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</nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p>The <b>Villanovan culture</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span>–700 BCE), regarded as the earliest phase of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bartolonivillanoviana_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bartolonivillanoviana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torellicolonna2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Torellicolonna2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torellibriquel2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Torellibriquel2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torellibartoloni2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Torellibartoloni2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the earliest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> culture of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It directly followed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a> which branched off from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urnfield_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name derives from the locality of Villanova, a fraction of the municipality of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castenaso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castenaso">Castenaso</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan City of Bologna">Metropolitan City of Bologna</a> where, between 1853 and 1855, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Gozzadini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Gozzadini">Giovanni Gozzadini</a> found the remains of a necropolis, bringing to light 193 tombs, of which there were 179 cremations and 14 inhumations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="infobox"> <caption class="infobox-title"> Villanovan culture </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png/220px-Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png/330px-Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png/440px-Italy-Villanovan-Culture-900BC.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="608"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> (Italy: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilia-Romagna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campania">Campania</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron Age Europe">Early Iron Age</a>, Early phases of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th> <td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900–700 BCE</span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientalizing_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing period</a> (later 700–500 BCE) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The Villanovans introduced iron-working to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. They practiced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cremation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cremation">cremation</a> and buried the ashes of their dead in pottery urns of distinctive double-cone shape.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Periodization"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Periodization</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Villanovan_chronology_within_the_Etruscan_civilization"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Villanovan chronology within the Etruscan civilization</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Metalwork_and_trade"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Metalwork and trade</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Housing"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Housing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Villanovan_settlements"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Villanovan settlements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Genetics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources_and_further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Sources and further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> </div> <p>The name <i>Villanovan</i> of the early phases of the Etruscan civilization comes from the site of the first archaeological finds relating to this advanced culture, which were remnants of a cemetery found near <i>Villanova</i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castenaso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castenaso">Castenaso</a>, 12 kilometres east of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. The excavation lasting from 1853 to 1855 was done by the scholar and site owner, count <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Gozzadini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Gozzadini">Giovanni Gozzadini</a>, and involved 193 tombs, six of which were separated from the rest as if to signify a special social status. The "well tomb" pit graves lined with stones contained <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Funerary_urn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary urn">funerary urns</a>. These had been only sporadically plundered and most were untouched. In 1893, a chance discovery unearthed another distinctive Villanovan necropolis at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verucchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verucchio">Verucchio</a> overlooking the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adriatic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coastal plain.</p> <p>The burial characteristics relate the Villanovan culture to the Central European <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urnfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnfield">Urnfield culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>–750 BCE) and Celtic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallstatt_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> that succeeded the Urnfield culture. It is not possible to tell these apart in their earlier stages. Cremated remains were placed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinerary_urn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinerary urn">cinerary urns</a>, specifically in biconical urns<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then buried. The urns were a form of Villanovan pottery known as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impasto_(pottery)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impasto (pottery)">impasto</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A custom believed to originate with the Villanovan culture is the usage of hut-shaped urns, which were cinerary urns fashioned like the huts in which the villagers lived. Typical <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sgraffito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a></i> decorations of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swastika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swastika">swastikas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meander_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meander (art)">meanders</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Square?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Square">squares</a> were scratched with a comb-like tool. Urns were accompanied by simple bronze <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>, razors and rings.