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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jupiter_swing-by" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jupiter_swing-by"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Jupiter swing-by</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jupiter_swing-by-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_regions_of_the_Sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_regions_of_the_Sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Polar regions of the Sun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_regions_of_the_Sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comet_C/1996_B2_(Hyakutake)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet_C/1996_B2_(Hyakutake)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet_C/1996_B2_(Hyakutake)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comet_C/1999_T1_(McNaught–Hartley)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet_C/1999_T1_(McNaught–Hartley)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Comet C/1999 T1 (McNaught–Hartley)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet_C/1999_T1_(McNaught–Hartley)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Jupiter_encounter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Jupiter_encounter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Second Jupiter encounter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Jupiter_encounter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comet_C/2006_P1_(McNaught)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet_C/2006_P1_(McNaught)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet_C/2006_P1_(McNaught)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Extended mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Ulysses</i> (spacecraft)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A)" title="يوليوس (مسبار فضائي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوليوس (مسبار فضائي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Уліс (касмічны апарат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уліс (касмічны апарат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Одисей (мисия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Одисей (мисия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda)" title="Ulysses (sonda) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ulysses (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda)" title="Ulysses (sonda) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ulysses (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(rumsonde)" title="Ulysses (rumsonde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ulysses (rumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(Raumsonde)" title="Ulysses (Raumsonde) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ulysses (Raumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda_espacial)" title="Ulysses (sonda espacial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ulysses (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(zunda)" title="Ulysses (zunda) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ulysses (zunda)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کاوشگر فضایی اولیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاوشگر فضایی اولیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Ulysses (sonde spatiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ulysses (sonde spatiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda_espacial)" title="Ulysses (sonda espacial) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ulysses (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0)" title="율리시스 (우주선) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="율리시스 (우주선)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="युलीसेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युलीसेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Ulysses (wahana antariksa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ulysses (wahana antariksa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda_spaziale)" title="Ulysses (sonda spaziale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ulysses (sonda spaziale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A1_(%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="יוליסס (גשושית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוליסס (גשושית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(kosmisk%C4%81_zonde)" title="Ulysses (kosmiskā zonde) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ulysses (kosmiskā zonde)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(Sond)" title="Ulysses (Sond) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ulysses (Sond)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(zondas)" title="Ulysses (zondas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ulysses (zondas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_%C5%B1rszonda" title="Ulysses űrszonda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ulysses űrszonda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(ruimtesonde)" title="Ulysses (ruimtesonde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ulysses (ruimtesonde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA_(%E6%8E%A2%E6%9F%BB%E6%A9%9F)" title="ユリシーズ (探査機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユリシーズ (探査機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(romsonde)" title="Ulysses (romsonde) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ulysses (romsonde)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Ulysses (sonda kosmiczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ulysses (sonda kosmiczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda_espacial)" title="Ulysses (sonda espacial) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ulysses (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sond%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83)" title="Ulysses (sondă spațială) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ulysses (sondă spațială)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Улисс (космический аппарат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Улисс (космический аппарат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ulysses (spacecraft)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(sonda)" title="Ulysses (sonda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ulysses (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses-aurinkoluotain" title="Ulysses-aurinkoluotain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ulysses-aurinkoluotain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(rymdsond)" title="Ulysses (rymdsond) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ulysses (rymdsond)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="யூலிசெசு (விண்கலம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூலிசெசு (விண்கலம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(uzay_arac%C4%B1)" title="Ulysses (uzay aracı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ulysses (uzay aracı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Улісс (космічний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Улісс (космічний апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses" title="Ulysses – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ulysses" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1990 NASA/ESA robotic space probe; studied the Sun from a near-polar orbit</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the 2024 lunar landing mission <a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a>, which used a spacecraft known as <i>Odysseus</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Ulysses</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ulysses_spacecraft.jpg/300px-Ulysses_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ulysses_spacecraft.jpg/450px-Ulysses_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ulysses_spacecraft.jpg/600px-Ulysses_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="811" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Ulysses</i> spacecraft</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Odysseus</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heliophysics" title="Heliophysics">Heliophysics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-090B">1990-090B</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156081#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">20842</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031226150122/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Ulysses">NASA Page</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/esaSC/120395_index_0_m.html">ESA Page</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">18 years, 8 months, 24 days<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ulysses-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astrium" title="Astrium">Astrium</a> GmbH, <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a><br />(formerly <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke" title="Dornier Flugzeugwerke">Dornier Systems</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">371 kg (818 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ulysses-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">55 kg (121 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">3.2 m × 3.3 m × 2.1 m (10.5 ft × 10.8 ft × 6.9 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">285 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">6 October 1990, 11:47:16 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ulysses-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">Inertial Upper Stage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">PAM-S</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">LC-39B</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Decommissioned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deactivated</th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 2009</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Heliocentric orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perihelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.35 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aphelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.40 AU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">79.11°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,264.26 