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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uvod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uvod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Uvod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uvod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biovodik_iz_alga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biovodik_iz_alga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biovodik iz alga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biovodik_iz_alga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biovodik_iz_bakterija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biovodik_iz_bakterija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biovodik iz bakterija</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biovodik_iz_bakterija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Biovodik iz bakterija</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biovodik_iz_bakterija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potrebe_procesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potrebe_procesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Potrebe procesa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potrebe_procesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fermentacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fermentacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fermentacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fermentacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tamna_fermentacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamna_fermentacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Tamna fermentacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamna_fermentacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foto-fermentacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foto-fermentacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Foto-fermentacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foto-fermentacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kombinirana_fermentacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kombinirana_fermentacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Kombinirana fermentacija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kombinirana_fermentacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LED_–_fermenter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LED_–_fermenter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>LED – fermenter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LED_–_fermenter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolički_inženjering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolički_inženjering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Metabolički inženjering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolički_inženjering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biovodik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 16 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohidrogen" title="Biohidrogen – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biohidrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biowasserstoff" title="Biowasserstoff – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biowasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8B%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Βιοϋδρογόνο – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιοϋδρογόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohydrogen" title="Biohydrogen – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biohydrogen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohidr%C3%B3geno" title="Biohidrógeno – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biohidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biovesinik" title="Biovesinik – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biovesinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohidrogeno" title="Biohidrogeno – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biohidrogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Biohydrogène – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biohydrogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="जैवहाइड्रोजन – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैवहाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Биосутек – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биосутек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ജൈവഹൈഡ്രജൻ – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവഹൈഡ്രജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groene_waterstof" title="Groene waterstof – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groene waterstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biowod%C3%B3r" title="Biowodór – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biowodór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-hidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Bio-hidrogénio – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bio-hidrogénio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Биоводород – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биоводород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Біоводень – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біоводень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864917#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Biovodik" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Biovodik&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu 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href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Algae_hydrogen_production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Algae_hydrogen_production.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="189" /></a><figcaption>Mikrobiološka proizvodnja vodika.