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Periodization">Periodization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Periodization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The Villanovan culture is broadly divided into <b>Villanovan I</b> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 960 BCE</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 801 BCE</span> and the <b>Villanovan II</b> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 BCE</span> to 720 BCE. The later phase (Villanovan II) saw radical changes, evidence of contact with Hellenic civilization and trade with the north along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amber_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>. This evidence takes the form of glass and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amber">amber</a> necklaces for women, armor and horse harness fittings of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, and the development of elite graves in contrast to the earlier egalitarian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chamber tombs and inhumation (burial) practices were developed side-by-side with the earlier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cremation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cremation">cremation</a> practices. With the last phase of Villanovan II the Etruscans, in particular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruria">Southern Etruria</a>, entered the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientalizing_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing period</a>. The northernmost areas of the Etruscan world, such as Etruria Padana, continued in their development as <b>Villanovan III</b> (750–680 BCE) and <b>Villanovan IV</b> (680–540 BCE).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Villanovan_chronology_within_the_Etruscan_civilization">Villanovan chronology within the Etruscan civilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Villanovan chronology within the Etruscan civilization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" width="700px"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><b>Etruscan civilization</b><br> (900–27 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-Bartoloni2012h_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bartoloni2012h-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="4">Villanovan period<br> (900–720 BCE)</td> <td>Villanovan I</td> <td>900–800 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Villanovan II</td> <td>800–720 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <td><small>Villanovan III (Bologna area)</small></td> <td><small>720-680 BCE <sup id="cite_ref-Montanari2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montanari2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td><small>Villanovan IV (Bologna area)</small></td> <td><small>680-540 BCE <sup id="cite_ref-Montanari2004_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montanari2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Orientalizing period<br> (720–580 BCE)</td> <td>Early Orientalizing</td> <td>720–680 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Middle Orientalizing</td> <td>680–625 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Late Orientalizing</td> <td>625–580 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Archaic period<br> (580–480 BCE)</td> <td>Archaic</td> <td>580–480 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Classical period<br> (480–320 BCE)</td> <td>Classical</td> <td>480–320 BCE</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Hellenistic period<br> (320–27 BCE)</td> <td>Hellenistic</td> <td>320–27 BCE</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Metalwork_and_trade">Metalwork and trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Metalwork and trade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The metalwork quality found in bronze and pottery demonstrate the skill of the Villanovan artisans. Some grave goods from burial sites display an even higher quality, suggesting the development of societal elites within Villanovan culture. Tools and items were placed in graves suggesting a belief in an afterlife. Men's graves contained weapons, armor, while those for women included weaving tools. A few graves switched or mixed these, indicating the possibility that some women employed tools and that some men made clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During the Villanovan period Etruscans traded with other states from the Mediterranean such as Greeks, Balkans, and Sardinia. Trade brought about advancement in metallurgy, and Greek presence influenced Villanovan pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg/200px-Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="2687"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg/200px-Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg/300px-Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg/400px-Bronze_crested_helmet_MET_DP251326.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Bronze Villanovan crested helmet 9th century BCE, (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York City">New York City</a>) </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Housing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Buildings were rectangular in shape. The people lived in small huts, made of wattle and daub with wooden poles for support. Within the huts, cooking stands, utensils and charred animal bones give evidence about the family life of early inhabitants in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some huts contained large pottery jars for food storage sunk into their floors. There was also a rock cut drain to channel rainwater to communal reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Villanovan_settlements">Villanovan settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Villanovan settlements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Generally speaking, Villanovan settlements were centered in the Adriatic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilia_Romagna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia Romagna">Emilia Romagna</a> (in particular, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verucchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verucchio">Verucchio</a>, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rimini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>), in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marche">Marche</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fermo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fermo">Fermo</a>), and in the Tyrrhenian Etruria, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>. Further south, Villanovan cremation burials are to be found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campania">Campania</a>, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capua">Capua</a>, at the "princely tombs" of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontecagnano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontecagnano">Pontecagnano</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salerno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Capo di Fiume, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vallo_di_Diano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vallo di Diano">Vallo di Diano</a> and at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sala_Consilina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sala Consilina">Sala Consilina</a>.