days (6.2 years)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Flyby of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <small>(gravity assist)</small></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closest approach</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance</th><td class="infobox-data">440,439 km (6.3 Jupiter radii)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ulysses mission insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Ulysses_insignia.png/200px-Ulysses_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Ulysses_insignia.png/300px-Ulysses_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c7/Ulysses_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="289" /></a></span><br /><i>Ulysses</i> mission patch <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Ulysses</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">yoo-<span style="font-size:90%">LISS</span>-eez</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOO</span>-liss-eez</i></a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">robotic space probe</a> whose primary mission was to orbit the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and study it at all latitudes. It was launched in 1990 and made three "fast latitude scans" of the Sun in 1994/1995, 2000/2001, and 2007/2008. In addition, the probe studied several comets. <i>Ulysses</i> was a joint venture of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) and the United States' <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA), under leadership of ESA with participation from Canada's <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council (Canada)">National Research Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hia-ulysses_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hia-ulysses-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last day for mission operations on <i>Ulysses</i> was 30 June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_News_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_News-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpl-odyssey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-odyssey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To study the Sun at all latitudes, the probe needed to change its <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">orbital inclination</a> and leave the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">plane of the Solar System</a>. To change the orbital inclination of a spacecraft to about 80° requires a large change in heliocentric velocity, the energy to achieve which far exceeded the capabilities of any <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>. To reach the desired orbit around the Sun, the mission's planners chose a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> maneuver around <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, but this Jupiter encounter meant that <i>Ulysses</i> could not be powered by solar cells. The probe was powered instead by a General Purpose Heat Source <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator">Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPHS-RTG" title="GPHS-RTG">GPHS-RTG</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-rps-ulysses_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rps-ulysses-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> was originally named <i><b>Odysseus</b></i>, because of its lengthy and indirect trajectory to study the solar poles. It was renamed <i>Ulysses</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>", at ESA's request in honor not only of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s mythological hero but also of <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s character in the <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)"><i>Inferno</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-janes-1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janes-1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ulysses</i> was originally scheduled for launch in May 1986 aboard the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <i>Challenger</i> on <a href="/wiki/STS-61-F" title="STS-61-F">STS-61-F</a>. Due to the 28 January 1986 <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">loss of <i>Challenger</i></a>, the launch of <i>Ulysses</i> was delayed until 6 October 1990 aboard <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery"><i>Discovery</i></a> (mission <a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg/220px-Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg/330px-Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg/440px-Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses</i> spacecraft</figcaption></figure> <p>The spacecraft was designed by ESA and built by <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Flugzeugwerke" title="Dornier Flugzeugwerke">Dornier Systems</a>, a German aircraft manufacturer. The body was roughly a box, approximately 3.2 m × 3.3 m × 2.1 m (10.5 ft × 10.8 ft × 6.9 ft) in size. The box mounted the 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) <a href="/wiki/Dish_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dish antenna">dish antenna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GPHS-RTG" title="GPHS-RTG">GPHS-RTG</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) power source. The box was divided into noisy and quiet sections. The noisy section abutted the RTG; the quiet section housed the instrument electronics. Particularly "loud" components, such as the preamps for the radio dipole, were mounted outside the structure entirely, and the box acted as a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_cage" title="Faraday cage">Faraday cage</a>. </p><p><i>Ulysses</i> was <a href="/wiki/Spin-stabilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-stabilisation">spin-stabilised</a> about its z-axis which roughly coincides with the axis of the dish antenna. The RTG, <a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">whip antennas</a>, and instrument boom were placed to stabilize this axis, with the spin rate nominally at 5 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>. Inside the body was a <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> fuel tank. Hydrazine <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> was used for course corrections inbound to Jupiter, and later used exclusively to repoint the spin axis (and thus, the antenna) at Earth. The spacecraft was controlled by eight thrusters in two blocks. Thrusters were pulsed in the time domain to perform rotation or translation. Four <a href="/wiki/Sun_sensor" title="Sun sensor">Sun sensors</a> detected orientation. For fine attitude control, the S-band antenna feed was mounted slightly off-axis. This offset feed combined with the spacecraft spin introduced an apparent oscillation to a radio signal transmitted from Earth when received on board the spacecraft. The amplitude and phase of this oscillation were proportional to the orientation of the spin axis relative to the Earth direction. This method of determining the relative orientation is called <a href="/wiki/Conical_scanning" title="Conical scanning">conical scanning</a> and was used by early radars for automated tracking of targets and was also very common in early infrared guided missiles. </p><p>The spacecraft used S-band for uplinked commands and downlinked telemetry, through dual redundant 5-watt transceivers. The spacecraft used <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X-band</a> for science return (downlink only), using dual 20 watts <a href="/wiki/TWTA" class="mw-redirect" title="TWTA">TWTAs</a> until the failure of the last remaining TWTA in January 2008. Both bands used the dish antenna with prime-focus feeds, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain</a> feeds of most other spacecraft dishes. </p><p>Dual tape recorders, each of approximately 45-megabit capacity, stored science data between the nominal eight-hour communications sessions during the prime and extended mission phases. </p><p>The spacecraft was designed to withstand both the heat of the inner Solar System and the cold at Jupiter's distance. Extensive blanketing and electric heaters protected the probe against the cold temperatures of the outer Solar System. </p><p>Multiple computer systems (CPUs/microprocessors/Data Processing Units) are used in several of the scientific instruments, including several radiation-hardened <a href="/wiki/RCA_1802" title="RCA 1802">RCA CDP1802</a> microprocessors. Documented 1802 usage includes dual-redundant 1802s in the COSPIN, and at least one 1802 each in the GRB, HI-SCALE, SWICS, SWOOPS and URAP instruments, with other possible microprocessors incorporated elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ulysses-doc-archive_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ulysses-doc-archive-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Total mass at launch was 371 kg (818 lb), of which 33.5 kg was <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> propellant used for attitude control and orbit correction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_cut_picture.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ulysses_cut_picture.gif/220px-Ulysses_cut_picture.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ulysses_cut_picture.gif/330px-Ulysses_cut_picture.