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Biovodik</b> je <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> dobiven iz prirode, a najčešće se dobiva iz algi i <a href="/wiki/Bakterija" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterija">bakterija</a>. Biovodik je potentno biogorivo koje se može dobiti kultivacijom ili iz otpadnih organskih materijala. Trenutno je u svijetu prisutna potreba za biovodikom.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uvod">Uvod</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Uvod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Uvod"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potražnja kemijski dobivenog vodika trenutno je ogromna. Ne postoje zapisi o količini proizvedenog i potrošenog vodika na svjetskoj razini, ali procjenjuje se da je potrošnja dosegla oko 900 milijardi kubičnih metara u 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlag_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlag-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najveći proizvođači i potrošači biovodika su rafinerije. Danas je čak 96 % vodika dobiveno iz fosilnih goriva. Od toga je 48 % dobiveno iz prirodnog plina, 30 % iz ugljikovodika, 18 % iz ugljena i oko 4 % elektrolizom. Obrada naftnog pijeska, proces pretvorbe plina u tekućinu i uplinjavanje ugljena zahtijevaju velike količine vodika, pa se očekuje da će zahtjev za vodikom naglo porasti u sljedećih nekoliko godina.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlag_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlag-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Hydrogen_Association_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Hydrogen_Association-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buduća važna primjena vodika vjerojatno će biti kao alternativa fosilnim gorivima, nakon iscrpljivanja preostalih rezervi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hydrogen_Economy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hydrogen_Economy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ova primjena uvelike ovisi o razvoju tehnike skladištenja, kako bi se omogućila bolja pohrana, distribucija i izgaranje vodika.<sup id="cite_ref-Hydrogen_Economy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hydrogen_Economy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ako se cijena proizvodnje, distribucije i tehnologije potrebne za obradu vodika smanji, vodik će kao gorivo biti na tržištu već 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biovodik_iz_alga">Biovodik iz alga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Biovodik iz alga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Biovodik iz alga"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Njemački znanstvenik Hans Graffron 1939. je, dok je radio na sveučilištu u Chicagu, opazio da <a href="/wiki/Alge" title="Alge">alge</a> koje je proučavao, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (stranica ne postoji)">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</a>, ponekad prijeđu s proizvodnje kisika na proizvodnju vodika.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graffron nikada nije otkrio uzrok ovakve promjene, kao ni mnogi znanstvenici dugo poslije njega. U kasnim 1990-im profesor Anastosios Melis, znanstvenik na sveučilištu Berkeley, otkrio je da ako se kulturi algi uskrati sumpor, one će prijeći s proizvodnje kisika na proizvodnju vodika. Otkrio je da enzim odgovoran za ovakvu reakciju jest hidrogenaza, ali da je ovu funkciju izgubio u prisustvu kisika. Melis je otkrio da smanjivanje količine sumpora dostupnog algama, poremećuje njihov unutarnji tok kisika, stvarajući hidrogenazi okoliš unutar kojeg može reagirati, što za posljedicu ima proizvodnju vodika.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chlamydomonas moewusii je isto tako dobar način za proizvodnju vodika. Znanstvenici na odjelu energetike Nacionalnog laboratorija Argonne su u procesu traženja načina kako odvojiti dio enzima hidrogenaze koji proizvodi vodik i uvesti ga u proces fotosinteze. Rezultat bi bila ogromna količina proizvedenog plina vodika, jednaka količini proizvedenog kisika.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trebalo bi 25000 kvadratnih kilometara da bi se zamijenila upotreba plina vodikom u SAD-u. Drugim riječima, ovo predstavlja otprilike 10 % površine namijenjene ugoju soje u SAD-u.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Državni odjel za energetiku je postavio prodajnu cijenu od 2.60 $/kg kako bi obnovljivi vodik bio ekonomski sposoban za život. 1 kg vodika ima energetsku vrijednost jednaku 1 galonu benzina. Da bi ovo postigli, učinkovitost promjene svjetlost-vodik mora doseći 10 %, dok je trenutno na samo 1 %, a cijena je procijenjena na 13.53 $/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prema procjenama DOE-a, pumpna stanica koja bi opskrbljivala 100 automobila dnevno, trebala bi 300 kg vodika. Sa sadašnjom tehnologijom, za 300 kg vodika dnevno, sustav bi zahtijevao 110000 m<sup>2</sup> površine bazena, 0,2 g/l koncentracije stanica, zarubljena pretvarač antena i 10 cm dubok bazen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za poboljšanje učinkovitosti znanstvenici razvijaju FeFe hidrogenazu koja je otporna na kisik<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i povećavaju proizvodnju vodika poboljšanim transferom elektrona.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biovodik_iz_bakterija">Biovodik iz bakterija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Biovodik iz bakterija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Biovodik iz bakterija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potrebe_procesa">Potrebe procesa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Potrebe procesa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Potrebe procesa"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ako će postupak dobivanja vodika fermentacijom biti industrijaliziran, fermentacijski proces će biti ovisan o organskim kiselinama kao podlozi za foto-fermentaciju. Organske kiseline su nužne za visoke stope proizvodnje vodika.