronounced: "Yesterday, Clinton permitted himself to put pressure on Russia. It seems he has for a minute, for a second, for half a minute, forgotten that Russia has a full arsenal of nuclear weapons. He has forgotten about that." Clinton dismissed Yeltsin's comments stating: "I didn't think he'd forgotten that America was a great power when he disagreed with what I did in Kosovo." It fell to Putin to downplay Yeltsin's comments and present reassurances about U.S. and Russian relations.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempted_1999_impeachment">Attempted 1999 impeachment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Attempted 1999 impeachment">edit</a>]</div> On 15 May 1999, Yeltsin survived another impeachment attempt, this time by the democratic and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">communist</a> opposition in the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>. He was charged with several unconstitutional activities, including the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a> dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in December 1991, the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">coup-d'état in October 1993</a>, and initiating the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">war</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> in 1994. None of these charges received the two-thirds majority of the Duma required to initiate the process of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">impeachment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mabetex_corruption">Mabetex corruption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mabetex corruption">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_31_December_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Boris_Yeltsin_31_December_1999.jpg/220px-Boris_Yeltsin_31_December_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Boris_Yeltsin_31_December_1999.jpg/330px-Boris_Yeltsin_31_December_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Boris_Yeltsin_31_December_1999.jpg/440px-Boris_Yeltsin_31_December_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3637" data-file-height="2433" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin on the day of his resignation, together with Putin and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Voloshin" title="Aleksandr Voloshin">Aleksandr Voloshin</a></figcaption></figure> With <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Borodin" title="Pavel Borodin">Pavel Borodin</a> as the Kremlin property manager, Swiss construction firm <a href="/wiki/Mabetex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabetex">Mabetex</a> was awarded many important Russian government contracts. They were awarded the contracts to reconstruct, renovate and refurbish the former <a href="/wiki/White_House,_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="White House, Moscow">Russian Federation Parliament</a>, the Russian Opera House, <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>. In 1998, the prosecutor general of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Skuratov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Skuratov">Yuri Skuratov</a>, opened a bribery investigation against Mabetex, accusing its chief executive officer <a href="/wiki/Behgjet_Pacolli" title="Behgjet Pacolli">Behgjet Pacolli</a> of bribing Yeltsin and his family. Swiss authorities issued an international arrest warrant for Pavel Borodin, the official who managed the Kremlin's property empire.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2-149">[147]</a> Stating that bribery was a common business practice in Russia, Pacolli confirmed in early December 1999 that he had guaranteed five credit cards for Yeltsin's wife, Naina, and two daughters, Tatyana and Yelena.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2-149">[147]</a> Yeltsin resigned a few weeks later on 31 December 1999, appointing Vladimir Putin as his successor. Putin's first decree as president was lifelong immunity from prosecution for Yeltsin.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation">Resignation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Resignation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv/220px--Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="180" data-durationhint="656" data-mwtitle="Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="176" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv/Boris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="294" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABoris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABoris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABoris_Yeltsin_-_1999-12-31.ogv&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Boris Yeltsin's 1999 New Year Address in which he announced his resignation</figcaption></figure> On 31 December 1999, during a televised <a href="/wiki/New_Year_Address_by_the_President_of_Russia" title="New Year Address by the President of Russia">New Year address</a>, Yeltsin issued his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton20081-151">[149]</a> In the speech, he praised the advances in cultural, political, and economic freedom that his administration had overseen although apologized to Russia's people for "not making many of your and my dreams come true. What seemed simple to do proved to be excruciatingly difficult."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton20082-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> By some estimates, his approval ratings when leaving office were as low as 2%.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-150">[148]</a> Polling also suggests that a majority of the Russian population were pleased by Yeltsin's resignation.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin">Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heart_disease_and_alcoholism">Heart disease and alcoholism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Heart disease and alcoholism">edit</a>]</div> Yeltsin suffered from <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> during his first term as president of the Russian Federation, probably continuing for the rest of his life. He is known to have suffered heart problems in March 1990, just after being elected as a member of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> It was common knowledge that, in early 1996, he was recuperating from a series of heart attacks and, soon after, he spent months in hospital recovering from a quintuple bypass operation (see above). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_1_February_2002-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vladimir_Putin_1_February_2002-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_1_February_2002-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vladimir_Putin_1_February_2002-2.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_1_February_2002-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vladimir_Putin_1_February_2002-2.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_1_February_2002-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Boris and Naina Yeltsina with President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_Russia" title="First Lady of Russia">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Putina" title="Lyudmila Putina">Lyudmila</a> on Yeltsin's 71st birthday, 2002</figcaption></figure> According to numerous reports, Yeltsin was alcohol dependent until 1996, when his worsening health made him give up heavy drinking.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The topic made headlines abroad during Yeltsin's visit to the U.S. in 1989 for a series of lectures on social and political life in the Soviet Union. A report in the Italian newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a>, reprinted by <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, reported that Yeltsin often appeared drunk in public. His alcoholism was also the subject of media discussion following his meeting with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Deputy Secretary of State">U.S. Deputy Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a> following Clinton's inauguration in 1993 and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">an incident</a> during a flight stop-over at <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon Airport</a>, Ireland, in September 1994, when the waiting Irish prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a>, was told that Yeltsin was unwell and would not be leaving the aircraft. Reynolds tried to make excuses for him in an effort to offset his own humiliation in waiting in vain outside the plane to meet him. Speaking to the media in March 2010, Yeltsin's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Yumasheva" title="Tatyana Yumasheva">Tatyana Yumasheva</a>, claimed that her father had suffered a heart attack on the flight from the United States to Moscow and was therefore not in a position to leave the plane.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_in_Kazan_(2006-06-22)_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boris_Yeltsin_in_Kazan_%282006-06-22%29_06.jpg/220px-Boris_Yeltsin_in_Kazan_%282006-06-22%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boris_Yeltsin_in_Kazan_%282006-06-22%29_06.jpg/330px-Boris_Yeltsin_in_Kazan_%282006-06-22%29_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boris_Yeltsin_in_Kazan_%282006-06-22%29_06.jpg/440px-Boris_Yeltsin_in_Kazan_%282006-06-22%29_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>With <a href="/wiki/Mintimer_Shaimiev" title="Mintimer Shaimiev">Mintimer Shaimiev</a> on June 22, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_24_September_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boris_Yeltsin_24_September_2006.jpg/170px-Boris_Yeltsin_24_September_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boris_Yeltsin_24_September_2006.jpg/255px-Boris_Yeltsin_24_September_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boris_Yeltsin_24_September_2006.jpg/340px-Boris_Yeltsin_24_September_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin with tennis player <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Tursunov" title="Dmitry Tursunov">Dmitry Tursunov</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> According to former deputy prime minister of Russia <a href="/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov" title="Boris Nemtsov">Boris Nemtsov</a>, the bizarre behavior of Yeltsin resulted from "strong drugs" given to him by Kremlin doctors, which were incompatible even with a small amount of alcohol. This was discussed by journalist <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Tregubova" title="Yelena Tregubova">Yelena Tregubova</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_pool" title="Kremlin pool">Kremlin pool</a> in connection with an episode during Yeltsin's visit to Stockholm in 1997, when Yeltsin suddenly started talking nonsense (he allegedly told his bemused audience that Swedish meatballs reminded him of <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Borg" title="Björn Borg">Björn Borg</a>'s face),<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> lost his balance, and almost fell down on the podium after drinking a single glass of champagne.<a href="#cite_note-digger-161">[159]</a> In his memoirs, Yeltsin claimed no recollection of the event but did make a passing reference to the incident when he met Borg a year later at the World Circle Kabaddi Cup in Hamilton, Ontario, where the pair had been invited to present the trophy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> He made a hasty withdrawal from the funeral of King <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein of Jordan</a> in February 1999 to use the facilities.<a href="#cite_note-digger-161">[159]</a> After Yeltsin's death, Michiel Staal, a Dutch neurosurgeon, said that his team had been secretly flown to Moscow to operate on Yeltsin in 1999. Yeltsin suffered from an unspecified neurological disorder that affected his sense of balance, causing him to wobble as if in a drunken state; the goal of the operation was to reduce the pain.<a href="#cite_note-digger-161">[159]</a> Former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> claimed that on a 1995 visit to Washington, Yeltsin was found on Pennsylvania Avenue, drunk, in his underwear and trying to hail a taxi cab to find pizza.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Yeltsin's personal and health problems received a great deal of attention in the global press. As the years went on, he was often viewed as an increasingly drunk and unstable leader, rather than the inspiring figure he was once seen as. The possibility that he might die in office was often discussed. Starting in the last years of his presidential term, Yeltsin's primary residence was the Gorki-9 presidential <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> west of Moscow. He made frequent stays at the nearby government sanatorium in <a href="/wiki/Barvikha" title="Barvikha">Barvikha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-digger-161">[159]</a> In October 1999, Yeltsin was hospitalized with flu and a fever, and in the following month, he was hospitalized with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, just days after receiving treatment for <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_after_resignation">Life after resignation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Life after resignation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_1_February_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boris_Yeltsin_1_February_2006.jpg/170px-Boris_Yeltsin_1_February_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boris_Yeltsin_1_February_2006.jpg/255px-Boris_Yeltsin_1_February_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Boris_Yeltsin_1_February_2006.jpg/340px-Boris_Yeltsin_1_February_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin with his wife <a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina</a> on his 75th birthday, 2006</figcaption></figure> Yeltsin maintained a low profile after his resignation, making almost no public statements or appearances. He criticized his successor Putin in December 2000 for supporting the reintroduction of the tune of the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Soviet-era national anthem</a>, albeit with different lyrics.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> In January 2001 he was hospitalized for six weeks with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> resulting from a viral infection.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> On 13 September 2004, following the <a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">Beslan school hostage crisis</a> and nearly concurrent terrorist attacks in Moscow, Putin launched an initiative to replace the election of regional governors with a system whereby they would be directly appointed by the president and approved by regional legislatures. Yeltsin, together with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, publicly criticized Putin's plan as a step away from democracy in Russia and a return to the centrally-run political apparatus of the Soviet era.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> In September 2005, Yeltsin underwent a hip operation in Moscow after breaking his <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> in a fall while on holiday in the Italian island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> On 1 February 2006, Yeltsin celebrated his 75th birthday. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Death and funeral">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/250px-Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/375px-Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg/500px-Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin's funeral</figcaption></figure> Yeltsin died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">congestive heart failure</a><a href="#cite_note-kp-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> on 23 April 2007, aged 76.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> According to experts quoted by <a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Pravda" title="Komsomolskaya Pravda">Komsomolskaya Pravda</a>, the onset of Yeltsin's condition began during his visit to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> between 25 March and 2 April.