Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents

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} div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/slick.css?f38b2db10e01b157?1732286508"> <meta name="title" content="Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents"> <meta name="description" content="This study focuses on cardiovascular manifestation, particularly myocarditis and pericarditis events, after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine injection in Thai adolescents. This prospective cohort study enrolled students aged 13–18 years from two schools, who received the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Data including demographics, symptoms, vital signs, ECG, echocardiography, and cardiac enzymes were collected at baseline, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional) using case record forms. We enrolled 314 participants; of these, 13 participants were lost to follow-up, leaving 301 participants for analysis. The most common cardiovascular signs and symptoms were tachycardia (7.64%), shortness of breath (6.64%), palpitation (4.32%), chest pain (4.32%), and hypertension (3.99%). One participant could have more than one sign and/or symptom. Seven participants (2.33%) exhibited at least one elevated cardiac biomarker or positive lab assessments. Cardiovascular manifestations were found in 29.24% of patients, ranging from tachycardia or palpitation to myopericarditis. Myopericarditis was confirmed in one patient after vaccination. Two patients had suspected pericarditis and four patients had suspected subclinical myocarditis. In conclusion, Cardiovascular manifestation in adolescents after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination included tachycardia, palpitation, and myopericarditis. The clinical presentation of myopericarditis after vaccination was usually mild and temporary, with all cases fully recovering within 14 days. Hence, adolescents receiving mRNA vaccines should be monitored for cardiovascular side effects. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05288231." > <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/tropicalmed-logo.png?7c31a3d365db8d76" > <meta name="dc.title" content="Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Suyanee Mansanguan"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Prakaykaew Charunwatthana"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Watcharapong Piyaphanee"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wilanee Dechkhajorn"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Akkapon Poolcharoen"> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chayasin Mansanguan"> <meta name="dc.type" content="Article"> <meta name="dc.source" content="Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 2022, Vol. 7, Page 196"> <meta name="dc.date" content="2022-08-19"> <meta name ="dc.identifier" content="10.3390/tropicalmed7080196"> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="dc.rights" content="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <meta name="dc.format" content="application/pdf" > <meta name="dc.language" content="en" > <meta name="dc.description" content="This study focuses on cardiovascular manifestation, particularly myocarditis and pericarditis events, after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine injection in Thai adolescents. This prospective cohort study enrolled students aged 13–18 years from two schools, who received the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Data including demographics, symptoms, vital signs, ECG, echocardiography, and cardiac enzymes were collected at baseline, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional) using case record forms. We enrolled 314 participants; of these, 13 participants were lost to follow-up, leaving 301 participants for analysis. The most common cardiovascular signs and symptoms were tachycardia (7.64%), shortness of breath (6.64%), palpitation (4.32%), chest pain (4.32%), and hypertension (3.99%). One participant could have more than one sign and/or symptom. Seven participants (2.33%) exhibited at least one elevated cardiac biomarker or positive lab assessments. Cardiovascular manifestations were found in 29.24% of patients, ranging from tachycardia or palpitation to myopericarditis. Myopericarditis was confirmed in one patient after vaccination. Two patients had suspected pericarditis and four patients had suspected subclinical myocarditis. In conclusion, Cardiovascular manifestation in adolescents after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination included tachycardia, palpitation, and myopericarditis. The clinical presentation of myopericarditis after vaccination was usually mild and temporary, with all cases fully recovering within 14 days. Hence, adolescents receiving mRNA vaccines should be monitored for cardiovascular side effects. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05288231." > <meta name="dc.subject" content="BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="COVID-19 vaccine" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="cardiovascular manifestation" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="myocarditis" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="adolescents" > <meta name="dc.subject" content="Thailand" > <meta name ="prism.issn" content="2414-6366"> <meta name ="prism.publicationName" content="Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"> <meta name ="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-08-19"> <meta name ="prism.volume" content="7"> <meta name ="prism.number" content="8"> <meta name ="prism.section" content="Article" > <meta name ="prism.startingPage" content="196" > <meta name="citation_issn" content="2414-6366"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/8"> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/08/19"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="7"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="8"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="196"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mansanguan, Suyanee"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Charunwatthana, Prakaykaew"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Piyaphanee, Watcharapong"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Dechkhajorn, Wilanee"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Poolcharoen, Akkapon"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mansanguan, Chayasin"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3390/tropicalmed7080196"> <meta name="citation_id" content="mdpi-tropicalmed7080196"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/pdf?version=1661135151"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/pdf" title="PDF Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/pdf?version=1661135151"> <meta name="fulltext_pdf" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/pdf?version=1661135151"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" title="HTML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/htm"> <meta name="fulltext_html" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/htm"> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml" title="XML Full-Text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/xml"> <meta name="fulltext_xml" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/xml"> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/xml"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@MDPIOpenAccess" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/tropicalmed-logo-social.png?7c31a3d365db8d76" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="131189377574"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="MDPI"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This study focuses on cardiovascular manifestation, particularly myocarditis and pericarditis events, after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine injection in Thai adolescents. This prospective cohort study enrolled students aged 13–18 years from two schools, who received the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Data including demographics, symptoms, vital signs, ECG, echocardiography, and cardiac enzymes were collected at baseline, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional) using case record forms. We enrolled 314 participants; of these, 13 participants were lost to follow-up, leaving 301 participants for analysis. The most common cardiovascular signs and symptoms were tachycardia (7.64%), shortness of breath (6.64%), palpitation (4.32%), chest pain (4.32%), and hypertension (3.99%). One participant could have more than one sign and/or symptom. Seven participants (2.33%) exhibited at least one elevated cardiac biomarker or positive lab assessments. Cardiovascular manifestations were found in 29.24% of patients, ranging from tachycardia or palpitation to myopericarditis. Myopericarditis was confirmed in one patient after vaccination. Two patients had suspected pericarditis and four patients had suspected subclinical myocarditis. In conclusion, Cardiovascular manifestation in adolescents after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination included tachycardia, palpitation, and myopericarditis. The clinical presentation of myopericarditis after vaccination was usually mild and temporary, with all cases fully recovering within 14 days. Hence, adolescents receiving mRNA vaccines should be monitored for cardiovascular side effects. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05288231." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g001-550.jpg?1661139885" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); 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><div class='html-article-content'> <span itemprop="publisher" content="Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"></span><span itemprop="url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196"></span> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class='label choice' data-dropdown='drop-article-label-choice' aria-expanded='false' data-editorschoiceaddition='<a href="/journal/tropicalmed/editors_choice">More Editor’s choice articles in journal <em>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</em>.</a>'>Editor’s Choice</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <h1 class="title hypothesis_container" itemprop="name"> Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents </h1> <div class="art-authors hypothesis_container"> by <span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop8536710' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Suyanee Mansanguan</div><div id="profile-card-drop8536710" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Suyanee Mansanguan</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/MS9uSWxyVHR5YnVrNUlkZC9BRDFpbGNtVENJSDhweG96R2E5NytHblN6TT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Suyanee%20Mansanguan" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Suyanee%20Mansanguan&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Suyanee%20Mansanguan" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 1</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop8536711' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Prakaykaew Charunwatthana</div><div id="profile-card-drop8536711" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Prakaykaew Charunwatthana</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/3987391?