CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Category:1951 in science - Wikimedia Commons</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )commonswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e184a549-a4e2-4fc8-adbd-ce13eb8f0933","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Category","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":14,"wgPageName":"Category:1951_in_science","wgTitle":"1951 in science","wgCurRevisionId":302376671,"wgRevisionId":302376671,"wgArticleId":19393937,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups" :["*"],"wgCategories":["Uses of Wikidata Infobox","Uses of Wikidata Infobox with no image","1951 by topic","Science in the 1950s","Science by year"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Category:1951_in_science","wgRelevantArticleId":19393937,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"commons","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":false,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"upwizPropertyTitles":{"P180":"Main subjects visible in this work"},"upwizPropertyPlaceholders":{"P180":"e.g., Angolan giraffe"}, "upwizPropertyCopyLabels":{"P180":"Main subjects"},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"personal","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":false,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8145661","wbmiDefaultProperties":["P180"],"wbmiPropertyTitles":{"P180":"Items portrayed in this file"},"wbmiPropertyTypes":{"P180":"wikibase-item"},"wbmiRepoApiUrl":"/w/api.php","wbmiHelpUrls":{"P180":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Depicts"},"wbmiExternalEntitySearchBaseUri":"https://www.wikidata.org/w/api.php","wbmiSupportedDataTypes":["wikibase-item","string","quantity","time","monolingualtext","external-id","globe-coordinate","url"],"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"]};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Long-Image-Names-in-Categories":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","ext.categoryTree.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","codex-search-styles":"ready","ext.uls.pt":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mmv.bootstrap","ext.categoryTree","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Slideshow","ext.gadget.ZoomViewer","ext.gadget.CollapsibleTemplates","ext.gadget.fastcci","ext.gadget.Stockphoto","ext.gadget.WatchlistNotice","ext.gadget.AjaxQuickDelete","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.LanguageSelect","ext.gadget.PictureOfTheYearEnhancements","ext.tmh.player","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.wikimediaEvents.wikibase","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=codex-search-styles%7Cext.categoryTree.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.pt%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.Long-Image-Names-in-Categories&only=styles&skin=vector"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Category:1951 in science - Wikimedia Commons"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1951_in_science"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/commons.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/commons.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikimedia Commons"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1951_in_science"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikimedia Commons Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-14 ns-subject mw-editable page-Category_1951_in_science rootpage-Category_1951_in_science skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Categories" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Category</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">1951 in science</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="description de" dir="ltr" lang="de"><span class="language de" title="German"><b>Deutsch: </b></span> 1951 in der <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Wissenschaft">Wissenschaft</a></div> <div class="description en" dir="ltr" lang="en"><span class="language en" title="English"><b>English: </b></span> 1951 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" class="extiw" title="en:Science">science</a></div> <div class="description es" dir="ltr" lang="es"><span class="language es" title="Spanish"><b>Español: </b></span> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia" class="extiw" title="es:Ciencia">Ciencia</a> en 1951</div> <div class="description mk" dir="ltr" lang="mk"><span class="language mk" title="Macedonian"><b>Македонски: </b></span> <a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="mk:Наука">Науката</a> во 1951 година</div> <div class="description ru" dir="ltr" lang="ru"><span class="language ru" title="Russian"><b>Русский: </b></span> 1951 год в <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:наука">науке</a></div> <div class="description sl" dir="ltr" lang="sl"><span class="language sl" title="Slovenian"><b>Slovenščina: </b></span> 1951 v <a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanost" class="extiw" title="sl:Znanost">znanosti</a></div> <div class="description sv" dir="ltr" lang="sv"><span class="language sv" title="Swedish"><b>Svenska: </b></span> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskap" class="extiw" title="sv:Vetenskap">Vetenskapsåret</a> 1951 <div class="description uk" dir="ltr" lang="uk"><span class="language uk" title="Ukrainian"><b>Українська: </b></span> 1951 у <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:наука">науці</a></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="margin:2px auto;text-align:center;border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px .5em"><dl class="hlist" style="margin:0;padding:0" lang="en" dir="ltr"><dt><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_in_the_1950s" title="Category:Science in the 1950s">Science in the 1950s</a> </dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1949_in_science" title="Category:1949 in science">←</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1950_in_science" title="Category:1950 in science">1950</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1951</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1952_in_science" title="Category:1952 in science">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_in_science" title="Category:1953 in science">1953</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_in_science" title="Category:1954 in science">1954</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1955_in_science" title="Category:1955 in science">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1956_in_science" title="Category:1956 in science">1956</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1957_in_science" title="Category:1957 in science">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_in_science" title="Category:1958 in science">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1959_in_science" title="Category:1959 in science">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_in_science" title="Category:1960 in science">→</a></dd> </dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r905765184">.