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ulysses_cut_picture.gif/440px-Ulysses_cut_picture.gif 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses</i> instruments</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_radial_boom_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ulysses_radial_boom_test.jpg/220px-Ulysses_radial_boom_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ulysses_radial_boom_test.jpg/330px-Ulysses_radial_boom_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ulysses_radial_boom_test.jpg/440px-Ulysses_radial_boom_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses</i> radial boom test</figcaption></figure> <p>The twelve different Instruments came from ESA and NASA. The first design was based on two probes, one by NASA and one by ESA, but the probe of NASA was defunded and in the end the instruments of the cancelled probe were mounted on <i>Ulysses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-ulysses-factsheet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-ulysses-factsheet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Radio/Plasma antennas:</b> Two <a href="/wiki/Beryllium_copper" title="Beryllium copper">beryllium copper</a> antennas were unreeled outwards from the body, perpendicular to the RTG and spin axis. Together this <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole</a> spanned 72 meters (236.2 ft). A third antenna, of hollow beryllium copper, was deployed from the body, along the spin axis opposite the dish. It was a <a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">monopole antenna</a>, 7.5 meters (24.6 ft) long. These measured radio waves generated by plasma releases, or the plasma itself as it passed over the spacecraft. This receiver ensemble was sensitive from DC to 1 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-urpwi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-urpwi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Experiment Boom:</b> A third type of boom, shorter and much more rigid, extended from the last side of the spacecraft, opposite the RTG. This was a hollow carbon-fiber tube, of 50 mm (2 in.) diameter. It can be seen in the photo as the silver rod stowed alongside the body. It carried four types of instruments: a solid-state <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> instrument, composed of two <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> detectors, to study X-rays from <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flares</a> and Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Aurora_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora borealis">aurorae</a>; the Gamma-Ray Burst experiment, consisting of two <a href="/wiki/Caesium_iodide" title="Caesium iodide">CsI</a> scintillator crystals with photomultipliers; two different <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a>, a helium vector magnetometer and a fluxgate magnetometer; and a two-axis <a href="/wiki/Search-coil_magnetometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Search-coil magnetometer">magnetic search coil</a> antenna measured AC magnetic fields.</li> <li><b>Body-Mounted Instruments:</b> Detectors for <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, neutral gas, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">dust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> were mounted on the spacecraft body around the quiet section.</li> <li>Lastly, the radio communications link could be used to search for <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a><sup id="cite_ref-aas-92-431-440_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aas-92-431-440-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (through <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shifts</a>) and to probe the Sun's atmosphere through <a href="/wiki/Radio_occultation" title="Radio occultation">radio occultation</a>. No gravitational waves were detected.</li> <li>Total instrument mass was 55 kg.</li> <li><b>Magnetometer (MAG):</b> MAG measured the magnetic field in the heliosphere. Measurements of Jupiter's magnetic field were also performed. Two <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> performed <i>Ulysses</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> magnetic field measurements, the Vector Helium Magnetometer and the Fluxgate Magnetometer.<sup id="cite_ref-aas-92-221-236_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aas-92-221-236-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Solar Wind Plasma Experiment (SWOOPS):</b> detected the solar wind at all solar distances and latitudes and in three dimensions. It measured positive ions and electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-swoops-user-notes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swoops-user-notes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Solar Wind Ion Composition Instrument (SWICS):</b> determined composition, temperature and speed of the atoms and ions that comprise the solar wind.<sup id="cite_ref-science-268-5213_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-268-5213-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssr-72-71-76_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssr-72-71-76-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument (URAP):</b> picked up radio waves from the Sun and electromagnetic waves generated in the solar wind close to the spacecraft.</li> <li><b>Energetic Particle Instrument (EPAC) and GAS:</b> EPAC investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere. GAS studied the uncharged gases (helium) of interstellar origin.</li> <li><b>Low-Energy Ion and Electron Experiment (HI-SCALE):</b> investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere.</li> <li><b>Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Instrument (COSPIN):</b> investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere.</li> <li><b>Solar X-ray and Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Instrument (GRB):</b> studied cosmic gamma ray bursts and X-rays from solar flares.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Galileo_and_Ulysses_Dust_Detectors" title="Galileo and Ulysses Dust Detectors">Dust Experiment (DUST)</a>:</b> Direct measurements of <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">interplanetary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">interstellar dust</a> grains to investigate their properties as functions of the distance from the Sun and solar latitude.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg/220px-Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg/330px-Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg/440px-Ulysses_sits_atop_the_PAM-S_and_IUS_combination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses</i> sits atop the PAM-S and IUS combination</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg/220px-Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg/330px-Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg/440px-Artist_picture-Ulysses_after_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <i>Ulysses</i> after deployment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%27s_conception_of_NASA_solar_polar_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Artist%27s_conception_of_NASA_solar_polar_spacecraft.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_conception_of_NASA_solar_polar_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Artist%27s_conception_of_NASA_solar_polar_spacecraft.jpg/330px-Artist%27s_conception_of_NASA_solar_polar_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Artist%27s_conception_of_NASA_solar_polar_spacecraft.jpg/440px-Artist%27s_conception_of_NASA_solar_polar_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4468" data-file-height="5670" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Solar Polar on IUS</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISPM_space_probes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ISPM_space_probes.jpg/220px-ISPM_space_probes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ISPM_space_probes.jpg/330px-ISPM_space_probes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ISPM_space_probes.jpg/440px-ISPM_space_probes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>1981 concept showing one of two ISPM probes orbiting the Sun</figcaption></figure> <p>Until <i>Ulysses</i>, the Sun had only been observed from low solar latitudes. The Earth's orbit defines the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> plane, which differs from the Sun's equatorial plane by only 7.25°. Even spacecraft directly orbiting the Sun do so in planes close to the ecliptic because a direct launch into a high-inclination solar orbit would require a prohibitively large launch vehicle. </p><p>Several spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program"><i>Voyagers 1</i> and <i>2</i></a>) had performed <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> maneuvers in the 1970s. Those maneuvers were to reach other planets also orbiting close to the ecliptic, so they were mostly in-plane changes. However, gravity assists are not limited to in-plane maneuvers; a suitable flyby of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> could produce a significant plane change. An Out-Of-The-Ecliptic mission (OOE) was thereby proposed. <i>See article</i> <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a>. </p><p>Originally, two spacecraft were to be built by NASA and ESA, as the <b>International Solar Polar Mission.</b> One would be sent over Jupiter, then under the Sun. The other would fly under Jupiter, then over the Sun. This would provide simultaneous coverage. Due to cutbacks, the U.S. spacecraft was cancelled in 1981. One spacecraft was designed, and the project recast as <i>Ulysses,</i> due to the indirect and untried flight path. NASA would provide the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) and launch services, ESA would build the spacecraft assigned to Astrium GmbH, <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (formerly Dornier Systems). The instruments would be split into teams from universities and research institutes in Europe and the United States. This process provided the 12 instruments on board. </p><p>The changes delayed launch from February 1983 to May 1986 when it was to be deployed by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a> (boosted by the proposed <a href="/wiki/Centaur_G_Prime" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur G Prime">Centaur G Prime</a> upper stage). However, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster"><i>Challenger</i> disaster</a> forced a two-and-a-half year stand down of the shuttle fleet, mandated the cancellation of the Centaur-G upper stage, and pushed the launch date to October 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-20151009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-20151009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg/220px-STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg/330px-STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg/440px-STS-41_Ulysses_deployment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses</i> after deployment from <a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ulysses</i> was deployed into low Earth orbit from the Space Shuttle <i>Discovery</i>. From there, it was propelled on a trajectory to Jupiter by a combination of solid rocket motors.