CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Corporation sole - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"589acf49-e369-40b2-83d9-14cdee11572b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Corporation_sole","wgTitle":"Corporation sole","wgCurRevisionId":1275683808,"wgRevisionId":1275683808,"wgArticleId":249204,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","All articles that may contain original research","Articles that may contain original research from April 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020" ,"English law","Corporations by type"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Corporation_sole","wgRelevantArticleId":249204,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5172541", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Corporation sole - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_sole"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_sole"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Corporation_sole rootpage-Corporation_sole skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Corporation+sole" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Corporation+sole" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Corporation+sole" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Corporation+sole" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiastical_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiastical_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ecclesiastical origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiastical_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_application_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_application_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Secular application in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_application_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Governmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_entities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_entities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Private entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Church_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Church_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In the Church of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Church_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of corporations sole in New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_corporations_sole_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_corporations_sole_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of corporations sole elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_corporations_sole_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Corporation sole</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personne_morale_individuelle" title="Personne morale individuelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Personne morale individuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಏಕವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏಕವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5172541#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Corporation_sole" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Corporation_sole" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Corporation_sole" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&oldid=1275683808" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Corporation_sole&id=1275683808&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCorporation_sole"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCorporation_sole"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Corporation_sole&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5172541" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of legal entity</div> <p>A <b>corporation sole</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal entity</a> consisting of a single ("sole") incorporated office, occupied by a single ("sole") <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural person</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-technical_manual_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technical_manual-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-separate_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-separate-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure allows corporations (often <a href="/wiki/Religious_corporation" title="Religious corporation">religious corporations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> governments) to pass without interruption from one officeholder to the next, giving positions legal continuity with subsequent officeholders having identical powers and possessions to their predecessors. A corporation sole is one of two types of <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>, the other being a <i>corporation aggregate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-landregistry_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landregistry-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecclesiastical_origins">Ecclesiastical origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ecclesiastical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most corporations sole are church-related<sup id="cite_ref-technical_manual_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technical_manual-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishopric of Canterbury</a>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although some political offices of the United Kingdom (e.g., many of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">secretaries of state</a>), Canada, and the United States are corporations sole.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of corporation sole originated as a means for orderly transfer of ecclesiastical property, serving to keep the title within the <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a> or religious society. In order to keep the religious property from being treated as the estate of the <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a> of the church, the property was titled to the office of the corporation sole. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, ecclesiastical property is usually titled to the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">diocesan bishop</a>, who serves in the office of the corporation sole. </p><p>The Catholic Church continues to use corporations sole in holding titles of property: as recently as 2002, it split a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the United States">US state</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> into many smaller corporations sole and with each <a href="/wiki/Parish_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish priest">parish priest</a> becoming his own corporation sole, thus limiting the diocese's liability for any <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">sexual abuse</a> or other wrongful activity in which the priest might engage. This is, however, not the case everywhere, and legal application varies. For instance, other U.S. jurisdictions have used <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a> at multiple levels.