<a href="#cite_note-kp-169">[167]</a> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a> on 25 April 2007,<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> following a period during which his body had <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">lain in repose</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Yeltsin was the first Russian head of state in 113 years to be buried in a church ceremony, after Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> He was survived by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Iosifovna Yeltsina</a>, whom he married in 1956, and their two daughters Yelena and <a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Yumasheva" title="Tatyana Yumasheva">Tatyana</a>, born in 1957 and 1960, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-nationel-112">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-23.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-23.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-23.jpg/440px-Funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Vladimir Putin, Bill Clinton, and George H. W. Bush appeared at Yeltsin's funeral.</figcaption></figure> President Putin declared the day of his funeral a <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national day of mourning</a>, with the nation's flags flown at <a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half-staff</a> and all entertainment programs suspended for the day.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Putin said, upon declaring 25 April 2007 a <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">day of national mourning</a>, that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Yeltsin's Presidency has inscribed him forever in Russian and in world history. ... A new democratic Russia was born during his time: a free, open and peaceful country. A state in which the power truly does belong to the people. ... the first President of Russia’s strength consisted in the mass support of Russian citizens for his ideas and aspirations. Thanks to the will and direct initiative of President Boris Yeltsin a new constitution, one which declared human rights a supreme value, was adopted. It gave people the opportunity to freely express their thoughts, to freely choose power in Russia, to realize their creative and entrepreneurial plans. This Constitution permitted us to begin building a truly effective Federation. ... We knew him as a brave and a warm-hearted, spiritual person. He was an upstanding and courageous national leader. And he was always very honest and frank while defending his position. ... [Yeltsin] assumed full responsibility for everything he called for, for everything he aspired to. For everything he tried to do and did do for the sake of Russia, for the sake of millions of Russians. And he invariably took upon himself, let it in his heart, all the trials and tribulations of Russia, peoples' difficulties and problems.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a></blockquote> Shortly after the news broke, former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev issued a statement, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"I express my profoundest condolences to the family of the deceased, who had major deeds for the good of the country as well as serious mistakes behind him. It was a tragic destiny."<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> During the late Soviet period, Yeltsin's ideological worldview began to shift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200895-61">[59]</a> Colton argued that <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> and "a non-ethnic Russianism" had begun to enter Yeltsin's thinking while he was First Secretary of Sverdlovsk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008105-179">[177]</a> In the late 1980s, Yeltsin told the Athens daily newspaper <a href="/wiki/Kathimerini" title="Kathimerini">Kathimerini</a> that "I regard myself as a social democrat", despite his economic privatisation programs, adding: "Those who still believe in communism are moving in the sphere of fantasy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990390-180">[178]</a> Linking Yeltsin with "liberal Russian nationalism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199442-181">[179]</a> Alfred B. Evans described Yeltsin as having "exerted a crucial influence on the development of Russian nationalism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199429-182">[180]</a> Yeltsin helped to channel the aspirations of <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a> in ways that did not lead to clashes with the nationalisms of other national groups within the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199429-182">[180]</a> As head of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, he stressed the specific interests of the Russian republic within the broader Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199435-183">[181]</a> Evans compared Yeltsin's turn away from the "empire-building" of the Soviet Union to the ideas of the writer and dissident <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>, who had called in the 1980s for Russia to extricate itself from the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199436-184">[182]</a> However, Evans thought that Yeltsin still appeared to believe by 1990 that the Ukrainians and Belarusians, as fellow East Slavic nationalities, would want to remain politically united with Russia in federal form. By 1991, it was obvious that this would not occur as the Ukrainian population favored full independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199436–37-185">[183]</a> Over the course of his presidency, he made increasing concessions to right-wing ethnic Russian nationalism by expressing growing concern over the fate of ethnic Russians in neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199440-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Colton described Yeltsin as a man who "teemed with inner complexities",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton20086-187">[185]</a> who exhibited both a "mathematical cast of mind" and a "taste for adventure",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200850-188">[186]</a> noting that Yeltsin had "the intuition for grasping a situation holistically".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200851-189">[187]</a> Colton thought Yeltsin could be bullheaded,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200836-190">[188]</a> and restless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837-14">[12]</a> Evans noted that in Yeltsin's autobiography, the leader appeared to view himself as more of a Soviet person than a Russian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199436-184">[182]</a> Throughout his life, Yeltsin sustained a number of health problems which he would usually try to conceal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200891,_92-191">[189]</a> As a child, he sustained both a broken nose and a maimed hand, physical attributes he remained self-conscious about;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200848-192">[190]</a> in public he would often conceal his left hand under the table or behind his tie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20008-193">[191]</a> He was also deaf on the right side due to a middle-ear infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200892-194">[192]</a> Although his mother was a devout Orthodox Christian, Yeltsin did not grow up as a practitioner, only becoming so in the 1980s and 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200835-10">[8]</a> Yeltsin stated that his "style of management" was "tough" and that he "demanded strict discipline and fulfilment of promises".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200031-195">[193]</a> Yeltsin was a workaholic;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200891-196">[194]</a> at UPI university, he developed the habit of sleeping for only four hours at night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200017-197">[195]</a> He was punctual and very strict regarding the tardiness of his subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200031-195">[193]</a> He had an excellent memory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200032-198">[196]</a> and enjoyed reading; by 1985 his family had around 6000 volumes in their possession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200895-61">[59]</a> At UPI university, he was known for enjoying practical jokes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200015Colton200857-199">[197]</a> He enjoyed listening to folk songs and pop tunes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008110-200">[198]</a> and from youth could play the <a href="/wiki/Spoon_(musical_instrument)" title="Spoon (musical instrument)">lozhki</a> spoons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837-14">[12]</a> Until poor health stopped him in the 1990s, Yeltsin enjoyed swimming in icy water, and throughout his life started each day with a cold shower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200850-188">[186]</a> He also loved using the <a href="/wiki/Banya_(sauna)" title="Banya (sauna)">banya</a> steambath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837-14">[12]</a> Yeltsin also enjoyed hunting and had his own collection of hunting guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200887–88-201">[199]</a> He liked to give watches and other keepsakes to his employees, often as a means of motivating them to work harder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200023–24Colton2008100-202">[200]</a> He disliked people swearing,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200028-203">[201]</a> and when frustrated or angry, he was known to often snap pencils in his hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008112-80">[78]</a> Yeltsin had a high tolerance for alcohol, and by the 1980s he was drinking alcohol at or above the average for the party elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200888-204">[202]</a> Yeltsin's favorite writer was <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200845-205">[203]</a> although he also enjoyed the work of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yesenin" title="Sergei Yesenin">Sergei Yesenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008110-200">[198]</a> Colton described Yeltsin as having a "husky baritone" voice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200883-206">[204]</a> Doder and Branson noted that Yeltsin was "a hero for young Russians, a cult figure to those who were not necessarily anticommunists but who were filled with bitterness and apathy" from the Brezhnev years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990270-207">[205]</a> They noted he was "ebullient, almost outrageously open",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990278-208">[206]</a> and also "charismatic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990270-207">[205]</a> They added that Yeltsin presented himself as "a true working-class hero" when challenging the Soviet administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoderBranson1990380-209">[207]</a> Yeltsin had nevertheless always wanted a son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200032-198">[196]</a> Yelena briefly married a school friend, Aleksei Fefelov, against her parents' wishes. They had a daughter, Yekaterina, in 1979, before separating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200892-194">[192]</a> Yelena then married an <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> pilot, Valerii Okulov, with whom she had a second daughter, Mariya, in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200892-194">[192]</a> Yeltsin's other daughter, Tatyana, married fellow student Vilen Khairullin, an ethnic Tatar, while studying at Moscow State University in 1980. In 1981 they had a son, named Boris after his grandfather, but soon separated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200892-194">[192]</a> Tatyana then married again, to Leonid Dyachenko, and for a while they lived with Yeltsin at his Moscow apartment during the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008112-80">[78]</a> Yeltsin was loyal to his friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200034-46">[44]</a> As friends, Yeltsin selected individuals he deemed to be professionally competent and morally fastidious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200034-46">[44]</a> Aron noted that Yeltsin could be "an inexhaustible fount of merriment, exuberance and hospitality" among his friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200034-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BorisYeltsinMemorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/BorisYeltsinMemorial.JPG/220px-BorisYeltsinMemorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/BorisYeltsinMemorial.JPG/330px-BorisYeltsinMemorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/BorisYeltsinMemorial.JPG/440px-BorisYeltsinMemorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2935" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Yeltsin's tomb with monumental gravestone at <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeltsin-center-day.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yeltsin-center-day.JPG/220px-Yeltsin-center-day.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yeltsin-center-day.JPG/330px-Yeltsin-center-day.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Yeltsin-center-day.JPG/440px-Yeltsin-center-day.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Yeltsin Center</a> with the memorial sculpture </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_-_Dompark_-_Gedenktafel_f%C3%BCr_Boris_Jelzin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tallinn_-_Dompark_-_Gedenktafel_f%C3%BCr_Boris_Jelzin.jpg/220px-Tallinn_-_Dompark_-_Gedenktafel_f%C3%BCr_Boris_Jelzin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tallinn_-_Dompark_-_Gedenktafel_f%C3%BCr_Boris_Jelzin.jpg/330px-Tallinn_-_Dompark_-_Gedenktafel_f%C3%BCr_Boris_Jelzin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tallinn_-_Dompark_-_Gedenktafel_f%C3%BCr_Boris_Jelzin.jpg/440px-Tallinn_-_Dompark_-_Gedenktafel_f%C3%BCr_Boris_Jelzin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Yeltsin in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn,_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallinn, Estonia">Tallinn, Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> Evaluations of Yeltsin are highly polarized. Former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Russia">United States Ambassador to Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_McFaul" title="Michael McFaul">Michael McFaul</a> emphasizes the range pro and con: <dl><dd>Yeltsin certainly deserves credit for monumental achievements. On his watch, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was destroyed, the largest empire on earth was peacefully dismantled, and electoral democracy was introduced into a country with a thousand-year history of autocratic rule....Yeltsin invites and eludes a ringing assessment. Was he a heroic revolutionary, or an erratic reformer? An astute politician and a committed democrat, or a populist improviser with little interest in the hard work of coalition building? Was he a daring economic reformer, or a blundering tool of the oligarchs? ...Does he emerge as a larger-than-life leader who rose to unprecedented challenges, or as a figure overwhelmed by the enormity of change? The answer, not surprisingly, is that Yeltsin was all of the above.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></dd></dl> Colton suggested that "Yeltsin leaves nobody indifferent. He needs to be understood if we are to understand the age we inhabit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton20087-211">[209]</a> Aron characterised him as "Russia's first modern leader".