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-20080612_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-20080612-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This upper stage consisted of a two-stage <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Upper_Stage" title="Inertial Upper Stage">IUS</a> (Inertial Upper Stage), plus a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> PAM-S (<a href="/wiki/Payload_Assist_Module" title="Payload Assist Module">Payload Assist Module</a>-Special). The IUS was inertially stabilised and actively guided during its burn. The PAM-S was unguided and it and <i>Ulysses</i> were spun up to 80 rpm for stability at the start of its burn. On burnout of the PAM-S, the motor and spacecraft stack was <a href="/wiki/Yo-yo_de-spin" title="Yo-yo de-spin">yo-yo de-spun</a> (weights deployed at the end of cables) to below 8 rpm prior to separation of the spacecraft. On leaving Earth, the spacecraft became the fastest ever artificially-accelerated spacecraft, and held that title until the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> probe was launched. </p><p>On its way to Jupiter, the spacecraft was in an elliptical non-<a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbit</a>. At this time, <i>Ulysses</i> had a low orbital inclination to the ecliptic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jupiter_swing-by">Jupiter swing-by</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jupiter swing-by"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Special:EditPage/Ulysses (spacecraft)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_2_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ulysses_2_orbit.jpg/220px-Ulysses_2_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ulysses_2_orbit.jpg/330px-Ulysses_2_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ulysses_2_orbit.jpg/440px-Ulysses_2_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> second orbit (1999–2004)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Ulysses_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Animation_of_Ulysses_trajectory.gif/220px-Animation_of_Ulysses_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Animation_of_Ulysses_trajectory.gif/330px-Animation_of_Ulysses_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Animation_of_Ulysses_trajectory.gif/440px-Animation_of_Ulysses_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <i>Ulysses</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory from 6 October 1990 to 29 June 2009<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  <i>Ulysses</i> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Royalblue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></span>  <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Cyan ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/C/2006_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2006 P1">C/2006 P1</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Lime ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/C/1996_B2" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1996 B2">C/1996 B2</a> </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: OrangeRed ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/C/1999_T1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1999 T1">C/1999 T1</a> </span></figcaption></figure> <p>It made its closest approach of 6.31 planetary radii from Jupiter on 8 February 1992<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during a <a href="/wiki/Swing-by_maneuver" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing-by maneuver">swing-by maneuver</a> that increased its inclination to the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> by 80.2°. The giant planet's gravity bent the spacecraft's flight path southward and away from the ecliptic plane. This put it into a final orbit around the Sun that would take it past the Sun's north and south poles. The size and shape of the orbit were adjusted to a much smaller degree so that aphelion remained at approximately 5 AU, Jupiter's distance from the Sun, and perihelion was somewhat greater than 1 AU, the Earth's distance from the Sun. The orbital period is approximately six years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_regions_of_the_Sun">Polar regions of the Sun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polar regions of the Sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Special:EditPage/Ulysses (spacecraft)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Between 1994 and 1995 it explored both the southern and <a href="/wiki/North" title="North">northern</a> polar regions of the Sun, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comet_C/1996_B2_(Hyakutake)"><span id="Comet_C.2F1996_B2_.28Hyakutake.29"></span>Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 May 1996, the spacecraft unexpectedly crossed the ion tail of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Comet Hyakutake</a> (C/1996 B2), revealing the tail to be at least 3.8 AU in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esa-tail_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-tail-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comet_C/1999_T1_(McNaught–Hartley)"><span id="Comet_C.2F1999_T1_.28McNaught.E2.80.93Hartley.29"></span>Comet C/1999 T1 (McNaught–Hartley)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comet C/1999 T1 (McNaught–Hartley)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An encounter with a comet tail happened again in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-poletto-suess-2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poletto-suess-2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <i>Ulysses</i> flew through the ion tailings of <a href="/wiki/C/1999_T1_(McNaught-Hartley)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley)">C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley)</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">coronal mass ejection</a> carried the cometary material to <i>Ulysses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-tail_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-tail-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tail-Gloeckler_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tail-Gloeckler-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Jupiter_encounter">Second Jupiter encounter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Jupiter encounter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ulysses</i> approached <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a> in 2003/2004 and made further distant observations of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-second-encounter_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-second-encounter-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comet_C/2006_P1_(McNaught)"><span id="Comet_C.2F2006_P1_.28McNaught.29"></span>Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, <i>Ulysses</i> passed through the tail of comet <a href="/wiki/C/2006_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2006 P1">C/2006 P1</a> (McNaught). The results were surprisingly different from its pass through Hyakutake's tail, with the measured solar wind velocity dropping from approximately 700 kilometers per second (1,566,000 mph) to less than 400 kilometers per second (895,000 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-taj-667-2-1262_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taj-667-2-1262-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_mission">Extended mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extended mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_RTG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ulysses_RTG.jpg/220px-Ulysses_RTG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ulysses_RTG.jpg/330px-Ulysses_RTG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ulysses_RTG.jpg/440px-Ulysses_RTG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><i>Ulysses</i> <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a></figcaption></figure> <p>ESA's Science Program Committee approved the fourth extension of the <i>Ulysses</i> mission to March 2004 <sup id="cite_ref-esa-ulysses-extended_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-ulysses-extended-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby allowing it to operate over the Sun's poles for the third time in 2007 and 2008. After it became clear that the power output from the spacecraft's RTG would be insufficient to operate science instruments and keep the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> fuel, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a>, from freezing, instrument power sharing was initiated. Up until then, the most important instruments had been kept online constantly, whilst others were deactivated. When the probe neared the Sun, its power-hungry heaters were turned off and all instruments were turned on.