<sup id="cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao_and_Chen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kapdan_and_Kargi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapdan_and_Kargi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organske kiseline mogu biti derivirane iz izvora organskih matrijala kao što su kanalizacijski ili poljoprivredni otpad.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapdan_and_Kargi_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapdan_and_Kargi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najvažnije organske kiseline su octena, butanska i propionska kiselina. Velika prednost proizvodnje vodika fermentacijom je ta, što joj kao podloga ne treba <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kapdan_and_Kargi_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kapdan_and_Kargi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fermentacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentacija">Fermentacija</a> vodika mora biti kontinuiran proces, da bi se zadržala visoka stopa proizvodnje jer je vremensko razdoblje potrebno da bi proizvodnja dosegla višu razinu brojen u danima.<sup id="cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao_and_Chen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fermentacija">Fermentacija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Fermentacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Fermentacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nekoliko načina proizvodnje vodika fermentacijom u laboratoriju može se pronaći u literaturi. Međutim, za industrijsku proizvodnju ih još uvijek nema. Da bi se definirala proizvodnja na industrijskoj razini, informacije dobivene u laboratorijskim eksperimentima skaliraju se na industrijsku razinu po teoretskoj osnovi. Općenito se metoda fermentacije vodika dijeli na tri glavne kategorije. Prva kategorija je tamna fermentacija, fermentacija koja ne uključuje svjetlost. Druga kategorija je foto-fermentacija ili fermentacija koja zahtijeva svjetlost kao izvor energije. Treća je kombinirana fermentacija i, kako samo ime kaže, kombinacija je prethodne dvije. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamna_fermentacija">Tamna fermentacija</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Tamna fermentacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Tamna fermentacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postoji nekoliko bakterija s potencijalom proizvodnje vodika. Gram-pozitivna bakterija iz roda Clostridium ima obećavajuća svojstva zbog svoje prirodno velike stope proizvodnje vodika. Uz to su i brzorastuće i sposobne oformiti endospore, što ih čini jednostavnim za upotrebu u industriji.<sup id="cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupp_and_Widmann-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vrste roda Clostridium dopuštaju proizvodnju vodika u miješanim kulturama, pod mezofilnim ili termofilnim uvjetima u okvirima pH vrijednosti od 5,0 do 6,5.<sup id="cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupp_and_Widmann-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamna fermentacija s miješanim kulturama djeluje obećavajuće, jer miješani bakterijski okoliš unutar fermentera dopušta međudjelovanje različitih vrsta da učinkovitije degradira i pretvori organski otpad u vodik, popraćen formiranjem organskih kiselina. Clostridia producira vodik putem reverzibilne hidrogenaze (2H + 2e <=> H2), a ova je reakcija važna zbog postizanja redoks ravnoteže fermentacije.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enterične bakterije kao Escherichia coli i Enterobacter aerogenes su također zanimljive fermentaciji biovodika.<sup id="cite_ref-Redwood_MD_2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redwood_MD_2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Za razliku od clostridie, enterične bakterije proizvode vodik primarno, dijeljenjem molekula (HCOOH--> H2 + CO2) koje služe za detoksifikaciju spoja. Dijeljenje nije redoks reakcija i nema nikakav utjecaj na redoks ravnotežu fermentacije. Ova detoksifikacija je posebno važna za E. coli, pošto se ona ne može sama zaštititi prilikom formiranja endospora. Dijeljenje spoja je nepovratna reakcija, stoga je proizvodnja vodika neovisna o parcijalnom tlaku vodika u fermenteru. E. coli se smatra kao radni stroj molekularne mikrobiologije i mnogi radnici su istraživali pristupe metaboličkog inženjerstva, kako bi poboljšali fermentaciju biovodika u E. coli.<sup id="cite_ref-Redwood_MD_2008_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redwood_MD_2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dok kisik ubija clostridiju, enterične bakterije su neobvezni anaerobi; rastu jako brzo dok su u prisustvu kisika i progresivno prelaze s aerobnog na anaerobni metabolizam kako se količina kisika smanjuje. Stopa rasta je puno manja za vrijeme anaerobne fermentacije nego za vrijeme aerobne respiracije zato što fermentacija koristi manje metaboličke energije od iste podloge. U praksi, neobvezni anaerobi su korisniji zato što mogu brzo narasti do velike koncentracije, za vrijeme prisutstva kisika, dok za vrijeme nestašice kisika proizvode vodik na visokoj razini.<sup id="cite_ref-Redwood_MD_2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redwood_MD_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da bi fermentacija bila održiva u pogledu industrije, nužno je kontrolirati zajednicu bakterija unutar fermentera. Sirovine mogu sadržavati mikro-organizme, koji mogu uzrokovati promjene unutar fermentera. Enterične bakterije i većina clostridia bakterija su mezofilne. Imaju optimalnu temperaturu oko 30 stupnjeva Celzijevih, kao i većina drugih mikroorganizama. Stoga su ove fermentacije osjetljive na promjene mikrobne zajednice osim ako je sirovina sterilizirana. Za primjer, tamo gdje je sirovina podvrgnuta hidrotermalnom predtretmanu, sterilizacija je nuspojava.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Način na koji bi se mogao spriječiti utjecaj štetnih mikroorganizama na bakterijsku zajednicu jest da u fermenter dodamo poželjne bakterije.