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href="#Build-up_to_Easter_Week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Build-up to Easter Week </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Build-up_to_Easter_Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rising_in_Dublin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rising_in_Dublin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The Rising in Dublin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Rising_in_Dublin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Rising in Dublin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Rising_in_Dublin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Easter_Monday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easter_Monday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Easter Monday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easter_Monday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuesday_and_Wednesday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuesday_and_Wednesday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tuesday and Wednesday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuesday_and_Wednesday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thursday_to_Saturday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thursday_to_Saturday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Thursday to Saturday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thursday_to_Saturday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Surrender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rising_outside_Dublin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rising_outside_Dublin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 The Rising outside Dublin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Rising_outside_Dublin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The Rising outside Dublin subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_Rising_outside_Dublin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashbourne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashbourne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ashbourne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashbourne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enniscorthy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enniscorthy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Enniscorthy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enniscorthy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Galway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limerick_and_Clare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limerick_and_Clare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Limerick and Clare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limerick_and_Clare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrests_and_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests_and_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arrests and executions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests_and_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frongoch_prison_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frongoch_prison_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Frongoch prison camp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frongoch_prison_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 British atrocities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Inquiry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inquiry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_of_the_Dublin_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_of_the_Dublin_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Reaction of the Dublin public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_of_the_Dublin_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Sinn_Féin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Sinn_Féin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Rise of Sinn Féin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Sinn_Féin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Easter Rising</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paasopstand" title="Paasopstand – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paasopstand" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%AD" title="ثورة عيد الفصح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة عيد الفصح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasxa_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1" title="Pasxa üsyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pasxa üsyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پاسکالیا آیاقلانماسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاسکالیا آیاقلانماسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh-oa%CC%8Dh-cheh_Kh%C3%AD-g%C4%AB" title="Koh-oa̍h-cheh Khí-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koh-oa̍h-cheh Khí-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Велікоднае паўстанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Велікоднае паўстанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Велікоднае паўстаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Велікоднае паўстаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Великденско въстание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Великденско въстание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskr%C5%A1nji_ustanak" title="Uskršnji ustanak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uskršnji ustanak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsavadeg_Pask" title="Emsavadeg Pask – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emsavadeg Pask" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A7ament_de_Pasqua" title="Alçament de Pasqua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alçament de Pasqua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikono%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Velikonoční povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velikonoční povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthryfel_y_Pasg" title="Gwrthryfel y Pasg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthryfel y Pasg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5skeopstanden_1916" title="Påskeopstanden 1916 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Påskeopstanden 1916" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteraufstand" title="Osteraufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osteraufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzamiento_de_Pascua" title="Alzamiento de Pascua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alzamiento de Pascua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_Ribelo" title="Paska Ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paska Ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazko_matxinada" title="Pazko matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pazko matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="قیام عید پاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیام عید پاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_de_P%C3%A2ques_1916" title="Insurrection de Pâques 1916 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insurrection de Pâques 1916" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%AD_Amach_na_C%C3%A1sca" title="Éirí Amach na Cásca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éirí Amach na Cásca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-a-mach_na_C%C3%A0isge" title="Ar-a-mach na Càisge – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ar-a-mach na Càisge" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzamento_de_Pascua" title="Alzamento de Pascua – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alzamento de Pascua" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%99%9C%EC%A0%88_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="부활절 봉기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부활절 봉기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1916)" title="Իռլանդական ապստամբություն (1916) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդական ապստամբություն (1916)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskrsni_ustanak" title="Uskrsni ustanak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uskrsni ustanak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Paskah" title="Pemberontakan Paskah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Paskah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1skauppreisnin" title="Páskauppreisnin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páskauppreisnin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_di_Pasqua" title="Rivolta di Pasqua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta di Pasqua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%90" title="מרידת חג הפסחא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרידת חג הפסחא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აღდგომის აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღდგომის აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">1916 armed insurrection in Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the armed insurrection in Ireland. For the musical, see <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising_(musical)" title="Easter Rising (musical)">Easter Rising (musical)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Easter Rising Éirí Amach na Cásca</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_(6937669789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/260px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/390px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/520px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2105" /></a> <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Connell Street, Dublin">O'Connell Street</a>, Dublin, after the Rising. The <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin" title="General Post Office, Dublin">GPO</a> is at left, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar" title="Nelson's Pillar">Nelson's Pillar</a> at right.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24–29 April 1916</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>; skirmishes in counties <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">Meath</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">Louth</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">Wexford</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Uprising suppressed <ul><li>Unconditional surrender of rebel forces</li> <li>Execution of most leaders</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/21px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/33px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/43px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Lord Wimborne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Augustine Birrell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nathan" title="Matthew Nathan">Matthew Nathan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Lord French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lovick_Friend" title="Lovick Friend">Lovick Friend</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">John Maxwell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Lowe (British Army officer)">William Lowe</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a> <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hibernian_Rifles" title="Hibernian Rifles">Hibernian Rifles</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1,250 in Dublin</li><li>c. 2,000–3,000 Volunteers elsewhere but they took little part in the fighting</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 16,000 British troops and 1,000 armed RIC in Dublin by the end of the week</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>82 killed</li><li>16 executed</li><li>Unknown wounded</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>143 killed</li><li>397 wounded</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>260 civilians killed</li><li>2,200+ civilians wounded (including unknown number of rebels)</li><li>Total killed: 485<a href="#cite_note-necrology-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Irish_independence" title="Template:Campaignbox Irish independence"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Irish_independence" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Irish independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Irish_independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Irish independence"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_revolutionaryperiod_(1912–1923)3885" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a> (1912–1923)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:transparent"><div id="Events12">Events</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a> (1912–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curragh_incident" title="Curragh incident">Curragh mutiny</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howth_gun-running" title="Howth gun-running">Howth gun-running</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larne_gun-running" title="Larne gun-running">Larne gun-running</a> (1914)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a> (1919–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Cork_hunger_strike" title="1920 Cork hunger strike">1920 Cork hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Ulster_(1920%E2%80%931922)" title="The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)">The Troubles in Northern Ireland</a> (1920–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Creation of Northern Ireland</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a> (1920–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> (1922–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Irish_hunger_strikes" title="1923 Irish hunger strikes">1923 Irish hunger strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_Mutiny" title="Irish Army Mutiny">Irish Army Mutiny</a> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:transparent"><div id="Organisations19">Organisations</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Tans" title="Black and Tans">Black and Tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Easter Rising (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Éirí Amach na Cásca),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> during <a href="/wiki/Easter_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Week">Easter Week</a> in April 1916. The Rising was launched by <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republicans">Irish republicans</a> against <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a> with the aim of establishing an independent <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> while the United Kingdom was fighting the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. It was the most significant <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_uprisings" title="List of Irish uprisings">uprising in Ireland</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">rebellion of 1798</a> and the first armed conflict of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a>. Sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed starting in May 1916. The nature of the executions, and subsequent political developments, ultimately contributed to an increase in popular support for Irish independence. Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a>, the Rising began on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, 24 April 1916 and lasted for six days.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>, led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, joined by the smaller <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a> of <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a> and 200 women of <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a> seized strategically important buildings in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">proclaimed the Irish Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a>. There was street fighting on the routes into the city centre, where the rebels slowed the British advance and inflicted many casualties. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery. There were isolated actions in other parts of Ireland; Volunteer leader <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a> had issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the extent of the rebel actions. With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising. Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued briefly. After the surrender, the country remained under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. About 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British and 1,800 of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts martial</a>. The Rising brought <a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">physical force republicanism</a> back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly fifty years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. Opposition to the British reaction to the Rising contributed to changes in public opinion and the move toward independence, as shown in the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">December 1918 election in Ireland</a> which was won by the <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> party, which convened the <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">First Dáil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a>. Of the 485 people killed,<a href="#cite_note-necrology-1">[1]</a> 260 were civilians, 143 were British military and police personnel, and 82 were Irish rebels, including 16 rebels executed for their roles in the Rising. More than 2,600 people were wounded. Many of the civilians were killed or wounded by British artillery fire or were mistaken for rebels. Others were caught in the crossfire during firefights between the British and the rebels. The shelling and resulting fires left parts of central Dublin in ruins. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Citizen_Army_Group_Liberty_Hall_Dublin_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Irish_Citizen_Army_Group_Liberty_Hall_Dublin_1914.jpg/250px-Irish_Citizen_Army_Group_Liberty_Hall_Dublin_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Irish_Citizen_Army_Group_Liberty_Hall_Dublin_1914.jpg/330px-Irish_Citizen_Army_Group_Liberty_Hall_Dublin_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Irish_Citizen_Army_Group_Liberty_Hall_Dublin_1914.jpg/500px-Irish_Citizen_Army_Group_Liberty_Hall_Dublin_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Irish Citizen Army outside <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hall" title="Liberty Hall">Liberty Hall</a>, under the slogan "We serve neither <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser</a>, but Ireland"</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> united the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> and giving Ireland representation in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>. From early on, many <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalists</a> opposed the union and the continued lack of adequate political representation, along with the British government's handling of Ireland and Irish people, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonagh197714–17-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The union was closely preceded by and formed partly in response to an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish uprising</a> – whose centenary would prove an influence on the Easter Rising.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Three more rebellions ensued: one in <a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803</a>, another in <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland_rebellion" title="Young Ireland rebellion">1848</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">1867</a>. All were failures.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> Opposition took other forms: constitutional (the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>) and social (<a href="/wiki/Irish_Church_Act_1869" title="Irish Church Act 1869">disestablishment of the Church of Ireland</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Land League</a>).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule movement</a> sought to achieve self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. In 1886, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> succeeded in having the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government_Bill_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government Bill 1886">First Home Rule Bill</a> introduced in the British parliament, but it was defeated. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government_Bill_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government Bill 1893">Second Home Rule Bill</a> of 1893 was passed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> but rejected by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. After the death of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics and turned toward more extreme forms of separatism. The <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Gaelic League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">cultural revival</a> under <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Lady_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta, Lady Gregory">Augusta, Lady Gregory</a>, together with the new political thinking of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a> expressed in his newspaper <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in_Printing_%26_Publishing_Company" title="Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company">Sinn Féin</a> and organisations such as the National Council and the Sinn Féin League, led many Irish people to identify with the idea of an independent <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonagh197772–74-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney200222-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Third Home Rule Bill</a> was introduced by British Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> in 1912. <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Irish Unionists</a>, who were overwhelmingly Protestants, opposed it, as they did not want to be ruled by a Catholic-dominated Irish government. Led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig</a>, they formed the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> (UVF) in January 1913.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The UVF's opposition included arming themselves, in the event that they had to resist by force.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> Seeking to defend Home Rule, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> was formed in November 1913. Although sporting broadly open membership and without avowed support for separatism, the executive branch of the Irish Volunteers – excluding <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">leadership</a> – was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB) who rose to prominence via the organisation, having had restarted recruitment in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[16]</a> These members feared that Home Rule's enactment would result in a broad, seemingly perpetual, contentment with the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2018115-18">[17]</a> Another militant group, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a>, was formed by trade unionists as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Lock-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Lock-out">Dublin Lock-out</a> of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend200649-19">[18]</a> The issue of Home Rule, appeared to some, as the basis of an "imminent civil war".<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> Although the Third Home Rule Bill was eventually enacted, the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> resulted in its implementation being postponed for the war's duration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessey199876-20">[19]</a> It was widely believed at the time that the war would not last more than a few months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003164-21">[20]</a> The Irish Volunteers split. The vast majority – thereafter known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers" title="National Volunteers">National Volunteers</a> – enlisted in the British Army. The minority that objected – retaining the name – did so in accordance with separatist principles, official policy thus becoming "the abolition of the system of governing Ireland through <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> and the British military power and the establishment of a National Government in its place"; the Volunteers believed that "England's difficulty" was "Ireland's opportunity".<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire201331-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_the_Rising">Planning the Rising</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning the Rising">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada.png/102px-Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada.png/153px-Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada.png/204px-Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada.png 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="757" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jospeh_Plunkett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jospeh_Plunkett.jpg/102px-Jospeh_Plunkett.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jospeh_Plunkett.jpg/153px-Jospeh_Plunkett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jospeh_Plunkett.jpg/204px-Jospeh_Plunkett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="821" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89amonn_Ceannt_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt_portrait.jpg/120px-%C3%89amonn_Ceannt_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt_portrait.jpg/250px-%C3%89amonn_Ceannt_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1524" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_MacDonagh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thomas_MacDonagh.png/120px-Thomas_MacDonagh.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Thomas_MacDonagh.png/250px-Thomas_MacDonagh.png 1.5x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="918" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_Pearse_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Patrick_Pearse_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Patrick_Pearse_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Patrick_Pearse_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Patrick_Pearse_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1083" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Connolly2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/James_Connolly2.jpg/120px-James_Connolly2.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/James_Connolly2.jpg/250px-James_Connolly2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="984" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Clarke_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thomas_Clarke_%28cropped%29.jpg/208px-Thomas_Clarke_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thomas_Clarke_%28cropped%29.jpg/312px-Thomas_Clarke_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Thomas_Clarke_%28cropped%29.jpg/416px-Thomas_Clarke_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1134" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The signatories of the Proclamation: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Thomas Clarke</a></div></div></div></div> The Supreme Council of the IRB met on 5 September 1914, just over a month after the British government had <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">declared war</a> on <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. At this meeting, they elected to stage an uprising before the war ended and to secure help from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield199518-23">[22]</a> Responsibility for the planning of the rising was given to <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Rahilly" title="The O'Rahilly">Michael Joseph O'Rahilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulmer_Hobson" title="Bulmer Hobson">Bulmer Hobson</a> would assume general control of the Volunteers by March 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend200649-19">[18]</a> In May 1915, Clarke and Mac Diarmada established a Military Council within the IRB, consisting of Pearse, Plunkett and Éamonn Ceannt – and soon themselves – to devise plans for a rising.