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron2000xviii-212">[210]</a> Colton understood him as "a hero in history", albeit one who was "enigmatic and flawed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton20089-213">[211]</a> He expressed the view that Yeltsin was part of "the global trend away from authoritarianism and statism" that occurred in the 1990s, comparing him to <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton20088-214">[212]</a> Observers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have described Russia's government under Yeltsin as a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal democratic</a> regime,<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> citing his frequent abuses of presidential power which led to hyper-presidentialism in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> In the years following his presidency, there was comparatively little interest among biographers and historians in researching Yeltsin's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton20083-219">[217]</a> During his career as a figure in the Soviet Union, Yeltsin received ten medals and awards for his service to the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200893-73">[71]</a> In April 2008, a new memorial to Yeltsin was dedicated in Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Novodevichy cemetery">Novodevichy cemetery</a>, to mixed reactions. At the memorial service, a military chorus performed <a href="/wiki/Patrioticheskaya_Pesnya" title="Patrioticheskaya Pesnya">Russia's national anthem</a> – an anthem that was changed shortly after the end of Yeltsin's term, to <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">follow the music</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">old Soviet anthem</a>, with lyrics reflecting Russia's new status.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Ryabov, who was formerly a close ally of Yeltsin's, claimed that his actions in the 1990s revealed that he was a <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">turncoat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008104-222">[220]</a> In 2013, a memorial sculpture in relief, dedicated to Yeltsin, was erected on Nunne street, at the base of the Patkuli stairs in Tallinn, for his contribution to the peaceful independence of Estonia during 1990–1991.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center</a> was opened in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion_in_Russia">Public opinion in Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public opinion in Russia">edit</a>]</div> Yeltsin's legacy has remained a controversial topic in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Granville-227">[225]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Russian_Public_Opinion_Research_Center" title="Russian Public Opinion Research Center">VCIOM</a> survey carried out in 2001, over a year after Yeltsin's resignation, showed the public's mostly negative perception of the former president at the time: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Nationwide VCIOM Survey: What is your general attitude to Yeltsin? </th></tr> <tr> <td>Admiration</td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Respect</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fondness</td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indifference</td> <td>23% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dislike</td> <td>38% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fear</td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revulsion</td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doesn't know</td> <td>3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="6">Date: 20–23 April 2001. Sample size: 1600. Source:<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Another VCIOM survey, carried out in 2010, showed the continuing unpopularity of Yeltsin three years after his death: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">In historical perspective, do you think the Yeltsin epoch brought more good or more bad to Russia? </th></tr> <tr> <td>More bad</td> <td>59% </td></tr> <tr> <td>More good</td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doesn't know</td> <td>22% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="6">Date: 17–21 December 2010. Sample size: 1611. Source:<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Honors and awards">edit</a>]</div> Russian and Soviet <ul><li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Order_%22For_Merit_to_the_Fatherland%22" title="Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"">Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"</a>, 1st class (12 June 2001) – a particularly outstanding contribution to the establishment and development of the Russian state<a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-lentapedia-231">[229]</a></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> (January 1981) – for services to the Communist Party and Soviet state and his fiftieth birthday<a href="#cite_note-lentapedia-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-AiF1998-232">[230]</a></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a>, twice;<a href="#cite_note-lentapedia-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-AiF1998-232">[230]</a> <ul><li>August 1971 – for services in carrying out a five-year plan</li> <li>January 1974 – for achievements in the construction of the first stage of cold rolling shop at the Verkh-Isetsky Metallurgical Plant in <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Sverdlovsk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Badge_of_Honour" title="Order of the Badge of Honour">Order of the Badge of Honour</a> (1966) – for achievements in implementing the seven-year plan targets for construction<a href="#cite_note-lentapedia-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-AiF1998-232">[230]</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_1000th_Anniversary_of_Kazan%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan"</a> (2006)</li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin%22" title="Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"">Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"</a> (November 1969)</li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Thirty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (April 1975)</li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2260_Years_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_USSR%22" title="Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"">Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"</a> (January 1978)</li> <li>Soviet Union: Gold Medal, Exhibition of Economic Achievements (October 1981)<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a></li> <li>Russia: Medal – "In memory of the army as a volunteer" (March 2012, posthumous) – for a high contribution to the remembrance of the Great Patriotic War, with respect for the history of the Russian state, and for his contribution to the preservation of names of victims in conflicts in defence of the homeland<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a></li></ul> Foreign awards <ul><li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Francysk_Skaryna" title="Order of Francysk Skaryna">Order of Francysk Skaryna</a> (31 December 1999) – for his great personal contribution to the development and strengthening of Belarusian-Russian cooperation<a href="#cite_note-lentapedia-231">[229]</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Eagle" title="Order of the Golden Eagle">Order of the Golden Eagle</a> (1997)</li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a>, 1st class (22 January 2000) – for his significant personal contribution to the development of Ukrainian-Russian cooperation</li> <li>Italy: Knight Grand Cross with collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="Order of Merit of the Italian Republic">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (1991)</li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars" title="Order of the Three Stars">Order of the Three Stars</a>, 1st class (2006)</li> <li>Palestine: Order "Bethlehem 2000" (2000)</li> <li>France: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (France)<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Good_Hope" title="Order of Good Hope">Order of Good Hope</a>, 1st class (1999)</li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_13_January" title="Medal of 13 January">Medal of 13 January</a> (9 January 1992)</li> <li>Lithuania: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Vytis" title="Order of the Cross of Vytis">Order of the Cross of Vytis</a> (10 June 2011, posthumous)</li> <li>Mongolia: Order "For Personal Courage" (18 October 2001)</li></ul> Departmental awards <ul><li>Russia: Gorchakov Commemorative Medal (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian Foreign Ministry</a>, 1998)<a href="#cite_note-lentapedia-231">[229]</a></li> <li>International Olympic Committee: Golden <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Order" title="Olympic Order">Olympic Order</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, 1993)</li></ul> Religious awards <ul><li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Blessed_Grand_Prince_Dmitry_Donskoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Blessed Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy">Order of Saint Blessed Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy</a>, 1st class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2006)</li> <li>Greece: Chevalier of the Order of the Chain of the Holy Sepulchre (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a>, 2000)</li></ul> Titles <ul><li>Honorary Citizen of <ul><li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast" title="Sverdlovsk Oblast">Sverdlovsk Oblast</a> (2010, posthumous)</li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> (2005)</li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Samara_Oblast" title="Samara Oblast">Samara Oblast</a> (2006)</li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> (2002)</li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (1993)<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> (1994)<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)#"Shock_therapy"" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">History of Russia (1991–present)#"Shock therapy"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock Doctrine">Shock Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Someone_Still_Loves_You_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Someone Still Loves You Boris Yeltsin">Someone Still Loves You Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_Boris" title="Spinning Boris">Spinning Boris</a>, film based upon the story of American consultants advising the campaign</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Nikolayevich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Yeltsin. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Борис Николаевич Ельцин, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/56\/Ru-Boris_Nikolayevich_Yeltsin.ogg\/Ru-Boris_Nikolayevich_Yeltsin.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/Ru-Boris_Nikolayevich_Yeltsin.ogg/Ru-Boris_Nikolayevich_Yeltsin.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Boris_Nikolayevich_Yeltsin.ogg" title="File:Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> Several Slavic languages render the name as Boris Jeljcin.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200817-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200817_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200817_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200814-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200814_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200816-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20004Colton200816_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200835–36-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200835–36_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200839-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200839_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200814–19-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200814–19_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 14–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200819–21-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200819–21_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200835-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200835_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200835_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200818-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200818_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20006–7Colton200838-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20006–7Colton200838_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 6–7; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200822–23-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200822–23_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200837_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200837_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200837_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200837_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200837_14-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200823–24,_26-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20005Colton200823–24,_26_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 23–24, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200825–26-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200825–26_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20006Colton200826-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20006Colton200826_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20006Colton200828-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20006Colton200828_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20007Colton200833-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20007Colton200833_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20008,_9Colton200841–42-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20008,_9Colton200841–42_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 8, 9; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200840–41-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200840–41_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200840-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200840_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200837,_43-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200837,_43_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 37, 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200843-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200843_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20009Colton200844-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20009Colton200844_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron20007–8Colton200845–47-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron20007–8Colton200845–47_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 7–8; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200010-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200010_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200011Colton200853-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200011Colton200853_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200856-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200856_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200856_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200014-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200014_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200858-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200858_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200856-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200856_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200017Colton200856_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200859-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200859_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200859_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200016Colton200864-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200016Colton200864_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200015–16Colton200862-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200015–16Colton200862_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200018Colton200858-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200018Colton200858_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200020Colton200864-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200020Colton200864_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200021,_23Colton200865-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200021,_23Colton200865_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 