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, a Catholic bishop is not a corporation sole, and <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> is held by way of <a href="/wiki/Land_trust" title="Land trust">land trusts</a>, a tradition dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">suppression of Catholicism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws against Irish Catholics">Penal Laws</a> of Ireland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> uses the corporation sole form for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">its president</a>, which is legally listed as "<a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints#Name_and_legal_entities" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> was registered as corporation sole with the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government">Insular Government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in 1914<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 2014.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The corporation sole form can serve the needs of a religious organization by reducing its complexity to that of a single office and its holder, thereby eliminating the need for <a href="/wiki/By-laws" class="mw-redirect" title="By-laws">by-laws</a> and a board of directors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Crown">The Crown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div> <p>Within most constitutional monarchies, notably the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> is a nonstatutory corporation sole.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagasse_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagasse-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blackstone469_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackstone469-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although conceptually speaking, the office and officeholder retain dual capacities in that they may act both in a corporate capacity (as monarch) and in an individual capacity (as a private person), they are inseparably fused in law; there is no legal distinction between the office and the individual person who holds it.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagasse18_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagasse18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown (state) legally acts as a person when it enters into contracts and possesses property.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackstone_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackstone-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a person, the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> (officeholder) may hold properties privately, distinct from property he or she possesses corporately, and may act as monarch separate from their personal acts. For example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> as a natural person holds several separate offices, such as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">king of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">king of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">king of Australia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor of the Church of England">supreme governor of the Church of England</a>, all of which are distinct corporations sole, even as he acts as a natural person in his private capacities separate and apart from his role filling these various offices (corporations). Likewise, the office of prime minister has use of certain properties and privileges, such as an official residence and decision-making powers, that remain with the office once the officeholder leaves, even as the officeholder may own property in a private capacity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The sovereign's status as a corporation sole ensures that all references to the king, the queen, His Majesty, Her Majesty, and the Crown are synonymous, referring to exactly the same legal personality over time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While natural persons who serve as sovereign pass on, the sovereign never legally dies;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus the corporate nature of the office of sovereign ensures that the authority of the state continues uninterrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-Lagasse1819_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lagasse1819-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the sovereign is made a corporation sole to prevent the possibility of disruption or <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>, thereby preserving the stability of the Crown (state). For this reason, at the moment of the <a href="/wiki/Demise_of_the_Crown" title="Demise of the Crown">demise of the sovereign</a>, a successor is immediately and automatically in place.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackstone469_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackstone469-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a corporation sole, the legal person of the sovereign is the personification of the state and consequently acts as a guarantor of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and the fount of all executive authority behind the state's institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> have <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal systems of government</a>, the sovereign in these cases also possesses capacities as distinct corporation sole in right of each of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Australia">Australian states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">Canadian provinces</a>; for example, as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">His Majesty the King of Australia in Right of Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">His Majesty the King of Canada in Right of Alberta</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secular_application_in_the_United_States">Secular application in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secular application in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every state of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> recognizes corporations sole under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, and about a third of the states have specific statutes that stipulate the conditions under which that state recognizes the corporations sole that are filed with that state for acquiring, holding, and disposing of title for church and religious society property.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost any religious society or church can qualify for filing as a corporation sole in these states. There can be no legal limitation to specific denominations, therefore a Buddhist temple or Jewish Community Center would qualify as quickly as a Christian church. Some states also recognize corporations sole for various other non-profit purposes including performing arts groups, scientific research groups, educational institutions, and cemetery societies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_the_United_Kingdom">Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of corporations sole in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental">Governmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a> (sometimes regarded as a corporation aggregate)<sup id="cite_ref-law_commission_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law_commission-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Administrator of Japanese Property (no longer exists)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_General_for_Wales" title="Auditor General for Wales">Auditor General for Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Skills_Funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive of Skills Funding">Chief Executive of Skills Funding</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Commissioner_for_England" title="Children's Commissioner for England">Children's Commissioner for