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The Military Council functioned independently and in opposition to those who considered a possible uprising inopportune.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010116-26">[25]</a> Volunteer Chief-of-Staff Eoin MacNeill supported a rising only if the British government attempted to suppress the Volunteers or introduce <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ireland" title="Conscription in Ireland">conscription in Ireland</a>, and if such a rising had some chance of success. Hobson and IRB President <a href="/wiki/Denis_McCullough" title="Denis McCullough">Denis McCullough</a> held similar views as did much of the executive branches of both organisations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend200694-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The Military Council kept its plans secret, so as to prevent the British authorities from learning of the plans, and to thwart those within the organisation who might try to stop the rising. The secrecy of the plans was such that the Military Council largely superseded the IRB's Supreme Council with even McCullough being unaware of some of the plans, whereas the likes of MacNeill were only informed as the Rising rapidly approached.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[28]</a> Although most Volunteers were oblivious to any plans their training increased in the preceding year. The public nature of their training heightened tensions with authorities, which, come the next year, manifested in rumours of the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2018115–117-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[b]</a> Public displays likewise existed in the espousal of anti-recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[16]</a> The number of Volunteers also increased: between December 1914 and February 1916 the rank and file rose from 9,700 to 12,215.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Although the likes of the civil servants were discouraged from joining the Volunteers, the organisation was permitted by law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire201332-35">[33]</a> Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Devoy" title="John Devoy">John Devoy</a> went to Germany and began negotiations with the German government and military. Casement – later accompanied by Plunkett – persuaded the Germans to announce their support for Irish independence in November 1914.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Casement envisioned the recruitment of Irish prisoners of war, to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(World_War_I)" title="Irish Brigade (World War I)">Irish Brigade</a>, aided by a German <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary force</a> who would secure the line of the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a>, before advancing on the capital.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006104-39">[37]</a> Neither intention came to fruition, but the German military did agree to ship arms and ammunition to the Volunteers,<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> gunrunning having become difficult and dangerous on account of the war.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In late 1915 and early 1916 Devoy had trusted couriers deliver approximately $100,000 from the American-based Irish Republican organization <a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a> to the IRB. In January 1916 the Supreme Council of the IRB decided that he rising would begin on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1916.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> On 5 February 1916 Devoy received a coded message from the Supreme Council of the IRB informing him of their decision to start a rebellion at Easter 1916: "We have decided to begin action on Easter Sunday. We must have your arms and munitions in Limerick between Good Friday and Easter Sunday. We expect German help immediately after beginning action. We might have to begin earlier."<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Head of the Irish Citizen Army, James Connolly, was unaware of the IRB's plans, and threatened to start a rebellion on his own if other parties failed to act. The IRB leaders met with Connolly in <a href="/wiki/Dolphin%27s_Barn" title="Dolphin's Barn">Dolphin's Barn</a> in January 1916 and convinced him to join forces with them. They agreed that they would launch a rising together at Easter and made Connolly the sixth member of the Military Council.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> Thomas MacDonagh would later become the seventh and final member.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The death of the old <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_O%27Donovan_Rossa" title="Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa">Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa</a> in New York City in August 1915 was an opportunity to mount a spectacular demonstration. His body was sent to Ireland for burial in <a href="/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery" title="Glasnevin Cemetery">Glasnevin Cemetery</a>, with the Volunteers in charge of arrangements. Huge crowds lined the route and gathered at the graveside. Pearse (wearing the uniform of the Irish Volunteers) made a dramatic funeral oration, a rallying call to republicans, which ended with the words "<a href="/wiki/Ireland_unfree_shall_never_be_at_peace" title="Ireland unfree shall never be at peace">Ireland unfree shall never be at peace</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2010199–200-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Build-up_to_Easter_Week">Build-up to Easter Week</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Build-up to Easter Week">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/220px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/330px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/440px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Republic</a>, Easter 1916</figcaption></figure> In early April, Pearse issued orders to the Irish Volunteers for three days of "parades and manoeuvres" beginning on Easter Sunday. He had the authority to do this, as the Volunteers' Director of Organisation. The idea was that IRB members within the organisation would know these were orders to begin the rising, while men such as MacNeill and the British authorities would take it at face value. On 9 April, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">German Navy</a> dispatched the <a href="/wiki/SS_Libau" title="SS Libau">SS Libau</a> for <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, disguised as the Norwegian ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Aud" title="SS Aud">Aud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield199529-48">[46]</a> It was loaded with 20,000 rifles, one million rounds of ammunition, and explosives. Casement also left for Ireland aboard the German submarine <a href="/wiki/SM_U-19_(Germany)" title="SM U-19 (Germany)">U-19</a>. He was disappointed with the level of support offered by the Germans and he intended to stop or at least postpone the rising.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> During this time, the Volunteers amassed ammunition from various sources, including the adolescent Michael McCabe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2018117-50">[48]</a> On Wednesday 19 April, Alderman <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)" title="Thomas Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)">Tom Kelly</a>, a Sinn Féin member of <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a>, read out at a meeting of the corporation a document purportedly leaked from <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a>, detailing plans by the British authorities to shortly arrest leaders of the Irish Volunteers, Sinn Féin and the Gaelic League, and occupy their premises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006131–132-51">[49]</a> Although the British authorities said the "Castle Document" was fake, MacNeill ordered the Volunteers to prepare to resist.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Unbeknownst to MacNeill, the document had been <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forged</a> by the Military Council to persuade moderates of the need for their planned uprising. It was an edited version of a real document outlining British plans in the event of conscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010117-53">[51]</a> That same day, the Military Council informed senior Volunteer officers that the rising would begin on Easter Sunday. However, it chose not to inform the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rank_and_file" class="extiw" title="wikt:rank and file">rank-and-file</a>, or moderates such as MacNeill, until the last minute.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The following day, MacNeill got wind that a rising was about to be launched and threatened to do everything he could to prevent it, short of informing the British.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> He and Hobson confronted Pearse, but refrained from decisive action as to avoiding instigating a rebellion of any kind; Hobson would be detained by Volunteers until the Rising occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2019133-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[c]</a> The SS Libau (disguised as the Aud) and the U-19 reached the coast of Kerry on Good Friday, 21 April. This was earlier than the Volunteers expected and so none were there to meet the vessels. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had known about the arms shipment and intercepted the SS Libau, prompting the captain to <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttle</a> the ship. Furthermore, Casement was captured shortly after he landed at <a href="/wiki/Banna_Strand" title="Banna Strand">Banna Strand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> When MacNeill learned that the arms shipment had been lost, he reverted to his original position. With the support of other leaders of like mind, notably Bulmer Hobson and <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Rahilly" title="The O'Rahilly">The O'Rahilly</a>, he issued a countermand to all Volunteers, cancelling all actions for Sunday. This countermanding order was relayed to Volunteer officers and printed in the Sunday morning newspapers. The order resulted in a delay to the rising by a day,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> and some confusion over strategy for those who took part.<a href="#cite_note-:4-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_Intelligence_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)">British Naval Intelligence</a> had been aware of the arms shipment, Casement's return, and the Easter date for the rising through radio messages between Germany and its embassy in the United States that were intercepted by the Royal Navy and deciphered in <a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a> of the Admiralty.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> It is unclear how extensive Room 40's decryptions preceding the Rising were.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> On the eve of the Rising, <a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a> wrote to Redmond of Dublin being "full of most extraordinary rumours. And I have no doubt in my mind that the Clan men – are planning some devilish business – what it is I cannot make out. It may not come off – But you must not be surprised if something very unpleasant and mischievous happens this week".<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The information was passed to the <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Under-Secretary for Ireland">Under-Secretary for Ireland</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nathan" title="Matthew Nathan">Matthew Nathan</a>, on 17 April, but without revealing its source; Nathan was doubtful about its accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> When news reached Dublin of the capture of the SS Libau and the arrest of Casement, Nathan conferred with the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Lord Wimborne</a>. Nathan proposed to raid <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hall" title="Liberty Hall">Liberty Hall</a>, headquarters of the Citizen Army, and Volunteer properties at Father Matthew Park and at <a href="/wiki/Kimmage" title="Kimmage">Kimmage</a>, but Wimborne insisted on wholesale arrests of the leaders. It was decided to postpone action until after Easter Monday, and in the meantime, Nathan telegraphed the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Augustine Birrell</a>, in London seeking his approval.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> By the time Birrell cabled his reply authorising the action, at noon on Monday 24 April 1916, the Rising had already begun.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> On the morning of Easter Sunday, 23 April, the Military Council met at Liberty Hall to discuss what to do in light of MacNeill's countermanding order. They decided that the Rising would go ahead the following day, Easter Monday, and that the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army would go into action as the 'Army of the Irish Republic'. They elected Pearse as president of the Irish Republic, and also as Commander-in-Chief of the army; Connolly became Commandant of the Dublin Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> That weekend was largely spent preparing rations and manufacturing ammunition and bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrington2015125-69">[66]</a> Messengers were then sent to all units informing them of the new orders.<a href="#cite_note-rte-timeline-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Rising_in_Dublin">The Rising in Dublin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Rising in Dublin">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Easter_Monday">Easter Monday</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Easter Monday">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/220px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/330px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg/440px-General_Post_Office_Dublin_20060803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin" title="General Post Office, Dublin">General Post Office</a> in Dublin – the rebel headquarters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Republic_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/220px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/330px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irish_Republic_Flag.svg/440px-Irish_Republic_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>One of two flags flown over the GPO during the Rising</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_rising_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Easter_rising_1916.jpg/250px-Easter_rising_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Easter_rising_1916.jpg/330px-Easter_rising_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Easter_rising_1916.jpg/500px-Easter_rising_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Positions of rebel and British forces in central Dublin</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Day_of_the_Easter_Rising" title="First Day of the Easter Rising">First Day of the Easter Rising</a></div> On the morning of Monday 24 April, about 1,200 members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army mustered at several locations in central Dublin. Among them were members of the all-female <a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a>. Some wore Irish Volunteer and Citizen Army uniforms, while others wore civilian clothes with a yellow Irish Volunteer armband, military hats, and <a href="/wiki/Bandolier" title="Bandolier">bandoliers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> They were armed mostly with rifles (especially <a href="/wiki/Mauser_Model_1871" title="Mauser Model 1871">1871 Mausers</a>), but also with shotguns, revolvers, a few <a href="/wiki/Mauser_C96" title="Mauser C96">Mauser C96</a> semi-automatic pistols, and grenades.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The number of Volunteers who mobilised was much smaller than expected. This was due to MacNeill's countermanding order, and the fact that the new orders had been sent so soon beforehand. However, several hundred Volunteers joined the Rising after it began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010129-74">[71]</a> Shortly before midday, the rebels began to seize important sites in central Dublin. The rebels' plan was to hold Dublin city centre. This was a large, oval-shaped area bounded by two canals: the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)" title="Grand Canal (Ireland)">Grand</a> to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal" title="Royal Canal">Royal</a> to the north, with the <a href="/wiki/River_Liffey" title="River Liffey">River Liffey</a> running through the middle. On the southern and western edges of this district were five British Army barracks. Most of the rebels' positions had been chosen to defend against counter-attacks from these barracks.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The rebels took the positions with ease. Civilians were evacuated and policemen were ejected or taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010133-76">[73]</a> Windows and doors were barricaded, food and supplies were secured, and first aid posts were set up. Barricades were erected on the streets to hinder British Army movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010135-77">[74]</a> A joint force of about 400 Volunteers and the Citizen Army gathered at Liberty Hall under the command of Commandant James Connolly. This was the headquarters battalion, and it also included Commander-in-Chief Patrick Pearse, as well as Tom Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mary_Plunkett" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mary Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> They marched to the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Dublin" title="General Post Office, Dublin">General Post Office</a> (GPO) on <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Street" title="O'Connell Street">O'Connell Street</a>, Dublin's main thoroughfare, occupied the building and hoisted two republican flags. Pearse stood outside and read the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Irish Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Copies of the Proclamation were also pasted on walls and handed out to bystanders by Volunteers and newsboys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry201034-80">[77]</a> The GPO would be the rebels' headquarters for most of the Rising. Volunteers from the GPO also occupied other buildings on the street, including buildings overlooking <a href="/wiki/O%27Connell_Bridge" title="O'Connell Bridge">O'Connell Bridge</a>. They took over a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraph</a> station and sent out a radio broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>, announcing that an Irish Republic had been declared. This was the first radio broadcast in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Elsewhere, some of the headquarters battalion under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mallin" title="Michael Mallin">Michael Mallin</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Green" title="St Stephen's Green">St Stephen's Green</a>, where they dug trenches and barricaded the surrounding roads. The 1st battalion, under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Daly_(Irish_revolutionary)" title="Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)">Edward 'Ned' Daly</a>, occupied the <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> and surrounding buildings, while a company under <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Heuston" title="Seán Heuston">Seán Heuston</a> occupied the <a href="/wiki/Mendicity_Institution" title="Mendicity Institution">Mendicity Institution</a>, across the River Liffey from the Four Courts. The 2nd battalion, under Thomas MacDonagh, occupied <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s" title="Jacob's">Jacob's</a> biscuit factory. The 3rd battalion, under <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, occupied <a href="/wiki/Boland%27s_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Boland's Mill">Boland's Mill</a> and surrounding buildings (uniquely, without the presence of Cumann na mBan women whom de Valera expressly excluded).<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The 4th battalion, under Éamonn Ceannt, occupied the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Industry_(Dublin)" title="House of Industry (Dublin)">South Dublin Union</a> and the distillery on <a href="/wiki/Marrowbone_Lane" title="Marrowbone Lane">Marrowbone Lane</a>. From each of these garrisons, small units of rebels established <a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">outposts</a> in the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The rebels also attempted to cut transport and communication links. As well as erecting roadblocks, they took control of various bridges and cut telephone and telegraph wires. <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Pearse_railway_station" title="Dublin Pearse railway station">Westland Row</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Street railway station">Harcourt Street</a> railway stations were occupied, though the latter only briefly. The railway line was cut at <a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Dublin" title="Fairview, Dublin">Fairview</a> and the line was damaged by bombs at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Connolly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Connolly railway station">Amiens Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Broadstone_railway_station" title="Dublin Broadstone railway station">Broadstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Heuston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Heuston railway station">Kingsbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road_railway_station" title="Lansdowne Road railway station">Lansdowne Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Around midday, a small team of Volunteers and <a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a> members swiftly captured the <a href="/wiki/Magazine_Fort" title="Magazine Fort">Magazine Fort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park" title="Phoenix Park">Phoenix Park</a> and disarmed the guards. The goal was to seize weapons and blow up the ammunition store to signal that the Rising had begun. They seized weapons and planted explosives, but the blast was not loud enough to be heard across the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield199548–50-85">[82]</a> The 23-year-old son of the fort's commander was fatally shot when he ran to raise the alarm.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_Barrikade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_Barrikade.jpg/220px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_Barrikade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_Barrikade.jpg/330px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_Barrikade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_Barrikade.jpg/440px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_Barrikade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>A street barricade erected by the rebels outside the <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Lock_Hospital" title="Westmoreland Lock Hospital">Westmoreland Lock Hospital</a> in Dublin during the Rising</figcaption></figure> A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin City Hall">Dublin City Hall</a> and adjacent buildings.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone and unarmed police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them and was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty.<a href="#cite_note-rte-timeline-70">[67]</a> By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-rte-timeline-70">[67]</a> The rebels did not attempt to take some other key locations, notably <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a>, in the heart of the city centre and defended by only a handful of armed unionist students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006163–164-89">[86]</a> Failure to capture the telephone exchange in Crown Alley left communications in the hands of the Government with GPO staff quickly repairing telephone wires that had been cut by the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The failure to occupy strategic locations was attributed to lack of manpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010129-74">[71]</a> In at least two incidents, at Jacob's<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010142-91">[88]</a> and Stephen's Green,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens199218-92">[89]</a> the Volunteers and Citizen Army shot dead civilians trying to attack them or dismantle their barricades. Elsewhere, they hit civilians with their rifle butts to drive them off.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> The British military were caught totally unprepared by the Rising and their response of the first day was generally un-coordinated. Two squadrons <a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> of British cavalry were sent to investigate what was happening. They took fire and casualties from rebel forces at the GPO and at the Four Courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield199554–55-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coffey,_Thomas_M._pp._38,_44-96">[93]</a> As one troop passed <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar" title="Nelson's Pillar">Nelson's Pillar</a>, the rebels opened fire from the GPO, killing three cavalrymen and two horses<a href="#cite_note-Coffey,_Thomas_M._pp._38,_44-96">[93]</a> and fatally wounding a fourth man. The cavalrymen retreated and were withdrawn to barracks. On Mount Street, a group of <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Training_Corps_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer Training Corps (World War I)">Volunteer Training Corps</a> men stumbled upon the rebel position and four were killed before they reached <a href="/wiki/Beggars_Bush_Barracks" title="Beggars Bush Barracks">Beggars Bush Barracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Although ransacked, the barracks were never seized.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The only substantial combat of the first day of the Rising took place at the South Dublin Union where a <a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">piquet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)" title="Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)">Royal Irish Regiment</a> encountered an outpost of Éamonn Ceannt's force at the northwestern corner of the South Dublin Union. The British troops, after taking some casualties, managed to regroup and launch several assaults on the position before they forced their way inside and the small rebel force in the tin huts at the eastern end of the Union surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield199576–80-99">[96]</a> However, the Union complex as a whole remained in rebel hands. A nurse in uniform, Margaret Keogh, was shot dead by British soldiers at the Union. She is believed to have been the first civilian killed in the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Three unarmed <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin Metropolitan Police</a> were shot dead on the first day of the Rising and their Commissioner pulled them off the streets. Partly as a result of the police withdrawal, a wave of looting broke out in the city centre, especially in the area of O'Connell Street (still officially called "Sackville Street" at the time).