</p> <p>Small scattered Villanovan settlements have left few traces other than their more permanent burial sites, which were set somewhat apart from the settlements—largely because the settlement sites were built over in Etruscan times. Modern opinion generally follows <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massimo Pallottino">Massimo Pallottino</a> in regarding the Villanovan culture as ancestral to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Genetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> in November 2019 examined the remains of a female from the Villanovan culture buried in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Veio">Veio Grotta Gramiccia</a>, Italy between ca. 900 BCE and 800 BCE. She carried the maternal haplogroup <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K1a4</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Row_28_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Row_28-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found all over Europe since Neolithic times,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler_et_al.2022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler_et_al.2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her autosomal DNA was a mixture of 72.9% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> ancestry (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Early_European_Farmers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Early European Farmers">EEF</a> + <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">WHG</a>) and 27.1% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steppe-related_ancestry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe-related ancestry">Steppe-related ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials._Table_S16,_p._85_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials._Table_S16,_p._85-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was evidence for consanguinity for this sample with another ancient sample (700 BCE - 600 BCE) from the Etruscan necropolis of La Mattonara near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civitavecchia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>, compatible with being the latter an offspring of third-degree relatives from the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials,_Kinship_analysis_and_runs_of_homozygosity,_pp._13-14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials,_Kinship_analysis_and_runs_of_homozygosity,_pp._13-14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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LACMA" data-width="120" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Harness_Trapping_in_the_Shape_of_a_Horse_LACMA_M.76.97.596.jpg/180px-Harness_Trapping_in_the_Shape_of_a_Horse_LACMA_M.76.97.596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Harness_Trapping_in_the_Shape_of_a_Horse_LACMA_M.76.97.596.jpg/240px-Harness_Trapping_in_the_Shape_of_a_Horse_LACMA_M.76.97.596.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Bronze Harness Trapping in the Shape of a Horse; Villanovan, 9th–8th century BCE. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LACMA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LACMA">LACMA</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg/200px-Bottega_di_vulci%2C_urna_cineraria_a_forma_di_abitazione%2C_VIII_sec_ac%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg/120px-Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg/120px-Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg/180px-Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg/240px-Terracotta_two-handled_bowl_MET_DP132251.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ossuario_biconico,_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG/91px-Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="2724"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG/91px-Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG/136px-Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG/182px-Ossuario_biconico%2C_IX-VII_sec._ac_01.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Villanovan_Horse_Bit_LACMA_AC1992.152.17.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Villanovan_Horse_Bit_LACMA_AC1992.152.17.jpg/120px-Villanovan_Horse_Bit_LACMA_AC1992.152.17.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1391"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Villanovan_Horse_Bit_LACMA_AC1992.152.17.jpg/120px-Villanovan_Horse_Bit_LACMA_AC1992.152.17.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Villanovan_Horse_Bit_LACMA_AC1992.152.17.jpg/180px-Villanovan_Horse_Bit_LACMA_AC1992.152.17.jpg 1.5x, 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</noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 71px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pendagli_a_doppia_spirale_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG/71px-Pendagli_a_doppia_spirale_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG" data-width="71" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pendagli_a_doppia_spirale_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG/107px-Pendagli_a_doppia_spirale_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Pendagli_a_doppia_spirale_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG/143px-Pendagli_a_doppia_spirale_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"></div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Collana_(torques)_in_bronzo,_da_isola_del_giglio,_localit%C3%A0_campese,_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG/120px-Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="1697"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 92px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG/120px-Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG" data-width="120" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG/180px-Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG/240px-Collana_%28torques%29_in_bronzo%2C_da_isola_del_giglio%2C_localit%C3%A0_campese%2C_X-IX_sec._ac.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"></div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urnfield_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontecagnano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontecagnano">Pontecagnano</a> finds are conserved in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_Agro_Picentino&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Museum of Agro Picentino (page does not exist)">Museum of Agro Picentino</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Neri2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diana Neri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DV-JrCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9">"1.1 Il periodo villanoviano nell'Emilia occidentale"</a>. <i>Gli etruschi tra VIII e VII secolo a.C. nel territorio di Castelfranco Emilia (MO)</i> (in Italian). Firenze: All'Insegna del Giglio. p. 9. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8878145337?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8878145337"><bdi>978-8878145337</bdi></a>. <q>Il termine "Villanoviano" è entrato nella letteratura archeologica quando, a metà dell '800, il conte Gozzadini mise in luce le prime tombe ad incinerazione nella sua proprietà di Villanova di Castenaso, in località Caselle (BO). La cultura villanoviana coincide con il periodo più antico della civiltà etrusca, in particolare durante i secoli IX e VIII a.C. e i termini di Villanoviano I, II e III, utilizzati dagli archeologi per scandire le fasi evolutive, costituiscono partizioni convenzionali della prima età del Ferro</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1+Il+periodo+villanoviano+nell%E2%80%99Emilia+occidentale&rft.btitle=Gli+etruschi+tra+VIII+e+VII+secolo+a.C.+nel+territorio+di+Castelfranco+Emilia+%28MO%29&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=All%27Insegna+del+Giglio&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8878145337&rft.au=Diana+Neri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-JrCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bartolonivillanoviana-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bartolonivillanoviana_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilda_Bartoloni2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilda Bartoloni (2012). <i>La cultura villanoviana. All'inizio della storia etrusca</i> (in Italian). Roma: Carocci editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cultura+villanoviana.