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Prakaykaew%20Charunwatthana" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Prakaykaew%20Charunwatthana&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Prakaykaew%20Charunwatthana" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop8536712' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Watcharapong Piyaphanee</div><div id="profile-card-drop8536712" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Watcharapong Piyaphanee</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/UEZEbE0wZXRZck5KRks4NG9zelh0aVV3Y0pmVmQxSjM1RFJudms4ZjhDdz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Watcharapong%20Piyaphanee" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Watcharapong%20Piyaphanee&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Watcharapong%20Piyaphanee" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop8536713' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Wilanee Dechkhajorn</div><div id="profile-card-drop8536713" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Wilanee Dechkhajorn</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/QStrZXZCQ3pjdVpTYmZvZE9sMjJaeXloTWlZaE9JV3BpTjlPQU43cmFuZz0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Wilanee%20Dechkhajorn" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Wilanee%20Dechkhajorn&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wilanee%20Dechkhajorn" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 3</sup>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop8536714' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Akkapon Poolcharoen</div><div id="profile-card-drop8536714" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Akkapon Poolcharoen</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/author/REdhR0EwZGcwRlNsVjZqQUVmaDU2alBDc3NaTVZoUEE5cVdJSDBNdFV2WT0=?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Akkapon%20Poolcharoen" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Akkapon%20Poolcharoen&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Akkapon%20Poolcharoen" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 4</sup> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><div class='profile-card-drop' data-dropdown='profile-card-drop8536715' data-options='is_hover:true, hover_timeout:5000'> Chayasin Mansanguan</div><div id="profile-card-drop8536715" data-dropdown-content class="f-dropdown content profile-card-content" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="profile-card__title"><div class="sciprofiles-link" style="display: inline-block"><div class="sciprofiles-link__link"><img class="sciprofiles-link__image" src="/bundles/mdpisciprofileslink/img/unknown-user.png" style="width: auto; height: 16px; border-radius: 50%;"><span class="sciprofiles-link__name">Chayasin Mansanguan</span></div></div></div><div class="profile-card__buttons" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><a href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/2162187?utm_source=mdpi.com&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=avatar_name" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> SciProfiles </a><a href="https://scilit.net/scholars?q=Chayasin%20Mansanguan" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Scilit </a><a href="https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=Chayasin%20Mansanguan&field1=authors" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank"> Preprints.org </a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chayasin%20Mansanguan" class="button button--color-inversed" target="_blank" rels="noopener noreferrer"> Google Scholar </a></div></div><sup> 2,*</sup><span style="display: inline; margin-left: 5px;"></span><a class="toEncode emailCaptcha visibility-hidden" data-author-id="8536715" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#1d327e7379307e7a7432713278707c7471306d6f7269787e697472733e2d2d2d7f2b2e2d2f2c7c2d2f2c2d2d7c2d7929792d782d2f2d792f2e2d782d2f2d7f2d7c2d2a2d7e2d7b29792d2f2d2d29792c2a2d7f"><sup><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></sup></a><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7852-626X" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/orcid.png?0465bc3812adeb52?1732286508" title="ORCID" style="position: relative; width: 13px; margin-left: 3px; max-width: 13px !important; height: auto; top: -5px;"></a></span> </div> <div class="nrm"></div> <span style="display:block; height:6px;"></span> <div></div> <div style="margin: 5px 0 15px 0;" class="hypothesis_container"> <div class="art-affiliations"> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>1</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Bangkok 10220, Thailand</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>2</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>3</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</div> </div> <div class="affiliation "> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>4</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Samitivej Srinakarin Hospital, Bangkok 10250, Thailand</div> </div> <div class="affiliation"> <div class="affiliation-item"><sup>*</sup></div> <div class="affiliation-name ">Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bib-identity" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <em>Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>7</em>(8), 196; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196">https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196</a> </div> <div class="pubhistory" style="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 10px;"> <span style="display: inline-block">Submission received: 21 July 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Revised: 14 August 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Accepted: 17 August 2022</span> / <span style="display: inline-block">Published: 19 August 2022</span> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/tropicalmed/special_issues/Infectious_Disease_World_Re-open ">Changes in Tropical and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Following the World Re-opening</a>)<br/> </div> <div class="highlight-box1"> <div class="download"> <a class="button button--color-inversed button--drop-down" data-dropdown="drop-download-892966" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-892966" aria-expanded="false"> Download <i class="material-icons">keyboard_arrow_down</i> </a> <div id="drop-download-892966" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--button" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <a class="UD_ArticlePDF" href="/2414-6366/7/8/196/pdf?version=1661135151" data-name="Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents" data-journal="tropicalmed">Download PDF</a> <br/> <a id="js-pdf-with-cover-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2414-6366/7/8/196/pdf-with-cover" class="accessCaptcha">Download PDF with Cover</a> <br/> <a id="js-xml-access-captcha" href="#" data-target="/2414-6366/7/8/196/xml" class="accessCaptcha">Download XML</a> <br/> <a href="/2414-6366/7/8/196/epub" id="epub_link">Download Epub</a> <br/> </div> <div class="js-browse-figures" style="display: inline-block;"> <a href="#" class="button button--color-inversed margin-bottom-10 openpopupgallery UI_BrowseArticleFigures" data-target='article-popup' data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/browse" >Browse Figures</a> </div> <div id="article-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g001.png?1661139883" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Study flow chart. CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band; ECG, electrocardiography; Trop-T, troponin-T.</p> "> </a> <a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g002.png?1661139887" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>) cMRI illustrating LGE in a patient with subacute myopericarditis at the time of diagnosis (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) and 5 months post-diagnosis (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>). cMRI, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement.</p> "> </a> </div> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2414-6366/7/8/196/review_report">Review Reports</a> <a class="button button--color-inversed" href="/2414-6366/7/8/196/notes">Versions Notes</a> </div> </div> <div class="responsive-moving-container small hidden" data-id="article-counters" style="margin-top: 15px;"></div> <div class="html-dynamic"> <section> <div class="art-abstract art-abstract-new in-tab hypothesis_container"> <p> <div><section class="html-abstract" id="html-abstract"> <h2 id="html-abstract-title">Abstract</h2><b>:</b> <div class="html-p">This study focuses on cardiovascular manifestation, particularly myocarditis and pericarditis events, after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine injection in Thai adolescents. This prospective cohort study enrolled students aged 13–18 years from two schools, who received the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Data including demographics, symptoms, vital signs, ECG, echocardiography, and cardiac enzymes were collected at baseline, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional) using case record forms. We enrolled 314 participants; of these, 13 participants were lost to follow-up, leaving 301 participants for analysis. The most common cardiovascular signs and symptoms were tachycardia (7.64%), shortness of breath (6.64%), palpitation (4.32%), chest pain (4.32%), and hypertension (3.99%). One participant could have more than one sign and/or symptom. Seven participants (2.33%) exhibited at least one elevated cardiac biomarker or positive lab assessments. Cardiovascular manifestations were found in 29.24% of patients, ranging from tachycardia or palpitation to myopericarditis. Myopericarditis was confirmed in one patient after vaccination. Two patients had suspected pericarditis and four patients had suspected subclinical myocarditis. In conclusion, Cardiovascular manifestation in adolescents after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination included tachycardia, palpitation, and myopericarditis. The clinical presentation of myopericarditis after vaccination was usually mild and temporary, with all cases fully recovering within 14 days. Hence, adolescents receiving mRNA vaccines should be monitored for cardiovascular side effects. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05288231.