England</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Commissioner_for_Wales" title="Children's Commissioner for Wales">Children's Commissioner for Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Older_People_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Commissioner for Older People for Northern Ireland">Commissioner for Older People for Northern Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Police_of_the_Metropolis" title="Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis">Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptroller and Auditor General">Comptroller and Auditor General</a></li> <li>The Corporate Officer of the House of Commons,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Corporate Officer of the House of Lords,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two corporations established by the <b>Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duke of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%27s_Office_for_Policing_and_Crime" title="Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime">Mayor (of London)'s Office for Policing and Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Appointments_and_Conduct_Ombudsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judicial Appointments and Conduct Ombudsman (page does not exist)">Judicial Appointments and Conduct Ombudsman</a><sup id="cite_ref-law_commission_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law_commission-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-technical_manual_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technical_manual-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_Custodian_for_Charities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Official Custodian for Charities (page does not exist)">Official Custodian for Charities</a><sup id="cite_ref-OG38_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OG38-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Immigration_Services_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner">Immigration Services Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Ombudsman_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland">Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Services_Ombudsman_for_Wales" title="Public Services Ombudsman for Wales">Public Services Ombudsman for Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Trustee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Trustee">Public Trustee</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_Code_Adjudicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs Code Adjudicator">Pubs Code Adjudicator</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_of_the_Metropolitan_Police" title="Receiver of the Metropolitan Police">Receiver for the Metropolitan Police District</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (abolished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General">Registrar General</a></li> <li>many <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">secretaries of state in the United Kingdom</a> (various; most recently Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Solicitor for the affairs of the Duchy of Lancaster<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Solicitor%27s_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury Solicitor's Department">Treasury Solicitor</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Commissioner" title="London Fire Commissioner">London Fire Commissioner</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_entities">Private entities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Private entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai_al-Mutlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dai al-Mutlaq">Dai al-Mutlaq</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Church_of_England">In the Church of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the Church of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a> of the Church of England<sup id="cite_ref-landregistry_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landregistry-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-technical_manual_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technical_manual-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Deans</a> of the Church of England<sup id="cite_ref-technical_manual_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technical_manual-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Team_Rector" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Rector">Team Rectors</a> in the Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)" title="Vicar (Anglicanism)">Vicars</a> in the Church of England<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_corporations_sole_in_New_Zealand">Examples of corporations sole in New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of corporations sole in New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Trustee_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Trustee (New Zealand)">New Zealand Public Trustee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Trustee" title="Māori Trustee">Māori Trustee</a>, New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand%27s_Office_of_the_Privacy_Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Zealand's Office of the Privacy Commissioner (page does not exist)">New Zealand's Office of the Privacy Commissioner</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_corporations_sole_elsewhere">Examples of corporations sole elsewhere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples of corporations sole elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Hong Kong">Diocese of Hong Kong</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>, in the office of its <a href="/wiki/Presiding_Bishop_(LDS_Church)" title="Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)">Presiding Bishop</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Parks" title="Director of National Parks">Director of National Parks</a>, Australian government<sup id="cite_ref-EBC-act_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-act-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government">Minister of the Government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Trustee" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Trustee">Public Trustee</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Manila">Archbishop of Manila</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of New York">Archbishop of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Office of the sovereign of Canada</a></li> <li>The Catholic Bishop of Chicago, A Corporation Sole- The Archdiocese of Chicago</li> <li>(Former) Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Electricity_Supply" title="Southern Electricity Supply">Southern Electricity Supply of New South Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/corporation_sole" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/corporation sole">corporation sole</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">Legal person</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-technical_manual-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-technical_manual_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-technical_manual_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-technical_manual_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-technical_manual_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-technical_manual_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insolvencydirect.bis.gov.uk/freedomofinformation/technical/TechnicalManual/Ch73-84/Chapter%2075/Part%201/Part%201.htm">Technical Manual</a>, Insolvencydirect.bis.gov.