21, 23; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200021–22-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200021–22_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200025–26-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200025–26_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200026–27Colton200865-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200026–27Colton200865_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200024Colton200866-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200024Colton200866_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200025-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200025_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200032–33Colton200866-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200032–33Colton200866_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, pp. 32–33; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200866,_68-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200866,_68_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 66, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200034-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200034_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200034_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200034_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200034_46-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAron200030Colton200868-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAron200030Colton200868_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAron2000">Aron 2000</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200886-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200886_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200886_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200886_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200869-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200869_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200865-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200865_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200865_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200865_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200865,_70,_71,_72-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200865,_70,_71,_72_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 65, 70, 71, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200872–73-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200872–73_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200873–74-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200873–74_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200875-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200875_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200896-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200896_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200896_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200875–76,_86-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200875–76,_86_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 75–76, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200876–77-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200876–77_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200877-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200877_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200877–81-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200877–81_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 77–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200894-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200894_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200895-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200895_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200895_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200895_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200889–91-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200889–91_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 89–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200880-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200880_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200880_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200884-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200884_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200884_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200887-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200887_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200889-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200889_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200895–96-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200895–96_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200898–99-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200898–99_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008100-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008100_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008101-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008101_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008101–103-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008101–103_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 101–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008103–104-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008103–104_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 103–104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200893-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200893_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200893_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton200890-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton200890_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008108-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008108_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008109-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008109_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008109_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008109_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008110,_118-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008110,_118_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 110, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008111–112-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008111–112_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Leon Aron, Boris Yeltsin A Revolutionary Life. HarperCollins, 2000. p. 132. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008112-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008112_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008112_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008112_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-Leon_Aron_2000._page_739-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_Aron_2000._page_739_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_Aron_2000._page_739_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_Aron_2000._page_739_81-2">c</a> Leon Aron, Boris Yeltsin A Revolutionary Life. HarperCollins, 2000. p. 739; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-653041-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-653041-9">0-00-653041-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008112–113-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008112–113_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008113-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008113_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008115-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008115_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008116-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008116_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008116_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008119–120-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008119–120_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008118-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008118_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColton2008119-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColton2008119_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColton2008">Colton 2008</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-oclery-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oclery_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oclery_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oclery_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oclery_89-3">d</a> Conor O'Clery, Moscow 25 December 1991: The Last Day of the Soviet Union. pp. 71, 74, 81. 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Retrieved 27 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Getty+Images&rft.atitle=Russian+President+Boris+Yeltsin+shows+a+new+Turkmen+passport+given+to+him+after+he+was+named+%27honorary+citizen+of+Turkmenistan%27+by+Saparmurad+Niyazov%2C+president+of+this+Central+Asian+state+in+Turkmenistan+23+December+1993&rft.date=1993-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.com%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Frussian-president-boris-yeltsin-shows-a-new-turkmen-news-photo%2F108689764%23russian-president-boris-yeltsin-shows-a-new-turkmen-passport-given-to-picture-id108689764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Yeltsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=IFdE_0O82UQ&ved=2ahUKEwiE9K68ypXyAhWPM-wKHQAGAlQQjjh6BAgDEAI&usg=AOvVaw1sf_EBzxbLoovHp_-Z3uY4">"Σύνοδο Κορυφής στην Κέρκυρα -Όταν ο Ρώσος πρόεδρος Μπορίς Γιέλτσιν έγινε επίτιμος δημότης Κέρκυρας"</a>. YouTube (in Greek). 24 June 1994. Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF+%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1+-%CE%8C%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD+%CE%BF+%CE%A1%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%82+%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD+%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.date=1994-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIFdE_0O82UQ%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiE9K68ypXyAhWPM-wKHQAGAlQQjjh6BAgDEAI%26usg%3DAOvVaw1sf_EBzxbLoovHp_-Z3uY4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Yeltsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Jeljcin" class="extiw" title="hr:Boris Jeljcin">Croatian Wikipedia</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron2000" class="citation book cs1">Aron, Leon (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yeltsinrevolutio00aron">Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312251857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312251857"><bdi>978-0312251857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeltsin%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0312251857&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyeltsinrevolutio00aron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Yeltsin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Aslund, Anders. Russia's capitalist revolution: why market reform succeeded and democracy failed (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Russias-Capitalist-Revolution-Succeeded-Democracy/dp/0881324094">excerpt</a></li> <li>Barnes, A. "Property, Power, and the Presidency: Ownership Policy Reform and Russian Executive–Legislative Relations, 1990–1999" Communist and Post-Communist Politics 34#1 (2001): 39–61.</li> <li>Barylski, Robert V. The Soldier in Russian Politics: Duty, Dictatorship, and Democracy under Gorbachev and Yeltsin (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Bialer, Seweryn. "The Yeltsin Affair: The Dilemma of the Left in Gorbachev's Revolution." Politics, Society, and Nationality Inside Gorbachev's Russia (Routledge, 2019) pp. 91–119.</li> <li>Biryukov, N., & S. Sergeyev. Russian Politics in Transition: Institutional Conflict in a Nascent Democracy (Ashgate, 1997).</li> <li>Boltunova, Ekaterina. "The President has entered the building! The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center and memorial tradition in contemporary Russia." Ab Imperio 2017.3 (2017): 165–193. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/55436496/AI-2017.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Breslauer, George W. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as leaders (Cambridge UP, 2002).</li> <li>Breslauer, George W. "Personalism versus proceduralism: Boris Yeltsin and the institutional fragility of the Russian system." Russia in the New Century (Routledge, 2018) pp. 35–58.</li> <li>Brown, Archie et al. Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Putin: political leadership in Russia's transition (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gorbachevyeltsin0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Brown, Archie, and Lilia Shevtsova, eds. Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and Putin: political leadership in Russia's transition (Carnegie Endowment, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rCyLNphJpcC&dq=Boris+Yeltsin+&pg=PR2">excerpt</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColton2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Colton" title="Timothy Colton">Colton, Timothy J.</a> (2008). Yeltsin: A Life. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01271-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01271-8"><bdi>978-0-465-01271-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeltsin%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01271-8&rft.aulast=Colton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Yeltsin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Colton, Timothy J. "Boris Yeltsin, Russia's all-thumbs democrat." Patterns in post-Soviet leadership (Routledge, 2019) pp. 49–74.</li> <li>Depoy, Erik. "Boris Yeltsin and the 1996 Russian presidential election." Presidential Studies Quarterly 26.4 (1996): 1140–1164. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551676">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoderBranson1990" class="citation book cs1">Doder, Dusko; Branson, Louise (1990). Gorbachev: Heretic in the Kremlin. London: Futura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708849408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708849408"><bdi>978-0708849408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorbachev%3A+Heretic+in+the+Kremlin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0708849408&rft.aulast=Doder&rft.aufirst=Dusko&rft.au=Branson%2C+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Yeltsin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ellison, Herbert J. Boris Yeltsin and Russia's democratic transformation (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borisyeltsinruss0000elli_d6h2">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1994" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Alfred B. (1994). "Yel'tsin and Russian Nationalism". The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. 21 (1): 29–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633294X00089">10.1163/187633294X00089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+and+Post-Soviet+Review&rft.atitle=Yel%27tsin+and+Russian+Nationalism&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-43&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633294X00089&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Alfred+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoris+Yeltsin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Forden, Geoffrey. "Reducing a Common Danger." Policy Analysis Paper (CATO #399, 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep04948.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gill, Graeme. "The Yeltsin Era." in Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (Routledge, 2015) pp 3–12.</li> <li>Goldgeier, James. "Bill and Boris: A Window Into a Most Important Post-Cold War Relationship (August 2018)." Texas National Security Review (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/72425/TNSRVol1_Iss4_Goldgeier.pdf?sequence=2">online</a></li> <li>Jackson, Camille. "Legislation as an Indicator of Free Press in Russia: Patterns of Change from Yeltsin to Putin." Problems of Post-communism 63.5–6 (2016): 354–366. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/46968549/Legislation_as_an_Indicator_of_Free_Press_in_Russia.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Kagarlitsky, Boris. Russia Under Yeltsin and Putin: Neo-Liberal Autocracy (2002)</li> <li>Kimura, Hiroshi. Japanese-Russian Relations Under Gorbachev and Yeltsin (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Lane, David. "Political elites under Gorbachev and Yeltsin in the early period of transition: a reputational and analytical study." in Patterns in Post-Soviet Leadership (Routledge, 2019) pp. 29–47.</li> <li>Lynch, Allen C. "The influence of regime type on Russian foreign policy toward “the West,” 1992–2015." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 49.1 (2016): 101–111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krytyka.com/sites/krytyka/files/lynch_0.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Malinova, Olga. "Political Uses of the Great Patriotic War in Post-Soviet Russia from Yeltsin to Putin." in War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017) pp. 43–70.</li> <li>Marples, David R. The collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985–1991 (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li>Mason, David S., and Svetlana Sidorenko-Stephenson. "Public opinion and the 1996 elections in Russia: Nostalgic and statist, yet pro-market and pro-Yeltsin." Slavic Review 56.4 (1997): 698–717 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1129&context=facsch_papers">online</a>.</li> <li>Medvedev, Toy. Post-Soviet Russia: a journey through the Yeltsin era (Columbia UP, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/023150263X" title="Special:BookSources/023150263X">023150263X</a></li> <li>Minaev, Boris. Boris Yeltsin: The Decade that Shook the World (2015), detailed popular biography based on numerous interviews <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Boris-Yeltsin-Decade-Shook-World/dp/1784379239">excerpt</a></li> <li>O'Brien, Thomas A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006012051/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.976.6310&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"The role of the transitional leader: A comparative analysis of Adolfo Suárez and Boris Yeltsin."</a> Leadership 3.4 (2007): 419–432; compares Suárez of Spain.</li> <li>Ostrovsky, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.bookshome.net/book/1137525/d94429">Глупость или измена? Расследование гибели СССР. (Stupidity or treason? Investigation of the death of the USSR.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830215714/https://ru.bookshome.net/book/1137525/d94429">Archived</a> 30 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> М.: Форум, Крымский мост-9Д, 2011. – 864 с. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89747-068-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89747-068-6">978-5-89747-068-6</a>.</li> <li>Ostrovsky, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my-files.su/otgo2w">Расстрел «Белого дома». Чёрный октябрь 1993. (The shooting of the "White House". Black October 1993.)</a> – М.: «Книжный мир», 2014. – 640 с. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8041-0637-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8041-0637-0">978-5-8041-0637-0</a></li> <li>Rivera, David W., and Sharon Werning Rivera. "Yeltsin, Putin, and Clinton: presidential leadership and Russian democratization in comparative perspective." Perspectives on Politics (2009): 591–610 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.hamilton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=articles">online</a>.</li> <li>Satter, David. The Less you know, the better you sleep. Russia's road to terror and dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin (Yale University Press, 2016).</li> <li>Shevtsova, Lilia. Russia lost in transition: the Yeltsin and Putin legacies (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russialostintran0000shev">online</a></li> <li>Shevtsova, Lilia. Yeltsin's Russia: Myths and Reality. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/22070994/Yeltsin-s-Russia-Myths-and-Reality">excerpt</a></li> <li>Skinner, Kiron, et al. The Strategy of Campaigning: Lessons from Ronald Reagan and Boris Yeltsin (U of Michigan Press, 2010).</li> <li>Smith, Kathleen E. Mythmaking in the new Russia: politics and memory during the Yeltsin era (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythmakinginnewr00kath">online</a></li> <li>Spohr, Kristina, and Kaarel Piirimäe. "With or without Russia? The Boris, Bill and Helmut Bromance and the harsh realities of securing Europe in the post-wall world, 1990–1994." Diplomacy & Statecraft 33.1 (2022): 158–193.</li> <li>Stanger, Allison K. "Courting the Generals: The Impact of Russia's Constitutional Crisis on Yeltsin's Foreign Policy." Russia and Eastern Europe After Communism (Routledge, 2019) pp. 297–313. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592296.2022.2041816">online</a></li> <li>Strickland, David A. "Overriding Democracy: American Intervention in Yeltsin's 1996 Reelection Campaign." Footnotes: A Journal of History 4 (2020): 166–181. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/UAHISTJRNL/article/download/23567/22426">online</a></li> <li>Talbott, Strobe. "Clinton and Yeltsin." Diplomatic History 42.4 (2018): 568–571.</li> <li>Yeltsin, Boris. Against the Grain. (London: Jonathan Cape, 1990), a primary source.</li> <li>Yeltsin, Boris. The Struggle for Russia. (New York: Times Books, 1994), a primary source. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleforrussi00yelt">online</a></li> <li>Zezina, M.R. et al. A Man Of Change – A study of the political life of Boris Yeltsin (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofchangestudy0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Boris Yeltsin at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boris_Yeltsin" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Boris Yeltsin">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Boris_Yeltsin" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Boris Yeltsin">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" class="extiw" title="q:Boris Yeltsin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34453" class="extiw" title="d:Q34453">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je_OREKC3M4">Boris Yeltsin's resignation speech</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613043952/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/yeltsin/">CNN Cold War – Profile: Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.net-film.ru/en/found-page-1/?search=qyeltsin">Archival footage of Boris Yeltsin</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.net-film.ru/en/">Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215070149/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552653">Yeltsin and Post-Soviet Problems</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312181034/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?10102">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakov_Ryabov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakov Ryabov (page does not exist)">Yakov Ryabov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> First Secretary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sverdlovsk_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Sverdlovsk Regional Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> 2 November 1976 – 18 April 1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Petrov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Petrov (politician) (page does not exist)">Yuri Petrov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> 23 December 1985 – 11 November 1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Zaykov" title="Lev Zaykov">Lev Zaykov</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Presidium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> 29 May 1990 – 10 July 1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as <a href="/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Presidium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> 10 July 1991 – 25 December 1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Lobov" title="Oleg Lobov">Oleg Lobov</a> Acting as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Premiers of the Russian SFSR">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of Ministers – Government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Premiers of the Russian SFSR">Head of Government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> 6 November 1991 – 25 December 1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself Acting as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as <a href="/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> 25 December 1991 – 31 December 1999 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself Acting as <a href="/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="List of heads of government of Russia">Head of Government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> 25 December 1991 – 15 June 1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Yegor Gaidar</a> Acting as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kobetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Kobetz">Konstantin Kobetz</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Minister of Defence of Russia</a> Acting 16 March 1992 – 18 May 1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boris_Yeltsin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Template talk:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boris Yeltsin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boris_Yeltsin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Russia" title="List of presidents of Russia">1st President of Russia</a> (1991–1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butka,_Russia" title="Butka, Russia">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Moscow City Committee of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress of the CPSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Death and state funeral of Boris Yeltsin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Second inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Boris_Yeltsin_and_Yegor_Gaidar" title="Cabinet of Boris Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar">Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Committee_on_the_State_of_Emergency" title="State Committee on the State of Emergency">State Committee on the State of Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 Soviet coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_crisis_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic crisis of Russia">Demographic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_referendum" title="1993 Russian constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_circling_over_Shannon_diplomatic_incident" title="Boris Yeltsin circling over Shannon diplomatic incident">"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Elizabeth_II_to_Russia" title="State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia">Elizabeth II visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1993">Monetary reform (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998" title="Monetary reform in Russia, 1998">Monetary reform (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 financial crisis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_miners%27_strike" title="1998 Russian miners' strike">1998 miners' strike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Boris_Yeltsin" title="List of international presidential trips made by Boris Yeltsin">List of trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">Impeachment attempts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Electoral history of Boris Yeltsin">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Russian_presidential_election" title="1991 Russian presidential election">1991 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vote_or_lose" title="Vote or lose">Vote or lose</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Loans for shares scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semibankirschina" title="Semibankirschina">Semibankirschina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soskovets_campaign_strategy" title="Soskovets campaign strategy">Soskovets campaign strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_affair" title="Xerox affair">Xerox affair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Center" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Presidential_Library" title="Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library">Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Federal_University" title="Ural Federal University">Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz-Russian_Slavic_University_named_after_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin">Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_Academy,_named_after_the_first_President_of_Russia_Boris_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin (page does not exist)">Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Peak" title="Boris Yeltsin Peak">Boris Yeltsin Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_of_Boris_Yeltsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Street of Boris Yeltsin">Street of Boris Yeltsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Yekaterinburg" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Yekaterinburg">Monument (Yekaterinburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Boris_Yeltsin_in_Cholpon-Ata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to Boris Yeltsin in Cholpon-Ata (page does not exist)">Monument</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholpon-Ata" title="Cholpon-Ata">Cholpon-Ata</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_Volleyball_Cup" title="Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup">Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confession_on_a_Given_Theme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Confession on a Given Theme (page does not exist)">Confession on a Given Theme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_of_President&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes of President (page does not exist)">Notes of President</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_Marathon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidential Marathon (page does not exist)">Presidential Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin:_From_Dawn_to_Dusk" title="Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk">Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeltsin:_Three_Days_in_August" title="Yeltsin: Three Days in August">Yeltsin: Three Days in August</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_August%27s_Days&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three August's Days (page does not exist)">Three August's Days</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar_Boris_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsar Boris (film) (page does not exist)">Tsar Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_All_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President of All Russia (page does not exist)">President of All Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.N._(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.N. (film) (page does not exist)">B.N.