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006263–264-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuesday_and_Wednesday">Tuesday and Wednesday</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tuesday and Wednesday">edit</a>]</div> Lord Wimborne, the Lord Lieutenant, declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> on Tuesday evening and handed over civil power to Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Lowe (British Army officer)">William Lowe</a>. British forces initially put their efforts into securing the approaches to Dublin Castle and isolating the rebel headquarters, which they believed was in Liberty Hall. The British commander, Lowe, worked slowly, unsure of the size of the force he was up against, and with only 1,269 troops in the city when he arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Curragh_Camp" title="Curragh Camp">Curragh Camp</a> in the early hours of Tuesday 25 April. City Hall was taken from the rebel unit that had attacked Dublin Castle on Tuesday morning.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006191-103">[100]</a> In the early hours of Tuesday, 120 British soldiers, with machine guns, occupied two buildings overlooking St Stephen's Green: the <a href="/wiki/Shelbourne_Hotel" title="Shelbourne Hotel">Shelbourne Hotel</a> and United Services Club.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995122-104">[101]</a> At dawn they opened fire on the Citizen Army occupying the green. The rebels returned fire but were forced to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons</a> building. They remained there for the rest of the week, exchanging fire with British forces.<a href="#cite_note-rte-timeline-70">[67]</a> Fighting erupted along the northern edge of the city centre on Tuesday afternoon. In the northeast, British troops left Amiens Street railway station in an armoured train, to secure and repair a section of damaged tracks. They were attacked by rebels who had taken up position at <a href="/wiki/Annesley_Bridge" title="Annesley Bridge">Annesley Bridge</a>. After a two-hour battle, the British were forced to retreat and several soldiers were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995145–146-105">[102]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Phibsborough" title="Phibsborough">Phibsborough</a>, in the northwest, rebels had occupied buildings and erected barricades at junctions on the <a href="/wiki/North_Circular_Road,_Dublin" title="North Circular Road, Dublin">North Circular Road</a>. The British summoned <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_18-pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 18-pounder">18-pounder field artillery</a> from <a href="/wiki/Athlone" title="Athlone">Athlone</a> and shelled the rebel positions, destroying the barricades. After a fierce firefight, the rebels withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995145–146-105">[102]</a> That afternoon Pearse walked out into O'Connell Street with a small escort and stood in front of Nelson's Pillar. As a large crowd gathered, he read out a '<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Manifesto_to_the_Citizens_of_Dublin,_25_April,_1916" class="extiw" title="s:Manifesto to the Citizens of Dublin, 25 April, 1916">manifesto to the citizens of Dublin</a>,' calling on them to support the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> The rebels had failed to take either of Dublin's two main railway stations or either of its ports, at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Port" title="Dublin Port">Dublin Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire" title="Dún Laoghaire">Kingstown</a>. As a result, during the following week, the British were able to bring in thousands of reinforcements from Britain and from their garrisons at <a href="/wiki/The_Curragh" title="The Curragh">the Curragh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. By the end of the week, British strength stood at over 16,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006191-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010167–169-107">[104]</a> Their firepower was provided by field artillery which they positioned on the <a href="/wiki/Northside,_Dublin" title="Northside, Dublin">Northside</a> of the city at Phibsborough and at Trinity College, and by the patrol vessel <a href="/wiki/Irish_patrol_vessel_Muirch%C3%BA" title="Irish patrol vessel Muirchú">Helga</a>, which sailed up the Liffey, having been summoned from the port at Kingstown. On Wednesday, 26 April, the guns at Trinity College and Helga shelled Liberty Hall, and the Trinity College guns then began firing at rebel positions, first at Boland's Mill and then in O'Connell Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006191-103">[100]</a> Some rebel commanders, particularly James Connolly, did not believe that the British would shell the '<a href="/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Second city of the United Kingdom">second city</a>' of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010192-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_britisches_Milit%C3%A4r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_britisches_Milit%C3%A4r.jpg/250px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_britisches_Milit%C3%A4r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_britisches_Milit%C3%A4r.jpg/330px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_britisches_Milit%C3%A4r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_britisches_Milit%C3%A4r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>British soldiers in position behind a stack of barrels during the Rising in Dublin</figcaption></figure> The principal rebel positions at the GPO, the Four Courts, Jacob's Factory and Boland's Mill saw little action. The British surrounded and bombarded them rather than assault them directly. One Volunteer in the GPO recalled, "we did practically no shooting as there was no target".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010175-110">[107]</a> Entertainment ensued within the factory, "everybody merry & cheerful", bar the "occasional sniping", noted one Volunteer.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> However, where the rebels dominated the routes by which the British tried to funnel reinforcements into the city, there was fierce fighting. At 5:25 PM a dozen Volunteers, including <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Martin_(Irish_Republican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eamon Martin (Irish Republican)">Eamon Martin</a>, Garry Holohan, Robert Beggs, Sean Cody, Dinny O'Callaghan, Charles Shelley, and Peadar Breslin, attempted to occupy Broadstone railway station on Church Street. The attack was unsuccessful and Martin was injured.<a href="#cite_note-rte-timeline-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> On Wednesday morning, hundreds of British troops encircled the Mendicity Institution, which was occupied by 26 Volunteers under Seán Heuston. British troops advanced on the building, supported by snipers and machine-gun fire, but the Volunteers put up stiff resistance. Eventually, the troops got close enough to hurl grenades into the building, some of which the rebels threw back. Exhausted and almost out of ammunition, Heuston's men became the first rebel position to surrender. Heuston had been ordered to hold his position for a few hours, to delay the British, but had held on for three days.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> Reinforcements were sent to Dublin from Britain and disembarked at Kingstown on the morning of Wednesday 26 April. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Street_Bridge" title="Battle of Mount Street Bridge">Heavy fighting occurred</a> at the rebel-held positions around the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of Ireland">Grand Canal</a> as these troops advanced towards Dublin. More than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters" title="Sherwood Foresters">Sherwood Foresters</a> were repeatedly caught in a crossfire trying to cross the canal at Mount Street Bridge. Seventeen Volunteers were able to severely disrupt the British advance, killing or wounding 240 men.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Despite there being alternative routes across the canal nearby, General Lowe ordered repeated frontal assaults on the Mount Street position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995196-118">[115]</a> The British eventually took the position, which had not been reinforced by the nearby rebel garrison at Boland's Mills, on Thursday,<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> but the fighting there inflicted up to two-thirds of their casualties for the entire week for a cost of just four dead Volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010173-120">[117]</a> It had taken nearly nine hours for the British to advance 300 yd (270 m).<a href="#cite_note-rte-timeline-70">[67]</a> On Wednesday <a href="/wiki/Linenhall_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Linenhall Barracks">Linenhall Barracks</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_Hill,_Dublin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution Hill, Dublin (page does not exist)">Constitution Hill</a> was burnt down under the orders of Commandant Edward Daly to prevent its reoccupation by the British.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thursday_to_Saturday">Thursday to Saturday</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thursday to Saturday">edit</a>]</div> The rebel position at the South Dublin Union (site of the present-day <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Hospital" title="St. James's Hospital">St. James's Hospital</a>) and Marrowbone Lane, further west along the canal, also inflicted heavy losses on British troops. The South Dublin Union was a large complex of buildings and there was vicious fighting around and inside the buildings. <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a>, a rebel officer, distinguished himself in this action and was badly wounded. By the end of the week, the British had taken some of the buildings in the Union, but others remained in rebel hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995225–228-122">[119]</a> British troops also took casualties in unsuccessful frontal assaults on the Marrowbone Lane Distillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2009128–133-123">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_the_Irish_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birth_of_the_Irish_Republic.jpg/250px-Birth_of_the_Irish_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birth_of_the_Irish_Republic.jpg/330px-Birth_of_the_Irish_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birth_of_the_Irish_Republic.jpg/500px-Birth_of_the_Irish_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Birth of the Irish Republic by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Paget_(illustrator)" title="Walter Paget (illustrator)">Walter Paget</a>, depicting the GPO during the shelling</figcaption></figure> The third major scene of fighting during the week was in the area of North King Street, north of the Four Courts. The rebels had established strong outposts in the area, occupying numerous small buildings and barricading the streets. From Thursday to Saturday, the British made repeated attempts to capture the area, in what was some of the fiercest fighting of the Rising. As the troops moved in, the rebels continually opened fire from windows and behind chimneys and barricades. At one point, a platoon led by Major Sheppard made a <a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">bayonet charge</a> on one of the barricades but was cut down by rebel fire. The British employed machine guns and attempted to avoid direct fire by using <a href="/wiki/Improvised_fighting_vehicle" title="Improvised fighting vehicle">makeshift armoured trucks</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Mouse-holing" title="Mouse-holing">mouse-holing</a> through the inside walls of terraced houses to get near the rebel positions.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> By the time of the rebel headquarters' surrender on Saturday, the <a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire_Regiment" title="South Staffordshire Regiment">South Staffordshire Regiment</a> under Colonel Taylor had advanced only 150 yd (140 m) down the street at a cost of 11 dead and 28 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> The enraged troops broke into the houses along the street and shot or bayoneted fifteen unarmed male civilians whom they accused of being rebel fighters.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Elsewhere, at <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha_Barracks" title="Cathal Brugha Barracks">Portobello Barracks</a>, an officer named Bowen Colthurst <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily executed</a> six civilians, including the pacifist nationalist activist, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Francis Sheehy-Skeffington">Francis Sheehy-Skeffington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995154,_166–167,_186–187-127">[124]</a> These instances of British troops killing Irish civilians would later be highly controversial in Ireland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender">Surrender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surrender">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_gefangene_Iren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_gefangene_Iren.jpg/250px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_gefangene_Iren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_gefangene_Iren.jpg/330px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_gefangene_Iren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_gefangene_Iren.jpg/500px-Osteraufstand_-_Dublin_-_gefangene_Iren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>British soldiers marching rebel prisoners away after the surrender</figcaption></figure> The headquarters garrison at the GPO was forced to evacuate after days of shelling when a fire caused by the shells spread to the GPO. Connolly had been incapacitated by a bullet wound to the ankle and had passed command on to Pearse. The O'Rahilly was killed in a sortie from the GPO. They tunnelled through the walls of the neighbouring buildings in order to evacuate the Post Office without coming under fire and took up a new position in 16 <a href="/wiki/Moore_Street" title="Moore Street">Moore Street</a>. The young <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McLoughlin_(communist)" title="Seán McLoughlin (communist)">Seán McLoughlin</a> was given military command and planned a breakout, but Pearse realised this plan would lead to further loss of civilian life.<a href="#cite_note-commandant-128">[125]</a> On the eve of the surrender, there had been about 35 Cumann na mBan women remaining in the GPO. In the final group that left with Pearse and Connolly, there were three: Connolly's aide de camp, <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Carney" title="Winifred Carney">Winifred Carney</a>, who had entered with the original ICA contingent, and the dispatchers and nurses <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Farrell" title="Elizabeth O'Farrell">Elizabeth O'Farrell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Grenan" title="Julia Grenan">Julia Grenan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:122-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> On Saturday 29 April, from this new headquarters, Pearse issued an order for all companies to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006243–246-132">[129]</a> Pearse <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">surrendered unconditionally</a> to Brigadier-General Lowe. The surrender document read: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In order to prevent the further slaughter of Dublin citizens, and in the hope of saving the lives of our followers now surrounded and hopelessly outnumbered, the members of the Provisional Government present at headquarters have agreed to an unconditional surrender, and the commandants of the various districts in the City and County will order their commands to lay down arms.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a></blockquote> The other posts surrendered only after Pearse's surrender order, carried by O'Farrell, reached them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006246–247-134">[131]</a> Sporadic fighting, therefore, continued until Sunday, when word of the surrender was got to the other rebel garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006246–250-135">[132]</a> Command of British forces had passed from Lowe to General John Maxwell, who arrived in Dublin just in time to take the surrender. Maxwell was made temporary military governor of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010203–204-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Rising_outside_Dublin">The Rising outside Dublin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Rising outside Dublin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_Page_Irish_War_News.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Front_Page_Irish_War_News.JPG/220px-Front_Page_Irish_War_News.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Front_Page_Irish_War_News.JPG/330px-Front_Page_Irish_War_News.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Front_Page_Irish_War_News.JPG/440px-Front_Page_Irish_War_News.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Irish War News, produced by the rebels during the Rising</figcaption></figure> The Rising was planned to occur across the nation, but MacNeill's countermanding order coupled with the failure to secure German arms hindered this objective significantly.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend_(historian)" title="Charles Townshend (historian)">Charles Townshend</a> contended that serious intentions for a national Rising were meagre, being diminished by a focus upon Dublin – although this is an increasingly contentious notion.<a href="#cite_note-:7-29">[28]</a> In the south, around 1,200 Volunteers commanded by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mac_Curtain" title="Tomás Mac Curtain">Tomás Mac Curtain</a> mustered on the Sunday in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>, but they dispersed on Wednesday after receiving nine contradictory orders by dispatch from the Volunteer leadership in Dublin. At their Sheares Street headquarters, some of the Volunteers engaged in a standoff with British forces. Much to the anger of many Volunteers, MacCurtain, under pressure from Catholic clergy, agreed to surrender his men's arms to the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006235-137">[134]</a> The only violence in County Cork occurred when the RIC attempted to raid the home of the <a href="/wiki/Kent_family_of_Bawnard" title="Kent family of Bawnard">Kent family</a>. The Kent brothers, who were Volunteers, engaged in a three-hour firefight with the RIC. An RIC officer and one of the brothers were killed, while another brother was later executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006238-138">[135]</a> Virtually all rebel family homes were raided, either during or after the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> In the north, Volunteer companies were mobilised in <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Coalisland" title="Coalisland">Coalisland</a> (including 132 men from Belfast led by IRB President <a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCullough" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis McCullough">Dennis McCullough</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Carrickmore" title="Carrickmore">Carrickmore</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McCartan" title="Patrick McCartan">Patrick McCartan</a>. They also mobilised at <a href="/wiki/Creeslough" title="Creeslough">Creeslough</a>, County Donegal under Daniel Kelly and <a href="/wiki/James_McNulty_(Irish_activist)" title="James McNulty (Irish activist)">James McNulty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> However, in part because of the confusion caused by the countermanding order, the Volunteers in these locations dispersed without fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006226-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashbourne">Ashbourne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ashbourne">edit</a>]</div> In north County Dublin, about 60 Volunteers mobilised near <a href="/wiki/Swords,_Dublin" title="Swords, Dublin">Swords</a>. They belonged to the 5th Battalion of the Dublin Brigade (also known as the Fingal Battalion), and were led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a> and his second in command, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mulcahy" title="Richard Mulcahy">Richard Mulcahy</a>. Unlike the rebels elsewhere, the Fingal Battalion successfully employed <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a>. They set up camp and Ashe split the battalion into four sections: three would undertake operations while the fourth was kept in reserve, guarding camp and foraging for food.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> The Volunteers moved against the RIC barracks in Swords, <a href="/wiki/Donabate" title="Donabate">Donabate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garristown" title="Garristown">Garristown</a>, forcing the RIC to surrender and seizing all the weapons.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> They also damaged railway lines and cut telegraph wires. The railway line at <a href="/wiki/Blanchardstown" title="Blanchardstown">Blanchardstown</a> was bombed to prevent a troop train from reaching Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> This derailed a cattle train, which had been sent ahead of the troop train.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The only large-scale engagement of the Rising, outside Dublin city, was at <a href="/wiki/Ashbourne,_County_Meath" title="Ashbourne, County Meath">Ashbourne, County Meath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006215–216-145">[142]</a> On Friday, about 35 Fingal Volunteers surrounded the Ashbourne RIC barracks and called on it to surrender, but the RIC responded with a volley of gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> A firefight followed, and the RIC surrendered after the Volunteers attacked the building with a homemade grenade.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> Before the surrender could be taken, up to sixty RIC men arrived in a convoy, sparking a five-hour gun battle, in which eight RIC men were killed and 18 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> Two Volunteers were also killed and five wounded,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006218–221-146">[143]</a> and a civilian was fatally shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010235–237-147">[144]</a> The RIC surrendered and were disarmed. Ashe let them go after warning them not to fight against the Irish Republic again.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> Ashe's men camped at Kilsalaghan near Dublin until they received orders to surrender on Saturday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006221-148">[145]</a> The Fingal Battalion's tactics during the Rising foreshadowed those of the IRA during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a> that followed.<a href="#cite_note-maguire-fingal-142">[139]</a> Volunteer contingents also mobilised nearby in counties Meath and Louth but proved unable to link up with the North Dublin unit until after it had surrendered. In <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a>, Volunteers shot dead an RIC man near the village of <a href="/wiki/Castlebellingham" title="Castlebellingham">Castlebellingham</a> on 24 April, in an incident in which 15 RIC men were also taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006224-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enniscorthy">Enniscorthy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Enniscorthy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Square,_Enniscorthy_(10866693235).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Market_Square%2C_Enniscorthy_%2810866693235%29.jpg/220px-Market_Square%2C_Enniscorthy_%2810866693235%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Market_Square%2C_Enniscorthy_%2810866693235%29.jpg/330px-Market_Square%2C_Enniscorthy_%2810866693235%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Market_Square%2C_Enniscorthy_%2810866693235%29.jpg/440px-Market_Square%2C_Enniscorthy_%2810866693235%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enniscorthy" title="Enniscorthy">Enniscorthy</a> in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a>, 100–200 Volunteers—led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brennan_(journalist)" title="Robert Brennan (journalist)">Robert Brennan</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Doyle" title="Séamus Doyle">Séamus Doyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Etchingham" title="Seán Etchingham">Seán Etchingham</a>—took over the town of <a href="/wiki/Enniscorthy" title="Enniscorthy">Enniscorthy</a> on Thursday 27 April until Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-Boyle-144">[141]</a> Volunteer officer Paul Galligan had cycled 200 km from rebel headquarters in Dublin with orders to mobilise.<a href="#cite_note-dorney-wexford-150">[147]</a> They blocked all roads into the town and made a brief attack on the RIC barracks, but chose to blockade it rather than attempt to capture it. They flew the tricolour over the Athenaeum building, which they had made their headquarters, and paraded uniformed in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006241-151">[148]</a> They also occupied Vinegar Hill, where the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a> had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vinegar_Hill" title="Battle of Vinegar Hill">made a last stand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dorney-wexford-150">[147]</a> The public largely supported the rebels and many local men offered to join them.<a href="#cite_note-dorney-wexford-150">[147]</a> By Saturday, up to 1,000 rebels had been mobilised, and a detachment was sent to occupy the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Ferns,_County_Wexford" title="Ferns, County Wexford">Ferns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dorney-wexford-150">[147]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Wexford" title="Wexford">Wexford</a>, the British assembled a column of 1,000 soldiers (including the <a href="/wiki/Connaught_Rangers" title="Connaught Rangers">Connaught Rangers</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyle-144">[141]</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> and a <a href="/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Gun_Mk_I%E2%80%93IV" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV">4.7 inch naval gun</a> on a makeshift armoured train.<a href="#cite_note-dorney-wexford-150">[147]</a> On Sunday, the British sent messengers to Enniscorthy, informing the rebels of Pearse's surrender order. However, the Volunteer officers were sceptical.<a href="#cite_note-dorney-wexford-150">[147]</a> Two of them were escorted by the British to <a href="/wiki/Arbour_Hill_Prison" title="Arbour Hill Prison">Arbour Hill Prison</a>, where Pearse confirmed the surrender order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006241–242-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galway">Galway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Galway">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a>, 600–700 Volunteers mobilised on Tuesday under <a href="/wiki/Liam_Mellows" title="Liam Mellows">Liam Mellows</a>. His plan was to "bottle up the British garrison and divert the British from concentrating on Dublin".