<sup id="cite_ref-Verschuere_and_Rombaut_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verschuere_and_Rombaut-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hipertermofilna arheja kao Thermotoga neapolitana se također može koristiti za fermentaciju vodika.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zbog toga što može raditi na temperaturi od 70 °C, postoji mala šansa da ce sirovina biti kontaminirana. Fermentacija proizvodi organske kiseline koje su otrovne bakterijama. Velike količine sprječavaju proces fermentacije i mogu aktivirati promjene u metabolizmu i obrambenim mehanizmima, kao što je sporulacija, kod raznih vrsta.<sup id="cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupp_and_Widmann-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovakva fermentacija vodika je popraćena proizvodnjom ugljičnog dioksida, koji se može odvojiti od vodika procesom pasivne separacije.<sup id="cite_ref-Watanabe_and_Yoshino_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watanabe_and_Yoshino-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentacija ce pretvoriti neke od učesnika u biomasu umjesto u vodik.<sup id="cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupp_and_Widmann-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomasa je, međutim, bogata ugljikovodicima koji se mogu vratiti natrag u fermenter da bi se osigurala stabilnost procesa.<sup id="cite_ref-Villadsen,_Nielsen_and_Liden_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villadsen,_Nielsen_and_Liden-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermentacija vodika tamnom fermentacijom je ograničena nepotpunim raspadom organskog materijala u organske kiseline i to je razlog zbog kojeg trebamo foto-fermentaciju.<sup id="cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krupp_and_Widmann-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Razdvajanje organskih kiselina od biomase se vrši u posebnom spremniku unutar odvodnog voda, gdje se mulj pumpa natrag u fermenter da bi povećao stopu proizvodnje vodika.<sup id="cite_ref-Villadsen,_Nielsen_and_Liden_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villadsen,_Nielsen_and_Liden-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U tradicionalnim sustavima za fermentaciju, stopa razrijeđivanja se mora pažljivo kontrolirati, jer utječe na koncentraciju bakterijskih jedinica i otrovnih završnih proizvoda unutar fermentera. Mnogo kompleksnija tehnika elektro fermentacije odvaja zadržanu vodu i biomasu te prevladava inhibiciju organskih kiselina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foto-fermentacija">Foto-fermentacija</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Foto-fermentacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Foto-fermentacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foto-fermentacija se odnosi na metodu fermentacije gdje se svjetlost zahtijeva kao izvor energije. Ovakva fermentacija počiva na sposobnosti fotosinteze da očuva energijski nivo stanica. Fermentacija fotosintezom u usporedbi s drugim fermentacijama ima prednost da umjesto šećera koristi svjetlost kao izvor energije. Šećer je obično dostupan u ograničenim količinama. Sve biljke, alge i neke bakterije su sposobne vršiti fotosintezu koriteći svjetlost kao izvor energije. Cijanobakterije se često spominju kao sposobne za produkciju vodika oksidnom fotosintezom.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_and_Park_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_and_Park-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Međutim, ljubičasta (PNS) bakterija obećava proizvodnju vodika anoksidnom fotositezom i foto-fermentacijom.<sup id="cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao_and_Chen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istraživanja su pokazala kako je Rhodobacter sphaeroides jako sposoban proizvoditi vodik hraneći se organskim kiselinama, konzumirajući od 98 % do 99 % organskih kiselina prilikom proizvodnje.<sup id="cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao_and_Chen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organske kiseline mogu održivo pritjecati iz tamne fermentacije otpadne sirovine. Završni sustav se zove kombinirana fermentacija. Foto-fermentativne bakterije mogu iskorištavati svjetlo na valnim duljinama dosega od 400 do 1000 nm,<sup id="cite_ref-Akkerman_I_2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akkerman_I_2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> što se razlikuje od algi i <a href="/wiki/Cijanobakterija" class="mw-redirect" title="Cijanobakterija">cijanobakterija</a> čiji doseg je od 400 do 700 nm. Trenutačno postoji ograničeno iskustvo foto-fermentacije na nivou industrije. Distribucija svjetla unutar industrijskog foto-fermentera mora biti dizajnirana na način da minimizira samo-osjenčavanje. Stoga, izvana osvjetljen fotobioreaktor mora imati velik omjer površine i volumena. Kao rezultat toga, konstrukcija fotobioreaktora sadrži intenzivne i skupe materijale. Metoda koja bi osigurala potrebnu distribuciju svjetla i limitirala samo-osjenčavnje unutar fermentera mogla bi biti distribucija optičkim vlaknom, gdje je svjetlo prebačeno u fermenter i distribuirano unutar fermentera.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunlight_Direct_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunlight_Direct-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foto-fermentacija Rhodobacter sphaeroides-om zahtjeva mezofilne uvjete.<sup id="cite_ref-Nath,_Kumar_and_Das_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nath,_Kumar_and_Das-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prednost fotobioreaktora s optičkim vlaknom je ta da se toplina primljena zračenjem može kontrolirati izbacivanjem viška svjetlosti i filtriranjem valnih duljina koje organizam ne može koristiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunlight_Direct_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunlight_Direct-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kombinirana_fermentacija">Kombinirana fermentacija</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Kombinirana fermentacija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kombinirana fermentacija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombiniranje tamne i foto fermentacije pokazalo se kao najbolja metoda pri proizvodnji vodika fermentacijom.