</div> </section> <div id="html-keywords"> <div class="html-gwd-group"><div id="html-keywords-title">Keywords: </div><a href="/search?q=BNT162b2+mRNA+COVID-19+vaccine">BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine</a>; <a href="/search?q=COVID-19+vaccine">COVID-19 vaccine</a>; <a href="/search?q=cardiovascular+manifestation">cardiovascular manifestation</a>; <a href="/search?q=myocarditis">myocarditis</a>; <a href="/search?q=adolescents">adolescents</a>; <a href="/search?q=Thailand">Thailand</a></div> <div> </div> </div> </div> </p> </div> </section> </div> <div class="hypothesis_container"> <ul class="menu html-nav" data-prev-node="#html-quick-links-title"> </ul> <div class="html-body"> <section id='sec1-tropicalmed-07-00196' type='intro'><h2 data-nested='1'> 1. Introduction</h2><div class='html-p'>In December 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer–BioNTech mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2) for the prevention of COVID-19 disease. Clinical trials have revealed that the vaccine’s efficacy is 95% and its safety profile is good, similar to that of other vaccines [<a href="#B1-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B3-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">3</a>,<a href="#B4-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. Systemic reactions to the vaccine, which were usually mild and transient, have been reported more commonly among the younger population and more often after the second dose [<a href="#B1-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">1</a>,<a href="#B2-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">2</a>,<a href="#B5-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">5</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Historically, post-vaccination myocarditis has been reported as a rare adverse event after vaccinations, especially smallpox [<a href="#B4-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">4</a>], influenza, and hepatitis B vaccination, among others. In the general population, myocarditis is diagnosed in approximately 10–20 individuals per 100,000 per year [<a href="#B6-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">6</a>], and occurs more commonly and at younger ages in males than females [<a href="#B7-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. The highest reported incidence of myocarditis from vaccination occurred after a second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, and mostly among young men [<a href="#B8-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B10-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. Most of these cases developed symptoms within the first week, typically 2–4 days post-vaccination. The prognosis for myocarditis patients varies according to etiology [<a href="#B11-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">11</a>]. In the pre-COVID-19 era (1990–2018), among 620,195 reports filed in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 0.1% were attributable to myopericarditis; of these myopericarditis reports, 79% were in males [<a href="#B12-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. However, the VAERS is primarily a safety signal detection and hypothesis-generating system, and cannot be used to determine whether the vaccine caused the adverse events [<a href="#B13-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Cardiovascular findings from mRNA COVID-19 vaccine included myocardial injury (myocarditis), coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, and rhythm disorder [<a href="#B13-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. The cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 infection include elevated cardiac biomarkers, myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmia, and venous thromboembolism [<a href="#B14-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>Recently, a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advisory committee on immunization practices identified a likely association between the two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna, and cases of myocarditis and pericarditis [<a href="#B15-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">15</a>,<a href="#B16-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">16</a>,<a href="#B17-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. For the cardiovascular system, 4863 adverse events were reported among patients who received the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Common findings observed with vaccines under study were tachycardia (16.41%), flushing (12.17%), increased heart rate (9.03%), hypertension (5.82%), and hypotension (3.6%) [<a href="#B13-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Although cardiovascular events have been reported with the COVID-19 vaccine, causality has yet to be established, because such cardiovascular adverse events are also common among the general public who do not receive the intervention [<a href="#B13-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">13</a>]. Conducted during the implementation of the national Thai vaccination campaigns for adolescents, this study sought to characterize, classify, and evaluate the dynamics of cardiac function and electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities post-BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination to understand and identify cardiovascular effects that may predict cardiac complication by serial echocardiographic studies, ECG, and cardiac biomarkers for the early detection of subclinical myocarditis cases.</div></section><section id='sec2-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h2 data-nested='1'> 2. Materials and Methods</h2><section id='sec2dot1-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.1. Study Design</h4><div class='html-p'>This prospective cohort study focused on adolescent students from Kong Thabbok Upatham Changkol Kho So Tho Bo School and Wachirathamsatit School who received a second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. The study included subjects who were: (1) aged 13–18 years; (2) male or female; and (3) had received the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine without serious adverse event. Patients who had a history of cardiomyopathy, tuberculous pericarditis or constrictive pericarditis, and severe allergic reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine were excluded from the study. Laboratory tests included cardiac biomarkers (troponin-T, creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB)), ECG, and echocardiography at three clinical visits (baseline, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional for subjects with cardiac manifestation)) after receiving the second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Participant data, including demographic data, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings, were recorded in a pre-defined case record form.</div><div class='html-p'>Potential subjects at Kong Thabbok Upatham Changkol Kho So Tho Bo School and Wachirathamsatit School were informed about the study by invitation letter, followed by an online meeting for parents and students to consider enrollment in the study. Informed consent documents were provided for interested parents to bring to the team investigator at enrollment. Enrollment was conducted from 3 November to 7 December 2021.</div></section><section id='sec2dot2-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.2. Diary Card</h4><div class='html-p'>All participants received a diary card to record cardiac symptoms, such as chest pain or palpitations. Participants who developed cardiovascular effects or side effects from the vaccine could telephone the principal investigator and be transferred by phone to the medical team at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases for assessment. If the participant developed abnormal ECG, echocardiographic findings, or increased cardiac enzymes, the principal investigator scheduled patients for follow-up per protocol and for Day 14 lab assessments.</div></section><section id='sec2dot3-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.3. Definition of Cardiovascular Manifestation</h4><div class='html-p'>In this study, cardiovascular manifestation was defined as one or more of the following:</div><div class='html-p'><ul class='html-order'><li><div class='html-p'>Chest pain/pericarditis</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Dyspnea/orthopnea</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Palpitation</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Hypertension/hypotension</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Tachycardia/bradycardia</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Shock/cardiogenic shock</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Abnormal ECG or abnormal rhythm or ECG change</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Bundle branch block</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Decreased ejection fraction</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Diastolic dysfunction</div></li><li><div class='html-p'>Elevation in at least one cardiac biomarker (troponin-T, CK-MB)/myocarditis</div></li></ul></div></section><section id='sec2dot4-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.4. Definition of Myocarditis [<a href="#B18-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">18</a>]</h4><div class='html-p'>The diagnostic criteria for myocarditis were classified as either probable cases or confirmed cases. Myocarditis patients were those with the presence or worsening of more than one of the following clinical symptoms along with evidence of inflammation: (1) chest pain, pressure, or discomfort; (2) dyspnea, shortness of breath, or pain with breathing; (3) palpitation; or (4) syncope and more than one new finding of: (a) troponin level above upper normal limit of normal; (b) abnormal ECG or rhythm monitoring consistent with myocarditis; (c) abnormal cardiac function or wall motion on echocardiography; (d) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) findings consistent with myocarditis and no identifiable cause for symptoms and findings.</div></section><section id='sec2dot5-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.5. Definition of Pericarditis [<a href="#B18-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">18</a>]</h4><div class='html-p'>The diagnostic criteria for pericarditis included the new presence or worsening of more than two of the following clinical features: (1) acute chest pain; (2) pericardial rub on exam; (3) new ST-segment elevation or PR-segment depression on ECG; and (4) pericardial effusion on echocardiography or cMRI.</div></section><section id='sec2dot6-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.6. Cardiac Enzymes</h4><div class='html-p'>High-sensitivity cardiac troponin-T assay (HS-cTnT) and CK-MB isoenzyme levels were determined for all participants at baseline, and on Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional) after the second vaccination dose. HS-cTnT was measured using the Elecsys troponin-T hs assay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany); serum levels > 14 ng/L were considered elevated. CK-MB was also measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with Elecsys CK-MB (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany); serum CK-MB levels > 6.22 ng/mL in males and >4.88 ng/mL in females were considered elevated. CRP levels > 5 mg/L were considered elevated. ESR > 20 mm/h was considered elevated. All tests during the study were performed by hospital technicians.</div></section><section id='sec2dot7-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.7. Echocardiography Protocol</h4><div class='html-p'>Echocardiograms during the examination were recorded using the Vivid E9 ultrasound platform (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). All echocardiographic images were recorded and reviewed by two cardiologists. Routine two-dimensional echocardiograms and color-flow Doppler images were obtained in the standard parasternal long axis view, subcostal view, and apical four-chamber views. The left ventricular walls and dimensions were measured in accordance with the guidelines of the American Society of Cardiology. Transmitral pulsed-wave Doppler velocities (peak E- and A-wave velocities) were measured in the apical four-chamber view with the sample volume positioned at the mitral valve.