<a href="#cite_note-dorney-galway-153">[150]</a> However, his men were poorly armed, with only 25 rifles, 60 revolvers, 300 shotguns and some homemade grenades – many of them only had <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-wrynn-154">[151]</a> Most of the action took place in a rural area to the east of <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a> city. They made unsuccessful attacks on the RIC barracks at <a href="/wiki/Clarinbridge" title="Clarinbridge">Clarinbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oranmore" title="Oranmore">Oranmore</a>, captured several officers, and bombed a bridge and railway line, before taking up position near <a href="/wiki/Athenry" title="Athenry">Athenry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-wrynn-154">[151]</a> There was also a skirmish between rebels and an RIC mobile patrol at <a href="/wiki/Carnmore" title="Carnmore">Carnmore</a> crossroads. A constable, Patrick Whelan, was shot dead after he had called to the rebels: "Surrender, boys, I know ye all".<a href="#cite_note-dorney-galway-153">[150]</a> On Wednesday, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Laburnum_(1915)" title="HMS Laburnum (1915)">HMS Laburnum</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Galway_Bay" title="Galway Bay">Galway Bay</a> and shelled the countryside on the northeastern edge of Galway.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-wrynn-154">[151]</a> The rebels retreated southeast to Moyode, an abandoned country house and estate. From here they set up lookout posts and sent out scouting parties.<a href="#cite_note-mccarthy-wrynn-154">[151]</a> On Friday, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Gloucester_(1909)" title="HMS Gloucester (1909)">HMS Gloucester</a> landed 200 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> and began shelling the countryside near the rebel position.<a href="#cite_note-dorney-galway-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006227–230-155">[152]</a> The rebels retreated further south to Limepark, another abandoned country house. Deeming the situation to be hopeless, they dispersed on Saturday morning. Many went home and were arrested following the Rising, while others, including Mellows, went "on the run". By the time British reinforcements arrived in the west, the Rising there had already disintegrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010233-156">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limerick_and_Clare">Limerick and Clare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Limerick and Clare">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a>, 300 Irish Volunteers assembled at <a href="/wiki/Glenquin_Castle" title="Glenquin Castle">Glenquin Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Killeedy" title="Killeedy">Killeedy</a>, but they did not take any military action.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> In <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Brennan_(Lieutenant-General)" title="Michael Brennan (Lieutenant-General)">Micheal Brennan</a> marched with 100 Volunteers (from Meelick, Oatfield, and Cratloe) to the River Shannon on Easter Monday to await orders from the Rising leaders in Dublin, and weapons from the expected Casement shipment. However, neither arrived and no actions were taken.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg/220px-Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg/330px-Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg/440px-Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Deans_Grange_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Deans Grange Cemetery">Deansgrange Cemetery</a>, where various civilians and members of the Irish Volunteer Army, Irish Citizen Army and British Army are buried</figcaption></figure> The Easter Rising resulted in at least 485 deaths, according to the Glasnevin Trust.<a href="#cite_note-necrology-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glasnevin-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-sh-162">[159]</a> Of those killed: <ul><li>260 (about 54%) were civilians</li> <li>126 (about 26%) were U.K. forces (120 U.K. military personnel, 5 <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Training_Corps_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer Training Corps (World War I)">Volunteer Training Corps</a> members, and one Canadian soldier) <ul><li>35 – Irish Regiments:- <ul><li>11 – Royal Dublin Fusiliers</li> <li>10 – Royal Irish Rifles</li> <li>9 – Royal Irish Regiment</li> <li>2 – Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers</li> <li>2 – Royal Irish Fusiliers</li> <li>1 – Leinster Regiment</li></ul></li> <li>74 – British Regiments:- <ul><li>29 – Sherwood Foresters</li> <li>15 – South Staffordshire</li> <li>2 – North Staffordshire</li> <li>1 – Royal Field Artillery</li> <li>4 – Royal Engineers</li> <li>5 – Army Service Corps</li> <li>10 – Lancers</li> <li>7 – 8th Hussars</li> <li>2 – 2nd King Edwards Horse</li> <li>3 – Yeomanry</li></ul></li> <li>1 – Royal Navy</li></ul></li> <li>82 (about 16%) were Irish rebel forces (64 Irish Volunteers, 15 Irish Citizen Army and 3 <a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a>)</li> <li>17 (about 4%) were police<a href="#cite_note-necrology-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>14 – Royal Irish Constabulary</li> <li>3 – Dublin Metropolitan Police</li></ul></li></ul> More than 2,600 were wounded; including at least 2,200 civilians and rebels, at least 370 British soldiers and 29 policemen.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> All 16 police fatalities and 22 of the British soldiers killed were Irishmen.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> About 40 of those killed were children (under 17 years old),<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> four of whom were members of the rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> The number of casualties each day steadily rose, with 55 killed on Monday and 78 killed on Saturday.<a href="#cite_note-necrology-1">[1]</a> The British Army suffered their biggest losses in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Street_Bridge" title="Battle of Mount Street Bridge">Battle of Mount Street Bridge</a> on Wednesday when at least 30 soldiers were killed. The rebels also suffered their biggest losses on that day. The RIC suffered most of their casualties in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashbourne" title="Battle of Ashbourne">Battle of Ashbourne</a> on Friday.<a href="#cite_note-necrology-1">[1]</a> The majority of the casualties, both killed and wounded, were civilians. Most of the civilian casualties and most of the casualties overall were caused by the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185-167">[164]</a> This was due to the British using artillery, <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">incendiary shells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine guns</a> in built-up areas, as well as their "inability to discern rebels from civilians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185-167">[164]</a> One Royal Irish Regiment officer recalled, "they regarded, not unreasonably, every one they saw as an enemy, and fired at anything that moved".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185-167">[164]</a> Many other civilians were killed when caught in the crossfire. Both sides, British and rebel, also shot civilians deliberately on occasion; for not obeying orders (such as to stop at checkpoints), for assaulting or attempting to hinder them, and for looting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185-167">[164]</a> There were also instances of British troops killing unarmed civilians out of revenge or frustration: notably in the North King Street Massacre, where fifteen were killed, and at Portobello Barracks, where six were shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010186–187-168">[165]</a> Furthermore, there were incidents of <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>. On 29 April, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers" title="Royal Dublin Fusiliers">Royal Dublin Fusiliers</a> under Company Quartermaster Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers#Guinness_brewery_killings" title="Royal Dublin Fusiliers">Robert Flood</a> shot dead two British officers and two Irish civilian employees of the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Brewery" title="Guinness Brewery">Guinness Brewery</a> after he decided they were rebels. Flood was court-martialled for murder but acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Fearghal_McGarry" title="Fearghal McGarry">Fearghal McGarry</a>, the rebels attempted to avoid needless bloodshed. <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Ryan" title="Desmond Ryan">Desmond Ryan</a> stated that Volunteers were told "no firing was to take place except under orders or to repel attack".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010176–177-170">[167]</a> Aside from the engagement at Ashbourne, policemen and unarmed soldiers were not systematically targeted, and a large group of policemen was allowed to stand at Nelson's Pillar throughout Monday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010176–177-170">[167]</a> McGarry writes that the Irish Citizen Army "were more ruthless than Volunteers when it came to shooting policemen" and attributes this to the "acrimonious legacy" of the Dublin Lock-out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010176–177-170">[167]</a> The vast majority of the Irish casualties were buried in Glasnevin Cemetery in the aftermath of the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-necrology-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glasnevin-161">[158]</a> British families came to Dublin Castle in May 1916 to reclaim the bodies of British soldiers, and funerals were arranged. Soldiers whose bodies were not claimed were given military funerals in <a href="/wiki/Grangegorman_Military_Cemetery" title="Grangegorman Military Cemetery">Grangegorman Military Cemetery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skeleton_of_the_Metropole_Hotel_(5987127804).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Skeleton_of_the_Metropole_Hotel_%285987127804%29.jpg/250px-Skeleton_of_the_Metropole_Hotel_%285987127804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Skeleton_of_the_Metropole_Hotel_%285987127804%29.jpg/330px-Skeleton_of_the_Metropole_Hotel_%285987127804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Skeleton_of_the_Metropole_Hotel_%285987127804%29.jpg/500px-Skeleton_of_the_Metropole_Hotel_%285987127804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Metropole Hotel on Sackville Street, next to the GPO</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A1rcel_de_Kilmainham03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C%C3%A1rcel_de_Kilmainham03.jpg/220px-C%C3%A1rcel_de_Kilmainham03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C%C3%A1rcel_de_Kilmainham03.jpg/330px-C%C3%A1rcel_de_Kilmainham03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C%C3%A1rcel_de_Kilmainham03.jpg/440px-C%C3%A1rcel_de_Kilmainham03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The spot at Kilmainham Gaol where most of the leaders were executed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_plot_and_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1916_plot_and_memorial.jpg/250px-1916_plot_and_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1916_plot_and_memorial.jpg/330px-1916_plot_and_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1916_plot_and_memorial.jpg/500px-1916_plot_and_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The burial spot of the leaders of the Rising, in the old prison yard of <a href="/wiki/Arbour_Hill_Prison" title="Arbour Hill Prison">Arbour Hill Prison</a>. The Proclamation of 1916 is inscribed on the wall in both Irish and English</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Searching_the_River_Tolka_in_Dublin_for_arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Searching_the_River_Tolka_in_Dublin_for_arms.jpg/250px-Searching_the_River_Tolka_in_Dublin_for_arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Searching_the_River_Tolka_in_Dublin_for_arms.jpg/330px-Searching_the_River_Tolka_in_Dublin_for_arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Searching_the_River_Tolka_in_Dublin_for_arms.jpg/500px-Searching_the_River_Tolka_in_Dublin_for_arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>British soldiers searching the <a href="/wiki/River_Tolka" title="River Tolka">River Tolka</a> in Dublin for arms and ammunition after the Easter Rising. May 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_O%27Connell_Bridge,_Dublin,_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/View_of_O%27Connell_Bridge%2C_Dublin%2C_1916.jpg/220px-View_of_O%27Connell_Bridge%2C_Dublin%2C_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/View_of_O%27Connell_Bridge%2C_Dublin%2C_1916.jpg/330px-View_of_O%27Connell_Bridge%2C_Dublin%2C_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/View_of_O%27Connell_Bridge%2C_Dublin%2C_1916.jpg/440px-View_of_O%27Connell_Bridge%2C_Dublin%2C_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916, on a German postcard. The caption reads: Rising of the Sinn Feiners in Ireland. O'Connell bridge with Dublin city, where the fiercest clashes took place.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests_and_executions">Arrests and executions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arrests and executions">edit</a>]</div> In the immediate aftermath, the Rising was commonly described as the "Sinn Féin Rebellion",<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> reflecting a popular belief that <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind it.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">General Maxwell</a>, for example, signalled his intention "to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners", including "those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006273-175">[172]</a> A total of 3,430 men and 79 women were arrested, including 425 people for looting – roughly, 1,500 of these arrests accounted for the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006263–264-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-foy294-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201456-177">[174]</a> Detainees were overwhelmingly young, Catholic and religious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2019144-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[d]</a> 1,424 men and 73 women were released after a few weeks of imprisonment; those interned without trial in England and Wales (see <a href="#Frongoch_prison_camp">below</a>) were released on Christmas Eve, 1916;<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> the remaining majority of convicts were held until June 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201455,_57-182">[178]</a> A series of <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">courts martial</a> began on 2 May, in which 187 people were tried. Controversially, Maxwell decided that the courts martial would be held in secret and without a defence, which Crown law officers later ruled to have been illegal.<a href="#cite_note-foy294-176">[173]</a> Some of those who conducted the trials had commanded British troops involved in suppressing the Rising, a conflict of interest that the Military Manual prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-foy294-176">[173]</a> Only one of those tried by courts martial was a woman, <a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a>, who was also the only woman to be kept in solitary confinement.<a href="#cite_note-foy294-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[e]</a> Ninety were sentenced to death. Fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the Proclamation) had their sentences confirmed by Maxwell and fourteen were <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Gaol" title="Kilmainham Gaol">Kilmainham Gaol</a> between 3 and 12 May. Maxwell stated that only the "ringleaders" and those proven to have committed "cold-blooded murder" would be executed. However, some of those executed were not leaders and did not kill anyone, such as <a href="/wiki/Willie_Pearse" title="Willie Pearse">Willie Pearse</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_MacBride" title="John MacBride">John MacBride</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kent" title="Thomas Kent">Thomas Kent</a> did not come out at all—he was executed for the killing of a police officer during the raid on his house the week after the Rising. The most prominent leader to escape execution was Éamon de Valera, Commandant of the 3rd Battalion, who did so partly because of his American birth.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-186">[181]</a> Hobson went into hiding, re-emerging after the June amnesty, largely to scorn.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> Most of the executions took place over a ten-day period: <ul><li>3 May: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Thomas Clarke</a></li> <li>4 May: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Pearse" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pearse">William Pearse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Daly_(Irish_revolutionary)" title="Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)">Edward Daly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Hanrahan" title="Michael O'Hanrahan">Michael O'Hanrahan</a></li> <li>5 May: <a href="/wiki/John_MacBride" title="John MacBride">John MacBride</a></li> <li>8 May: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mallin" title="Michael Mallin">Michael Mallin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Heuston" title="Seán Heuston">Seán Heuston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Con_Colbert" title="Con Colbert">Con Colbert</a></li> <li>12 May: <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></li></ul> The arrests greatly affected hundreds of families and communities; anti-English sentiment developed among the public, as separatists declared the arrests as indicative of a draconian approach.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201457-188">[183]</a> The public, at large, feared that the response was "an assault on the entirety of the Irish national cause".<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> This radical transformation was recognised in the moment and had become a point of concern among British authorities; after Connolly's execution, the remaining death sentences were commuted to penal servitude.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Growing support for republicanism can be found as early as June 1916; imprisonment largely failed to deter militants – interned rebels would proceed to fight at higher rates than those who weren't – who thereafter quickly reorganised the movement.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frongoch_prison_camp">Frongoch prison camp</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Frongoch prison camp">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frongoch_internment_camp" title="Frongoch internment camp">Frongoch internment camp</a></div> Under Regulation 14B of the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Realm_Act_1914" title="Defence of the Realm Act 1914">Defence of the Realm Act 1914</a> 1,836 men were <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> at internment camps and prisons in England and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-foy294-176">[173]</a> As urban areas were becoming the nexus for republicanism, Internees were largely from such areas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[f]</a> Many Internees had not taken part in the Rising; many thereafter became sympathetic to the nationalist cause.<a href="#cite_note-:4-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201469-197">[191]</a> Internees occupied themselves with the likes of lectures, craftwork, music and sports. These activities – which included games of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>, crafting of Gaelic symbols, and lessons in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> – regularly had a nationalist character and the cause itself developed a sense of cohesion within the camps.<a href="#cite_note-:10-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201460-199">[193]</a> The military studies included discussion of the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-wales-200">[194]</a> Internment lasted until December of that year with releases having started in July.<a href="#cite_note-wales-200">[194]</a> Martial law had ceased by the end of November.<a href="#cite_note-press-201">[195]</a> Casement was tried in London for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pentonville_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentonville (HM Prison)">Pentonville Prison</a> on 3 August.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_atrocities">British atrocities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: British atrocities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_of_man_killed_in_1916_rising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grave_of_man_killed_in_1916_rising.jpg/220px-Grave_of_man_killed_in_1916_rising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grave_of_man_killed_in_1916_rising.jpg/330px-Grave_of_man_killed_in_1916_rising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grave_of_man_killed_in_1916_rising.jpg/440px-Grave_of_man_killed_in_1916_rising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Grave in <a href="/wiki/Donaghcumper" class="mw-redirect" title="Donaghcumper">Donaghcumper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celbridge" title="Celbridge">Celbridge</a>, of Peter Connolly, one of 15 civilians murdered in the North King Street Massacre.</figcaption></figure>On Tuesday 25 April, Dubliner <a href="/wiki/Francis_Sheehy_Skeffington" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Sheehy Skeffington">Francis Sheehy Skeffington</a>, a pacifist nationalist activist, was arrested and then taken as hostage and <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shield</a> by Captain John Bowen-Colthurst; that night Bowen-Colthurst shot dead a teenage boy.<a href="#cite_note-:11-203">[197]</a> Skeffington was executed the next day – alongside two journalists.<a href="#cite_note-:11-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> Two hours later, Bowen-Colthurst captured the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a> councillor and IRB lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Carroll" title="Richard O'Carroll">Richard O'Carroll</a> and had him shot in the street.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> Major Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Vane" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Vane">Francis Vane</a> raised concerns over Bowen-Colthurst's actions and saw to him being court martialled. Bowen-Colthurst was found guilty but insane and was sentenced to an insane asylum. Owing to political pressure, an inquiry soon transpired, revealing the murders and their cover-up.<a href="#cite_note-:11-203">[197]</a> The killing of Skeffington and others provoked outrage among citizens.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> The other incident was the "North King Street Massacre". On the night of 28–29 April, British soldiers of the South Staffordshire Regiment, under Colonel Henry Taylor, had burst into houses on North King Street and killed fifteen male civilians whom they accused of being rebels. The soldiers shot or bayoneted the victims, and then secretly buried some of them in cellars or backyards after robbing them. The area saw some of the fiercest fighting of the Rising and the British had taken heavy casualties for little gain. Maxwell attempted to excuse the killings and argued that the rebels were ultimately responsible. He claimed that "the rebels wore no uniform" and that the people of North King Street were rebel sympathisers. Maxwell concluded that such incidents "are absolutely unavoidable in such a business as this" and that "under the circumstance the troops [...] behaved with the greatest restraint". A private brief, prepared for the Prime Minister, said the soldiers "had orders not to take any prisoners" but took it to mean they were to shoot any suspected rebel. The City Coroner's inquest found that soldiers had killed "unarmed and unoffending" residents. The military court of inquiry ruled that no specific soldiers could be held responsible, and no action was taken.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inquiry">Inquiry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inquiry">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> was set up to enquire into the causes of the Rising. It began hearings on 18 May under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardinge,_1st_Baron_Hardinge_of_Penshurst" title="Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst">Lord Hardinge of Penshurst</a>. The Commission heard evidence from Sir Matthew Nathan, Augustine Birrell, Lord Wimborne, Sir <a href="/wiki/Neville_Francis_Fitzgerald_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (Inspector-General of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a>), General <a href="/wiki/Lovick_Friend" title="Lovick Friend">Lovick Friend</a>, Major Ivor Price of Military Intelligence and others.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> The report, published on 26 June, was critical of the Dublin administration, saying that "Ireland for several years had been administered on the principle that it was safer and more expedient to leave the law in abeyance if collision with any faction of the Irish people could thereby be avoided."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006297-211">[205]</a> Birrell and Nathan had resigned immediately after the Rising. Wimborne resisted the pressure to resign, but was recalled to London by Asquith.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> He was re-appointed in July 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006297-211">[205]</a> Chamberlain also resigned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_of_the_Dublin_public">Reaction of the Dublin public</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reaction of the Dublin public">edit</a>]</div> At first, many Dubliners were bewildered by the outbreak of the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006265-213">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(author)" title="James Stephens (author)">James Stephens</a>, who was in Dublin during the week, thought, "None of these people were prepared for Insurrection. The thing had been sprung on them so suddenly they were unable to take sides."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens199257-214">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[g]</a> Eyewitnesses compared the ruin of Dublin with the destruction of towns in Europe in the war: the physical damage, which included over ninety fires, was largely confined to Sackville Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanagan201532-217">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[211]</a> In the immediate aftermath, the Irish government was in disarray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaguire201338-219">[212]</a> There was great hostility towards the Volunteers in some parts of the city which escalated to physical violence in some instances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010143-220">[213]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jeffery" title="Keith Jeffery">Keith Jeffery</a> noted that most of the opposition came from the dependents of British Army personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2010286-221">[214]</a> The death and destruction, which resulted in disrupted trade, considerable looting and unemployment, contributed to the antagonism of the Volunteers, who were denounced as "murderers" and "starvers of the people" – the monetary consequences of the Rising were estimated to be at £2,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010252Morrissey2019132-222">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[h]</a> International aid was supplied to residents – nationalists aided the dependents of Volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-:3-225">[217]</a> The British Government compensated the consequences to the sum of £2,500,000.