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Farewell_to_the_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Life_and_Fate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._First&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. First (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. First</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Yeltsin._Retreat_is_Impossible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible (page does not exist)">Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Yeltsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Yeltsin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Yeltsin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Yeltsina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Yeltsina (page does not exist)">Claudia Yeltsina</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naina_Yeltsina" title="Naina Yeltsina">Naina Yeltsina</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Yumasheva" title="Tatyana Yumasheva">Tatyana Yumasheva</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_Okulova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Okulova (page does not exist)">Elena Okulova</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">← Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Boris_Yeltsin" title="Category:Boris Yeltsin">Category:Boris Yeltsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chechen–Russian_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chechen_wars" title="Template:Chechen wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chechen_wars" title="Template talk:Chechen wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chechen_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chechen wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chechen–Russian_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> (1994–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)" title="War in Dagestan (1999)">War in Dagestan</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> (1999–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ingushetia" title="Insurgency in Ingushetia">Insurgency in Ingushetia</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a> (2009–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Chechen War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolinskoye" title="Battle of Dolinskoye">Battle of Dolinskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khankala_(1994)" title="Battle of Khankala (1994)">Battle of Khankala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%931995)" title="Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)">Battle of Grozny (1994–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Shali_cluster_bomb_attack" title="1995 Shali cluster bomb attack">1995 Shali cluster bomb attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samashki_massacre" title="Samashki massacre">Samashki massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatoy_ambush" title="Shatoy ambush">Shatoy ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">Battle of Grozny (August 1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt_Accord" title="Khasavyurt Accord">Khasavyurt Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Chechnya_Peace_Treaty" title="Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty">Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Chechen War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Russian_bombing_of_Chechnya" title="1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya">1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)" title="Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)">Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Height_776" title="Battle for Height 776">Battle for Height 776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komsomolskoye" title="Battle of Komsomolskoye">Battle of Komsomolskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Zhani-Vedeno_ambush" title="2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush">2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Khankala_Mi-26_crash" title="2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash">2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nazran_raid" title="2004 Nazran raid">2004 Nazran raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_raid_on_Grozny" title="2004 raid on Grozny">2004 raid on Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_raid_on_Nalchik" title="2005 raid on Nalchik">2005 raid on Nalchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency_operations_during_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Counter-insurgency operations during the Second Chechen War">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War">Guerrilla phase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2000)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2000)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2001)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2001)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2002)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2002)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2003)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2003)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2004)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2004)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2005)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2005)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2006)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2006)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2007)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War_(2008)" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War (2008)">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">1995 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_hostage_crisis" title="Black Sea hostage crisis">1996 Black Sea hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MV_Avrasya" title="MV Avrasya">MV Avrasya hijacking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar%E2%80%93Pervomayskoye_hostage_crisis" title="Kizlyar–Pervomayskoye hostage crisis">1996 Kizlyar hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Vladikavkaz_bombing" title="1999 Vladikavkaz bombing">1999 Vladikavkaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">1999 Russian apartment bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukhchar_massacre" title="Tukhchar massacre">1999 Tukhchar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Grozny_truck_bombing" title="2002 Grozny truck bombing">2002 Grozny truck bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozdok_truck_bombing" title="Mozdok truck bombing">2003 Mozdok bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tushino_bombing" title="2003 Tushino bombing">2003 Tushino bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2004_Moscow_Metro_bombing" title="February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing">2004 Moscow Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Russian_aircraft_bombings" title="2004 Russian aircraft bombings">2004 Russian aircraft bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beslan_school_siege" title="Beslan school siege">2004 Beslan school siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Vladikavkaz_bombing" title="2008 Vladikavkaz bombing">2008 Vladikavkaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nevsky_Express_bombing" title="2009 Nevsky Express bombing">2009 Nevsky Express bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Moscow_Metro_bombings" title="2010 Moscow Metro bombings">2010 Moscow Metro bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing" title="Domodedovo International Airport bombing">Domodedovo International Airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Makhachkala_attack" title="2012 Makhachkala attack">2012 Makhachkala attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Grozny_bombing" title="2014 Grozny bombing">2014 Grozny bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">2024 Dagestan attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechen Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(November_1994)" title="Battle of Grozny (November 1994)">Battle of Grozny (November 1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_government_censorship_of_Chechnya_coverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian government censorship of Chechnya coverage">Censorship of Chechnya coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War_crimes_and_terrorism" title="Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism">Crimes and terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_graves_in_Chechnya" title="Mass graves in Chechnya">Mass graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attacks_in_the_North_Caucasus_conflict" title="Suicide attacks in the North Caucasus conflict">Suicide attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Second_Chechen_War_assassinations" title="List of Second Chechen War assassinations">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Casualties of the Second Chechen War">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_aircraft_losses_in_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="List of Russian aircraft losses in the Second Chechen War">Aircraft losses</a></li> <li>International response <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_First_Chechen_War" title="Reactions to the First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="International response to the Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chechnya" title="Politics of Chechnya">Politics of Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechenpress" title="Chechenpress">Chechenpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavkaz_Center" title="Kavkaz Center">Kavkaz Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechen genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chechen_Wars_films" title="List of Chechen Wars films">List of films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polina_Zherebtsova%27s_Journal" title="Polina Zherebtsova's Journal">Polina Zherebtsova's Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_(2002_film)" title="War (2002 film)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_3_Rooms_of_Melancholia" title="The 3 Rooms of Melancholia">The 3 Rooms of Melancholia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pathologies" title="The Pathologies">The Pathologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_(2007_film)" title="Alexandra (2007 film)">Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Grozny" title="Angel of Grozny">Angel of Grozny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_in_a_Glass_Jar" title="Ant in a Glass Jar">Ant in a Glass Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Search_(2014_film)" title="The Search (2014 film)">The Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OMON" title="OMON">OMON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_Operational_Purpose_Division" title="Separate Operational Purpose Division">ODON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Russia" title="Internal Troops of Russia">Internal Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">Main Intelligence Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Special Forces (Spetsnaz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Republic of Chechnya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadyrovites" title="Kadyrovites">Kadyrovites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Troshev" title="Gennady Troshev">Gennady Troshev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov" title="Akhmad Kadyrov">Akhmad Kadyrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alu_Alkhanov" title="Alu Alkhanov">Alu Alkhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Dzhabrail_Yamadayev" title="Dzhabrail Yamadayev">Dzhabrail Yamadayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Yamadayev" title="Ruslan Yamadayev">Ruslan Yamadayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulim_Yamadayev" title="Sulim Yamadayev">Sulim Yamadayev</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Separatists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Front_(militant_group)" title="Caucasian Front (militant group)">Caucasian Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayat Dagestan">Vilayat Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Galgayche" title="Vilayat Galgayche">Vilayat Galgayche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Nokhchicho" title="Vilayat Nokhchicho">Vilayat Nokhchicho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Vilayat_of_Kabarda,_Balkaria_and_Karachay" title="United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay">United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Cherkessia" title="Vilayat Cherkessia">Vilayat Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayat_Iriston" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayat Iriston">Vilayat Iriston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Djamaat_of_Dagestan" title="Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan">Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_Dagestan" title="Liberation Army of Dagestan">Liberation Army of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Zelimkhan_Yandarbiyev" title="Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev">Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Halim_Sadulayev" title="Abdul-Halim Sadulayev">Abdul-Halim Sadulayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Gelayev" title="Ruslan Gelayev">Ruslan Gelayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbi_Barayev" title="Arbi Barayev">Arbi Barayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Salman_Raduyev" title="Salman Raduyev">Salman Raduyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Zakayev" title="Akhmed Zakayev">Akhmed Zakayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Turpal-Ali_Atgeriyev" title="Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev">Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Vakha_Arsanov" title="Vakha Arsanov">Vakha Arsanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Akhmadov" title="Ilyas Akhmadov">Ilyas Akhmadov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Movsar_Barayev" title="Movsar Barayev">Movsar Barayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Atayev" title="Muslim Atayev">Muslim Atayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Rasul_Makasharipov" title="Rasul Makasharipov">Rasul Makasharipov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Gorchkhanov" title="Ilyas Gorchkhanov">Ilyas Gorchkhanov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Rappani_Khalilov" title="Rappani Khalilov">Rappani Khalilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mujahideen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_in_Chechnya" title="Mujahideen in Chechnya">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_International_Peacekeeping_Brigade" title="Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade">Islamic International Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad-us_Saliheen_Brigade_of_Martyrs" title="Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs">Riyad-us Saliheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Caucasus_Province" title="Islamic State – Caucasus Province">Islamic State – Caucasus Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Magomed_Suleimanov" title="Magomed Suleimanov">Magomed Suleimanov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Aliaskhab_Kebekov" title="Aliaskhab Kebekov">Aliaskhab Kebekov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Dokka_Umarov" title="Dokka Umarov">Dokka Umarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslambek_Vadalov" title="Aslambek Vadalov">Aslambek Vadalov</a></li> <li> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Ali_Taziev" title="Ali Taziev">Ali Taziev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Anzor_Astemirov" title="Anzor Astemirov">Anzor Astemirov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Supyan_Abdullayev" title="Supyan Abdullayev">Supyan Abdullayev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Byutukayev" title="Aslan Byutukayev">Aslan Byutukayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movladi_Udugov" title="Movladi Udugov">Movladi Udugov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Khuseyn_Gakayev" title="Khuseyn Gakayev">Khuseyn Gakayev</a></li> <li> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_Gaziyev" title="Tarkhan Gaziyev">Tarkhan Gaziyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Said_Buryatsky" title="Said Buryatsky">Said Buryatsky</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Magomed_Vagabov" title="Magomed Vagabov">Magomed Vagabov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Asildarov" title="Rustam Asildarov">Rustam Asildarov</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Asker_Dzhappuyev" title="Asker Dzhappuyev">Asker Dzhappuyev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Getagazhev" title="Arthur Getagazhev">Arthur Getagazhev</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khattab" title="Ibn al-Khattab">Ibn al-Khattab</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid" title="Abu al-Walid">Abu