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-separate-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-separate_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice2008" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Justice (21 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200708/jtselect/jtstatin/180/18010.htm">"S.I. 2008/1957: extract from the explanatory memorandum prepared by the Ministry of Justice"</a>. publications.parliament.uk. <q>If each separate office that person held had been a "corporation sole" (i.e. recognised in law as a separate legal entity)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.I.+2008%2F1957%3A+extract+from+the+explanatory+memorandum+prepared+by+the+Ministry+of+Justice&rft.pub=publications.parliament.uk&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft.au=Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fjt200708%2Fjtselect%2Fjtstatin%2F180%2F18010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landregistry-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landregistry_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landregistry_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/execution-of-deeds/practice-guide-8-execution-of-deeds">Practice Guide 08</a>, Land Registry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426232549/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/cabinet-draft-manual.pdf">"Draft Cabinet Manual (para 102)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cabinet Office. December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/cabinet-draft-manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Cabinet+Manual+%28para+102%29&rft.pub=Cabinet+Office&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetoffice.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fcabinet-draft-manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2018" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Robert (14 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2018/12/14/detroit-archdiocese-transferring-assets/2302809002/">"Detroit Archdiocese transfers assets; critics say it's a shell game"</a>. Detroit Free Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detroit+Archdiocese+transfers+assets%3B+critics+say+it%27s+a+shell+game&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fmichigan%2Fdetroit%2F2018%2F12%2F14%2Fdetroit-archdiocese-transferring-assets%2F2302809002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong-Garcia2008" class="citation web cs1">Long-Garcia, J.D. (27 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/news/national/story.php?id=27341">"Phoenix parishes to be separate corporations"</a>. <i>Catholic Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232538/https://www.catholic.org/news/national/story.php?id=27341">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=Phoenix+parishes+to+be+separate+corporations&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.aulast=Long-Garcia&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fstory.php%3Fid%3D27341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/2021/06/01/lds-corp-church-longs/">"LDS Corp. — The church's long journey to stay on the right side of the law and its principles"</a>. <i>The Salt Lake Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=LDS+Corp.+%E2%80%94+The+church%27s+long+journey+to+stay+on+the+right+side+of+the+law+and+its+principles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F06%2F01%2Flds-corp-church-longs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IglesiaNiKristoRegistrationDocument1914">"Iglesia Ni Cristo Registration Document"</a>. 14 July 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iglesia+Ni+Cristo+Registration+Document&rft.date=1914-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIglesiaNiKristoRegistrationDocument1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagasse-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagasse_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagasséBowden2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lagassé, Philippe; Bowden, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/constitutional_forum/article/view/21751/16323">"Royal Succession and the Canadian Crown as a Corporation Sole: A Critique of Canada's Succession to the Throne Act, 2013"</a>. <i>Constitutional Forum</i>. <b>23</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Forum&rft.atitle=Royal+Succession+and+the+Canadian+Crown+as+a+Corporation+Sole%3A+A+Critique+of+Canada%27s+Succession+to+the+Throne+Act%2C+2013&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lagass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Bowden%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournals.library.ualberta.ca%2Findex.php%2Fconstitutional_forum%2Farticle%2Fview%2F21751%2F16323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackstone469-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackstone469_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackstone469_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackstone1809">Blackstone 1809</a>, p. 469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Turpin_and_Adam_Tomkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Colin Turpin and Adam Tomkins (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYuF6jmoem8C&q=crown+as+corporation+sole&pg=PA348"><i>British Government and the Constitution: Text and Materials</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139465366" title="Special:BookSources/9781139465366"><bdi>9781139465366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Government+and+the+Constitution%3A+Text+and+Materials&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781139465366&rft.au=Colin+Turpin+and+Adam+Tomkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYuF6jmoem8C%26q%3Dcrown%2Bas%2Bcorporation%2Bsole%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagassé,_Philippe2013" class="citation web cs1">Lagassé, Philippe (3 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/the-queen-of-canada-is-dead-long-live-the-british-queen/">"The Queen of Canada is dead; long live the British Queen"</a>. Maclean's Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queen+of+Canada+is+dead%3B+long+live+the+British+Queen&rft.pub=Maclean%27s+Magazine&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft.au=Lagass%C3%A9%2C+Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fthe-queen-of-canada-is-dead-long-live-the-british-queen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagasse18-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagasse18_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagasséBowden2014">Lagassé & Bowden 2014</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackstone-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blackstone_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1809" class="citation book cs1">Blackstone, Sir William (1809). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jblCAAAAYAAJ&q=after+a+corporation+is+formed+and+named"><i>Commentaries on the Laws of England: In Four Books, Volume 1</i></a>. London: A. Strahan. pp. <span class="nowrap">474–</span>475.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England%3A+In+Four+Books%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E474-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.pub=A.+Strahan&rft.date=1809&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=Sir+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjblCAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dafter%2Ba%2Bcorporation%2Bis%2Bformed%2Band%2Bnamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLordon,_Paul1991" class="citation book cs1">Lordon, Paul (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSc5AQAAMAAJ&q=legal+person"><i>Crown Law</i></a>. London: Butterworths. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0409893861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0409893861"><bdi>978-0409893861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0409893861&rft.au=Lordon%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSc5AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlegal%2Bperson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/I‑21.pdf">Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c I-21, as it appeared on 2020‑03‑05</a>, § 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Crown and Crown Proceedings". <i><a href="/wiki/Halsbury%27s_Laws_of_England" title="Halsbury's Laws of England">Halsbury's Laws of England</a></i>. <b>29</b> (Fifth ed.): <span class="nowrap">8–</span>9. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Halsbury%27s+Laws+of+England&rft.atitle=Crown+and+Crown+Proceedings&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lagasse1819-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lagasse1819_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLagasséBowden2014">Lagassé & Bowden 2014</a>, pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/I‑21.pdf">Interpretation Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. I-21, as it appeared on 2020‑03‑05</a>, § 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canlii.ca/t/g0n32">McAteer et al. v. Attorney General of Canada, 2013 ONSC 5895 (CanLII</a>), Morgan J.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara" class="citation web cs1">O'Hara, James B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporationsole.hushmoney.org/moderncorporationsole.htm">"The Modern Corporation Sole (from 93 DICKINSON LAW REVIEW, FALL 1988)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>. <q>of the states, with explicit statutory provisions for corporations sole in about a third</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Corporation+Sole+%28from+93+DICKINSON+LAW+REVIEW%2C+FALL+1988%29&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorporationsole.hushmoney.org%2Fmoderncorporationsole.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1988" class="citation journal cs1">O'Hara, James B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/dlr93&div=9">"The Modern Corporation Sole"</a>. <i>Dickinson Law Review</i>. <b>93</b>: 23ff<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dickinson+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Corporation+Sole&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=23ff&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fdlr93%26div%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law_commission-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-law_commission_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-law_commission_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810125956/http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp143_Execution_of_Deeds_and_Documents_Consultation.pdf">"The execution of deeds and documents by or on behalf of bodies corporate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp143_Execution_of_Deeds_and_Documents_Consultation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+execution+of+deeds+and+documents+by+or+on+behalf+of+bodies+corporate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawcommission.justice.gov.uk%2Fdocs%2Fcp143_Execution_of_Deeds_and_Documents_Consultation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1952/862/article/3/made">"The Japanese Treaty of Peace Order 1952"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Treaty+of+Peace+Order+1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1952%2F862%2Farticle%2F3%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/32/schedule/8/paragraph/4#text=%22corporation+sole%22">"Government of Wales Act 2006"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Government+of+Wales+Act+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2006%2F32%2Fschedule%2F8%2Fparagraph%2F4%23text%3D%2522corporation%2Bsole%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/22/schedule/4">"Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Apprenticeships%2C+Skills%2C+Children+and+Learning+Act+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2009%2F22%2Fschedule%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunford2010" class="citation web cs1">Dunford, John (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Cm-7981.pdf">"Review of the Office of the Children's Commissioner (England)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+Office+of+the+Children%E2%80%99s+Commissioner+%28England%29&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.aulast=Dunford&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2FeOrderingDownload%2FCm-7981.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/14/schedule/2/paragraph/1#text%3D%22corporation%20sole%22">"Care Standards Act 2000"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Care+Standards+Act+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2000%2F14%2Fschedule%2F2%2Fparagraph%2F1%23text%253D%2522corporation%2520sole%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nia/2011/1/schedules/enacted">"Commissioner for Older People Act (Northern Ireland) 2011"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Commissioner+for+Older+People+Act+%28Northern+Ireland%29+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fnia%2F2011%2F1%2Fschedules%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/27/section/2">"Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+Corporate+Bodies+Act+1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1992%2F27%2Fsection%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/27/section/1">"Parliamentary Corporate Bodies Act 1992"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Corporate+Bodies+Act+1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1992%2F27%2Fsection%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/12/schedule/12/paragraph/1/enacted/data.xht?view=snippet&wrap=true">"Data Protection Act 2018 (c. 12)"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Data+Protection+Act+2018+%28c.+12%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2018%2F12%2Fschedule%2F12%2Fparagraph%2F1%2Fenacted%2Fdata.xht%3Fview%3Dsnippet%26wrap%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OG38-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OG38_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/about_us/ogs/g038a001.aspx#a3">OG38 A1 – WHAT IS A CORPORATION?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823084256/http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/About_us/OGs/g038a001.aspx#a3">Archived</a> 2012-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Charity Commission</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.policeombudsman.org/what-we-do/about-us">"Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland - Learn about the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Police+Ombudsman+for+Northern+Ireland&rft.atitle=Police+Ombudsman+for+Northern+Ireland+-+Learn+about+the+Police+Ombudsman+for+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.policeombudsman.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.uk/protecting-the-vulnerable/public-trustee">Public Trustee</a>, Ministry of Justice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/pubs-code-adjudicator">"Pubs Code Adjudicator"</a>. 