<a href="#cite_note-:1-218">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_on_Liberty_Hall_12_May_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Banner_on_Liberty_Hall_12_May_1917.jpg/250px-Banner_on_Liberty_Hall_12_May_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Banner_on_Liberty_Hall_12_May_1917.jpg/330px-Banner_on_Liberty_Hall_12_May_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Banner_on_Liberty_Hall_12_May_1917.jpg/500px-Banner_on_Liberty_Hall_12_May_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration of Connolly's execution, 12 May 1917</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waiting_on_Westland_Row_(8505718647).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Waiting_on_Westland_Row_%288505718647%29.jpg/220px-Waiting_on_Westland_Row_%288505718647%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Waiting_on_Westland_Row_%288505718647%29.jpg/330px-Waiting_on_Westland_Row_%288505718647%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Waiting_on_Westland_Row_%288505718647%29.jpg/440px-Waiting_on_Westland_Row_%288505718647%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Crowds in Dublin waiting to welcome republican prisoners released in 1917</figcaption></figure> Support for the rebels did exist among Dubliners, expressed through both crowds cheering at prisoners and reverent silence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010252–256-226">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2010288-227">[219]</a> With martial law seeing this expression prosecuted, many would-be supporters elected to remain silent although "a strong undercurrent of disloyalty" was still felt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2010288-227">[219]</a> Drawing upon this support, and amidst the deluge of nationalist ephemera, the significantly popular Catholic Bulletin eulogised Volunteers killed in action and implored readers to donate; entertainment was offered as an extension of those intentions, targeting local sectors to great success.<a href="#cite_note-:3-225">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[i]</a> The Bulletin's Catholic character allowed it to evade the widespread censorship of press and seizure of republican propaganda; it therefore exposed many unaware readers to such propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-press-201">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Sinn_Féin">Rise of Sinn Féin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rise of Sinn Féin">edit</a>]</div> A meeting called by <a href="/wiki/George_Noble_Plunkett" title="George Noble Plunkett">Count Plunkett</a> on 19 April 1917 led to the formation of a broad political movement under the banner of Sinn Féin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199827-231">[222]</a> which was formalised at the Sinn Féin <a href="/wiki/Ard_Fheis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ard Fheis">Ard Fheis</a> of 25 October 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis of 1918</a> further intensified public support for Sinn Féin before the <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">general elections</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> on 14 December 1918, which resulted in a landslide victory for Sinn Féin, winning 73 seats out of 105, whose <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) gathered in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">Dáil Éireann</a> and adopt the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Ireland)">Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKee2000-232">[223]</a> During that election, they drew directly upon the Rising and their popularity was significantly accreditable to that association, one that accrued political prestige until the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> Many participants of the Rising would soon assume electoral positions.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> Sinn Féin served as an alternative to the Irish Parliamentary Party whose support for British establishments alienated voters.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> Sinn Féin would become closely aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a>, who sought to continue the IRB's ideals and waged armed conflict against British forces.<a href="#cite_note-:4-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_-_Kukul%C3%ADn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dublin_-_Kukul%C3%ADn.jpg/220px-Dublin_-_Kukul%C3%ADn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dublin_-_Kukul%C3%ADn.jpg/330px-Dublin_-_Kukul%C3%ADn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Dublin_-_Kukul%C3%ADn.jpg/440px-Dublin_-_Kukul%C3%ADn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>In 1935, Éamon de Valera unveiled a statue by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sheppard" title="Oliver Sheppard">Oliver Sheppard</a> of the mythical Irish hero <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a> at the General Post Office to commemorate the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> Similar remembrance is present throughout Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a></figcaption></figure> 1916 – containing both the Rising and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>, events paramount to the memory of Irish Republicans and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionists</a>, respectively – had a profound effect on Ireland and is remembered accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[j]</a> The Rising was among the events that ended colonial rule in Ireland, succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[234]</a> The legacy of the Rising possess many dimensions although the declaration of the Republic and the ensuing executions remain focal points.<a href="#cite_note-245">[235]</a> Annual parades in celebration of the Rising occurred for many years, however, ceased after <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles in Northern Ireland</a> began, being seen as supportive of republican paramilitary violence – the Rising is a common feature of republican <a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">murals in Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-murals-246">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[k]</a> These commemorations celebrated the Rising as the origin of the Irish state, a stance reiterated through extensive analysis.<a href="#cite_note-250">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[240]</a> Unionists contend that the Rising was an illegal attack on the British State that should not be celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-Hancock-248">[238]</a> Revivalism of the parades has inspired significant public debate, although the centenary of the Rising, which featured the likes of ceremonies and memorials, was largely successful and praised for its sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[l]</a> The leaders of the Rising were "instantly <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosized</a>" and remembrance was situated within a larger republican tradition of claimed martyrdom – the Catholic Church would contend this narrative as the <a href="/wiki/Foundational_Myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundational Myth">foundational myth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, assuming a place within the remembrance as an association between republicanism and Catholicism grew.<a href="#cite_note-:2-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-198">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[m]</a> The "Pearsean combination of Catholicism, Gaelicism, and spiritual nationalism" would become dominant within republicanism, the ideas gaining a quasi-religiosity, whilst helping unify later strands thereof.<a href="#cite_note-260">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[249]</a> Within the Free State, the Rising was sanctified by officials, positioned as a "highly disciplined military operation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlanagan201511,_13-263">[250]</a> Historians largely agree that the Rising succeeded by offering a symbolic display of sacrifice, while the military action was a considerable failure.<a href="#cite_note-264">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[n]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Monk_Gibbon" title="Monk Gibbon">Monk Gibbon</a> remarked, the "shots from khaki-uniformed firing parties did more to create the Republic of Ireland than any shot fired by a Volunteer in the course of Easter week".<a href="#cite_note-268">[254]</a> Literature surrounding the Rising was significant: MacDonagh, Plunkett, and Pearse were themselves poets, whose ideals were granted a spiritual dimension in their work; <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bax" title="Arnold Bax">Arnold Bax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ledwidge" title="Francis Ledwidge">Francis Ledwidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_William_Russell" title="George William Russell">George William Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> responded through verse that ranged from endorsement to elegies.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-269">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[o]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> was ambivalent to the insurgence, metaphors of and imagery consistent with the Rising appear in his later work.<a href="#cite_note-:6-266">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Leonard" title="Hugh Leonard">Hugh Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnston" title="Denis Johnston">Denis Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Murphy_(playwright)" title="Tom Murphy (playwright)">Tom Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roddy_Doyle" title="Roddy Doyle">Roddy Doyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Sorley MacLean</a> are among writers would later invoke the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-272">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[258]</a> Now extensively dramatised, its theatricality was identified in the moment and has been stressed in its remembrance.<a href="#cite_note-274">[259]</a> Literary and political evocation position the Rising as a "watershed moment" central to Irish history.<a href="#cite_note-275">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a> nationalists have drawn upon the Rising and its consequences.<a href="#cite_note-:9-276">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraysonMcGarry2016140–144-279">[264]</a> For the latter, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> noted, the symbolic display was the appeal, that of the transcendent, "invincible spirit of a nation"; such was broadly appealing in America, where <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">diasporic</a>, occasionally socialist, nationalism occurred.<a href="#cite_note-:9-276">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraysonMcGarry2016145-280">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[p]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> was effusive, ascribing its anti-imperialism a singular significance within <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> – his only misgiving was its estrangement from the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">broader wave of revolution occurring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-285">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[q]</a> During the Troubles, significant <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Ireland)" title="Revisionism (Ireland)">revisionism</a> of the Rising occurred. Revisionists contended that it was not a "heroic drama" as thought but rather informed the violence transpiring, by having legitimised a "cult of 'blood sacrifice'".<a href="#cite_note-289">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019322-290">[273]</a> With the advent of a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> ceasefire and the beginning of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace Process</a> during the 1990s, the government's view of the Rising grew more positive and in 1996 an 80th anniversary commemoration at the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Remembrance_(Dublin)" title="Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)">Garden of Remembrance</a> in Dublin was attended by the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> and leader of <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[274]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GPO_Easter_Rising_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plaque commemorating the Easter Rising at the General Post Office, Dublin, with the Irish text in Gaelic script, and the English text in regular Latin script"><img alt="Plaque commemorating the Easter Rising at the General Post Office, Dublin, with the Irish text in Gaelic script, and the English text in regular Latin script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GPO_Easter_Rising_Plaque.jpg/250px-GPO_Easter_Rising_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GPO_Easter_Rising_Plaque.jpg/330px-GPO_Easter_Rising_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="1155" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plaque commemorating the Easter Rising at the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Post Office (Dublin)">General Post Office, Dublin</a>, with the Irish text in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic script</a>, and the English text in regular <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobh_Volunteers_1916_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial in Cobh, County Cork, to the Volunteers from that town"><img alt="Memorial in Cobh, County Cork, to the Volunteers from that town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cobh_Volunteers_1916_memorial.jpg/250px-Cobh_Volunteers_1916_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cobh_Volunteers_1916_memorial.jpg/330px-Cobh_Volunteers_1916_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Cobh" title="Cobh">Cobh</a>, County Cork, to the Volunteers from that town</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Offaly_1916_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial in Clonmacnoise commemorating men of County Offaly (then King's County) who fought in 1916: James Kenny, Kieran Kenny and Paddy McDonnell are named"><img alt="Memorial in Clonmacnoise commemorating men of County Offaly (then King's County) who fought in 1916: James Kenny, Kieran Kenny and Paddy McDonnell are named" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Offaly_1916_memorial.jpg/250px-Offaly_1916_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Offaly_1916_memorial.jpg/330px-Offaly_1916_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a> commemorating men of <a href="/wiki/County_Offaly" title="County Offaly">County Offaly</a> (then King's County) who fought in 1916: James Kenny, Kieran Kenny and Paddy McDonnell are named</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonegal_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag and copy of the Proclamation in Clonegal"><img alt="Flag and copy of the Proclamation in Clonegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Clonegal_flag.jpg/140px-Clonegal_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Clonegal_flag.jpg/210px-Clonegal_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Clonegal_flag.jpg/280px-Clonegal_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag and copy of the Proclamation in <a href="/wiki/Clonegal" title="Clonegal">Clonegal</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Easter,_1916" title="Easter, 1916">Easter, 1916</a>", a poem by the poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W.B. Yeats</a>, published in 1921.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Foggy_Dew_(Irish_ballad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foggy Dew (Irish ballad)">The Foggy Dew</a>" is a song by Canon Charles O'Neill, composed during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>, that eulogises the rebels of the Easter Rising.<a href="#cite_note-292">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plough_and_the_Stars" title="The Plough and the Stars">The Plough and the Stars</a> is a 1926 play by <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a> that takes place during the Easter Rising.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_(O%27Flaherty_novel)" title="Insurrection (O'Flaherty novel)">Insurrection</a> is a 1950 novel by <a href="/wiki/Liam_O%27Flaherty" title="Liam O'Flaherty">Liam O'Flaherty</a> that takes place during the Rising.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_the_Green" title="The Red and the Green">The Red and the Green</a> is a 1965 novel by <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a> that covers the events leading up to and during the Easter Rising.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_(TV_series)" title="Insurrection (TV series)">Insurrection</a> is an eight-part 1966 <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> made by <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Television" title="RTÉ Television">Telefís Éireann</a> for the 50th anniversary of the Rising. It was rebroadcast during the centenary celebrations in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-293">[276]</a></li> <li>"Grace" is a 1985 song about the marriage of Joseph Plunkett to <a href="/wiki/Grace_Gifford" title="Grace Gifford">Grace Gifford</a> in Kilmainham Gaol before his execution.<a href="#cite_note-294">[277]</a></li> <li>1916, A Novel of the Irish Rebellion is a 1998 historical novel by <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Llywelyn" title="Morgan Llywelyn">Morgan Llywelyn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Star_Called_Henry" title="A Star Called Henry">A Star Called Henry</a> is a 1999 novel by <a href="/wiki/Roddy_Doyle" title="Roddy Doyle">Roddy Doyle</a> that partly recounts the Easter Rising through the involvement of the novel's protagonist Henry Smart.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Swim,_Two_Boys" title="At Swim, Two Boys">At Swim, Two Boys</a> is a 2001 novel by Irish writer <a href="/wiki/Jamie_O%27Neill" title="Jamie O'Neill">Jamie O'Neill</a>, set in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> before and during the 1916 Easter Rising.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Heart_(TV_series)" title="Rebel Heart (TV series)">Rebel Heart</a>, is a 2001 BBC miniseries on the life of a (fictional) nationalist from the Rising through the Irish Civil War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Upon_the_Rose" title="Blood Upon the Rose">Blood Upon the Rose</a> is a 2009 <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Hunt" title="Gerry Hunt">Gerry Hunt</a> depicting the events of the Easter Rising.<a href="#cite_note-puesocc-295">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[279]</a></li> <li>1916 Seachtar na Cásca is a 2010 Irish TV documentary series based on the Easter Rising, telling about seven signatories of the rebellion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_the_Celt" title="The Dream of the Celt">The Dream of the Celt</a> is a 2012 novel by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner in Literature <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, based on the life and death of Roger Casement including his involvement with the Rising.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_(miniseries)" title="Rebellion (miniseries)">Rebellion</a> is a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Mini-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-series">mini-series</a> about the Easter Rising.</li> <li>1916 is a 2016 three-part documentary mini-series about the Easter Rising narrated by <a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[280]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance_(2018_film)" title="Penance (2018 film)">Penance</a> is a 2018 Irish film set primarily in Donegal in 1916 and in Derry in 1969, in which the Rising is also featured.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_uprisings" title="List of Irish uprisings">List of Irish uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Losses_(Ireland)_Committee" title="Property Losses (Ireland) Committee">Property Losses (Ireland) Committee</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> This was sometimes referred to by the generic term Sinn Féin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney200237-11">[11]</a> with the British authorities using it as a <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective noun</a> for republicans and advanced nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019320-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Increased training was present within the Glasgow-based contingency of Volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Other metropolitan mainland branches existed in Manchester, Cardiff, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Newcastle. Eighty-seven of the Volunteers involved in the Rising came from Britain.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> MacNeill was briefly persuaded to go along with some sort of action when Mac Diarmada revealed to him that a German arms shipment was about to land in County Kerry. MacNeill believed that when the British learned of the shipment they would immediately suppress the Volunteers, thus the Volunteers would be justified in taking defensive action, including the planned manoeuvres.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Roughly 70% of the GPO garrison was under the age of 30, with 29% of that total being under the age of 20.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Following Markievicz's arrest, an apocryphal story spread, stating that she kissed her revolver before surrendering. This story circulated amidst similar reports of rebel women and their "ferocity". Scholar in Irish Studies, Lisa Weihman wrote that these tales "surely helped justify the swift and brutal repression of the Easter Rising", for even "Ireland's women were out of control."<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Historian Fionnuala Walsh noted that "[m]any of those women imprisoned could have avoided arrest by leaving the garrisons before the surrender as they were encouraged to do by the rebel leaders. It appears that women wished to endure the same treatment and danger as men."<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Electoral support for republicanism was, however, more prominent in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>, for example, "scrambled" to report the Rising while maintaining their intended coverage of the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth, thus imploring readers to revise his work, along with other errands, during the "enforced domesticity" of martial law.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Soldiers' wives were reported to be starving during the Easter Week; The Dublin Metropolitan Police sought to provide bread and milk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2020180-223">[216]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Historian Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid wrote that "the widespread popularity of these special events was perhaps the most tangible of the shift in the politics."<a href="#cite_note-:3-225">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hart_(historian)" title="Peter Hart (historian)">Peter Hart</a> posited that the souvenirs which quickly circulated after the Rising were ultimately "more influential than revolutionary ideology and writing".<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Following the Rising, political identity in Ireland "became much more exclusivist".<a href="#cite_note-:3-225">[217]</a> The Home Rule movement's Protestant contingency was uniquely impaired by the Rising, which was lambasted as "southern Catholic treachery" by Ulster Unionists; the Home Rule Crisis unified unionists, defining protestant allegiances thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> These events have often been invoked as the "origin stories for the respective states of Ireland and Northern Ireland."<a href="#cite_note-Beukian-241">[232]</a> Although remembrance rarely intersects, the established binary of these events became "much less oppressive" following the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beukian-241">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> The republican movement found the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising provided an "opportunity to stake its claim to be the true inheritor of the mantle of the revolutionaries."<a href="#cite_note-247">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_McBride" title="Ian McBride">Ian McBride</a> wrote that "the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising spawned a new generation of republicans in Belfast."<a href="#cite_note-Hancock-248">[238]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Unionist parties did, however, boycott the event.<a href="#cite_note-253">[242]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> There were few Protestant rebels present and thus the Rising became strongly associated with Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2019136-256">[244]</a> The likes of <a href="/wiki/Grace_Gifford" title="Grace Gifford">Grace Gifford</a>, Markievicz and Casement converted from Protestantism to Catholicism just before, during and after the Rising, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrington2015133-134-257">[245]</a> The Catholic character of the rebels was stressed by priests influential in the Church's acceptance of the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> This <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> largely manifested around the fiftieth anniversary in defiance of a "<a href="/wiki/Hagiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographical">hagiographical</a>" perception.<a href="#cite_note-265">[252]</a> On the symbolic power, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Cole_(writer)" title="Sarah Cole (writer)">Sarah Cole</a> wrote that the Easter Rising was "understood and presented, at every level, in a metaphoric language, which stressed apotheosis, resurrection, transformation." These tropes - central to the morale of the Volunteers - are evidenced in Pearse's <a href="/wiki/Ireland_unfree_shall_never_be_at_peace" title="Ireland unfree shall never be at peace">oration at the funeral of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-266">[253]</a> The occupation of areas laden with iconography but of negligible military value support the understanding of the Rising as primarily a symbolic act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrington2015125-69">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> The executed poets possessed similar motifs: pastoral imagery, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, notions of saintliness, sacrifice, and martyrdom, and inspiration from English poets.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-269">[255]</a> Pearse equated his eminent execution, and that of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a>, with the death of Jesus Christ; patriotism with religious faith.<a href="#cite_note-murals-246">[236]</a> Although there existed little anti-Anglo sentiment in their work, their radicalism was, in part, begotten from resentment at the "anglicisation" of Ireland and the resulting marginalisation of Gaelic identity.