</div><div class='html-p'>Pericardial effusion and other anatomical and functional findings were recorded when present. Echocardiographic studies were performed at baseline, and on Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional) after the second BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose.</div></section><section id='sec2dot8-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.8. Sample Size Calculation</h4><div class='html-p'>To calculate estimated sample size, we used the estimated prevalence described in a previous study, where the incidence of cardiac manifestation among patients who received COVID-19 vaccine was found to be 4.6% [<a href="#B19-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">19</a>]. Based on a population size of 1000 students after the first BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose, a minimum sample size of 297 was calculated to be sufficient for this study to determine cardiovascular effects, with an error of 2% at a 95% confidence interval. We expected that 5% of patients could be lost to follow-up or drop out before study end.</div></section><section id='sec2dot9-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 2.9. Statistical Analysis</h4><div class='html-p'>All data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical variables were summarized and expressed as frequencies and percentages. Quantitative variables were presented as mean ± SD. The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to assess differences between groups, as appropriate. For all analyses, <span class='html-italic'>p</span> < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</div></section></section><section id='sec3-tropicalmed-07-00196' type='results'><h2 data-nested='1'> 3. Results</h2><div class='html-p'>A total of 314 participants were enrolled into the study; 13 of these were excluded from analysis, being lost to follow-up. The remaining 301 participants in the study made up the analysis set, as shown in <a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>.</div><section id='sec3dot1-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population</h4><div class='html-p'>The mean age of the participants was 15 years (standard deviation (SD) 1.6 years; range 13–18 years). Of the 301 participants, 202 (67.1%) were male. All participants were healthy and without any abnormal symptoms before receiving the second dose of vaccine. The majority of the participants (257/301, 85.38%) had no underlying diseases. There were 44 participants with underlying medical conditions, including allergic rhinitis, asthma, thalassemia trait, and G6PD deficiency. There was no significant difference in clinical characteristics between the 13–15-year-old group and the older adolescents in this study cohort. The clinical characteristics of all 301 participants are shown in <a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</div><div class='html-p'>During the follow-up period, after receiving the second dose of vaccine, two patients were hospitalized and one patient was supervised in the ICU during hospitalization, mainly for observation of arrhythmia. The mean length of stay in the hospital was 4.5 days (range 2–7). None of the participants died, required mechanical ventilation, or required inotropic support. </div></section><section id='sec3dot2-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.2. Cardiovascular Findings</h4><div class='html-p'>Cardiovascular adverse events observed during the study were tachycardia (7.64%), shortness of breath (6.64%), palpitation (4.32%), chest pain (4.32%), and hypertension (3.99%). Fifty-four patients had abnormal electrocardiograms (predominantly sinus tachycardia or sinus arrhythmia) after vaccination. All 54 of these patients had normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Three patients had minimal pericardial effusion. The cMRI revealed findings compatible with subacute myopericarditis (no evidence of myocardial edema with evidence of nonischemic delayed enhancement at lateral wall and pericardial enhancement at inferolateral wall) in one patient who was diagnosed with myopericarditis, as shown in <a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>A–C. In addition, follow-up cMRI 5 months later showed no evidence of myocardial edema, myocardial delayed enhancement, or myocardial fibrosis. There is evidence of resolved myocarditis, as shown in <a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>D–F. Incidental findings on echocardiography included a bicuspid aortic valve and a dilated coronary sinus from persistent left superior vena cava. Six patients had mitral valve prolapse, and six patients had hypertension (HTN). Three patients diagnosed with myopericarditis and pericarditis were treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 2 weeks with no residual symptoms and complete follow-up. The patients presenting with myopericarditis, subclinical myocarditis, and pericarditis are shown in <a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</div></section><section id='sec3dot3-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.3. Evaluation of Patients with Elevated Biomarkers or Positive Lab Assessments </h4><div class='html-p'>Seven patients had elevated biomarkers or positive lab assessments. The most commonly presented symptom was chest pain, followed by chest discomfort, fever, and headache. Three patients aged 13–18 years, who presented with chest pain and biomarker elevation, were evaluated; all three presented 24–48 h after receiving the second dose of the vaccine. Four patients had no symptoms but elevated cTnT (peak level 15.44–38.68 ng/L; normal level < 14 ng/L). The characteristics of the patients with elevated biomarkers or positive lab assessments are shown in <a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>. All patients were male and had abnormal electrocardiograms, particularly sinus tachycardia. The clinical course was mild in all patients.</div></section><section id='sec3dot4-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.4. Evaluation of Patients Developing Abnormal ECG Post-Vaccination</h4><div class='html-p'>After vaccination, ECG revealed that of the 301 patients, 247 (82.06%) had normal sinus rhythm, while an abnormal ECG finding was noted in 54 patients (17.94%) (<a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-t004" class="html-table">Table 4</a>). The most common abnormal ECG finding was sinus rhythm with sinus arrhythmia (7.31%), followed by sinus tachycardia (6.64%) and sinus bradycardia (1.33%). Of the two patients with abnormal rhythm, one had junctional escape rhythm, and one had ectopic atrial rhythm. Arrhythmia was observed as premature ventricular contractions in two patients (0.66%), and three (1%) had premature atrial contraction. One case (0.33%) had diffused ST elevation with PR depression. </div></section><section id='sec3dot5-tropicalmed-07-00196' type=''><h4 class='html-italic' data-nested='2'> 3.5. Evaluation of Patients with Serial Echocardiographic Findings</h4><div class='html-p'>All participants underwent a follow-up echocardiography examination at baseline, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 (optional). There were no significant differences between the echocardiographic findings by study day, as shown in <a href="#tropicalmed-07-00196-t005" class="html-table">Table 5</a>.</div></section></section><section id='sec4-tropicalmed-07-00196' type='discussion'><h2 data-nested='1'> 4. Discussion</h2><div class='html-p'>This prospective cohort study focuses on cardiovascular manifestations after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Immunization against COVID-19 infection using mRNA-based vaccines is a new technology [<a href="#B20-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">20</a>]. On 10 May 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) expanded the use of the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine to include adolescents aged 12–15 years [<a href="#B21-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. In the COVID-19 era, the risks of myocarditis after an mRNA vaccine injection, especially in male adolescents, have raised particular concerns. In July 2021, the CDC reported an association between COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and suspected cases of myocarditis and pericarditis. The incidence rate of myocarditis/pericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was reported to be as low as 12.6 cases per million second dose mRNA vaccines among those aged 12–39 years [<a href="#B8-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B15-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">15</a>]. In contrast, our study found one case of myopericarditis, four cases of subclinical myocarditis, and two cases of pericarditis among 301 participants, and each case had mild symptoms. The incidence of myocarditis/pericarditis found in our study may be higher than the other studies due to the study protocol, which required determining baseline troponin-T, CK-MB, ECG, and echocardiography before vaccination. Two retrospective studies from Israel [<a href="#B8-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B9-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">9</a>] showed a slightly different incidence compared with CDC data, possibly resulting from different data collection methods and different criteria for diagnosing myocarditis. Montgomery and colleagues reported on 23 male military personnel diagnosed with myocarditis after presenting with acute sudden onset of chest pain within 4 days after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine [<a href="#B22-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">22</a>]. Another prospective study reported six males who were hospitalized with suspected myocarditis, all shortly after a second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine [<a href="#B23-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</div><div class='html-p'>The potential mechanism of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis remains unknown. It has been suggested that excessive innate immune activation by both lipid nanoparticle and RNA components of COVID-19 vaccines can cause myocarditis [<a href="#B24-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Endosomal toll-like receptor (TLR) TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 in immune cells and RIG-I and MDA5 in nonimmune cells act as a natural defense against foreign RNA but can cross-react with in vitro transcribed (IVT) RNA [<a href="#B26-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">26</a>]. The activation of these receptors triggers an inflammatory cascade, assembly of inflammasome platform production of type I interferons, and nuclear translocation of NK-kB [<a href="#B24-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B27-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">27</a>]. Inflammasomes are large