+All%27inizio+della+storia+etrusca&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Carocci+editore&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Gilda+Bartoloni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Torellicolonna2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Torellicolonna2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Colonna2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Colonna_(archaeologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Colonna (archaeologist)">Giovanni Colonna</a> (2000). "I caratteri originali della civiltà Etrusca". In Mario Torelli (ed.). <i>Gi Etruschi</i> (in Italian). Milano: Bompiani. pp. 25–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I+caratteri+originali+della+civilt%C3%A0+Etrusca&rft.btitle=Gi+Etruschi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=25-41&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Giovanni+Colonna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Torellibriquel2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Torellibriquel2000_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominique_Briquel2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominique_Briquel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominique Briquel">Dominique Briquel</a> (2000). "Le origini degli Etruschi: una questione dibattuta fin dall'antichità". In Mario Torelli (ed.). <i>Gi Etruschi</i> (in Italian). Milano: Bompiani. pp. 43–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+origini+degli+Etruschi%3A+una+questione+dibattuta+fin+dall%27antichit%C3%A0&rft.btitle=Gi+Etruschi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=43-51&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Dominique+Briquel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Torellibartoloni2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Torellibartoloni2000_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilda_Bartoloni2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gilda Bartoloni (2000). "Le origini e la diffusione della cultura villanoviana". In Mario Torelli (ed.). <i>Gi Etruschi</i> (in Italian). Milano: Bompiani. pp. 53–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+origini+e+la+diffusione+della+cultura+villanoviana&rft.btitle=Gi+Etruschi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=53-71&rft.pub=Bompiani&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Gilda+Bartoloni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/629128/Villanovan-culture">"Villanovan culture"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Villanovan+culture&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F629128%2FVillanovan-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cultura-villanoviana_(Enciclopedia-dell%2527-Arte-Antica)">"VILLANOVIANA, Cultura in "Enciclopedia dell' Arte Antica"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=VILLANOVIANA%2C+Cultura+in+%22Enciclopedia+dell%27+Arte+Antica%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fcultura-villanoviana_%28Enciclopedia-dell%2527-Arte-Antica%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tuttostoria.net/storia-antica.aspx?code%3D53">"La Cultura Villanoviana"</a>. <i>TuttoStoria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TuttoStoria&rft.atitle=La+Cultura+Villanoviana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttostoria.net%2Fstoria-antica.aspx%3Fcode%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenMartin2015" class="citation book cs1">Soren, David; Martin, Archer (2015). <i>Art and Archaeology of Ancient Rome</i>. Midnight Marquee Press, Incorporated. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Midnight+Marquee+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Soren&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Martin%2C+Archer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Le grandi avventure dell'archeologia, VOL 5: Europa e Italia protostorica</i> (in Italian). Rome: Curcio Editore. 1980. p. 1622.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+grandi+avventure+dell%27archeologia%2C+VOL+5%3A+Europa+e+Italia+protostorica&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=1622&rft.pub=Curcio+Editore&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bartoloni2012h-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bartoloni2012h_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoloni2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartoloni, Gilda, ed. (2012). <i>Introduzione all'Etruscologia</i> (in Italian). Milan: Hoepli. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8820348700?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-8820348700"><bdi>978-8820348700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduzione+all%27Etruscologia&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Hoepli&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-8820348700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Montanari2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montanari2004_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montanari2004_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanna_Bermond_Montanari2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giovanna Bermond Montanari (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/l-italia-preromana-i-siti-etruschi-bologna_%2528Il-Mondo-dell%2527Archeologia%2529/">"L'Italia preromana. I siti etruschi: Bologna"</a> (in Italian). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treccani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treccani">Treccani</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+preromana.+I+siti+etruschi%3A+Bologna&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Giovanna+Bermond+Montanari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fl-italia-preromana-i-siti-etruschi-bologna_%2528Il-Mondo-dell%2527Archeologia%2529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:03-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:03_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:03_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:03_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldhistory.org/Villanovan_Culture/">"Villanovan Culture"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Villanovan+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FVillanovan_Culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryScullard1975" class="citation book cs1">Cary, Max; Scullard, H. H. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1LyvCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvillanovan%2Bculture%26pg%3DPR3"><i>History of Rome: Down to the Age of Constantine</i></a>. Springer. p. 13. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349024155?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349024155"><bdi>978-1349024155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome%3A+Down+to+the+Age+of+Constantine&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1349024155&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Scullard%2C+H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LyvCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvillanovan%2Bculture%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Row_28-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Table_2_Sample_Information,_Row_28_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, Table 2 Sample Information, Row 28.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler_et_al.2022-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler_et_al.2022_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFowler_et_al.2022">Fowler et al. 2022</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials._Table_S16,_p._85-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials._Table_S16,_p._85_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary materials. Table S16, p. 85.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials,_Kinship_analysis_and_runs_of_homozygosity,_pp._13-14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonio_et_al.2019Supplementary_materials,_Kinship_analysis_and_runs_of_homozygosity,_pp._13-14_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villanovan_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019">Antonio et al. 2019</a>, Supplementary materials, Kinship analysis and runs of homozygosity, pp. 13-14.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_et_al.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8896835">"A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nature_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>601</b> (7894): 584–587. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.601..584F">2022Natur.601..584F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41586-021-04241-4">10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8896835">8896835</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34937939">34937939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+high-resolution+picture+of+kinship+practices+in+an+Early+Neolithic+tomb&rft.volume=601&rft.issue=7894&rft.pages=584-587&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8896835%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34937939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04241-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.601..584F&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8896835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVillanovan+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Giovanni Gozzadini, <i>La nécropole de Villanova</i>, Fava et Garagnani, Bologna, 1870</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._P._Mallory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a>, "Villanovan Culture", <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i>, (Fitzroy Dearborn), 1997.</li> <li>Gilda Bartoloni, "The origin and diffusion of Villanovan culture." in M. Torelli, (editor) <i>The Etruscans</i>, pp 53–74. (Milan), 2000.</li> <li>Mary E. Moser, <i>The "Southern Villanovan" Culture of Campania</i>, (Ann Arbor), 1982.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Ridgway_(scholar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Ridgway (scholar)">David Ridgway</a>, "The Villanovan Cemeteries of Bologna and Pontecagnano" in <i>Journal of Roman Archaeology</i> 7: pp 303–16 (1994)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Ridgway_(scholar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Ridgway (scholar)">David Ridgway</a>, <i>The World of the Early Etruscans</i>, Göteborgs Universitet: The Félix Neubergh Lecture, 2000.</li> <li>Perkins, Phil (2017). DNA and Etruscan identity. In: Naso, Alessandro ed. Etruscology. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 109–118. URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/128551">https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/128551</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/Villanova" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Villanova">Villanova</a></span>". </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515022132/http://www.comunediverucchio.it/museo/testo_villi.htm">Museo Archeologico di Verucchio: Villanovan necropolis</a> (in English)</li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DVillanovan_culture%26oldid%3D1258954544">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&oldid=1258954544</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Villanovan_culture&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Pi bot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732289028"> <span>Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 15:23</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovakultur" title="Villanovakultur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Villanovakultur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="حضارة فيلانوفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة فيلانوفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0)" title="Виланова (култура) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виланова (култура)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Villanova" title="Cultura de Villanova – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura de Villanova" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovsk%25C3%25A1_kultura" title="Villanovská kultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Villanovská kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%25C3%25A0_villanuviana" title="Civiltà villanuviana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Civiltà villanuviana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovakultur" title="Villanovakultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Villanovakultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25BC%25CF%258C%25CF%2582_%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CF%2582_%25CE%2592%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CF%258C%25CE%25B2%25CE%25B1" title="Πολιτισμός της Βιλανόβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτισμός της Βιλανόβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Villanova" title="Cultura de Villanova – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Villanova" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovako_kultura" title="Villanovako kultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Villanovako kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7" title="فرهنگ ویلانوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ ویلانوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_Villanova" title="Culture de Villanova – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de Villanova" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B9%258C%25EB%259D%25BC%25EB%2585%25B8%25EB%25B0%2594_%25EB%25AC%25B8%25ED%2599%2594" title="빌라노바 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌라노바 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258E%25D5%25AB%25D5%25AC%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BE%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25B4%25D5%25B7%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A9" title="Վիլլանովյան մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլլանովյան մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Villanova" title="Kebudayaan Villanova – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebudayaan Villanova" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_villanoviana" title="Cultura villanoviana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura villanoviana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%259F" title="תרבות וילאנובן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות וילאנובן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilanovos_kult%25C5%25ABra" title="Vilanovos kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vilanovos kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italikus_m%25C5%25B1v%25C3%25A9szet" title="Italikus művészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Italikus művészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovacultuur" title="Villanovacultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Villanovacultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovakulturen" title="Villanovakulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Villanovakulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Villanova" title="Cultura de Villanova – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura de Villanova" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Villanova" title="Kultura Villanova – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura Villanova" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Villanova" title="Cultura Villanova – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura Villanova" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Вилланова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вилланова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovsk%25C3%25A1_kult%25C3%25BAra" title="Villanovská kultúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Villanovská kultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovska_kultura" title="Villanovska kultura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Villanovska kultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Виланованска култура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Виланованска култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovanska_kultura" title="Villanovanska kultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Villanovanska kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanova-kulttuuri" title="Villanova-kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Villanova-kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villanovakulturen" title="Villanovakulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Villanovakulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Культура віланова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура віланова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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