al-Walid</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Urduni" title="Abu Hafs al-Urduni">Abu Hafs al-Urduni</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhannad_(jihadist)" title="Muhannad (jihadist)">Muhannad</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdulla_Kurd" title="Abdulla Kurd">Abdulla Kurd</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <a href="/wiki/Zalim_Shebzukhov" title="Zalim Shebzukhov">Zalim Shebzukhov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template talk:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="History of Nagorno-Karabakh">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Azerbaijanis_from_Armenia" title="Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia">Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Armenians in Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Armenians in Baku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Azerbaijanis in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations">Armenia–Azerbaijan relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First war</a> (1988–1994)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ardaql%C4%B1,_Shamkir#Deportation_of_the_Armenian_population" title="Çardaqlı, Shamkir">Çardaqlı clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_clash" title="Askeran clash">Askeran clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugark_pogrom" title="Gugark pogrom">Gugark pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Airport_clash" title="Zvartnots Airport clash">Zvartnots Airport clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_violence_in_Shusha_and_Stepanakert" title="1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert">Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovabad_pogrom" title="Kirovabad pogrom">Kirovabad pogrom</a></li> <li>Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fanis_Ayrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bağanis Ayrum">Bağanis Ayrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Tbilisi%E2%80%93Agdam_bus_bombing" title="1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing">1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a></li> <li>Voskepar massacre</li> <li>Battle of Togh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_Abolishment_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stepanakert" title="Siege of Stepanakert">Siege of Stepanakert</a></li> <li>Operation Dashalty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gushchular_and_Malibeyli" title="Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli">Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Garadaghly" title="Capture of Garadaghly">Capture of Garadaghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraga_massacre" title="Maraga massacre">Maraga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(1992)" title="Battle of Shusha (1992)">Capture of Shusha</a></li> <li>Capture of Artsvashen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goranboy" title="Operation Goranboy">Operation Goranboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardakert_and_Martuni_Offensives" title="Mardakert and Martuni Offensives">Mardakert and Martuni Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Həsənqaya</li> <li>Battle of Lachin</li> <li>Operation Qazançı</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar" title="Battle of Kalbajar">Battle of Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aghdam" title="Battle of Aghdam">Battle of Aghdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Summer_Offensives" title="1993 Summer Offensives">1993 Summer Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Geghamasar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horadiz" title="Operation Horadiz">Operation Horadiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kalbajar" title="Operation Kalbajar">Operation Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Baku_Metro_bombings" title="1994 Baku Metro bombings">1994 Baku Metro bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Iranian_Air_Force_C-130_shootdown" title="1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown">1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bagratashen_bombing" title="1994 Bagratashen bombing">1994 Bagratashen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Azerbaijan" title="Refugees in Azerbaijan">Refugees in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interwar clashes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mardakert_clashes" title="2008 Mardakert clashes">2008 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li>January 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li>September 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nagorno-Karabakh_clashes" title="2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes">2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Mardakert_clashes" title="2010 Mardakert clashes">2010 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_border_clashes" title="2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes">2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li>2016 Odundağ clashes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li>2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_shelling_of_Alxanl%C4%B1" title="2017 shelling of Alxanlı">Shelling of Alxanlı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li>2019 clash near Chinari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="Incidents during the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Protests in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a> (2020)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Timeline of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Casualties of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="International reactions to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_third-party_involvement_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Allegations of third-party involvement in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Allegations of third-party involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagiz_offensive" title="Madagiz offensive">Madagiz offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_Valley_campaign" title="Aras Valley campaign">Aras Valley campaign</a></li> <li>Bombardments (<a href="/wiki/2020_Barda_missile_attacks" title="2020 Barda missile attacks">Barda</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ganja_missile_attacks" title="2020 Ganja missile attacks">Ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ghazanchetsots_Cathedral_shelling" title="2020 Ghazanchetsots Cathedral shelling">Ghazanchetsots Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Martuni" title="2020 bombardment of Martuni">Martuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Stepanakert" title="2020 bombardment of Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tartar" title="Bombardment of Tartar">Tartar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hadrut" title="Battle of Hadrut">Battle of Hadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_offensive" title="Lachin offensive">Lachin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(2020)" title="Battle of Shusha (2020)">Battle of Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2020 Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_prisoners_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Treatment of Armenian POWs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-ceasefire events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%27s_construction_in_areas_gained_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Azerbaijan's construction in areas gained in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests" title="2020–2021 Armenian protests">2020–2021 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2020" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">September 2022 escalation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuzluq_explosion" title="Susuzluq explosion">Susuzluq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2021" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farukh#History" title="Farukh">Farukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Armenian_protests" title="2022 Armenian protests">2022 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh">Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Armenian_protests" title="2023 Armenian protests">Protests in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkadzor_fuel_depot_explosion" title="Berkadzor fuel depot explosion">Berkadzor fuel depot explosion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh">Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_Province" title="Askeran Province">Askeran Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrut_Province" title="Hadrut Province">Hadrut Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashatagh_Province" title="Kashatagh Province">Kashatagh Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martakert_Province" title="Martakert Province">Martakert Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martuni_Province" title="Martuni Province">Martuni Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahumyan_Province" title="Shahumyan Province">Shahumyan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushi_Province" title="Shushi Province">Shushi Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">Armenian-occupied territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghdam_District" title="Aghdam District">Aghdam District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_District" title="Fuzuli District">Fuzuli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabrayil_District" title="Jabrayil District">Jabrayil District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbajar_District" title="Kalbajar District">Kalbajar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_District" title="Lachin District">Lachin District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubadli_District" title="Qubadli District">Qubadli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangilan_District" title="Zangilan District">Zangilan District</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mkrtchyan" title="Artur Mkrtchyan">Artur Mkrtchyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Petrosyan" title="Leonard Petrosyan">Leonard Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkadi_Ghukasyan" title="Arkadi Ghukasyan">Arkadi Ghukasyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bako_Sahakyan" title="Bako Sahakyan">Bako Sahakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arayik_Harutyunyan" title="Arayik Harutyunyan">Arayik Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Shahramanyan" title="Samvel Shahramanyan">Samvel Shahramanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Community_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayram_Safarov" title="Bayram Safarov">Bayram Safarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Bahmanov" title="Nizami Bahmanov">Nizami Bahmanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tural_Ganjaliyev" title="Tural Ganjaliyev">Tural Ganjaliyev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgen_Dalibaltayan" title="Gurgen Dalibaltayan">Gurgen Dalibaltayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norat_Ter-Grigoryants" title="Norat Ter-Grigoryants">Norat Ter-Grigoryants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiran_Khachatryan" title="Tiran Khachatryan">Tiran Khachatryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyran_Ohanyan" title="Seyran Ohanyan">Seyran Ohanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Babayan" title="Samvel Babayan">Samvel Babayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristapor_Ivanyan" title="Kristapor Ivanyan">Kristapor Ivanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Ter-Tadevosyan" title="Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan">Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Harutyunyan" title="Jalal Harutyunyan">Jalal Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Arzumanyan" title="Mikael Arzumanyan">Mikael Arzumanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Isgandar Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Gaziyev" title="Rahim Gaziyev">Rahim Gaziyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeh_Barshadly" title="Valeh Barshadly">Valeh Barshadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_Barkhudarov" title="Mais Barkhudarov">Mais Barkhudarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Mirzayev" title="Hikmat Mirzayev">Hikmat Mirzayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Hasanov" title="Hikmat Hasanov">Hikmat Hasanov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Polyanichko" title="Viktor Polyanichko">Viktor Polyanichko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Muradov" title="Rustam Muradov">Rustam Muradov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_rules" title="Baker rules">Baker rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">Bishkek Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Tehran Communiqué">Tehran Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheleznovodsk_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Zheleznovodsk Communiqué">Zheleznovodsk Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Process_(Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_negotiations)" title="Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)">Prague Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Principles" title="Madrid Principles">Madrid Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 ceasefire agreement</a></li> <li>2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Capacity_to_Armenia" title="European Union Monitoring Capacity to Armenia">EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Planning_Assistance_Team_in_Armenia" title="EU Planning Assistance Team in Armenia">EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Mission_in_Armenia" title="European Union Mission in Armenia">EUMA Feb 2023–present</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2023 ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Declaration" title="Astrakhan Declaration">Astrakhan Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Declaration" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration">Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Lisbon_Summit_Declaration" title="NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration">NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Resolution 10/37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_1416_(2005)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1416 (2005)">PACE Resolution 1416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_2085_(2016)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 2085 (2016)">PACE Resolution 2085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_48/114" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/114">UNGA Resolution 48/114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_60/285" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/285">UNGA Resolution 60/285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_62/243" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243">UNGA Resolution 62/243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">UNSC resolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_822" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 822">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_853" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 874">874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_884" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 884">884</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Russian_Federation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template:Presidents of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Russian_Federation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Presidents of the Russian Federation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="First inauguration of Boris Yeltsin">1991</a>–<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin#Resignation" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">1999</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="First inauguration of Vladimir Putin">2000</a>–<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Inauguration of Dmitry Medvedev">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Inauguration of Dmitry Medvedev">2008</a>–<a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="Third inauguration of Vladimir Putin">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="Third inauguration of Vladimir Putin">2012</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Russia" title="Acting President of Russia">Acting Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993, disputed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Russia#Incapacity" title="Acting President of Russia">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Russia#1999–2000" title="Acting President of Russia">1999</a>–<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Vladimir_Putin" title="First inauguration of Vladimir Putin">2000</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_government_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Template:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of government of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_government_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Russia" title="List of heads of government of Russia">Heads of government of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: Acting chairmen shown in italics. Questionable heads of government are written in small type.