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-hat-trick_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-hat-trick-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 February 2008, 17 years and 4 months after the launch of the spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> announced that the mission operations for <i>Ulysses</i> would likely cease within a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-coming-to-end_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-coming-to-end-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jpl-20080222_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-20080222-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April 2008, NASA announced that the end date will be 1 July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft operated successfully for over four times its <a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">design life</a>. A component within the last remaining working chain of <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X-band</a> downlink subsystem failed on 15 January 2008. The other chain in the X-band subsystem had previously failed in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Downlink" class="mw-redirect" title="Downlink">Downlink</a> to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> resumed on <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S-band</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Beamwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beamwidth">beamwidth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_gain_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="High gain antenna">high gain antenna</a> in the S-band was not as narrow as in the X–band, so that the received downlink signal was much weaker, hence reducing the achievable <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">data rate</a>. As the spacecraft traveled on its outbound <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> to the orbit of Jupiter, the downlink signal would have eventually fallen below the receiving capability of even the largest antennas (70 meters - 229.7 feet - in diameter) of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a>. </p><p>Even before the downlink signal was lost due to distance, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> attitude control fuel on board the spacecraft was considered likely to <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freeze</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermal_generators" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope thermal generators">radioisotope thermal generators</a> (RTGs) failed to generate enough power for the heaters to overcome radiative heat loss into space. Once the hydrazine froze, the spacecraft would no longer be able to maneuver to keep its high gain antenna pointing towards Earth, and the downlink signal would then be lost in a matter of days. The failure of the X-band communications subsystem hastened this, because the coldest part of the fuel pipework was routed over the X-band <a href="/wiki/TWTA" class="mw-redirect" title="TWTA">traveling-wave tube amplifiers</a>, because they generated enough heat during operation to keep the propellant plumbing warm. </p><p>The previously announced mission end date of 1 July 2008, came and went but mission operations continued albeit in a reduced capacity. The availability of science data gathering was limited to only when <i>Ulysses</i> was in contact with a ground station due to the deteriorating S-band downlink margin no longer being able to support simultaneous real-time data and tape recorder playback.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the spacecraft was out of contact with a ground station, the S-band transmitter was switched off and the power was diverted to the internal heaters to add to the warming of the hydrazine. On 30 June 2009, ground controllers sent commands to switch to the low gain antennas. This stopped communications with the spacecraft, in combination with previous commands to shut down its transmitter entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA_News_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA_News-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_JPL_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_JPL-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-41_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/STS-41_launch.jpg/220px-STS-41_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/STS-41_launch.jpg/330px-STS-41_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/STS-41_launch.jpg/440px-STS-41_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>STS-41 launches from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, 6 October 1990.</figcaption></figure> <p>During cruise phases, <i>Ulysses</i> provided unique data. As the only spacecraft out of the ecliptic with a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma-ray</a> instrument, <i>Ulysses</i> was an important part of the <a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_Network" title="InterPlanetary Network">InterPlanetary Network</a> (IPN). The IPN detects <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma ray burst">gamma ray bursts</a> (GRBs); since gamma rays cannot be focused with mirrors, it was very difficult to locate GRBs with enough accuracy to study them further. Instead, several spacecraft can locate the burst through <a href="/wiki/Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">multilateration</a>. Each spacecraft has a gamma-ray detector, with readouts noted in tiny fractions of a second. By comparing the arrival times of gamma showers with the separations of the spacecraft, a location can be determined, for follow-up with other telescopes. Because gamma rays travel at the speed of light, wide separations are needed. Typically, a determination came from comparing: one of several spacecraft orbiting the Earth, an inner-Solar-System probe (to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>), and <i>Ulysses</i>. When <i>Ulysses</i> crossed the ecliptic twice per orbit, many GRB determinations lost accuracy. </p><p>Additional discoveries:<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-conclude_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-conclude-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ulysses-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Data provided by <i>Ulysses</i> led to the discovery that the Sun's magnetic field interacts with the Solar System in a more complex fashion than previously assumed.</li> <li>Data provided by <i>Ulysses</i> led to the discovery that dust coming into the Solar System from deep space was 30 times more abundant than previously expected.</li> <li>In 2007–2008 data provided by <i>Ulysses</i> led to the determination that the magnetic field emanating from the Sun's poles is much weaker than previously observed.</li> <li>That the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> has "grown progressively weaker during the mission and is currently at its weakest since the start of the Space Age".<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_JPL_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_JPL-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fate">Fate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ulysses</i> will most likely continue in heliocentric orbit around the Sun indefinitely. However, there is a chance that in one of its re-encounters with Jupiter a close fly-by with one of the Jovian moons would be enough to alter its course and so the probe would enter a <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory" title="Hyperbolic trajectory">hyperbolic trajectory</a> around the Sun and <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">leave the Solar System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-20090701_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-20090701-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nasa-ulysses-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ulysses_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ulysses/">"Ulysses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240802113931/https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ulysses/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ulysses&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fulysses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlysses+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hia-ulysses-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hia-ulysses_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiauly1.hia.nrc.ca/index.html">"Welcome to the HIA Ulysses Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NRC_Herzberg_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics_Research_Centre" title="NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre">Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817205127/http://hiauly1.hia.nrc.ca/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2011. <q>The Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA) of the National Research Council of Canada provided instrumentation and test equipment for the COsmic ray and Solar Particle INvestigation (COSPIN) on the <i>Ulysses</i> spacecraft. The COSPIN instrument consists of five sensors which measure energetic nucleons and electrons over a wide range of energies. This was the first participation by Canada in a deep-space interplanetary mission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+HIA+Ulysses+Project&rft.pub=Herzberg+Institute+of+Astrophysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhiauly1.hia.nrc.ca%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlysses+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA_News-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESA_News_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESA_News_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Ulysses_12_extra_months_of_valuable_science">"Ulysses: 12 extra months of valuable science"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. 30 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716233053/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Ulysses_12_extra_months_of_valuable_science">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ulysses%3A+12+extra+months+of+valuable+science&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FEnabling_Support%2FOperations%2FUlysses_12_extra_months_of_valuable_science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlysses+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl-odyssey-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jpl-odyssey_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224180806/http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulsfct/the_odyssey_continues.html">"The odyssey concludes..."</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> & <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulsfct/the_odyssey_continues.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+odyssey+concludes...