<sup id="cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yang,_Guo_and_Liu_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang,_Guo_and_Liu-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kombinirana fermentacija dopušta korištenje organskih kiselina, proizvedenih tamnom fermentacijom iz otpanog materijala, kao substrat u procesu foto-fermentacije.<sup id="cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao_and_Chen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mnoge neovisne studije su pokazale da je ova tehnika učinkovita i jako praktična.<sup id="cite_ref-Redwood_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redwood-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da bi fermentacija vodika u industriji bila ekonomski održiva, nusprodukti fermentacije moraju biti minimizirani. Kombinirana fermentacija ima jedinstvenu prednost da koristi beskorisne proizvode fermentacije, kao što su organske kiseline, kroz fotosintezu. Mnogo otpada je prikladno za fermentaciju i ekvivalent je početnih faza anaerobne probave, trenutno najvažnije biotehnologije za dobivanje energije od otpada. Jedan od glavnih izazova kombinirane fermentacije je taj da fermentacija sadrži ne samo iskoristive organske kiseline već i višak azotnih spojeva i amonijaka, koji inhibiraju aktivnost nitrogenaze PNS bakterijom.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energetski utrošak elektro-separacije organskih kiselina ispostavio se prihvatljiv u kombiniranoj fermentaciji. Elektro-fermentacija ima nuspojavu, kontinuirane, visokoproduktivne tamne fermentacije vodika. Kao metoda za proizvodnju vodika, kombinirana fermentacija trenutno jako puno obećava.<sup id="cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao_and_Chen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LED_–_fermenter"><span id="LED_.E2.80.93_fermenter"></span>LED – fermenter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: LED – fermenter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka LED – fermenter"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Da bi se napravio foto-fermenter za industrijske potrebe, bez da se koriste prevelike zemljane površine, koristi se fermenter sa svijetlećim diodama kao izvorom svjetlosti. Ovakav dizajn sprječava samo-osjenčavanje unutar fermentera, zahtjeva malu količinu energije za obavljanje fotosinteze i ima vrlo male troškove instalacije. Uređaj bi mogao biti korišten i u jeftinim modelima za obrazovne svrhe. Međutim, bilo kojem fotobioreaktoru nemoguće je korištenje umjetne svjetlosti pri generiranju energije. Maksimalna učinkovitost pretvorbe svjetla u vodik je oko 10 %,<sup id="cite_ref-Akkerman_I_2002_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akkerman_I_2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maksimalna učinkovitost generiranja elektriciteta iz vodika je oko 80 % i maksimalna učinkovitost dobivanja svjetla iz električne energije je oko 80 %. Ovo predstavlja ciklus opadajućih prinosa. Za svrhe goriva ili proizvodnje energije, sunčeva svjetlost je potrebna, ali za umjetno pokretane fotobioreaktore kao što je LED-fermenter, možemo koristiti za proizvodnju druge vrijedne robe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolički_inženjering"><span id="Metaboli.C4.8Dki_in.C5.BEenjering"></span>Metabolički inženjering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Metabolički inženjering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Metabolički inženjering"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postoji ogroman potencijal za poboljšanje doprinosa vodika putem metaboličkog inženjerstva. Cloristridium bakterije mogu biti poboljšne za proizvodnju vodika, tako da se smanji učinak hidrogenaze ili onesposobljavanjem sustava kisika. Ovo će pojačati proizvodnju vodika i povećati doprinos vodika u djelu tamne fermentacije. Dio foto-fermentacije Rhodobakterijom je dio koji će vrlo vjerojatno dobiti najviše iz metaboličkog inženjerstva. Alternativa bi mogla biti onesposobljavanje djelovanja hidrogenaze ili onesposobljavanje fotosintetskog membranskog sustava. Drugo poboljšanje bi moglo biti smanjenje izražaja pigmenta, koji štiti foto-sustav. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biovodik&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Demirbas, A. (2009). Biohydrogen: For Future Engine Fuel Demands. Trabzon: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-84882-510-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-84882-510-2">1-84882-510-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlag-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlag_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlag_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Schlag,_Bala_Suresh,_Masahiro_Yoneyama2007" class="citation web cs1">Stefan Schlag, Bala Suresh, Masahiro Yoneyama. Listopad 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sriconsulting.com/CEH/Public/Reports/743.5000/">SRI Consulting CEH Report – Hydrogen</a>. <i>SRI Consulting</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 1. srpnja 2010.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SRI+Consulting&rft.atitle=SRI+Consulting+CEH+Report+%E2%80%93+Hydrogen&rft.date=2007-10&rft.au=Stefan+Schlag%2C+Bala+Suresh%2C+Masahiro+Yoneyama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sriconsulting.com%2FCEH%2FPublic%2FReports%2F743.5000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Hydrogen_Association-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Hydrogen_Association_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125094124/http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/general/faqs.asp#howmuchproduced">The National Hydrogen Association</a>. 