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Committee of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov">Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Vyazmitinov" title="Sergey Vyazmitinov">Vyazmitinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Saltykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Saltykov">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vasilyevich_Lopukhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin">Lopukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novosiltsev" title="Nikolay Novosiltsev">Novosiltsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chernyshyov" title="Alexander Chernyshyov">Chernyshyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Fyodorovich_Orlov" title="Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov">Orlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bludov" title="Dmitry Bludov">Bludov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gagarin" title="Pavel Gagarin">Gagarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pavlovich_Ignatyev" title="Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev">Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Valuyev" title="Pyotr Valuyev">Valuyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_von_Reutern" title="Michael von Reutern">von Reutern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bunge" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Bunge">Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Durnovo" title="Ivan Durnovo">Durnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Witte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire">Council of Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Witte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Goremykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Kokovtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Goremykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Trepov" title="Alexander Trepov">Trepov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golitsyn" title="Nikolai Golitsyn">Golitsyn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of People's Commissars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Syrtsov_(politician)" title="Sergey Syrtsov (politician)">Syrtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_Sulimov" title="Daniil Sulimov">Sulimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Vakhrushev" title="Vasily Vakhrushev">Vakhrushev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Khokhlov" title="Ivan Khokhlov">Khokhlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pamfilov" title="Konstantin Pamfilov">Pamfilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Council of Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodionov" title="Mikhail Rodionov">Rodionov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chernousov" title="Boris Chernousov">Chernousov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Puzanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yasnov" title="Mikhail Yasnov">Yasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Voronov" title="Gennady Voronov">Voronov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vlasov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Vlasov (politician)">Vlasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Silayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Lobov" title="Oleg Lobov">Lobov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Gaidar" title="Yegor Gaidar">Gaidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Chernomyrdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kiriyenko" title="Sergey Kiriyenko">Kiriyenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Chernomyrdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Stepashin" title="Sergei Stepashin">Stepashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kasyanov" title="Mikhail Kasyanov">Kasyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Khristenko" title="Viktor Khristenko">Khristenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov" title="Mikhail Fradkov">Fradkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zubkov" title="Viktor Zubkov">Zubkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zubkov" title="Viktor Zubkov">Zubkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mishustin" title="Mikhail Mishustin">Mishustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Belousov" title="Andrey Belousov">Belousov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Government_Cabinets" title="Template:Russian Government Cabinets">Russian Government Cabinets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Premiers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Premiers of the Soviet Union">Premiers of the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_the_Russian_SFSR" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_RSFSR" title="Template:Heads of RSFSR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_RSFSR" title="Template talk:Heads of RSFSR"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_RSFSR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of RSFSR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_the_Russian_SFSR" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">Central Executive Committee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Kamenev</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Sverdlov</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vladimirsky" title="Mikhail Vladimirsky">Vladimirsky</a> (1919, acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Kalinin</a> (1919–1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR">Presidium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Badayev" title="Alexei Badayev">Badayev</a> (1938–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vlasov" title="Ivan Vlasov">Vlasov</a> (1943–1944, acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Shvernik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Shvernik">Shvernik</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vlasov" title="Ivan Vlasov">Vlasov</a> (1946–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tarasov_(politician)" title="Mikhail Tarasov (politician)">Tarasov</a> (1950–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Ignatov</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Organov" title="Nikolai Organov">Organov</a> (1959–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Ignatov</a> (1962–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Yasnov" title="Mikhail Yasnov">Yasnov</a> (1966–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orlov_(politician)" title="Vladimir Orlov (politician)">Orlov</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vorotnikov</a> (1988–1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Zhdanov</a> (1938)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yeltsin</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Supreme_Soviet_Chairmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Supreme Soviet Chairmen">Heads of state of the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Zaykov" title="Lev Zaykov">Lev Zaykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev_(Russian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)">Alexander Yakovlev</a></li> <li>Viktor Nikonov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Nikolay Slyunkov</a></li> <li>Vadim Medvedev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Yuri Maslyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Slyunkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Slyunkov">Nikolay Slyunkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sergey Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Nikolai Talyzin</a></li> <li>Yuri Solovyev</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yakovlev_(Russian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)">Alexander Yakovlev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Yazov" title="Dmitry Yazov">Dmitry Yazov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Yuri Maslyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Razumovsky" title="Georgy Razumovsky">Georgy Razumovsky</a></li> <li>Alexandra Biryukova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vlasov_(politician)" title="Aleksandr Vlasov (politician)">Alexander Vlasov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lukyanov" title="Anatoly Lukyanov">Anatoly Lukyanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pugo" title="Boris Pugo">Boris Pugo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1981–1986)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/26th_Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1981–1986)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Grishin" title="Viktor Grishin">Viktor Grishin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinmukhamed_Kunaev" title="Dinmukhamed Kunaev">Dinmukhamed Kunaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Pel%C5%A1e" title="Arvīds Pelše">Arvīds Pelše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Romanov" title="Grigory Romanov">Grigory Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Nikolai Tikhonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Dmitry Ustinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Ligachyov" title="Yegor Ligachyov">Yegor Ligachyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Demichev" title="Pyotr Demichev">Pyotr Demichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselyov" title="Tikhon Kiselyov">Tikhon Kiselyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Ponomarev" title="Boris Ponomarev">Boris Ponomarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharof_Rashidov" title="Sharof Rashidov">Sharof Rashidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Solomentsev" title="Mikhail Solomentsev">Mikhail Solomentsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dolgikh" title="Vladimir Dolgikh">Vladimir Dolgikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Vorotnikov" title="Vitaly Vorotnikov">Vitaly Vorotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chebrikov" title="Viktor Chebrikov">Viktor Chebrikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sokolov_(marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Sokolov (marshal)">Sergey Sokolov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Nikolai Talyzin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1991_Russian_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Russian_presidential_election,_1991" title="Template:Candidates in the Russian presidential election, 1991"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_Russian_presidential_election,_1991" title="Template talk:Candidates in the Russian presidential election, 1991"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>) <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Nikolai Ryzhkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boris_Gromov" title="Boris Gromov">Boris Gromov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>) <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Zavidiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Zavidiya (page does not exist)">Andrey Zavidiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union">Liberal Democratic Party</a>) <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_Tuleyev" title="Aman Tuleyev">Aman Tuleyev</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Bocharov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Bocharov (page does not exist)">Viktor Bocharov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Makashov" title="Albert Makashov">Albert Makashov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Alekseyevich_Sergeyev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksei Alekseyevich Sergeyev (page does not exist)">Aleksei Sergeyev</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Bakatin" title="Vadim Bakatin">Vadim Bakatin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ramazan_Abdulatipov" title="Ramazan Abdulatipov">Ramazan Abdulatipov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>) <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Bakatin_1991_presidential_campaign" title="Vadim Bakatin 1991 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Candidates_in_the_1996_Russian_presidential_election" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Candidates_in_the_Russian_presidential_election,_1996" title="Template:Candidates in the Russian presidential election, 1996"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Candidates_in_the_Russian_presidential_election,_1996" title="Template talk:Candidates in the Russian presidential election, 1996"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates_in_the_Russian_presidential_election,_1996" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Candidates in the Russian presidential election, 1996"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Candidates_in_the_1996_Russian_presidential_election" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Candidates_in_the_1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="Candidates in the 1996 Russian presidential election">Candidates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Russian_presidential_election" title="1996 Russian presidential election">1996 Russian presidential election</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boris Yeltsin</a> Independent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Boris Yeltsin 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost in <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Gennady Zyuganov 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Russian_Communities" title="Congress of Russian Communities">KRO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Alexander Lebed 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Grigory Yavlinsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Yabloko" title="Yabloko">Yabloko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Grigory Yavlinsky 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">LDPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyatoslav_Fyodorov" title="Svyatoslav Fyodorov">Svyatoslav Fyodorov</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Workers%27_Self-Government" title="Party of Workers' Self-Government">PST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> Independent (<a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Mikhail Gorbachev 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Shakkum" title="Martin Shakkum">Martin Shakkum</a> Independent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_Vlasov" title="Yury Vlasov">Yury Vlasov</a> Independent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bryntsalov" title="Vladimir Bryntsalov">Vladimir Bryntsalov</a> Independent</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Withdrew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aman_Tuleyev" title="Aman Tuleyev">Aman Tuleyev</a> Independent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chechevatov" title="Viktor Chechevatov">Viktor Chechevatov</a> Independent</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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