CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'interactive',cRay: '92ac49748b6ff9e6',cH: '9_n2rgmVs0MM3yFXf8QY8nqS8C_QE0SYsZryfwiW.0s-1743722325-1.2.1.1-.no2J8qizNUIgon03NX4hZPWqFU5ABJWj4nYm.TMwkAgCtOpPRh.8AFKetzgZBav',cUPMDTk: "\/bioscience\/article\/65\/10\/1011\/245863\/Where-Tree-Planting-and-Forest-Expansion-are-Bad?__cf_chl_tk=684CkmMghJ5zbhAIHy6rYyp0zOSokPE4eNsubl2HRts-1743722325-1.0.1.1-7r4Oyu2W.L7P04wNOMLts6YnYH0YQYoAwGtC.JC0E2E",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1743722325',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/bioscience\/article\/65\/10\/1011\/245863\/Where-Tree-Planting-and-Forest-Expansion-are-Bad?__cf_chl_f_tk=684CkmMghJ5zbhAIHy6rYyp0zOSokPE4eNsubl2HRts-1743722325-1.0.1.1-7r4Oyu2W.L7P04wNOMLts6YnYH0YQYoAwGtC.JC0E2E",md: "qQutx5Qu81ZNL5XtOKfNI96p.Li254IlevvilPYRYjY-1743722325-1.2.1.1-pqhdw3wwsQX3AroGzI.b95bq1F2HSRUwGM4SOgh7nrxBHsGrBGufNZu6jl9TyzGffj3SsbI4eSTx73vzVxAMzu3DaWdcoS2XLuBdYzn3l0EVOYyzlhKJUvLtp35gw12skMiNMKSvKYmKIDr8j6ybc3ep6wUUGuPyLG2rV2ekIZygeW45Pz4d8S8Tq1j6T1TDoHwoIFu04to_LryskF3cQUR4U916bbm8hw5dp6wCbMEhbgLawBtOH8xSaAAAMPrmKH0iqe4FQiKTb1b_xjXdD1VDHlAU9Qan7p0dnpmib9mRYy9y.urDz91Y.l8nDFgWjf1KvMFl.9GxJ1RxC3NM5Uq5jSgini2njLhIeCs6lRoJlnMUSUw66w8d6kJuo0Ca1_53rPz071O8Lgsvm2EVQY4hL.vXxxlLsNVwn9ei2cd129vWX3x6sblcbfRKFcKY8OXYksUqi2MNLG7b.dX5kOEjBJcUYz.8.98eLmQ2Yj7tw5.SMdmJaHAmFVnSuWEm3vKQTFF67Bm_5sOOqJ.Pbt.s6bOFLsPQukFMF5AjAT8YCoYt1Z0YTkWH6PsDZEvntLJ2HZ4nuyjB7tKK09HzNAuVQlK7kpV9TPJr9E1sPv1SskoR.l3sL0aKjHD0ECJ0Gs7M.3TfdhubtN7ljvK4pmhG44HTW95o5DzmQN3Jb_D2.Wa7.ZA1snu8IwerYgBksP78HoKf9XPc.sxo2Hq51ySoH22RTC9124u4Jqy73XPpI35XrptZNlvPIvBjK4XjInW_ytXa1UeJ6bgdYokmzanpu_SHoCGC0wtNlEGq2lhBXoTD6IYkW28OS8s545F86mJTN7XtHNN3OIkfKw_C1lg9MkfBDRqep7firXclXokuH73paxRDesl7kxjcjEHr.ULvba1TL.hgMBhNbI8cKVxAz8AWEmQhTXnojk5lu5qi3WjZonBkNg94a.kCXu8j3V8HCUUY5wbOoYmjghqLIXAmB9K5U7f9CoN.fTIW6jwPwCwXksP5nEnfKfEooUjmDDRuHW0tNGhCDP5ZJA7UnMMENj0K6Jk9NG_O7_w.cJhH.4ViJN4nwlYwq.wDZ0WGaANdFlajrlnJh1VUfISRV3xxIHqmrzOWkInO6h8MTC0fwaHXoOLaidA2SvsR1vJ0EaTMAQyEkrkYceIzsV7tGSrnWs9fKxslaNI7IEJakNLQOwqIvdUlzFWVbH4Yx2W6ifK8I.NA4.N.aMrqqFoMiCJOyN_Gm4YXrNSqulMHlftCNek7op4B3XbLCcG7mdzEROygqkaEHkCYDon6cSrcom3RcpFIh3wAgUJzfMjfp7xuDzjHdc5sgGJ9P_gwZuSD_Z8nTgk6FYS1r7b2deuupRJH3_MKpnH7cbo0Q445_MOBzuxFXKdYciuuSEm4.rRxcc6wkVxMGXNRdQYR.ys7oVkzWe8ai7y3eoHGsBi86jo",mdrd: "hFqxH6r4UD4.XyisOeirWz.uCPxaszQAuOPIXbfY1IA-1743722325-1.2.1.1-5WMIptRwcf9mtlhZwDjQWP07UH9eVJSqQMCtn.00rFcyyOz1QTnWa62L0fvHiWhyN0.Zb8umPzswn2ifPRK2dEKOkVnClObtMt7wHAbevwQC454r6Ko7kRuN2zQiwH7GSVogjNWzuKJ3yTkBW0E4qUJRT8V_3KdF.1lKzIbxGHuqn9D4hfOHDFzzsXSrxrfo3RvQnQ7GQKzhBDLreHbcQ29fcKWZTaKCgGEL0MZ2N.JZ6lJJ0DXysnIm98r6sV085tTblpmyaYZqU_giX7fKQ3KFGEysxP9GHQQG.7TKJJscoXWF3d6ttzkczDz6L6j199PtCxeKQYf7z9LkiIJ_3OXa_3gUi840FCzDfn6pjizkTCtHG1PHJ63pnez5umATKMQR3hqu4ZPjBlFFFTPNC07o3wQV6MulBQmJi8iKZyZ7AzlLQuBdyf.HBMf_UTCa4MnTkvLS2l_DcKTqJwtC9JJIzSZtHRcQK76qJVJP5_qm2N_mHajrCt9kqTMiJr6HXA.EItAB7HyjpaVlEDc2PrvnnQRQ312akYU0WlY2NpgP9_bRYV8x8iuBiHecFzwTPO6LUk5iuCjbujqKodsAllaGoWg8lKVbXnvwX3OKqA5.UqhpxOWWty.cfYQCHUHv5ykIReZedEvknNrLyxLktF1XC3iVb5stWYZIMackMeKp023evgKaYbK22BfPalehoFqGlZkJthYkdqHf9Z777Ac89Duy3nAJCj5upRlm5DQGoKgL.k2rA_xHKGfE9aTKUgwIAPgRVqANSuunEOLXvMJ9VwQWvfStEcCfp8pOSTa5whgEaw8UvfttWLab_UBISuELxqgVbFFB9HDu4G5fVMs9vmxHiKn0KINWcS_WMSBWjqIzR09uRU846ulPvlp9Xp1LkZtG9vWvjZ.C3qdgt7x2yjvP_ZC1oX3pbzYnNmWN3WY6ok.GiXeaqPz2W.YvEWM54Pgit97HpKYIvwjgaibH9Ax.UJXjFuVa9YlnKtuQrMGvWEzIkhh4p.1OW1pPY6GbfcyT9GQ73XYQYxsmpmAC2JLgPbd8TuNU27qj0C90L2lAivlTCeehhCmy_h5gi2cGM1SaPdpj0trncqwTZo.igrHA6p4im5DTOPvj0kuqtq9jx54spYud78z03gxWcHRHz37UhbuPt_Y8i7PCGf_aBsWpmwvuCWxSpo3SH3RgrXypdbko4zG.CKNeQITlaVCK4f7ne5achxWK7x24HYwSDHdDql.U6iuEW3zK.4b9L8H2IxVMaYPQ84NYXII90mOCNJLjaW97CDa6wWXKlgtTnECVOqeQpyr0wqOUQDiX1v_AYrtxEVS6eOghWqXMtjN0g3cFPGRY4NlN6ABE_TbeH_l4VCJ3PC8MVhRiTTjWIIXw_VTORZi9sn3.2_qupeIiKhD2_luDAIAXo6IcNbKnZdpOvD84vHp4HtXRCB_kQfXMdv5Sxq1.XsI_vqZFCQTCois6IjG.6.S_X9JTXGeqglKHNXCqi_ClPQ1qBgiYDj5oQQUGPu0Z1jpaeYRGaPwLmWTbHkSFhkaa8H_YgxavmUFRFtYcqtDRVtk3Qbw.CpV1mO0kLRLZYhp3m56z6H40vQ55vELOrZcGPR2knHf7VpueeDnH1MCykaLX4ixdRbyPi1_Is87jBpUIBBgiLGLC3zNuf6pQkDEEQ08AxGyEL6fB4bddcQ.rD8NhcJG926FL2C_9bk0lIzJKX7R0GJUTX9JQp2.BOrP.ctLYB55AFYU54P7ugkwJgGkKWW5CtwqJF2QE9hFiH2O0gGy5XTczb.fIfmcsIxaSQoF1L8dnx2B3HNc6cEymGfk4JjmamEirBbLdgnF9hyQNKIl37P3.HtoK60eOAwhXOKxxEsmhEiUrw6I11XhIrafR9IKv9i.b_5zH8Lv3hij2ku09lNczmM8qTJFFOHPsZCw1PtLkmoxu0oe4Rhhc8uoAW96g8NOIIIh0oSHmelWvbiXm.EHDYDouSFzj4uzEPUAMpVJLt42I368IWbmAZQx0PqWYSwJbcOVitW8Xdnvg.nBCq1D9DsofMb4x5emwtIodxrZmKApRbehnN7WrZkwKbKUcehjEBoNovzFs2jga3t1b"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92ac49748b6ff9e6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/bioscience\/article\/65\/10\/1011\/245863\/Where-Tree-Planting-and-Forest-Expansion-are-Bad?__cf_chl_rt_tk=684CkmMghJ5zbhAIHy6rYyp0zOSokPE4eNsubl2HRts-1743722325-1.0.1.1-7r4Oyu2W.L7P04wNOMLts6YnYH0YQYoAwGtC.JC0E2E" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>