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Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microbemagazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=309:photobiological-hydrogen-productionprospects-and-challenges&catid=132:featured&Itemid=196">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 6. listopada 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 8. siječnja 2015.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Photobiological+hydrogen+production%E2%80%94prospects+and+challenges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microbemagazine.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D309%3Aphotobiological-hydrogen-productionprospects-and-challenges%26catid%3D132%3Afeatured%26Itemid%3D196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">journal zahtijeva <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#missing_periodical" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/pdfs/photobiological.pdf">2005-A prospectus for biological H2 production</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tao_and_Chen-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tao_and_Chen_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFTaoChenWuHe2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tao, Yongzhen; Chen, Yang; Wu, Yongqiang; He, Yanling; Zhou, Zhihua. Veljača 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V3F-4KGPP8H-1/2/a2e03311e524ba2baeb47e720d9c47e5">High hydrogen yield from a two-step process of dark- and photo-fermentation of sucrose</a>. <i>International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 200–206. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijhydene.2006.06.034">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.06.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0360-3199">0360-3199</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hydrogen+Energy&rft.atitle=High+hydrogen+yield+from+a+two-step+process+of+dark-+and+photo-fermentation+of+sucrose&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-206&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijhydene.2006.06.034&rft.issn=0360-3199&rft.aulast=Tao&rft.aufirst=Yongzhen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yang&rft.au=Wu%2C+Yongqiang&rft.au=He%2C+Yanling&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Zhihua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2FB6V3F-4KGPP8H-1%2F2%2Fa2e03311e524ba2baeb47e720d9c47e5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|url-status=dead</code> zahtijeva <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#deadurl_missing_archive" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapdan_and_Kargi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Kapdan_and_Kargi_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapdan_and_Kargi_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapdan_and_Kargi_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKapdanKargı2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kapdan, Ilgi Karapınar; Kargı, Fikret. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ichet.org/ihec2005/files/manuscripts/Kargi%20F.-Tr.pdf">Biohydrogen production from waste materials</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Enzyme and Microbial Technology</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 569. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enzmictec.2005.09.015">10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.09.015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Enzyme+and+Microbial+Technology&rft.atitle=Biohydrogen+production+from+waste+materials&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=569&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enzmictec.2005.09.015&rft.aulast=Kapdan&rft.aufirst=Ilgi+Karap%C4%B1nar&rft.au=Karg%C4%B1%2C+Fikret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ichet.org%2Fihec2005%2Ffiles%2Fmanuscripts%2FKargi%2520F.-Tr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|url-status=dead</code> zahtijeva <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#deadurl_missing_archive" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krupp_and_Widmann-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krupp_and_Widmann_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKruppWidmann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Krupp, M.; Widmann, R. 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Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol 8:149-185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nath K, Das D (2004) Improvement of fermentative hydrogen production: various approaches. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65:520-529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redwood_MD_2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Redwood_MD_2008_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redwood_MD_2008_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Redwood MD, Mikheenko IP, Sargent F, Macaskie LE (2008),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rai_Pankaj_K_2012_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rai Pankaj K, Singh S.P, Asthana R.K (2012) Biohydrogen production from cheese whey wastewater in a two-step anaerobic process. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.,167 (6) 1540–1549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Akhtar MK, Jones PR (2009) Construction of a synthetic YdbK-dependent pyruvate:H2 pathway in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Metab Eng 11:139-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das D, Veziroglu TN (2008) Advances in biological hydrogen production processes. Int J Hydrog Energy 33:6046–6057.