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"]{float:right;clear:right;margin-right:0;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"]{float:left;clear:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox{width:258px;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:95%;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox .image img{max-width:250px;max-height:250px;width:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfoboxcaption{background:#FFF}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] #wdinfoboxcaption{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] #wdinfoboxcaption{margin-right:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox th,.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon th{vertical-align:top;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox td,.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon td{word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox li:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:3px}.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon{font-size:95%;table-layout:fixed;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-lcell,.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfobox-lcell{background:#CFE3FF;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-rcell,.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfobox-rcell{word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] .taxontree-lcell,.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] .wikidatainfobox-lcell{text-align:right;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] .taxontree-lcell,.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] .wikidatainfobox-lcell{text-align:left;word-wrap:break-word;hyphens:auto}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-fullcell{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-hdrcell{text-align:center;background:#CFE3FF;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .taxontree-row{}@media screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .wdinfo_nomobile{display:none;visibility:hidden;height:0}}.mw-parser-output .wdinfobox_horizontal{clear:both!important;display:block;box-sizing:border-box!important;width:100%!important;column-width:24em}.mw-parser-output .wdinfobox_hide{display:none}.mw-parser-output #wdcreator{display:none}.mw-parser-output .wdcreator_show{display:block!important}.mw-parser-output #wdinfo_taxon ul{list-style:none;list-style-position:inside}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="ltr"] #wdinfo_taxon ul{padding-left:0;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output #wdinfobox[dir="rtl"] #wdinfo_taxon ul{padding-right:0;margin-right:0}.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfoboxVN ul li{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfoboxVN ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikidatainfoboxVN{padding:0;margin:0}</style><div style="display:none"><nowiki>ciencia en 1951; ১৯৫১-এ বিজ্ঞান; 1951 en science; Znanost u 1951.; 1951 zientzian; 1951 w nauce; 1951 год в науке; Scienza nel 1951; Wissenschaftsjahr 1951; 1951 na ciência; 1951'de bilim; Khoa học năm 1951; 1951年科學; 1951 ശാസ്ത്രത്തിൽ; 1951 în știință; 1951年の科学; Vitenskapsåret 1951; 1951 nî kho-ha̍k; Veda a technika v 1951; Vitskap i 1951; 1951 у науці; 1951 ел фәндә; 1951 a tudományban; 1951 במדע; Vetenskapsåret 1951; tiedevuosi 1951; 1951 in science; 1951 في العلم; 1951 во науката; 1951 an der Wëssenschaft; список событий 1951 года в науке; Wikipédia-kronológia; tiedemaailman tapahtumat vuonna 1951; naturvetenskapsrelaterade händelser under år 1951; natural science-related events during the year of 1951; שנה במדע; gebeurtenis in jaar; Teknikåret 1951; Vetenskapåret 1951; tieteen vuosi 1951</nowiki></div><table id="wdinfobox" dir="ltr" class="fileinfotpl-type-information vevent infobox mw-collapsible"><caption class="fn org" id="wdinfoboxcaption"><b>1951 in science </b></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="wdinfo_nomobile" style="text-align:center"><div>natural science-related events during the year of 1951</div><div class="switcher-container"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3AUploadWizard&categories=1951+in+science">Upload media</a></b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_in_science" class="extiw" title="en:1951 in science">Wikipedia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Instance of</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>events in a specific year or time period (<a href="/wiki/Category:1952_in_science" title="Category:1952 in science">1952 in science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:1950_in_science" title="Category:1950 in science">1950 in science</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Facet of</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science">science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Point in time</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1951</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Follows</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950_in_science" title="Category:1950 in science">1950 in science</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><th class="wikidatainfobox-lcell">Followed by</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1952_in_science" title="Category:1952 in science">1952 in science</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%" id="wdinfo_ac" class="mw-collapsible"><tbody><tr><th style="background: #cfe3ff">Authority file</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word; font-size: smaller"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374053" title="d:Q2374053"><img alt="Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374053" class="extiw" title="d:Q2374053">Q2374053</a><br /><span class="wdinfo_nomobile"></span></div></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><small><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://reasonator.toolforge.org/?q=Q2374053">Reasonator</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q2374053" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q2374053">Scholia</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikidocumentaries-demo.wmcloud.org/Q2374053">Wikidocumentaries</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petscan.wmflabs.org/?language=commons&categories=1951_in_science&project=wikimedia&ns%5B6%5D=1">PetScan</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://glamtools.toolforge.org/glamorgan.html?