multiproteins that are responsive to pathogen- and stress-associated cellular insults. Inflammasomes lead to the secretion of the pleiotropic IL-1 family (IL-1β and IL-18), and pyroptosis [<a href="#B28-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. In one case report, patients with vaccine-induced myocarditis had increased levels of interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist, interleukin 5 (IL-5), and interleukin 16 (IL-16) [<a href="#B5-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination mainly occurs in male teenagers within 1 week post-vaccination, typically the second dose vaccination, with recovery of cardiac function within 1–5 weeks after hospitalization [<a href="#B8-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">8</a>,<a href="#B12-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">12</a>]. The mechanism is unknown, but may be related to the mRNA sequence that encodes for the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, or the immune response following vaccination [<a href="#B18-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">18</a>,<a href="#B29-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">29</a>]. By contrast, the incidence of COVID-19-associated cardiac injury or myocarditis is much higher, estimated to be 100 times higher than mRNA COVID-19-related myocarditis [<a href="#B30-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">30</a>,<a href="#B31-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">31</a>]. Moreover, mRNA vaccine-related myocarditis is characterized by overall mild presentation and favorable outcomes. In our study, chest pain was considered an alarming side effect after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine injection. Although clinical symptoms spontaneously resolved rapidly in all patients, the potential for cardiac fibrosis vaccine-related myocarditis remains unknown. The long-term outcomes of COVID-19 vaccine have not been described, but in our study nearly 100% of patients with symptoms had recovered within 1–2 weeks, concordant with another study [<a href="#B18-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">18</a>]. Long-term surveillance with follow-up cardiac imaging, especially cardiac MRI in patients with vaccine-related myocarditis, is required.</div><div class='html-p'>In this study, one patient who was admitted to the ICU Department with negative PCR for COVID-19, was diagnosed with myopericarditis after mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, and showed abnormalities in cardiac enzymes (troponin-T, CK-MB), ECG, echocardiography, and cardiac MRI. As our patient remained clinically stable, endomyocardial biopsy was not indicated during hospitalization. He was treated with ibuprofen for 2 weeks without guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure because his imaging showed normal LVEF. Treatment of vaccine-induced myocarditis includes corticosteroids, NSAIDs, colchicine, and, in severe cases, IVIG [<a href="#B32-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">32</a>,<a href="#B33-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. Corticosteroids have been proposed for the treatment of vaccine-induced myocarditis [<a href="#B33-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">33</a>]. Nonpharmacological strategies to prevent cardiovascular side effects of COVID-19 vaccination include oral and systemic administration of ascorbic acid. An observational study has found that low serum ascorbic acid can increase cardiovascular disease in humans [<a href="#B34-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">34</a>]. Ascorbic acid can prevent cardiotoxic events and can reduce the relative risk for cardiovascular events that could reduce inflammation related to cardiovascular events after COVID-19 vaccination [<a href="#B35-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">35</a>]. All patients with subclinical myocarditis had elevated troponin-T without CK-MB elevation; troponin-T level was also highly sensitive for post-vaccination screening for myocarditis. Two patients diagnosed with pericarditis had normal troponin-T levels, but generally raised c-reactive protein (CRP) or erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). All seven patients with elevated biomarker levels or positive lab assessments showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and only three patients had minimal pericardial effusion. Conventional echocardiography may not be the ideal diagnostic tool in suspected vaccine-induced myocarditis because of its mild clinical symptoms; conventional echocardiography appeared normal in these patients. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) strain and strain-rate parameters are useful diagnostic measures with high sensitivity for the early detection of subclinical ventricular dysfunction [<a href="#B36-tropicalmed-07-00196" class="html-bibr">36</a>], and cardiac MRI may be the best way to confirm a diagnosis of myocarditis in the majority of cases. In this study, the disease course was mild in all of our patients with cardiac symptoms; they were treated with ibuprofen for 2 weeks and cardiac enzymes returned to normal after 1–2 weeks of outpatient treatment. Myocarditis may have more severe clinical manifestations requiring inotropic drug or mechanical support; however, one patient with myopericarditis in our study follow-up with cMRI at 5 months post-vaccination showed complete recovery and no scar. If an adolescent presents with myopericarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination, a booster shot is contraindicated.</div><div class='html-p'>This study had some limitations. Due to the national Thai vaccination campaign against the COVID-19 pandemic, the government declared the timing for the first mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose urgently, so there was limited time for the Ethics Committee (EC) to process the first dose; however, myocarditis/pericarditis was more common with the second mRNA COVID-19 vaccination dose. Our study included some participants with subclinical myocarditis presenting without symptom other than elevated troponin-T. It was necessary to request parental permission for blood testing on Day 14, which may have limited participation.</div><div class='html-p'>Strengths: this is the first prospective study in Thailand during the national campaign of vaccination against the COVID-19 pandemic for adolescents. The strengths of our study include its prospective design employing serial cardiac enzyme, ECG, and echocardiographic measurements at three separate visits (baseline, Day 3, and Day 7). Two cardiologists at different institutions worked together to confirm the diagnoses of myocarditis, myopericarditis, and pericarditis. Another strength of this study is that participants and parents were able to contact the principal investigators directly online or by telephone for consultation and immediate treatment.</div></section><section id='sec5-tropicalmed-07-00196' type='conclusions'><h2 data-nested='1'> 5. Conclusions</h2><div class='html-p'>In this observational study, clinically suspected myopericarditis was temporarily associated with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a small proportion of adolescent patients. Chest pain is an alarming symptom in patients receiving BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, especially a second dose of BNT162b2. The risk for these symptoms was found to be higher than reported elsewhere. The adverse cardiovascular manifestations observed in this adolescent cohort were both mild and transient. </div></section> </div> <div class="html-back"> <section class='html-notes'><h2 >Author Contributions</h2><div class='html-p'>Conceptualization, C.M., S.M., P.C., A.P. and W.P.; Data curation, C.M., S.M., P.C. and A.P.; Formal analysis, C.M., S.M. and W.D.; Funding acquisition, C.M.; Investigation, C.M.; Methodology, C.M., S.M., W.P. and A.P.; Project administration, C.M.; Validation, C.M., S.M. and W.D.; Writing—original draft, C.M. and S.M.; Writing—review and editing, C.M., S.M., P.C., A.P. and W.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2>Funding</h2><div class='html-p'>This study received partial funding from the Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Institutional Review Board Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University (Certificate No. MUTM 2021-068-01).</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Informed Consent Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>Written informed consent was obtained from patients before enrolment into the study.</div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Data Availability Statement</h2><div class='html-p'>The dataset can be requested from the corresponding author.</div></section><section id='html-ack' class='html-ack'><h2 >Acknowledgments</h2><div class='html-p'>We thank all participants who participated in this study. We would like to thank Kong Thabbok Upatham Changkol Kho So Tho Bo School and Wachirathamsatit School for the enrollment process team and support. We thank Roche for providing reagents. We give special thanks for partial funding provided by the Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University. Special thanks to Punnee Pitisuttithum who provided valuable advice. We also offer sincere thanks to Benjaluck Phonrat for much-valued advice. We give special thanks to Paul Adams for his valuable advice. Special thanks to Arun Huntrap for her team’s contributions and support. </div></section><section class='html-notes'><h2 >Conflicts of Interest</h2><div class='html-p'>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</div></section><section id='html-references_list'><h2>References</h2><ol class='html-xx'><li id='B1-tropicalmed-07-00196' class='html-x' data-content='1.'>Skowronski, D.M.; De Serres, G. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. <span class='html-italic'>N. 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CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band; ECG, electrocardiography; Trop-T, troponin-T.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-f001" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 1.</b> Study flow chart. CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band; ECG, electrocardiography; Trop-T, troponin-T.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Tropicalmed 07 00196 g001" data-large="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g001.png" data-original="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g001.png" data-lsrc="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g001.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-fig-wrap" id="tropicalmed-07-00196-f002"> <div class='html-fig_img'> <div class="html-figpopup html-figpopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href="#fig_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-f002"> <img alt="Tropicalmed 07 00196 g002 550" data-large="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g002.png" data-original="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g002.png" data-lsrc="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g002-550.jpg" /> <a class="html-expand html-figpopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href="#fig_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-f002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_description"> <b>Figure 2.