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dharmadi Y, Murarka A, Gonzalez R (2006) Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol by Escherichia coli: A new platform for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 94:821-829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallenbeck PC, Ghosh D (2009) Advances in fermentative biohydrogen production: the way forward? Trends Biotechnol 27:287-297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sode K, Yamamoto S, Tomiyama M, 2001. Metabolic engineering approaches for the improvement of bacterial hydrogen production based on Escherichia coli mixed acid fermentation. in: Miyake J, Matsunaga T, San Pietro A (Eds.), Biohydrogen II : An Approach to Environmentally Acceptable Technology. Pergamon, str. 195-204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Penfold DW, Forster CF, Macaskie LE (2003) Increased hydrogen production by Escherichia coli strain HD701 in comparison with the wild-type parent strain MC4100. Enz Microb Technol 33:185-189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Penfold DW, Sargent F, Macaskie LE (2006) Inactivation of the Escherichia coli K-12 twin arginine translocation system promotes increased hydrogen production. FEMS Microbiol Lett 262:135-137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathews J, Wang G (2009) Metabolic pathway engineering for enhanced biohydrogen production. Int J Hydrog Energy 34:7404–7416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redwood_MD_2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Redwood_MD_2012_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Redwood MD, Orozco R, Majewski AJ, Macaskie LE (2012) Electro-extractive fermentation for efficient biohydrogen production. Bioresour Technol 107:166–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orozco RL, Redwood MD, Reza A, Leeke G, Santos R, Macaskie LE (2012) Hydrothermal hydrolysis of starch with CO<sub>2</sub> and detoxification of the hydrolysates with activated carbon for bio-hydrogen fermentation. Int J Hydrog Energy 37:6545–6553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verschuere_and_Rombaut-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Verschuere_and_Rombaut_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFVerschuereRombaut,SorgeloosVerstraete2000" class="citation journal cs1">Verschuere, L; Rombaut,, G; Sorgeloos, P; Verstraete, W. Prosinac 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99008">Probiotic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents in Aquaculture</a>. <i>Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 655–71. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.64.4.655-671.2000">10.1128/MMBR.64.4.655-671.2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Slobodno dostupno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99008">99008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11104813">11104813</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+and+Molecular+Biology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Probiotic+Bacteria+as+Biological+Control+Agents+in+Aquaculture&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=655-71&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99008%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11104813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FMMBR.64.4.655-671.2000&rft.aulast=Verschuere&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Rombaut%2C%2C+G&rft.au=Sorgeloos%2C+P&rft.au=Verstraete%2C+W&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC99008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: dodatna interpunkcija (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_dodatna_interpunkcija" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: dodatna interpunkcija">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eriksen NT, Nielsen TM, Iversen N (2008) Hydrogen production in anaerobic and microaerobic Thermotoga neapolitana. Biotechnol Lett 30:103-109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watanabe_and_Yoshino-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Watanabe_and_Yoshino_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabeYoshino2010" class="citation journal cs1">Watanabe, Hisanori; Yoshino, Hidekichi. Svibanj 2010. Biohydrogen using leachate from an industrial waste landfill as inoculum. <i>Renewable Energy</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 921–924. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2009.10.033">10.1016/j.renene.2009.10.033</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Energy&rft.atitle=Biohydrogen+using+leachate+from+an+industrial+waste+landfill+as+inoculum&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=921-924&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.renene.2009.10.033&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Hisanori&rft.au=Yoshino%2C+Hidekichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villadsen,_Nielsen_and_Liden-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Villadsen,_Nielsen_and_Liden_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villadsen,_Nielsen_and_Liden_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFVilladsenNielsenLidén2003" class="citation book cs1">Villadsen, John; Nielsen, Jens Høiriis; Lidén, Gunnar. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=htUeM34b7KgC&lpg=PP1&dq=Bioreaction%20Engineering%20Principles&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q"><i>Bioreaction Engineering Principles</i></a>. 2 izdanje. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-306-47349-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-306-47349-4"><bdi>978-0-306-47349-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioreaction+Engineering+Principles&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47349-4&rft.aulast=Villadsen&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Jens+H%C3%B8iriis&rft.au=Lid%C3%A9n%2C+Gunnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DhtUeM34b7KgC%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3DBioreaction%2520Engineering%2520Principles%26pg%3DPP1%23v%3Donepage%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_and_Park-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_and_Park_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFLeeLeeParkKim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Jae-Hwa; Lee, Dong-Geun; Park, Jae-Il; Kim, Ji-Youn. Siječanj 2010. Biohydrogen production from a marine brown algae and its bacterial diversity. <i>Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 187–192. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11814-009-0300-x">10.1007/s11814-009-0300-x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Journal+of+Chemical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Biohydrogen+production+from+a+marine+brown+algae+and+its+bacterial+diversity&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=187-192&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11814-009-0300-x&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jae-Hwa&rft.au=Lee%2C+Dong-Geun&rft.au=Park%2C+Jae-Il&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ji-Youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akkerman_I_2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Akkerman_I_2002_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akkerman_I_2002_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Akkerman I, Janssen M, Rocha J, Wijffels RH (2002) Photobiological hydrogen production: photochemical efficiency and bioreactor design. Int J Hydrog Energy 27:1195–1208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunlight_Direct-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Sunlight_Direct_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sunlight_Direct_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFTHE_NORTH_STATE,_www.thenorthstate.com" class="citation web cs1">THE NORTH STATE, www.thenorthstate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunlight-direct.com">Sunlight Direct</a>. Sunlight Direct<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 1. srpnja 2010.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunlight+Direct&rft.pub=Sunlight+Direct&rft.au=THE+NORTH+STATE%2C+www.thenorthstate.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunlight-direct.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nath,_Kumar_and_Das-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nath,_Kumar_and_Das_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFNathKumarDas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nath, K; Kumar, A; Das, D. Rujan 2005. Hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain OU001 using spent media of Enterobacter cloacae strain DM11. <i>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 533–541. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-005-1887-4">10.1007/s00253-005-1887-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15666144">15666144</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+production+by+Rhodobacter+sphaeroides+strain+OU001+using+spent+media+of+Enterobacter+cloacae+strain+DM11&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=533-541&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-005-1887-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15666144&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kumar%2C+A&rft.au=Das%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang,_Guo_and_Liu-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yang,_Guo_and_Liu_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFYangGuo,Liu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Honghui; Guo,, Liejin; Liu, Fei. Ožujak 2010. Enhanced bio-hydrogen production from corncob by a two-step process: Dark- and photo-fermentation. <i>Bioresource Technology</i>. <b>101</b> (6): 2049–2052. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2009.10.078">10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19963373">19963373</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioresource+Technology&rft.atitle=Enhanced+bio-hydrogen+production+from+corncob+by+a+two-step+process%3A+Dark-+and+photo-fermentation&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2049-2052&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biortech.2009.10.078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19963373&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Honghui&rft.au=Guo%2C%2C+Liejin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Fei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 održavanje: dodatna interpunkcija (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_dodatna_interpunkcija" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: dodatna interpunkcija">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redwood-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Redwood_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRedwoodPaterson-Beedle2009" class="citation journal cs1">Redwood, MD; Paterson-Beedle, Macaskie. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/h77n7370t70643k7/">Integrating dark and light biohydrogen production strategies: towards the hydrogen economy</a>. <i>Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 149–185. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11157-008-9144-9">10.1007/s11157-008-9144-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Environmental+Science+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Integrating+dark+and+light+biohydrogen+production+strategies%3A+towards+the+hydrogen+economy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-185&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11157-008-9144-9&rft.aulast=Redwood&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Paterson-Beedle%2C+Macaskie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh77n7370t70643k7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3ABiovodik" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|url-status=dead</code> zahtijeva <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#deadurl_missing_archive" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Redwood MD, Macaskie LE (2006) A two-stage, two-organism process for biohydrogen from glucose. 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