&category=1951_in_science&depth=1&month=last">statistics</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://wikimap.toolforge.org/?cat=1951_in_science&subcats=true&subcatdepth=1&cluster=true">WikiMap</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://locator-tool.toolforge.org/#/geolocate?category=1951_in_science">Locator tool</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://kmlexport.toolforge.org/?project=commons&article=Category%3A1951+in+science">KML file</a></span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/haswbstatement:P180%3DQ2374053" title="Special:Search/haswbstatement:P180=Q2374053">Search depicted</a></li></ul></div></small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="wdinfo_nomobile"><td lang="en" colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374053" title="Edit infobox data on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit infobox data on Wikidata" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/23px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/30px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><div class="mw-category-generated" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-subcategories"> <h2>Subcategories</h2> <p>This category has the following 14 subcategories, out of 14 total. </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>*</h3> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_archaeology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_archaeology" title="Category:1951 in archaeology">1951 in archaeology</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 1 subcategory, 0 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(1 C)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_astronomy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_astronomy" title="Category:1951 in astronomy">1951 in astronomy</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 5 subcategories, 0 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(5 C)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_biology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_biology" title="Category:1951 in biology">1951 in biology</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 2 subcategories, 0 pages, and 58 files" dir="ltr">(2 C, 58 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_chemistry" title="Category:1951 in chemistry">1951 in chemistry</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 0 pages, and 1 file" dir="ltr">(1 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_computing" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_computing" title="Category:1951 in computing">1951 in computing</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 1 subcategory, 0 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(1 C)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_geography" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_geography" title="Category:1951 in geography">1951 in geography</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 4 subcategories, 0 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(4 C)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_geology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_geology" title="Category:1951 in geology">1951 in geology</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 3 subcategories, 0 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(3 C)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_scientific_journals" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_scientific_journals" title="Category:1951 scientific journals">1951 scientific journals</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 4 subcategories, 0 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(4 C)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_medicine" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_medicine" title="Category:1951 in medicine">1951 in medicine</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 1 subcategory, 0 pages, and 9 files" dir="ltr">(1 C, 9 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_paleontology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_paleontology" title="Category:1951 in paleontology">1951 in paleontology</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 2 subcategories, 0 pages, and 6 files" dir="ltr">(2 C, 6 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="1951_in_psychology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_psychology" title="Category:1951 in psychology">1951 in psychology</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 1 subcategory, 0 pages, and 0 files" dir="ltr">(1 C)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li> <li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Scientists_in_1951" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientists_in_1951" title="Category:Scientists in 1951">Scientists in 1951</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 2 subcategories, 0 pages, and 6 files" dir="ltr">(2 C, 6 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Atoll_research_bulletin_(1951)" title="Category:Atoll research bulletin (1951)">Atoll research bulletin (1951)</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 0 pages, and 28 files" dir="ltr">(28 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>[</h3> <ul><li><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Paulys_Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft_Band_XXI,1" title="Category:Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft Band XXI,1">Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft Band XXI,1</a></bdi> <span title="Contains 0 subcategories, 0 pages, and 1 file" dir="ltr">(1 F)</span></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div> </div><div id="mw-category-media"> <h2>Media in category "1951 in science"</h2> <p>The following 5 files are in this category, out of 5 total. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Begin_33607,_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Begin_33607%2C_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg/120px-Begin_33607%2C_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="120" height="93" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Begin_33607%2C_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg/180px-Begin_33607%2C_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Begin_33607%2C_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg/240px-Begin_33607%2C_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6826" data-file-height="5277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Begin_33607,_end_33907_BHL46331406.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Begin 33607, end 33907 BHL46331406.jpg">Begin 33607, end 33907 BHL46331406.jpg</a> 6,826 × 5,277; 2.1 MB<br> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compendium_of_meteorology_(1951)_(20483706898).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Compendium_of_meteorology_%281951%29_%2820483706898%29.jpg/120px-Compendium_of_meteorology_%281951%29_%2820483706898%29.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="120" height="119" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Compendium_of_meteorology_%281951%29_%2820483706898%29.jpg/180px-Compendium_of_meteorology_%281951%29_%2820483706898%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Compendium_of_meteorology_%281951%29_%2820483706898%29.jpg/240px-Compendium_of_meteorology_%281951%29_%2820483706898%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Compendium_of_meteorology_(1951)_(20483706898).jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Compendium of meteorology (1951) (20483706898).jpg">Compendium of meteorology (1951) (20483706898).jpg</a> 630 × 624; 171 KB<br> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Man,_portrait,_work,_laboratory,_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Man%2C_portrait%2C_work%2C_laboratory%2C_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg/88px-Man%2C_portrait%2C_work%2C_laboratory%2C_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="88" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Man%2C_portrait%2C_work%2C_laboratory%2C_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg/132px-Man%2C_portrait%2C_work%2C_laboratory%2C_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Man%2C_portrait%2C_work%2C_laboratory%2C_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg/176px-Man%2C_portrait%2C_work%2C_laboratory%2C_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4966" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Man,_portrait,_work,_laboratory,_measuring_scale_Fortepan_1075.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Man, portrait, work, laboratory, measuring scale Fortepan 1075.jpg">Man, portrait, work, laboratory, measuring scale Fortepan 1075.jpg</a> 3,648 × 4,966; 5.08 MB<br> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Alvarez_logbook,_page_292,_1951._Shot_at_National_Archives_Office,_San_Bruno,_California,_September_28,_1993._XBB9309-06411._(Photograph_by-_Unknown)_-_DPLA_-_8d9aae7b6ccc0c3c761fece3dc2ac0fd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Luis_Alvarez_logbook%2C_page_292%2C_1951._Shot_at_National_Archives_Office%2C_San_Bruno%2C_California%2C_September_28%2C_1993._XBB9309-06411._%28Photograph_by-_Unknown%29_-_DPLA_-_8d9aae7b6ccc0c3c761fece3dc2ac0fd.jpg/99px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="99" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Luis_Alvarez_logbook%2C_page_292%2C_1951._Shot_at_National_Archives_Office%2C_San_Bruno%2C_California%2C_September_28%2C_1993._XBB9309-06411._%28Photograph_by-_Unknown%29_-_DPLA_-_8d9aae7b6ccc0c3c761fece3dc2ac0fd.jpg/148px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Luis_Alvarez_logbook%2C_page_292%2C_1951._Shot_at_National_Archives_Office%2C_San_Bruno%2C_California%2C_September_28%2C_1993._XBB9309-06411._%28Photograph_by-_Unknown%29_-_DPLA_-_8d9aae7b6ccc0c3c761fece3dc2ac0fd.jpg/198px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Alvarez_logbook,_page_292,_1951._Shot_at_National_Archives_Office,_San_Bruno,_California,_September_28,_1993._XBB9309-06411._(Photograph_by-_Unknown)_-_DPLA_-_8d9aae7b6ccc0c3c761fece3dc2ac0fd.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Luis Alvarez logbook, page 292, 1951. Shot at National Archives Office, San Bruno, California, September 28, 1993. XBB9309-06411. (Photograph by- Unknown) - DPLA - 8d9aae7b6ccc0c3c761fece3dc2ac0fd.jpg">Luis Alvarez logbook, page 292, 1951. Shot at National Archives Office, San Bruno, California, September 28, 1993. XBB9309-06411. (Photograph by- Unknown) - DPLA - 8d9aae7b6ccc0c3c761fece3dc2ac0fd.jpg</a> 2,475 × 3,000; 2.93 MB<br> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolism_and_absorption_column_for_collection_of_radiation_carbon_dioxide_from_mouse._Photograph_taken_September_1951._John_H._Lawrence_Collection-1170C._(Photograph_by-_Unknown)_-_DPLA_-_3bdf53634914444b59e2a0ecd29154a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Metabolism_and_absorption_column_for_collection_of_radiation_carbon_dioxide_from_mouse._Photograph_taken_September_1951._John_H._Lawrence_Collection-1170C._%28Photograph_by-_Unknown%29_-_DPLA_-_3bdf53634914444b59e2a0ecd29154a1.jpg/84px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" width="84" height="120" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Metabolism_and_absorption_column_for_collection_of_radiation_carbon_dioxide_from_mouse._Photograph_taken_September_1951._John_H._Lawrence_Collection-1170C._%28Photograph_by-_Unknown%29_-_DPLA_-_3bdf53634914444b59e2a0ecd29154a1.jpg/126px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Metabolism_and_absorption_column_for_collection_of_radiation_carbon_dioxide_from_mouse._Photograph_taken_September_1951._John_H._Lawrence_Collection-1170C._%28Photograph_by-_Unknown%29_-_DPLA_-_3bdf53634914444b59e2a0ecd29154a1.jpg/168px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Metabolism_and_absorption_column_for_collection_of_radiation_carbon_dioxide_from_mouse._Photograph_taken_September_1951._John_H._Lawrence_Collection-1170C._(Photograph_by-_Unknown)_-_DPLA_-_3bdf53634914444b59e2a0ecd29154a1.