</b> (<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>) cMRI illustrating LGE in a patient with subacute myopericarditis at the time of diagnosis (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) and 5 months post-diagnosis (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>). cMRI, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement.  </div> </div> <div class="html-fig_show mfp-hide" id ="fig_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-f002" > <div class="html-caption" > <b>Figure 2.</b> (<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>) cMRI illustrating LGE in a patient with subacute myopericarditis at the time of diagnosis (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) and 5 months post-diagnosis (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>). cMRI, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement.</div> <div class="html-img"><img alt="Tropicalmed 07 00196 g002" data-large="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g002.png" data-original="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g002.png" data-lsrc="/tropicalmed/tropicalmed-07-00196/article_deploy/html/images/tropicalmed-07-00196-g002.png" /></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="tropicalmed-07-00196-t001"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href='#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t001'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href="#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t001"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 1.</b> Clinical characteristics of the 301 adolescents after the second COVID-19 vaccination. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t001" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 1.</b> Clinical characteristics of the 301 adolescents after the second COVID-19 vaccination.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Characteristic</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Overall (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 301)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13–15 y (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 207)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >16–18 y (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 94)</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Value</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Age, y</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >15 ± 1.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >14 ± 0.8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17 ± 0.7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >-</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >21 ± 5.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20 ± 4.8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >22 ± 5.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.017</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Male sex, <span class='html-italic'>n</span> (%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >202 (67.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >110 (53.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >92 (97.9)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' ><0.0001 *</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Underlying disease <span class='html-italic'>n</span> (%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >44 (14.6)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >31 (15.0)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >13 (13.8)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.795</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Allergic rhinitis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >24 (8.0)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >17 (8.2)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7 (7.4)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.813</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Asthma</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >7 (2.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5 (2.4)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2 (2.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.869</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Thalassemia trait</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5 (1.7)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3 (1.4)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2 (2.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.688</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >G6PD deficiency</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >4 (1.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3 (1.4)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (1.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.782</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Attention deficit</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.500</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Epilepsy</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.500</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Migraine</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.500</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Thyrotoxicosis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (1.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.500</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Symptoms, <span class='html-italic'>n</span> (%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Fever</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >50 (16.6)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >30 (14.5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >20 (21.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.093</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Palpitation</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >12 (4.0)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >10 (4.8)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2 (2.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.268</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Chest pain</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8 (2.7)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5 (2.4)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3 (3.2)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.699</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Shortness of breath</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >19 (6.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >16 (7.7)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3 (3.2)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.134</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Headache</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >35 (11.6)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >27 (13.0)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >8 (8.5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.257</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Laboratory findings</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Troponin-T, ng/L</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.6 ± 2.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.4 ± 2.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >5.9 ± 2.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.112</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >CK-MB ng/mL</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4 ± 0.9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.4 ± 0.9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1.5 ± 0.9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.473</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Treatment and hospital course</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >NSAIDS, <span class='html-italic'>n</span> (%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >3 (1.0)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.5)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2 (2.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.178</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >Hospitalization, <span class='html-italic'>n</span> (%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2 (0.7)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >2 (2.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' class='html-align-center' >0.035</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >ICU admission, <span class='html-italic'>n</span> (%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.3)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1 (1.1)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.138</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>* Statistically significant (chi-square test). BMI, body mass index; CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band; NSAIDS, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Trop-T, Troponin-T.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="tropicalmed-07-00196-t002"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href='#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t002'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href="#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t002"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 2.</b> Presentation with myopericarditis, subclinical myocarditis, and pericarditis after second dose vaccination. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t002" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 2.</b> Presentation with myopericarditis, subclinical myocarditis, and pericarditis after second dose vaccination.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Variable</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Value</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Presenting symptoms and signs—Number/total number (%)</b><br>Chest pain<br>Chest discomfort<br>Pericardial effusion<br>Fever<br>Headache<br>Palpitation<br>Dyspnea</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><br>3/7 (42.86)<br>3/7 (42.86)<br>3/7 (42.86)<br>4/7 (57.14)<br>2/7 (28.57)<br>1/7 (14.29)<br>1/7 (14.29)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Vital signs on day of symptoms (Mean ± SD)</b></td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' > </td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Temperature—°C<br>Blood pressure—mmHg<br>Systolic<br>Diastolic<br>Heart rate—beats/min</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >36.4 ± 0.4<br> <br>114.9 ± 10.9<br>70.7 ± 7.8<br>92.71 ± 21.3</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Shock-Number/total number. (%)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0/7 (0)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Electrocardiographic findings—Number/total number (%)</b><br>Normal sinus rhythm<br>Sinus rhythm with sinus arrhythmia<br>Diffuse ST elevation with PR depression<br>Sinus arrhythmia with PAC<br>Sinus tachycardia<br>Junctional escape rhythm</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><br>1/7 (14.29)<br>2/7 (28.57)<br>1/7 (14.29)<br>1/7 (14.29)<br>1/7 (14.29)<br>1/7 (14.29)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Laboratory values</b><br>Elevated troponin-T</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><br>5/7 (71.43)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Clinical course</b><br>Arrhythmia<br>ICU admission<br>Need for inotrope or vasopressor<br>Death</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><br>4/7 (57.14)<br>1/7 (14.29)<br>0/7 (0)<br>0/7 (0)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><b>Treatment and hospital course</b><br>Ibuprofen (NSAIDs)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><br>3/7 (42.86)</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Data are reported as percentage (%) and means ± standard deviations; °C, degree Celsius; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PAC, premature atrial contraction.