<a href="#cite_note-:5-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-269">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/D._G._Boyce" title="D. G. Boyce">D. G. Boyce</a> stressed the importance of the Gaelic revival upon the philosophy of the Rising which, via Pearse, aggregated and created a continuity of prior nationalist thinking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1996168-170-270">[256]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> The broadcast declaration was intercepted and relayed to the United States thus considerable coverage in the press ensued: "The use of modern technology to declare an Irish Republic indicates an attempt to place the Rising at the heart of world affairs, which in turn reflected the rebel leader's experience as propagandists."<a href="#cite_note-282">[267]</a> When enacting a censorship control on the Rising, British officials sought for America, in particular, to be ignorant.<a href="#cite_note-press-201">[195]</a> Irish-American support proved remunerative for the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-283">[268]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Although participants largely didn't espouse socialist beliefs – Connolly being a notable exception – a varied amount of left-wing organisations commented upon and thereafter disparaged the Rising.<a href="#cite_note-:8-285">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[270]</a> The "Connolly tradition" would later be invoked positively by socialist and labor activists in relation to their own aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-287">[271]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-necrology-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-necrology_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-necrology_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-necrology_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-necrology_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-necrology_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-necrology_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-necrology_1-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214221924/http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf">"1916 Necrology"</a> (PDF). Glasnevin Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glasnevin+Trust&rft.atitle=1916+Necrology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glasnevintrust.ie%2F__uuid%2F55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74%2FGlasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/irish/index.asp?docID=2532">"Department of the Taoiseach – Easter Rising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011454/https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/?docID=2532+">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+the+Taoiseach+%E2%80%93+Easter+Rising&rft.pub=Taoiseach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.gov.ie%2Firish%2Findex.asp%3FdocID%3D2532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1967" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Francis X. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221153211/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RhCAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22military+council%22+irb&q=%22military+council%22+&pgis=1">Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801402906" title="Special:BookSources/9780801402906"><bdi>9780801402906</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_RhCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22military+council%22+">the original</a> on 21 December 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+and+Men+of+the+Easter+Rising%3A+Dublin+1916&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780801402906&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_RhCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522military%2Bcouncil%2522%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonagh197714–17-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonagh197714–17_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonagh1977">MacDonagh 1977</a>, pp. 14–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBehrendt2010" class="citation book cs1">Behrendt, Stephen C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zxrkbg2hQAC&pg=PA244">British Women Poets and the Romantic Writing Community</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 244–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801895081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801895081"><bdi>978-0801895081</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221143420/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zxrkbg2hQAC&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Women+Poets+and+the+Romantic+Writing+Community&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0801895081&rft.aulast=Behrendt&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Zxrkbg2hQAC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOutramLaybourn2018" class="citation book cs1">Outram, Quentin; Laybourn, Keith, eds. 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Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 165–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-62904-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-62904-9"><bdi>978-3-319-62904-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secular+Martyrdom+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-62904-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins1999" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/666936">"The Contest of Memory: The Continuing Impact of 1798 Commemoration"</a>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674970564">10.4159/9780674970564</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97056-4"><bdi>978-0-674-97056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89amon+de+Valera%3A+A+Will+to+Power&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674970564&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97056-4&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674970564%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHimmelberg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Himmelberg, Andrew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/81/article/736909">"Unearthing Easter in Laois: Provincializing the 1916 Easter Rising"</a>. New Hibernia Review. 23 (2): 114–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnhr.2019.0021">10.1353/nhr.2019.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-5815">1534-5815</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210460840">210460840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Hibernia+Review&rft.atitle=Unearthing+Easter+in+Laois%3A+Provincializing+the+1916+Easter+Rising&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210460840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-5815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnhr.2019.0021&rft.aulast=Himmelberg&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F81%2Farticle%2F736909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2018115–117-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson2018115–117_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrayson2018">Grayson 2018</a>, pp. 115–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTormey2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tormey, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-25517">"Scotland's Easter Rising Veterans and the Irish Revolution"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72, 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15829-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15829-9"><bdi>978-1-009-15829-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict%2C+Diaspora%2C+and+Empire%3A+Irish+Nationalism+in+Britain%2C+1912%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72%2C+101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-15829-9&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Darragh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781009158299%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Fergus (2005). 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Amsterdam University Press. pp. 133–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-759-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-759-7"><bdi>978-90-8964-759-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt196315k">j.ctt196315k</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+Down+the+State%3A+Protestors+Engaged&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt196315k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-759-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt196315k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Ó Broin, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Daniel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2017.1323475">"British signals intelligence and the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland"</a>. Intelligence and National Security. 33 (1): 48–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2017.1323475">10.1080/02684527.2017.1323475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=British+signals+intelligence+and+the+1916+Easter+Rising+in+Ireland&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2017.1323475&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2017.1323475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulvagh2016" class="citation book cs1">Mulvagh, Conor (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/51398">The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900–18</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0016-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0016-0"><bdi>978-1-5261-0016-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Parliamentary+Party+at+Westminster%2C+1900%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-0016-0&rft.aulast=Mulvagh&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F300%2Fmonograph%2Fbook%2F51398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Ó Broin, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Ó Broin, pp. 81–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Ó Broin, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Foy and Barton, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrington2015125-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArrington2015125_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArrington2015125_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArrington2015">Arrington 2015</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-rte-timeline-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rte-timeline_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rte-timeline_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rte-timeline_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rte-timeline_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rte-timeline_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rte-timeline_70-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050418/http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/chronology-of-the-easter-rising">"Chronology of the Easter Rising"</a>. Century Ireland – <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/chronology-of-the-easter-rising">the original</a> on 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Century+Ireland+%E2%80%93+RT%C3%89&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+the+Easter+Rising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fcenturyireland%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fchronology-of-the-easter-rising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Ward, Alan. The Easter Rising: Revolution and Irish Nationalism. Wiley, 2003. p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Cottrel, Peter. The War for Ireland: 1913–1923. 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Manchester University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0846-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-0846-3"><bdi>978-1-5261-0846-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Amateur+Military+Tradition+in+the+British+Army%2C+1854-1992&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-0846-3&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F300%2Fmonograph%2Fbook%2F51437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield199576–80-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulfield199576–80_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulfield1995">Caulfield 1995</a>, pp. 76–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330162528/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-victims/nurse-margaret-keogh-the-first-civilian-fatality-of-the-rising-34510459.html">"Nurse Margaret Keogh, the first civilian fatality of the Rising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a>. 4 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-victims/nurse-margaret-keogh-the-first-civilian-fatality-of-the-rising-34510459.html">the original</a> on 30 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Nurse+Margaret+Keogh%2C+the+first+civilian+fatality+of+the+Rising&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2F1916%2Fthe-victims%2Fnurse-margaret-keogh-the-first-civilian-fatality-of-the-rising-34510459.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006263–264-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006263–264_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006263–264_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, pp. 263–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Coogan 2001, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006191-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006191_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006191_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006191_103-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995122-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995122_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulfield1995">Caulfield 1995</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995145–146-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995145–146_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995145–146_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulfield1995">Caulfield 1995</a>, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Foy and Barton, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010167–169-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010167–169_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, pp. 167–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010192-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010192_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Foy and Barton, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010175-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010175_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCammack2021" class="citation book cs1">Cammack, Zan (2021). Ireland's Gramophones. Clemson University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-949979-77-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-949979-77-0"><bdi>978-1-949979-77-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Gramophones&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Clemson+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-949979-77-0&rft.aulast=Cammack&rft.aufirst=Zan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Witness Statement by Eamon Martin to Bureau of Military History, 1951 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Witness Statement of Sean Cody to Bureau of Military History, 1954 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Witness Statement of Nicholas Kaftan to Bureau of Military History </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Witness Statement of Charles Shelley to Bureau of Military History, 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> O'Brien, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/08/15/heustons-fort-the-battle-for-the-mendicity-institute-1916/">Heuston's Fort – The Battle for the Mendicity Institute, 1916</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204843/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/08/15/heustons-fort-the-battle-for-the-mendicity-institute-1916/">Archived</a> 14 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Irish Story. 15 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Coogan [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>], p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995196-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995196_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulfield1995">Caulfield 1995</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> O'Brien, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010173-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010173_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220083428/http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/places/a-z/linenhall-barracks">"Easter 1916"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/places/a-z/linenhall-barracks/">the original</a> on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Easter+1916&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easter1916.ie%2Findex.php%2Fplaces%2Fa-z%2Flinenhall-barracks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995225–228-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995225–228_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulfield1995">Caulfield 1995</a>, pp. 225–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2009128–133-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2009128–133_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyan2009">Ryan 2009</a>, pp. 128–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Dorney, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/">"The North King Street Massacre, Dublin 1916"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328202956/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/">Archived</a> 28 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Irish Story. 13 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Coogan [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] pp. 152–155 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Coogan [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>], p. 155, <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry (2010)</a>, p. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995154,_166–167,_186–187-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaulfield1995154,_166–167,_186–187_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaulfield1995">Caulfield 1995</a>, pp. 154, 166–167, 186–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-commandant-128"><a href="#cite_ref-commandant_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2013" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, Charlie (19 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213134536/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/sean-mcloughlin-the-boy-commandant-of-1916/">"Seán McLoughlin – the boy commandant of 1916"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Ireland" title="History Ireland">History Ireland</a>. 14 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/sean-mcloughlin-the-boy-commandant-of-1916/">the original</a> on 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Se%C3%A1n+McLoughlin+%E2%80%93+the+boy+commandant+of+1916&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Fsean-mcloughlin-the-boy-commandant-of-1916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-129"><a href="#cite_ref-:122_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2010" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Ann (2010). Renegades, Irish Republican Women 1900–1922. Dublin: Mercier History. pp. 124–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-684-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-684-8"><bdi>978-1-85635-684-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renegades%2C+Irish+Republican+Women+1900%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Mercier+History&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85635-684-8&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/16/opinion/eight-women-of-irelands-1916-easter-rising.html">Eight Women of the Easter Rising</a> The New York Times, 16 March 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'_Leary2020" class="citation news cs1">O' Leary, Méabh (13 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/twelve-forgotten-irish-women-who-risked-their-lives-to-save-others-in-1916-1.4226224">"Twelve forgotten Irish women who risked their lives to save others in 1916"</a>. The Irish Times. 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Journal of British Studies. 62 (3): 687–712. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjbr.2023.46">10.1017/jbr.2023.46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=National+Orphans+and+a+Nation%27s+Trauma%3A+Experience%2C+Emotions%2C+and+the+Children+of+the+1916+Easter+Rising+Martyrs&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E687-%3C%2Fspan%3E712&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjbr.2023.46&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft.aulast=Dh%C3%A1ibh%C3%A9id&rft.aufirst=Caoimhe+Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjbr.2023.46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Duibhir2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Duibhir, Liam (2009). 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BiblioBazaar, 2009. pp. 127–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006215–216-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006215–216_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, pp. 215–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006218–221-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006218–221_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, pp. 218–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010235–237-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010235–237_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, pp. 235–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006221-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006221_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006224-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006224_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-dorney-wexford-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-wexford_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-wexford_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-wexford_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-wexford_150-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-wexford_150-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-wexford_150-5">f</a> Dorney, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/10/the-easter-rising-in-county-wexford/">The Easter Rising in County Wexford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508034623/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/10/the-easter-rising-in-county-wexford/">Archived</a> 8 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Irish Story. 10 April 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006241-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006241_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006241–242-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006241–242_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-dorney-galway-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-galway_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-galway_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dorney-galway_153-2">c</a> Dorney, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2016/03/04/the-easter-rising-in-galway-1916/">The Easter Rising in Galway, 1916</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410203313/http://www.theirishstory.com/2016/03/04/the-easter-rising-in-galway-1916/">Archived</a> 10 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Irish Story. 4 March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-mccarthy-wrynn-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy-wrynn_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy-wrynn_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy-wrynn_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy-wrynn_154-3">d</a> Mark McCarthy & Shirley Wrynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galway.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FCounty%2520Galways%25201916%2520Rising%2520website.pdf">County Galway's 1916 Rising: A Short History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220175602/http://acn.com.ve/">Archived</a> 20 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Galway County Council. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006227–230-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006227–230_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, pp. 227–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010233-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010233_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206823/1916-legacy-remembered-and-renewed-at.html">"1916 legacy remembered and renewed at Glenquin Castle"</a>. May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145048/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206823/1916-legacy-remembered-and-renewed-at.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1916+legacy+remembered+and+renewed+at+Glenquin+Castle&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limerickleader.ie%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F206823%2F1916-legacy-remembered-and-renewed-at.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, Ruan (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rVGydVNXrkC&pg=PA249">Limerick's Fighting Story 1916–21: Told by the Men Who Made It</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercier_Press" title="Mercier Press">Mercier Press</a> Ltd. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-642-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-642-8"><bdi>978-1-85635-642-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317233819/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rVGydVNXrkC&pg=PA249">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limerick%27s+Fighting+Story+1916%E2%80%9321%3A+Told+by+the+Men+Who+Made+It&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Mercier+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85635-642-8&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Ruan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rVGydVNXrkC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206425/History-to-be-relived-at-Limerick.html">"History to be relived at Limerick castle"</a>. 23 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144425/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206425/History-to-be-relived-at-Limerick.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+to+be+relived+at+Limerick+castle&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limerickleader.ie%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F206425%2FHistory-to-be-relived-at-Limerick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPower2015" class="citation book cs1">Power, Joe (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTMKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155">Clare and the Great War</a>. The History Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750965569" title="Special:BookSources/9780750965569"><bdi>9780750965569</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065757/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTMKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clare+and+the+Great+War&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780750965569&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTMKCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasnevin-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glasnevin_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasnevin_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405042053/http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/visit-glasnevin/news/1916-list/">"1916 list"</a>. Glasnevin Trust. 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Irish Times. 1916. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/52">52</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinn+Fein+Rebellion+handbook%2C+Easter%2C+1916&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Irish+Times&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsinnfeinrebellio00dubl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Foy and Barton, page 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> 1916 Rebellion Handbook, pp. 50–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/joe-duffy-1916-children-2465591-Nov2015/">"40 children were killed in the 1916 Rising but they are barely mentioned in our history"</a>. TheJournal.ie. 29 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418053325/http://www.thejournal.ie/joe-duffy-1916-children-2465591-Nov2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=40+children+were+killed+in+the+1916+Rising+but+they+are+barely+mentioned+in+our+history&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fjoe-duffy-1916-children-2465591-Nov2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422022859/http://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/joe-duffys-list-of-children-killed-in-1916-rising.pdf">"Joe Duffy's list of Children Killed in 1916 Rising"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/joe-duffys-list-of-children-killed-in-1916-rising.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Duffy%27s+list+of+Children+Killed+in+1916+Rising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.rasset.ie%2Fdocuments%2Fradio1%2Fjoe-duffys-list-of-children-killed-in-1916-rising.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010184–185_167-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010186–187-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010186–187_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, pp. 186–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161106173438/http://www.dublin-fusiliers.com/battaliions/5-batt/5th-easter-rising.html">"Royal Dublin Fusiliers website – 5th Battalion RDF during the Easter Rising"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dublin-fusiliers.com/battaliions/5-batt/5th-easter-rising.html">the original</a> on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Dublin+Fusiliers+website+%E2%80%93+5th+Battalion+RDF+during+the+Easter+Rising&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublin-fusiliers.com%2Fbattaliions%2F5-batt%2F5th-easter-rising.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010176–177-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010176–177_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010176–177_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGarry2010176–177_170-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGarry2010">McGarry 2010</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/n5/mode/2up">Sinn Féin Rebellion Handbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in+Rebellion+Handbook&rft.pub=The+Irish+Times&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsinnfeinrebellio00dubl%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1916/may/11/the-sinn-fein-rebellion">"The Sinn Fein Rebellion"</a>, Hansard - HL Deb 11 May 1916 vol 21 cc1002-36, UK Parliament, 11 May 1916</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hansard+-+HL+Deb+11+May+1916+vol+21+cc1002-36&rft.atitle=The+Sinn+Fein+Rebellion&rft.date=1916-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1916%2Fmay%2F11%2Fthe-sinn-fein-rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376">"1916 Rising Postcards"</a>. UCD Digital Library. UCD. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7925%2Fdrs1.ucdlib_38376">10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 2 September 2023. <q>these postcards were published in 1916 in the immediate aftermath of the Insurrection [..] one showing a "before and after" photograph of Sackville (O'Connell) Street [..] O'Connell Bridge and quays Dublin : before and after "Sinn Fein Rebellion"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCD+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=1916+Rising+Postcards&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7925%2Fdrs1.ucdlib_38376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7925%2Fdrs1.ucdlib_38376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanley2016" class="citation web cs1">Hanley, Brian (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dublincity.ie/library/blog/sinn-fein-rebellion">"The Sinn Féin rebellion?"</a>. Citizens in Conflict: Dublin 1916. Dublin City Library & Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citizens+in+Conflict%3A+Dublin+1916&rft.atitle=The+Sinn+F%C3%A9in+rebellion%3F&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Hanley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dublincity.ie%2Flibrary%2Fblog%2Fsinn-fein-rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETownshend2006273-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETownshend2006273_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTownshend2006">Townshend 2006</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-foy294-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foy294_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foy294_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foy294_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foy294_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foy294_176-4">e</a> Foy and Barton, pp. 294–295 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201456-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy201456_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2014">Murphy 2014</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2019144-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrissey2019144_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrissey2019">Morrissey 2019</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcElligottConboy2019" class="citation book cs1">McElligott, Jason; Conboy, Martin, eds. (17 December 2019). "The Cato Street Conspiracy: Plotting, counter-intelligence and the revolutionary tradition in Britain and Ireland". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526144997/9781526144997.xml">The Cato Street Conspiracy</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-4499-7"><bdi>978-1-5261-4499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cato+Street+Conspiracy%3A+Plotting%2C+counter-intelligence+and+the+revolutionary+tradition+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.btitle=The+Cato+Street+Conspiracy&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-4499-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterhive.com%2Fview%2F9781526144997%2F9781526144997.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerriter2016" class="citation news cs1">Ferriter, Diarmuid (24 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/diarmaid-ferriter-the-1916-prisoners-released-on-christmas-eve-1.2915580">"The 1916 prisoners released on Christmas Eve"</a>. The Irish Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+1916+prisoners+released+on+Christmas+Eve&rft.date=2016-12-24&rft.aulast=Ferriter&rft.aufirst=Diarmuid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fdiarmaid-ferriter-the-1916-prisoners-released-on-christmas-eve-1.2915580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201455,_57-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy201455,_57_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2014">Murphy 2014</a>, p. 55, 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeihman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Weihman, Lisa (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/176059">"Doing My Bit for Ireland: Trangressing Gender in the Easter Rising"</a>. Éire-Ireland. 39 (3): 228–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feir.2004.0025">10.1353/eir.2004.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-5162">1550-5162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161386541">161386541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89ire-Ireland&rft.atitle=Doing+My+Bit+for+Ireland%3A+Trangressing+Gender+in+the+Easter+Rising&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161386541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1550-5162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feir.2004.0025&rft.aulast=Weihman&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F41%2Farticle%2F176059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2020" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Fionnuala (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/irish-women-and-the-great-war/7DE6F16983A6A38512D8D3B088327702">Irish Women and the Great War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108867924">10.1017/9781108867924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49120-4"><bdi>978-1-108-49120-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225531440">225531440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Women+and+the+Great+War&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225531440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108867924&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49120-4&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Fionnuala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Firish-women-and-the-great-war%2F7DE6F16983A6A38512D8D3B088327702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._J._Connolly2004" class="citation book cs1">S. J. Connolly (2004). Oxford Companion to Irish History. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923483-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923483-7"><bdi>978-0-19-923483-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+Irish+History&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923483-7&rft.au=S.+J.+Connolly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHay2019" class="citation cs2">Hay, Marnie (17 May 2019), Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution, 1909–23: Scouting for rebels, Manchester University Press, p. 71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-2775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-2775-4"><bdi>978-1-5261-2775-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Na+Fianna+%C3%89ireann+and+the+Irish+Revolution%2C+1909%E2%80%9323%3A+Scouting+for+rebels&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-2775-4&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Marnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201457-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy201457_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2014">Murphy 2014</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevene2018" class="citation journal cs1">Levene, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7315">"From Armenian Red Sunday to Irish Easter Rising: Incorporating Insurrectionary Politics into the History of the Great War's Genocidal Turn, 1915-16"</a>. 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Irish University Review. 45 (1): 39–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fiur.2015.0149">10.3366/iur.2015.0149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1427">0021-1427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+University+Review&rft.atitle=The+Work+of+a+%27Young+Nationalist%27%3F%3A+Tom+Murphy%27s+The+Patriot+Game+and+the+Commemoration+of+Easter+1916&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fiur.2015.0149&rft.issn=0021-1427&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3366%2Fiur.2015.0149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019322-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Leary2019322_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Leary2019">O'Leary 2019</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/">Reconstructing the Easter Rising</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317011549/http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/">Archived</a> 17 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Colin Murphy, The Village, 16 February 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2019" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Pauline (9 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/100-anniversary-song-foggy-dew-history-charles-oneill">"Celebrating 100 years of the beloved song "Foggy Dew" and its history"</a>. Irish Central. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730211440/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/100-anniversary-song-foggy-dew-history-charles-oneill">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Central&rft.atitle=Celebrating+100+years+of+the+beloved+song+%22Foggy+Dew%22+and+its+history&rft.date=2019-02-09&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2F100-anniversary-song-foggy-dew-history-charles-oneill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2016" class="citation news cs1">Duffy, Rónán (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/insurrection-rte-broadcast-2648833-Mar2016/">"RTÉ's acclaimed Easter Rising drama from 1966 is coming back to TV screens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a>. The Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180353/http://www.thejournal.ie/insurrection-rte-broadcast-2648833-Mar2016/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=RT%C3%89%27s+acclaimed+Easter+Rising+drama+from+1966+is+coming+back+to+TV+screens&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=R%C3%B3n%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Finsurrection-rte-broadcast-2648833-Mar2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKehoe2019" class="citation news cs1">Kehoe, Michael (19 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ireland-calling.com/lifestyle/rod-stewart-meets-brothers-who-wrote-grace/">"Emotional Rod Stewart meets the brothers who wrote the song 'Grace' – the song about widow of executed Easter Rising leader Joseph Plunkett"</a>. Ireland Calling. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316045527/https://ireland-calling.com/lifestyle/rod-stewart-meets-brothers-who-wrote-grace/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ireland+Calling&rft.atitle=Emotional+Rod+Stewart+meets+the+brothers+who+wrote+the+song+%27Grace%27+%E2%80%93+the+song+about+widow+of+executed+Easter+Rising+leader+Joseph+Plunkett&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fireland-calling.com%2Flifestyle%2Frod-stewart-meets-brothers-who-wrote-grace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-puesocc-295"><a href="#cite_ref-puesocc_295-0">^</a> Edward Madigan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://puesoccurrences.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/review-of-gerry-hunts-blood-upon-the-rose-part-one/">"Review of Gerry Hunt's 'Blood Upon the Rose', part one"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003005824/http://puesoccurrences.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/review-of-gerry-hunts-blood-upon-the-rose-part-one/">Archived</a> 3 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pue's Occurrences, 2 November 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossonHuber2015" class="citation book cs1">Crosson, Seán; Huber, Werner, eds. (2015). "(Valérie Morisson) Rewriting Irish History (1916–1921) in popular Culture: Blood Upon the Rose and at War with the Empire by Gerry Hunt". Towards 2016: 1916 and Irish Literature, Culture & Society. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. pp. 113–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86821-622-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86821-622-6"><bdi>978-3-86821-622-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28Val%C3%A9rie+Morisson%29+Rewriting+Irish+History+%281916%E2%80%931921%29+in+popular+Culture%3A+Blood+Upon+the+Rose+and+at+War+with+the+Empire+by+Gerry+Hunt&rft.btitle=Towards+2016%3A+1916+and+Irish+Literature%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.place=Trier&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Wissenschaftlicher+Verlag+Trier&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-86821-622-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1916.rte.ie/featuredhome/1916-2/">"1916"</a>. 1916.rte.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315021506/https://1916.rte.ie/featuredhome/1916-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1916.rte.ie&rft.atitle=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1916.rte.ie%2Ffeaturedhome%2F1916-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joost_Augusteijn" title="Joost Augusteijn">Augusteijn, Joost</a> (ed.)The Memoirs of John M. Regan, a Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC, 1909–48, Witnessed Rising, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-069-4">978-1-84682-069-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArrington2015" class="citation book cs1">Arrington, Lauren (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc776nf">Revolutionary Lives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvc776nf">10.2307/j.ctvc776nf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7418-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-7418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Lives&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvc776nf&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7418-7&rft.aulast=Arrington&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvc776nf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bell, J. Bowyer</a> (1998). The Secret Army: The IRA. Poolbeg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85371-813-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85371-813-0"><bdi>1-85371-813-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Army%3A+The+IRA&rft.pub=Poolbeg&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85371-813-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+Bowyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1996" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, David George, ed. (1996). The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12171-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12171-2"><bdi>978-0-415-12171-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Irish+History%3A+Revisionism+and+the+Revisionist+Controversy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12171-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaulfield1995" class="citation book cs1">Caulfield, Max (1995). The Easter Rebellion, Dublin 1916. Roberts Rinehart Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57098-042-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57098-042-X"><bdi>1-57098-042-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Rebellion%2C+Dublin+1916&rft.pub=Roberts+Rinehart+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-57098-042-X&rft.aulast=Caulfield&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClayton2007" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Xander (2007). Aud. Plymouth: GAC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955562204" title="Special:BookSources/9780955562204"><bdi>9780955562204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aud&rft.place=Plymouth&rft.pub=GAC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780955562204&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Xander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Coogan, Tim Pat</a>, 1916: The Easter Rising (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35902-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35902-5">0-304-35902-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Coogan, Tim Pat</a>, The IRA (2nd ed. 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-653155-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-653155-5">0-00-653155-5</a></li> <li>De Rosa, Peter. Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916. Fawcett Columbine, New York. 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-90682-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-90682-5">0-449-90682-5</a></li> <li>Eberspächer, Cord/Wiechmann, Gerhard: "Erfolg Revolution kann Krieg entscheiden". Der Einsatz von S.M.H. LIBAU im irischen Osteraufstand 1916 ("Successful revolution may decide war". The use of S.M.H. LIBAU in the Irish Easter rising 1916), in: Schiff & Zeit, Nr. 67, Frühjahr 2008, S. 2–16.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis" title="Peter Berresford Ellis">Ellis, Peter Berresford</a> (2008). "1916: Insurrection or Rebellion? Making Judgements". In O'Donnell, Ruán (ed.). The Impact of the 1916 Rising: Among the Nations. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Academic_Press" title="Irish Academic Press">Irish Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-2965-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7165-2965-1"><bdi>978-0-7165-2965-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1916%3A+Insurrection+or+Rebellion%3F+Making+Judgements&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+1916+Rising%3A+Among+the+Nations&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7165-2965-1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Peter+Berresford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeeney2002" class="citation book cs1">Feeney, Brian (2002). Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years. O'Brien Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-695-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86278-695-9"><bdi>0-86278-695-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in%3A+A+Hundred+Turbulent+Years&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86278-695-9&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2015" class="citation book cs1">Flanagan, Frances (2015). Remembering the Revolution: Dissent, Culture, and Nationalism in the Irish Free State. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198739159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198739159"><bdi>978-0198739159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Revolution%3A+Dissent%2C+Culture%2C+and+Nationalism+in+the+Irish+Free+State&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0198739159&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Foster, R. F. Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923 (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393082792/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714191238/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393082792/">Archived</a> 14 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Foy, Michael and Barton, Brian, The Easter Rising <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2616-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2616-3">0-7509-2616-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraysonMcGarry2016" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, Richard S.; McGarry, Fearghal, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316550403/type/book">Remembering 1916: The Easter Rising, the Somme and the Politics of Memory in Ireland</a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781316550403">10.1017/cbo9781316550403</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14590-0"><bdi>978-1-107-14590-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+1916%3A+The+Easter+Rising%2C+the+Somme+and+the+Politics+of+Memory+in+Ireland&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781316550403&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14590-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781316550403%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2018" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, Richard S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139248877/type/book">Dublin's Great Wars: The First World War, the Easter Rising and the Irish Revolution</a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139248877">10.1017/9781139248877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-24887-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-24887-7"><bdi>978-1-139-24887-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublin%27s+Great+Wars%3A+The+First+World+War%2C+the+Easter+Rising+and+the+Irish+Revolution&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139248877&rft.isbn=978-1-139-24887-7&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781139248877%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Desmond_Greaves" title="C. Desmond Greaves">Greaves, C. Desmond</a>, The Life and Times of James Connolly</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHennessey1998" class="citation book cs1">Hennessey, Thomas (1998). Dividing Ireland, World War I and Partition: The passing of the Home Rule Bill. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17420-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17420-1"><bdi>0-415-17420-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dividing+Ireland%2C+World+War+I+and+Partition%3A+The+passing+of+the+Home+Rule+Bill&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-17420-1&rft.aulast=Hennessey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Alvin (2003). Home Rule, an Irish History 1800–2000. Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-1767-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-1767-5"><bdi>0-7538-1767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Rule%2C+an+Irish+History+1800%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7538-1767-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Irish_Times1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a> (1998) [1917]. 1916 Rebellion Handbook. Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Declan_Kiberd" title="Declan Kiberd">Declan Kiberd</a> (reprint ed.). Mourne River Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902090054" title="Special:BookSources/9781902090054"><bdi>9781902090054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1916+Rebellion+Handbook&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Mourne+River+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781902090054&rft.au=The+Irish+Times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKee2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kee" title="Robert Kee">Kee, Robert</a> (2000). The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029165-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029165-2"><bdi>0-14-029165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Flag%3A+A+History+of+Irish+Nationalism&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-14-029165-2&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2010" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Christopher M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_xeSuTqlkhQC">Genesis of the Rising, 1912–1916: A Transformation of Nationalist Opinion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433105005" title="Special:BookSources/978-1433105005"><bdi>978-1433105005</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226203810/https://books.google.com/books?id=_xeSuTqlkhQC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+of+the+Rising%2C+1912%E2%80%931916%3A+A+Transformation+of+Nationalist+Opinion&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1433105005&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_xeSuTqlkhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Kostick" title="Conor Kostick">Kostick, Conor</a> & Collins, Lorcan, The Easter Rising, A Guide to Dublin in 1916 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-638-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86278-638-X">0-86278-638-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.S.L._Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="F.S.L. Lyons">Lyons, F.S.L.