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Metabolism and absorption column for collection of radiation carbon dioxide from mouse. Photograph taken September 1951. John H. Lawrence Collection-1170C. (Photograph by- Unknown) - DPLA - 3bdf53634914444b59e2a0ecd29154a1.jpg">Metabolism and absorption column for collection of radiation carbon dioxide from mouse. Photograph taken September 1951. John H. Lawrence Collection-1170C. (Photograph by- Unknown) - DPLA - 3bdf53634914444b59e2a0ecd29154a1.jpg</a> 2,100 × 3,000; 1.82 MB<br> </div> </li> </ul> </div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&oldid=302376671">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&oldid=302376671</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_by_topic" title="Category:1951 by topic">1951 by topic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_in_the_1950s" title="Category:Science in the 1950s">Science in the 1950s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_by_year" title="Category:Science by year">Science by year</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-user-shown">Non-topical/index: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uses_of_Wikidata_Infobox" title="Category:Uses of Wikidata Infobox">Uses of Wikidata Infobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uses_of_Wikidata_Infobox_with_no_image" title="Category:Uses of Wikidata Infobox with no image">Uses of Wikidata Infobox with no image</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-uls" class="mw-list-item active"><a class="uls-trigger" href="#"><span>English</span></a></li><li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="The user page for the IP address you are editing as">Not logged in</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Category%3A1951+in+science" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Category%3A1951+in+science" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-category" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_science" title="View the category page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Category</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category_talk:1951_in_science&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:1951_in_science"><span>View</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>History</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" > <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">More</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box"> <h3 >Search</h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikimedia Commons" aria-label="Search Wikimedia Commons" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikimedia Commons [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:MediaSearch"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search the pages for this text" value="Search"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" value="Go"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel" class="vector-legacy-sidebar"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a> </div> <nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Navigate</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-welcome" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Welcome"><span>Welcome</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Village_pump"><span>Village pump</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help center</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-participate" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-participate vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-participate-label" > <h3 id="p-participate-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Participate</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-uploadbtn" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:UploadWizard"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-latestfiles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewFiles"><span>Latest files</span></a></li><li id="n-randomimage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random/File" title="Load a random file [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random file</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Category:1951_in_science" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Category:1951_in_science" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&oldid=302376671" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3A1951_in_science"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3A1951_in_science"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-coll-print_export" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label" > <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Print/export</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Category%3A1951+in+science"><span>Create a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Category%3A1951_in_science&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In other projects</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikipedia mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1951_in_science" hreflang="en"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8145661" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In Wikipedia</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_1951" title="تصنيف:العلم في 1951 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصنيف:العلم في 1951" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:1951_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Катэгорыя:1951 год у навуцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Катэгорыя:1951 год у навуцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Videnskab_i_1951" title="Kategori:Videnskab i 1951 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kategori:Videnskab i 1951" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_in_science" title="1951 in science – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1951 in science" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Ciencia_de_1951" title="Categoría:Ciencia de 1951 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Categoría:Ciencia de 1951" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:1951_zientzian" title="Kategoria:1951 zientzian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kategoria:1951 zientzian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B5%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="رده:علم در ۱۹۵۱ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رده:علم در ۱۹۵۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_en_science" title="1951 en science – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1951 en science" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="1951 במדע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1951 במדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanost_u_1951." title="Znanost u 1951. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanost u 1951." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_a_tudom%C3%A1nyban" title="1951 a tudományban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1951 a tudományban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1:1951_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կատեգորիա:1951 գիտությունում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատեգորիա:1951 գիտությունում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Scienza_nel_1951" title="Categoria:Scienza nel 1951 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Categoria:Scienza nel 1951" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1951%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:1951年の科学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Category:1951年の科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:1951%EB%85%84_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="분류:1951년 과학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분류:1951년 과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:1951_an_der_W%C3%ABssenschaft" title="Kategorie:1951 an der Wëssenschaft – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kategorie:1951 an der Wëssenschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_1951_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Науката во 1951 година – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Науката во 1951 година" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABi-pia%CC%8Dt:1951_n%C3%AE_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Lūi-pia̍t:1951 nî kho-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lūi-pia̍t:1951 nî kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitskap_i_1951" title="Vitskap i 1951 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitskap i 1951" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1951" title="Vitenskapsåret 1951 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitenskapsåret 1951" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_w_nauce" title="1951 w nauce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1951 w nauce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_na_ci%C3%AAncia" title="1951 na ciência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1951 na ciência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:1951_%C3%AEn_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Categorie:1951 în știință – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Categorie:1951 în știință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="1951 год в науке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1951 год в науке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Veda_a_technika_v_1951" title="Kategória:Veda a technika v 1951 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kategória:Veda a technika v 1951" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorija:1951_v_znanosti" title="Kategorija:1951 v znanosti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kategorija:1951 v znanosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskaps%C3%A5ret_1951" title="Vetenskapsåret 1951 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vetenskapsåret 1951" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:1951%27de_bilim" title="Kategori:1951'de bilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kategori:1951'de bilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F:1951_%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96" title="Категорія:1951 у науці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Категорія:1951 у науці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81:1951%D8%A1_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="زمرہ:1951ء میں سائنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمرہ:1951ء میں سائنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_n%C4%83m_1951" title="Thể loại:Khoa học năm 1951 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể loại:Khoa học năm 1951" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1951%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:1951年科學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Category:1951年科學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_n%C3%AE_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="1951 nî kho-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1951 nî kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8145661#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 13:56.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. All structured data from the file namespace is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons CC0 License</a>; all unstructured text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Welcome">About Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Commons:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/commons.wikimedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//commons.m.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1951_in_science&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"codex-search-styles\".\n[1.43] Use a CodexModule with codexComponents to set your specific components used: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Codex#Using_a_limited_subset_of_components");mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-wm264","wgBackendResponseTime":228,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.235","walltime":"0.417","ppvisitednodes":{"value":888,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":35382,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1575,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2687,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":6,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 392.583 1 -total"," 69.84% 274.168 1 Template:Wikidata_Infobox"," 64.17% 251.919 1 Template:Wikidata_Infobox/core"," 30.15% 118.351 1 Template:Scienceyear"," 12.68% 49.780 1 Template:Decade_years_navbox"," 6.18% 24.268 1 Template:De"," 3.90% 15.321 1 Template:Sv"," 3.01% 11.830 10 Template:Formatnum"," 2.78% 10.909 1 Template:Uk"," 2.12% 8.309 1 Template:Decade_years_navbox/larr"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.121","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2884481,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7c479b968-dqdr5","timestamp":"20241115194905","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>