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="tropicalmed-07-00196-t003"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href='#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t003'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href="#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t003"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 3.</b> Characteristic of patients with elevated biomarker levels or positive lab assessments. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t003" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 3.</b> Characteristic of patients with elevated biomarker levels or positive lab assessments.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Demographic</th><th colspan='10' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Clinical Presentation</th><th colspan='5' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Echocardiography</th></tr><tr ><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No.</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Age (y)</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sex</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Classification</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Peak<br>CRP<br>(mg/<br>L)</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Peak ESR<br>(mm/hr)</th><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >CK-MB Level (ng/mL)</th><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Troponin-T (pg/mL)</th><th colspan='4' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LVEF%</th><th rowspan='2' align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pericardial<br>Effusion</th></tr><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Male</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Myopericarditis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >86.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >19</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >109.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.36</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >593</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >37.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >73.7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >77.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >84.7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Yes</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >15</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Male</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pericarditis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.11</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.34</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.52</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.46</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.58</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.93</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >61.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >74.1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >70.7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Yes</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Male</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Pericarditis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.99</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.72</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.71</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.54</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6.75</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >78.9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >77.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >61.0</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >67.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Yes</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Male</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Subclinical myocarditis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.72</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.56</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >10.3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >34.94</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >58.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >59.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >75.4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >14</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Male</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Subclinical myocarditis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.00</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.73</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >28.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >38.68</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >79.6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >60.1</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >76.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >6</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Male</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Subclinical myocarditis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.90</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >5.35</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >14.87</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >16.81</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >64.3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >76.2</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >78.9</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >7</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >17</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Male</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Subclinical myocarditis</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.3</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.25</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.41</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3.12</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >13.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >15.44</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >70.8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >52.4</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >53.8</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >-</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >No</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CK-MB, creatine kinase-myocardial band; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="tropicalmed-07-00196-t004"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href='#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t004'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href="#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t004"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 4.</b> Electrocardiographic findings after second vaccine dose. </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t004" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 4.</b> Electrocardiographic findings after second vaccine dose.</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Rhythm</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Number (<span class='html-italic'>n</span> = 301)</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Normal sinus rhythm</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >247 (82.06%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sinus rhythm with sinus arrhythmia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >22 (7.31%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sinus tachycardia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >20 (6.64%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Sinus bradycardia</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4 (1.33%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Premature atrial contraction (PAC)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >3 (1%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Premature ventricular contraction (PVC)</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2 (0.66%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Junctional escape rhythm</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.33%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Ectopic atrial rhythm</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.33%)</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Diffuse ST elevation with PR depression</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1 (0.33%)</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Data are reported as percentage (%). PAC, premature atrial contraction; PVC, premature ventricular contraction.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div><div class="html-table-wrap" id="tropicalmed-07-00196-t005"> <div class="html-table_wrap_td" > <div class="html-tablepopup html-tablepopup-link" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href='#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t005'> <img alt="Table" data-lsrc="https://www.mdpi.com/img/table.png" /> <a class="html-expand html-tablepopup" data-counterslinkmanual = "https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/8/196/display" href="#table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t005"></a> </div> </div> <div class="html-table_wrap_discription"> <b>Table 5.</b> Comparison between cardiac function on day of baseline (D0), Day 3 after the second vaccine dose (D3), and Day 7 after the second vaccine dose (D7). </div> </div> <div class="html-table_show mfp-hide " id ="table_body_display_tropicalmed-07-00196-t005" > <div class="html-caption" ><b>Table 5.</b> Comparison between cardiac function on day of baseline (D0), Day 3 after the second vaccine dose (D3), and Day 7 after the second vaccine dose (D7).</div> <table > <thead ><tr ><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Cardiac Function</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Day0</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Day3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >Day7</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Value<br>D0 vs. D3</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Value<br>D0 vs. D7</th><th align='center' valign='middle' style='border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' ><span class='html-italic'>p</span>-Value<br>D3 vs. D7</th></tr></thead><tbody ><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >IVSD,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.18 ± 4.83</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.99 ± 1.51</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.93 ± 1.32</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.508</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.383</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.596</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LVIDd,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.43 ± 3.22</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.34 ± 3.