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pubs+Code+Adjudicator&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fpubs-code-adjudicator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/24-25/124/section/1#text=%22corporation+sole%22">"Metropolitan Police (Receiver) Act 1861"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Police+%28Receiver%29+Act+1861&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FVict%2F24-25%2F124%2Fsection%2F1%23text%3D%2522corporation%2Bsole%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/942/made">The Transfer of Functions (Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs) Order 2020</a>, art 3(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/10-11/51/section/3/enacted">"Duchy of Lancaster Act 1920"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duchy+of+Lancaster+Act+1920&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo5%2F10-11%2F51%2Fsection%2F3%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/39-40/18/section/1#text=%22corporation+sole%22">"Treasury Solicitor Act 1876"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Treasury+Solicitor+Act+1876&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FVict%2F39-40%2F18%2Fsection%2F1%23text%3D%2522corporation%2Bsole%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/about-us/governance-london-fire-commissioner/">"Governance - London Fire Commissioner"</a>. <i>www.london-fire.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.london-fire.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Governance+-+London+Fire+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-fire.gov.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fgovernance-london-fire-commissioner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Incorporated by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1993/10/enacted">Dawat-e-Hadiyah (England) Act 1993</a> (c. x)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/2-3/80/enacted?view=plain">"Ecclesiastical Corporations Act 1832"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i>. 3 August 1832.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Corporations+Act+1832&rft.date=1832-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FWill4%2F2-3%2F80%2Fenacted%3Fview%3Dplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debate/?id=2006-10-17b.813.6">"I can reassure my hon. Friend on"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+can+reassure+my+hon.+Friend+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyworkforyou.com%2Fdebate%2F%3Fid%3D2006-10-17b.813.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/1-2/23/section/16">"Parsonages Act 1838 (repealed)"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Parsonages+Act+1838+%28repealed%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FVict%2F1-2%2F23%2Fsection%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oag.govt.nz/2004/maori-land-court/part4.htm">"Part 4: Client Service Performance of the Māori Trustee"</a>. <i>Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Auditor-General+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Part+4%3A+Client+Service+Performance+of+the+M%C4%81ori+Trustee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oag.govt.nz%2F2004%2Fmaori-land-court%2Fpart4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.privacy.org.nz/publications/statements-media-releases/2014-annual-report/">"2014 Annual Report: A signal year for privacy law"</a>. <i>privacy.org.nz</i>. 28 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=privacy.org.nz&rft.atitle=2014+Annual+Report%3A+A+signal+year+for+privacy+law&rft.date=2014-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.privacy.org.nz%2Fpublications%2Fstatements-media-releases%2F2014-annual-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/checkconfig/checkClientConfig.jsp?applicationId=RA001">"Hong Kong e-Legislation"</a>. <i>www.elegislation.gov.hk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elegislation.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+e-Legislation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elegislation.gov.hk%2Fcheckconfig%2FcheckClientConfig.jsp%3FapplicationId%3DRA001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBC-act-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBC-act_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/num_act/npawca1975390/s15.html">"ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999 - SECT 514A Continuation"</a>. Australian government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENVIRONMENT+PROTECTION+AND+BIODIVERSITY+CONSERVATION+ACT+1999+-+SECT+514A+Continuation&rft.pub=Australian+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww7.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fcth%2Fnum_act%2Fnpawca1975390%2Fs15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation+sole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/G-9/page-1.html#docCont">Governor General’s Act</a>, <abbr>R.S.C.</abbr>, 1985, c. G-9, § 2.</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&oldid=1275683808">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&oldid=1275683808</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_law" title="Category:English law">English law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporations_by_type" title="Category:Corporations by type">Corporations by type</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from April 2020">Articles that may contain original research from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 February 2025, at 12:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporation_sole&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Corporation sole</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-b8nvf","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.547","walltime":"0.640","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3507,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":74059,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5156,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":133336,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 584.996 1 -total"," 56.22% 328.880 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.36% 200.996 30 Template:Cite_web"," 14.10% 82.462 8 Template:Fix"," 12.99% 76.015 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.17% 47.801 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.05% 47.105 6 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.79% 45.591 1 Template:Cn"," 7.30% 42.693 3 Template:Harvnb"," 7.27% 42.557 15 Template:Category_handler"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.350","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7237012,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackstone1809\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_Turpin_and_Adam_Tomkins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunford2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagassé,_Philippe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagasséBowden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong-Garcia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordon,_Paul1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 30,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-r6pm5","timestamp":"20250214125214","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Corporation sole","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporation_sole","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5172541","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5172541","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-19T01:47:41Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T12:52:13Z","headline":"legal entity consisting of a single incorporated office, occupied by a single person"}</script> </body> </html>