&rft.pub=NASA+%26+JPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int%2Fulsfct%2Fthe_odyssey_continues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlysses+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rps-ulysses-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rps-ulysses_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303181222/https://rps.nasa.gov/missions/13/ulysses/">"Ulysses"</a>. <i>Radioisotope Power Systems</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rps.nasa.gov/missions/13/ulysses/">the original</a> on 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radioisotope+Power+Systems&rft.atitle=Ulysses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frps.nasa.gov%2Fmissions%2F13%2Fulysses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlysses+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-janes-1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-janes-1988_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnill1988" class="citation book cs1">Turnill, Reginald, ed. (1988). <i>Jane's Spaceflight Directory, 1988-89</i>. 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title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907002154/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-solar-idINTRE5600A220090701">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Solar+orbiter+Ulysses+ends+mission+after+18+years&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-space-solar-idINTRE5600A220090701%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUlysses+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysses_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009171945/http://helio.esa.int/ulysses/">ESA <i>Ulysses</i> Home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020602101414/http://ulysses.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA/JPL <i>Ulysses</i> website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070801232006/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Ulysses"><i>Ulysses</i> Measuring Mission Profile</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041025102441/http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulsfct/spacecraft/scframe.html">ESA/NASA/JPL: <i>Ulysses</i> subsystems and instrumentation in high detail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928042857/http://ulysses-ops.jpl.esa.int/ulsfct/rgpCafe/solsys/solsys.html">Where is <i>Ulysses</i> now!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061101094503/http://www.mps.mpg.de/de/projekte/ulysses/">Max Planck Institute <i>Ulysses</i> website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/radio/show/00000303/">Interview with <i>Ulysses</i> Mission Operations Manager Nigel Angold on Planetary Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220052841/http://www.planetary.org/radio/show/00000303/">Archived</a> 20 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehappykoala.github.io/Harmony-of-the-Spheres/#/scenario/Ulysses%20-%20Leaving%20the%20Ecliptic">Interactive 3D visualisation of <i>Ulysses</i> Jupiter 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sun_spacecraft" title="Template:Sun spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Sun spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_space_missions285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun#Solar_space_missions" title="Sun">Solar space missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_telescopes" title="List of solar telescopes">List of solar telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE (Xihe)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)"><i>Wind</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-I" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-F" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronas-Foton" title="Koronas-Foton">CORONAS-Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">EURECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESRO_2B" title="ESRO 2B">ESRO 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_13" title="GOES 13">GOES 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_(spacecraft)" title="Helios (spacecraft)"><i>Helios</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_50" title="Explorer 50">IMP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">ISEE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE / ISEE-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_2" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 2">OSO 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/OSO_B" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO B">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_(satellite)" title="Picard (satellite)">PICARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_5" title="Pioneer 5">Pioneer 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">SolarMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87#SPARTAN-201" title="STS-87">Spartan 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yohkoh (Solar-A)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrojet_Zeeman_Imaging_Explorer" title="Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer">Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">PUNCH</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Follow_On-Lagrange_1" title="Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1">SWFO-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Reconnection_and_Cusp_Electrodynamics_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites">TRACERS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR-C" title="SOLAR-C">SOLAR-C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelioSwarm" title="HelioSwarm">HelioSwarm</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil"><i>Vigil</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2031)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAHELI" title="ADAHELI">ADAHELI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Enabling_Technologies_for_Heliophysics" title="Science-Enabling Technologies for Heliophysics">SETH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiver_(space_mission)" title="Sundiver (space mission)">Sundiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Cruiser" title="Solar Cruiser">Solar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Sentinels" title="Solar Sentinels">Solar Sentinels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer E">Pioneer E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_C" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO C">OSO C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Climate_Experiment" title="Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment">SORCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_X-ray_Imager" title="Solar X-ray Imager">SXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_the_Sun" title="Category:Missions to the Sun">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter403" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter403" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ulysses</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a> (active)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Probe"><i>Galileo</i> Probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (JUICE) (2023, insertion 2031)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> (2024, insertion 2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> (2029, insertion 2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander" title="Europa Lander">Europa Lander</a> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2036)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission_%E2%80%93_Laplace" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace">Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyby_of_Io_with_Repeat_Encounters" title="Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters">FIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer" title="Innovative Interstellar Explorer">Innovative Interstellar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiolkovsky mission">Tsiolkovsky mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Missions to outer planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the outer Solar System">Colonization of the outer Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros,_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/90px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/135px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/180px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/90px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/135px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/180px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/90px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/135px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/180px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br />not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)#History" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(spacecraft)" title="Athena (spacecraft)">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">CRAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentinel-1C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentinel-1C (page does not exist)">1C</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a> (2024–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1989Orbital_launches_in_19901991_→618" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1990" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1990"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1990" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1990"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1990" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1990"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1989Orbital_launches_in_19901991_→618" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1989_in_spaceflight" title="1989 in spaceflight">← 1989</a></div><a href="/wiki/1990_in_spaceflight" title="1990 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1990</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight" title="1991 in spaceflight">1991 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_4A" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 4A">Skynet 4A</a>, <a href="/wiki/JCSAT-2" title="JCSAT-2">JCSAT-2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-32" title="STS-32">STS-32</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leasat_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leasat 5 (page does not exist)">Leasat 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2055&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2055 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2056 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2056</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPOT-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPOT-2 (page does not exist)">SPOT-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/UoSAT-3" title="UoSAT-3">UoSAT-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/UoSAT-4" title="UoSAT-4">UoSAT-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMSAT-OSCAR_16" title="AMSAT-OSCAR 16">Pacsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dove-OSCAR_17" title="Dove-OSCAR 17">DOVE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webersat" class="mw-redirect" title="Webersat">Webersat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LUSat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUSat (page does not exist)">LUSat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.53L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.53L (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.53L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagoromo_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hagoromo (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Hagoromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-50" title="USA-50">USA-50</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2057&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2057 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2057</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2058&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2058 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2058</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing 3 (page does not exist)">Zhongxing 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2059&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2059 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2059</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momo_1b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momo 1b (page does not exist)">Momo 1b</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orizuru_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orizuru (satellite) (page does not exist)">Orizuru</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuju_1b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuju 1b (page does not exist)">Fuju 1b</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">Soyuz TM-9</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-51" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-51">USA-51</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-52 (page does not exist)">USA-52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.35L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.35L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.35L</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superbird_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superbird B (page does not exist)">Superbird B</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_2x&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 2x (page does not exist)">BS 2x</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_No.405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadezhda No.405 (page does not exist)">Nadezhda No.405</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okean-O1_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okean-O1 No.5 (page does not exist)">Okean-O1 No.5</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-36" title="STS-36">STS-36</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/USA-53" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-53">USA-53</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-3" title="Progress M-3">Progress M-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_603" title="Intelsat 603">Intelsat 603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2060&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2060 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2060</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2061&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2061 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2061</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2062&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2062 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-54" title="USA-54">USA-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2063" title="Kosmos 2063">Kosmos 2063</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofek-2">Ofek-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_1990_Soyuz-U_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="April 1990 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegsat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegsat (page does not exist)">Pegsat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-55 (page does not exist)">USA-55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2064&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2064 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2064</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2065&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2065 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2065</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2066&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2066 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2066</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2067&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2067 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2067</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2068 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2068</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2069&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2069 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2069</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2070 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2070</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2071&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2071 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2071</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsiaSat_1" title="AsiaSat 1">AsiaSat 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-56 (page does not exist)">USA-56</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-57&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-57 (page does not exist)">USA-57</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-58&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-58 (page does not exist)">USA-58</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton_No.6L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton No.6L (page does not exist)">Foton No.6L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2072&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2072 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palapa_B2R" class="mw-redirect" title="Palapa B2R">Palapa B2R</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2073&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2073 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2073</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2074&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2074 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2074</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-31" title="STS-31">STS-31</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2075&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2075 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2075</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.71 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2076" title="Kosmos 2076">Kosmos 2076</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_42" title="Progress 42">Progress 42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2077&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2077 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2077</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MacSat_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacSat 1 (page does not exist)">MacSat 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MacSat_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacSat 2 (page does not exist)">MacSat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2078&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2078 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2078</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2079 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2079</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2080&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2080 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2080</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2081&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2081 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2081</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2082&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2082 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2082</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.50 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-59 (page does not exist)">USA-59</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-60 (page does not exist)">USA-60</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-61 (page does not exist)">USA-61</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-62&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-62 (page does not exist)">USA-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1D" title="INSAT-1D">INSAT-1D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_3_No.47L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 3 No.47L (page does not exist)">Molniya 3 No.47L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2083 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2083</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.30L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.30L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.30L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2084" title="Kosmos 2084">Kosmos 2084</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_604" title="Intelsat 604">Intelsat 604</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.23 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=July_1990_Soyuz-U_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="July 1990 Soyuz-U launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr-1" title="Badr-1">Badr-1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optus-MFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optus-MFS (page does not exist)">Optus-MFS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F2_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F2 No.5 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F2 No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2085&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2085 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2085</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2086&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2086 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDF_2" title="TDF 2">TDF 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DFS_Kopernikus_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DFS Kopernikus 2 (page does not exist)">DFS Kopernikus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2087" title="Kosmos 2087">Kosmos 2087</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRRES" title="CRRES">CRRES</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2088 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2088</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">Soyuz TM-10</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-63" title="USA-63">USA-63</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2089&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2089 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2089</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2090&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2090 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2090</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2091&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2091 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2091</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2092&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2092 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2092</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2093&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2093 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2093</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2094&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2094 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2094</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2095&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2095 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2095</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekran-M_No.14L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekran-M No.14L (page does not exist)">Ekran-M No.14L</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1T_No.68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1T No.68 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1T No.68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-4" title="Progress M-4">Progress M-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.49 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(satellite)" title="Thor (satellite)">Marco Polo 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2096&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2096 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2097" title="Kosmos 2097">Kosmos 2097</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_3a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri 3a (page does not exist)">Yuri 3a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2098 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_4C" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 4C">Skynet 4C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat_II_F-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat II F-1 (page does not exist)">Eutelsat II F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2099&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2099 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2099</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fengyun_I-02&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fengyun I-02 (page does not exist)">Fengyun I-02</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiqiuweixing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiqiuweixing 1 (page does not exist)">Qiqiuweixing 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiqiuweixing_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiqiuweixing 2 (page does not exist)">Qiqiuweixing 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.51 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2100 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2100</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.54L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.54L (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.54L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-5" title="Progress M-5">Progress M-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.25 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2101 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-64" title="USA-64">USA-64</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_1990_Zenit-2_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October 1990 Zenit-2 launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FSW-1_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FSW-1 No.3 (page does not exist)">FSW-1 No.3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-41" title="STS-41">STS-41</a></u> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulysses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBS_6_(satellite)" title="SBS 6 (satellite)">SBS 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy 6">Westar 6S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2102 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-2F1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-2F1 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-2F1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.32L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.32L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.32L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-65 (page does not exist)">USA-65</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2103&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2103 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2103</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-38" title="STS-38">STS-38</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-67 (page does not exist)">USA-67</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prowler_(satellite)" title="Prowler (satellite)">Prowler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2104&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2104 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2105" title="Kosmos 2105">Kosmos 2105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_C1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom C1 (page does not exist)">Satcom C1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GStar_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GStar 4 (page does not exist)">GStar 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1T_No.70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 1T No.70 (page does not exist)">Molniya 1T No.70</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.33L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.33L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.33L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-66" title="USA-66">USA-66</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2106&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2106 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2106</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-68 (page does not exist)">USA-68</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">STS-35</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">Soyuz TM-11</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2107&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2107 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2107</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2108&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2108 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2108</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2109 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2109</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2110 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2110</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2111&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2111 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2112&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2112 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2112</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.37L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.37L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.37L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2113&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2113 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2114&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2114 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2114</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2115&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2115 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2115</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2116 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2116</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2117&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2117 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2117</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2118&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2118 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2118</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2119 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2119</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2120 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globus_No.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globus No.12 (page does not exist)">Globus No.12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. 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