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >4.81 ± 5.02</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.735</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.209</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.168</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LVPWd,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.96 ± 0.67</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.91 ± 0.81</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >1.28 ± 5.16</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.431</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.299</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.234</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LVIDs,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.64 ± 1.65</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.85 ± 2.82</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.60 ± 0.5</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.250</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.730</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.128</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >LVEF,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >68.68 ± 9.27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >68.21 ± 9.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >68.30 ± 8.56</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.490</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.585</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.878</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MV flow E-wave velocity mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >99.32 ± 18.77</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >98.98 ± 20.47</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >99.93 ± 21.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.791</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.773</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.391</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MV flow A-wave velocity mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >53.37 ± 16.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >52.39 ± 15.39</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >51.23 ± 16.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.432</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.046</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.217</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >MV annulus E-wave velocity, mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.11 ± 1.28</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.03 ± 0.63</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >2.06 ± 1.18</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.281</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.632</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.653</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >e’,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.12 ± 0.05</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.13 ± 0.10</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.18 ± 0.55</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.227</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.097</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.065</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >E/e´,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.33 ± 2.63</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >8.22 ± 2.03</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >9.29 ± 8.27</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.551</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.277</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.125</td></tr><tr ><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >a´,<br>mean ± SD</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.08 ± 0.06</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.08 ± 0.04</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.16 ± 0.79</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.393</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.201</td><td align='center' valign='middle' style='border-bottom:solid thin' class='html-align-center' >0.091</td></tr></tbody> </table> <div class='html-table_foot html-p'><div class='html-p' style='text-indent:0em;'><span class='html-fn-content'>Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. <span class='html-italic'>p</span>-values correspond to paired <span class='html-italic'>t</span>-tests. a´, late (atrial) diastolic mitral annular velocity; e´, early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E/e´, ratio of peak early mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; IVSD, interventricular septal end diastole; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVIDS, left ventricular internal diameter end systole; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter end diastole; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall end diastole; MV, mitral valve.</span></div><div style='clear:both;'></div></div> </div></section><section class='html-fn_group'><table><tr id=''><td></td><td><div class='html-p'><b>Publisher’s Note:</b> MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</div></td></tr></table></section> <section 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Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. <em>Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>7</em>, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Mansanguan S, Charunwatthana P, Piyaphanee W, Dechkhajorn W, Poolcharoen A, Mansanguan C. Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. <em>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</em>. 2022; 7(8):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Mansanguan, Suyanee, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Wilanee Dechkhajorn, Akkapon Poolcharoen, and Chayasin Mansanguan. 2022. "Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents" <em>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</em> 7, no. 8: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Mansanguan, S., Charunwatthana, P., Piyaphanee, W., Dechkhajorn, W., Poolcharoen, A., & Mansanguan, C. (2022). Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. <em>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</em>, <em>7</em>(8), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> </div> </div> <h2><a name="metrics"></a>Article Metrics</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="loaded_cite_count" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div_cited_count" class="in-tab" style="display: none; overflow: auto;"></div> <div id="loaded" style="display:none">No</div> <div id="framed_div" class="in-tab" style="display: none; margin-top: 10px;"></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div id="article_stats_div" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 1em;"> <h3>Article Access Statistics</h3> <div id="article_stats_swf" ></div> For more information on the journal statistics, click <a href="/journal/tropicalmed/stats">here</a>. <div class="info-box"> Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div></div> <div class="webpymol-controls webpymol-controls-template" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> <a class="bzoom">Zoom</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="borient"> Orient </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="blines"> As Lines </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsticks"> As Sticks </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bcartoon"> As Cartoon </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bsurface"> As Surface </a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bprevscene">Previous Scene</a> <span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;">|</span> <a class="bnextscene">Next Scene</a> </div> <div id="scifeed-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="recommended-articles-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="author-biographies-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> </div> <div id="cite-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Cite</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns">  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-bibtex" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="892966"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="bibtex"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-endnote" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="892966"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="endnote_no_abstract"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form>  <form style="margin:0; padding:0; display:inline;" name="export-ris" method="POST" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="articles_ids[]" value="892966"> <input type="hidden" name="export_format_top" value="ris"> <input type="hidden" name="export_submit_top" value=""> </form> <div> Export citation file: <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-bibtex'].submit()">BibTeX</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-endnote'].submit()">EndNote</a> | <a href="javascript:window.document.forms['export-ris'].submit()">RIS</a> </div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="in-tab"> <div><b>MDPI and ACS Style</b></div> <p> Mansanguan, S.; Charunwatthana, P.; Piyaphanee, W.; Dechkhajorn, W.; Poolcharoen, A.; Mansanguan, C. Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. <em>Trop. Med. Infect. Dis.</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>7</em>, 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> <div style="display: block"> <b>AMA Style</b><br> <p> Mansanguan S, Charunwatthana P, Piyaphanee W, Dechkhajorn W, Poolcharoen A, Mansanguan C. Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. <em>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</em>. 2022; 7(8):196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> <b>Chicago/Turabian Style</b><br> <p> Mansanguan, Suyanee, Prakaykaew Charunwatthana, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Wilanee Dechkhajorn, Akkapon Poolcharoen, and Chayasin Mansanguan. 2022. "Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents" <em>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</em> 7, no. 8: 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> <b>APA Style</b><br> <p> Mansanguan, S., Charunwatthana, P., Piyaphanee, W., Dechkhajorn, W., Poolcharoen, A., & Mansanguan, C. (2022). Cardiovascular Manifestation of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. <em>Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</em>, <em>7</em>(8), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080196 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/tropicalmed">Trop. Med. Infect. 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