</a>, Ireland Since the Famine <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-633200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-633200-5">0-00-633200-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Macardle" title="Dorothy Macardle">Macardle, Dorothy</a>, The Irish Republic (Dublin 1951)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonagh1977" class="citation book cs1">MacDonagh, Oliver (1977). Ireland: The Union and its aftermath. <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-941004-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-941004-0"><bdi>0-04-941004-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+The+Union+and+its+aftermath&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-04-941004-0&rft.aulast=MacDonagh&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2013" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, Martin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/67693">The Civil Service and the Revolution in Ireland 1912–1938: 'Shaking the Blood-Stained Hand of Mr Collins'</a>. Manchester University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-378-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84779-378-2"><bdi>978-1-84779-378-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Service+and+the+Revolution+in+Ireland+1912%E2%80%931938%3A+%27Shaking+the+Blood-Stained+Hand+of+Mr+Collins%27&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84779-378-2&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F300%2Fmonograph%2Fbook%2F67693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGarry2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fearghal_McGarry" title="Fearghal McGarry">McGarry, Fearghal</a> (2010). The Rising: Ireland Easter 1916. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192801869" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192801869"><bdi>978-0192801869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising%3A+Ireland+Easter+1916&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0192801869&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=Fearghal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNallyPeter2007" class="citation book cs1">McNally, Michael; Peter, Dennis (2007). Easter Rising 1916: Birth of the Irish Republic. London: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-067-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-067-3"><bdi>978-1-84603-067-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easter+Rising+1916%3A+Birth+of+the+Irish+Republic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-067-3&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Peter%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoran1994" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Seán Farrell (1994). Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of America Press">Catholic University of America Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81320-912-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81320-912-8"><bdi>978-0-81320-912-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrick+Pearse+and+the+Politics+of+Redemption&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-81320-912-8&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n+Farrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoran1989" class="citation journal cs1">Moran, Seán Farrell (1989). "Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a>. 50 (4): 625–643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709801">10.2307/2709801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709801">2709801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Patrick+Pearse+and+the+European+Revolt+Against+Reason&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E625-%3C%2Fspan%3E643&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n+Farrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrissey2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrissey, Conor (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108596251/type/book">Protestant Nationalists in Ireland, 1900–1923</a> (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108596251">10.1017/9781108596251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-59625-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-59625-1"><bdi>978-1-108-59625-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211456832">211456832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestant+Nationalists+in+Ireland%2C+1900%E2%80%931923&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211456832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108596251&rft.isbn=978-1-108-59625-1&rft.aulast=Morrissey&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781108596251%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, William (2014). Political Imprisonment and the Irish, 1912-1921. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956907-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956907-6"><bdi>978-0-19-956907-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Imprisonment+and+the+Irish%2C+1912-1921&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956907-6&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology," in Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, eds, The Irish Terrorism Experience, (Aldershot: Dartmouth) 1991</li> <li>Ó Broin, Leon, Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Leary" title="Brendan O'Leary">O'Leary, Brendan</a> (2019). A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I: Colonialism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199243341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199243341"><bdi>978-0199243341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Northern+Ireland%2C+Volume+I%3A+Colonialism&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0199243341&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Commission_on_the_Rebellion_in_Ireland1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/22372/eppi_pages/630298">Report</a>. <a href="/wiki/Command_paper" title="Command paper">Command papers</a>. Vol. Cd.8279. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026173915/http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/22372/eppi_pages/630298">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report&rft.place=London&rft.series=Command+papers&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Royal+Commission+on+the+Rebellion+in+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dippam.ac.uk%2Feppi%2Fdocuments%2F22372%2Feppi_pages%2F630298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Commission_on_the_Rebellion_in_Ireland1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/op1256530-1001">Minutes of Evidence and Appendix of Documents</a>. Command papers. Vol. Cd.8311. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. Retrieved 11 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+Evidence+and+Appendix+of+Documents&rft.place=London&rft.series=Command+papers&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Royal+Commission+on+the+Rebellion+in+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fop1256530-1001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan2009" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Annie (2009). Witnesses: Inside the Easter Rising. Liberties Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905483709" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905483709"><bdi>978-1905483709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witnesses%3A+Inside+the+Easter+Rising&rft.pub=Liberties+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1905483709&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephens1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(author)" title="James Stephens (author)">Stephens, James</a> (1992). The Insurrection in Dublin. Colin Smythe Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861403585" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861403585"><bdi>978-0861403585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insurrection+in+Dublin&rft.pub=Colin+Smythe+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0861403585&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownshend2006" class="citation book cs1">Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566637046" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566637046"><bdi>978-1566637046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easter+1916%3A+The+Irish+Rebellion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1566637046&rft.aulast=Townshend&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeeson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Neeson" title="Eoin Neeson">Neeson, Eoin</a> (2007). Myths from Easter 1916. Cork: Aubane Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903497-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903497-34-0"><bdi>978-1-903497-34-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Easter+1916&rft.place=Cork&rft.pub=Aubane+Historical+Society&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-903497-34-0&rft.aulast=Neeson&rft.aufirst=Eoin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bunbury, Turtle. Easter Dawn – The 1916 Rising (Mercier Press, 2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781-172582" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781-172582">978-1781-172582</a></li> <li>McCarthy, Mark. Ireland's 1916 Rising: Explorations of History-Making, Commemoration & Heritage in Modern Times (2013), historiography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00AQJ48EO/">excerpt</a></li> <li>McKeown, Eitne, 'A Family in the Rising' Dublin Electricity Supply Board Journal 1966.</li> <li>Murphy, John A., Ireland in the Twentieth Century</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Farrell1917" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Farrell" title="Elizabeth O'Farrell">O'Farrell, Elizabeth</a> (1917). "Events of Easter Week". The Catholic Bulletin. Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Events+of+Easter+Week&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=O%27Farrell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Purdon, Edward, The 1916 Rising</li> <li>Shaw, Francis, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History: A Challenge", in Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, LXI, 242, 1972, pp. 113–52</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Easter_Rising" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222404/http://easter1916.ie/">Easter 1916 – Digital Heritage Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nli.ie/1916">The 1916 Rising – an Online Exhibition.</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229222110/http://dh.tcd.ie/letters1916/">The Letters of 1916 – Crowdsourcing Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurran1916" class="citation book cs1">Curran, Constantine Peter (1916). "History". 1916 Rising Postcards. UCD Library, University College Dublin. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7925%2Fdrs1.ucdlib_38376">10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=1916+Rising+Postcards&rft.pub=UCD+Library%2C+University+College+Dublin&rft.date=1916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7925%2Fdrs1.ucdlib_38376&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Constantine+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUCD_Library._UCD_Library_Special_Collections1928" class="citation book cs1">UCD Library. UCD Library Special Collections (1928). Towards 2016. UCD Library, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7925%2Fdrs1.ivrla_30530">10.7925/drs1.ivrla_30530</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+2016&rft.pub=UCD+Library%2C+University+College+Dublin%2C+Belfield%2C+Dublin+4%2C+Ireland&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7925%2Fdrs1.ivrla_30530&rft.au=UCD+Library.+UCD+Library+Special+Collections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEaster+Rising" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?folder_id=1620&pidtopage=MS11507_01&entry_point=1">Lillian Stokes (1878–1955): account of the 1916 Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sources.nli.ie/Search/Results?lookfor=easter+1916">Primary and secondary sources relating to the Easter Rising</a> (Sources database, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">National Library of Ireland</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1916rising.com/">Easter Rising site and walking tour of 1916 Dublin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823035019/http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=817">News articles and letters to the editor in The Age, 27 April 1916</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.NormanTeeling.com/rising.php">The 1916 Rising by Norman Teeling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730212850/http://www.normanteeling.com/rising.php">Archived</a> 30 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> a 10-painting suite acquired by <a href="/wiki/An_Post" title="An Post">An Post</a> for permanent display at the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Post Office (Dublin)">General Post Office (Dublin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising">The Easter Rising</a> – <a href="/wiki/BBC_History" title="BBC History">BBC History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/08/the-irish-story-archive-on-the-easter-rising-2010-2011/#.W6OoKvlRfIU">The Irish Story archive on the Rising</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easter1916.net/">Easter Rising website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/jul/x01.htm">The Discussion On Self-Determination Summed Up</a> Lenin's discussion of the importance of the rebellion appears in Section 10: The Irish Rebellion of 1916</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219022436/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/">Bureau of Military History – Witness Statements Online (PDF files)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uprisings_against_Entente_Powers_during_World_War_I174" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uprisings_against_Entente_Powers_during_WWI" title="Template:Uprisings against Entente Powers during WWI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uprisings_against_Entente_Powers_during_WWI" title="Template talk:Uprisings against Entente Powers during WWI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uprisings_against_Entente_Powers_during_WWI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uprisings against Entente Powers during WWI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uprisings_against_Entente_Powers_during_World_War_I174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_uprisings_against_Entente_powers_during_World_War_I" title="List of uprisings against Entente powers during World War I">Uprisings against Entente Powers during World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broken_Hill" title="Battle of Broken Hill">Battle of Broken Hill</a> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (15 September 1914 – 4 February 1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (18 December 1914 – 6 February 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Chilembwe uprising</a> (23 January 1915 – 26 January 1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Darfur_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition">Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition</a> (16 March – 6 November 1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (January 1915 – November 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mahsuds_(1917)" title="Operations against the Mahsuds (1917)">Operations against the Mahsuds</a> (June–July 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand blockade</a> (1915 – July 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Operations in the Tochi</a> (28 November 1914 – 27 March 1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru incident</a> (23 May 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a> (2– 3 August 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a> (1917–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Rising</a> (24–29 April 1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Easter_Rising213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Easter_Rising" title="Template:Easter Rising"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Easter_Rising" title="Template talk:Easter Rising"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Easter_Rising" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Easter Rising"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Easter_Rising213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Rising</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Republic</a> (executed after the Rising)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacDonagh" title="Thomas MacDonagh">Thomas MacDonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Also executed for their role in the Rising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daly_(Irish_revolutionary)" title="Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)">Ned Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Pearse" title="Willie Pearse">Willie Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Hanrahan" title="Michael O'Hanrahan">Michael O'Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacBride" title="John MacBride">John MacBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mallin" title="Michael Mallin">Michael Mallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Con_Colbert" title="Con Colbert">Con Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Heuston" title="Seán Heuston">Seán Heuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kent" title="Thomas Kent">Thomas Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Irish figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Brugha" title="Cathal Brugha">Cathal Brugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Constance Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domhnall_Ua_Buachalla" title="Domhnall Ua Buachalla">Domhnall Ua Buachalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Farrell" title="Elizabeth O'Farrell">Elizabeth O'Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Francis Sheehy-Skeffington">Francis Sheehy-Skeffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grenan" title="Julia Grenan">Julia Grenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn" title="Kathleen Lynn">Kathleen Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Mellows" title="Liam Mellows">Liam Mellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gavan_Duffy" title="Louise Gavan Duffy">Louise Gavan Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_ffrench-Mullen" title="Madeleine ffrench-Mullen">Madeleine ffrench-Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Skinnider" title="Margaret Skinnider">Margaret Skinnider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O%27Rahilly" title="The O'Rahilly">The O'Rahilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Maxwell (British Army officer)">John Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Lord Wimborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Birrell" title="Augustine Birrell">Augustine Birrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nathan" title="Matthew Nathan">Matthew Nathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Lowe (British Army officer)">William Lowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_Republican_Brotherhood215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;background: #006633;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Template:Irish Republican Brotherhood"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFCC00">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Template talk:Irish Republican Brotherhood"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFCC00">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish Republican Brotherhood"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFCC00">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_Republican_Brotherhood215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical force Irish republicanism">Physical force Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs" title="Manchester Martyrs">Manchester Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_Five" title="Cuba Five">Cuba Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Race_Conventions" title="Irish Race Conventions">Irish Race Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">Obstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Ram" title="Fenian Ram">Fenian Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/120px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png/250px-Sunburst_flag_-_banner_variant.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_explosion" title="Clerkenwell explosion">Clerkenwell explosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalpa_rescue" title="Catalpa rescue">Catalpa rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_dynamite_campaign" title="Fenian dynamite campaign">Fenian dynamite campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_Mutiny" title="Irish Army Mutiny">Army Mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_(Fenian)" title="James Stephens (Fenian)">James Stephens</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Kelly_(Irish_nationalist)" title="Thomas J. Kelly (Irish nationalist)">Thomas J. Kelly</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._F._X._O%27Brien" title="J. F. X. O'Brien">J. F. X. O'Brien</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kickham" title="Charles Kickham">Charles Kickham</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Leary_(Fenian)" title="John O'Leary (Fenian)">John O'Leary</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_O%27Boyle" title="Neal O'Boyle">Neal O'Boyle</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(Irish_republican)" title="John Mulholland (Irish republican)">John Mulholland</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Deakin" title="Seamus Deakin">Seamus Deakin</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_McCullough" title="Denis McCullough">Denis McCullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_McGarry" title="Seán McGarry">Seán McGarry</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Boland" title="Harry Boland">Harry Boland</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moylett" title="Patrick Moylett">Patrick Moylett</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mulcahy" title="Richard Mulcahy">Richard Mulcahy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Prominent members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Bourke" title="Thomas Francis Bourke">Thomas Francis Bourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricard_O%27Sullivan_Burke" title="Ricard O'Sullivan Burke">Ricard O'Sullivan Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Meagher_Condon" title="Edward O'Meagher Condon">Edward O'Meagher Condon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daly_(Fenian)" title="John Daly (Fenian)">John Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Deasy" title="Timothy Deasy">Timothy Deasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Devoy" title="John Devoy">John Devoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Doheny" title="Michael Doheny">Michael Doheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarke_Luby" title="Thomas Clarke Luby">Thomas Clarke Luby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Mahony" title="John O'Mahony">John O'Mahony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_O%27Donovan_Rossa" title="Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa">Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nally" title="Pat Nally">Pat Nally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Roberts" title="William R. Roberts">William R. Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_Ceannt" title="Éamonn Ceannt">Éamonn Ceannt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Tom Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulmer_Hobson" title="Bulmer Hobson">Bulmer Hobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_Diarmada" title="Seán Mac Diarmada">Seán Mac Diarmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_Lynch" title="Diarmuid Lynch">Diarmuid Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Plunkett" title="Joseph Plunkett">Joseph Plunkett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Informants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Miller_Beach" title="Thomas Miller Beach">Thomas Miller Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Plot" title="Jubilee Plot">Francis Frederick Millen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_Monument_Association" title="Emmet Monument Association">Emmet Monument Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Irish_Freedom" title="Friends of Irish Freedom">Friends of Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1917%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republican Army (1917–22)">Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom" title="Irish Freedom">Irish Freedom (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_People_(1863_newspaper)" title="The Irish People (1863 newspaper)">The Irish People (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen of America">United Irishmen of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006633; color:#FFCC00;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Invincibles" title="Irish National Invincibles">Irish National Invincibles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park killings">Phoenix Park killings</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Dublin121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Dublin" title="Template:History of Dublin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Dublin" title="Template talk:History of Dublin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Dublin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Dublin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Dublin121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dublin" title="History of Dublin">History of Dublin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline and general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Dublin" title="Timeline of Dublin">Timeline of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles_in_Dublin" title="Timeline of the Troubles in Dublin">Timeline of the Troubles in Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_preservation_in_Dublin" title="Development and preservation in Dublin">Development and preservation in Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Social_Season" title="Irish Social Season">Irish Social Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Dublin" title="Local government in Dublin">Local government in Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Dublin" title="Lord Mayor of Dublin">Lord Mayor of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_County_Dublin" title="List of monastic houses in County Dublin">List of monastic houses in County Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Dublin_City" title="Sheriff of Dublin City">Sheriff of Dublin City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streets_and_squares_in_Dublin" title="Streets and squares in Dublin">Streets and squares in Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_street_corners" title="Dublin street corners">Dublin street corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Dublin" title="Cartography of Dublin">Historical maps of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Dublin" title="List of songs about Dublin">List of songs about Dublin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_of_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin_by_Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="the Coat of Arms of Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Outline_of_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin_by_Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies.png/60px-Outline_of_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin_by_Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Outline_of_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin_by_Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies.png/90px-Outline_of_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin_by_Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Outline_of_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin_by_Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies.png/120px-Outline_of_the_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dublin_by_Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies.png 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1348" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Dublin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steine_of_Dublin" title="Steine of Dublin">Steine of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoggen_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoggen Green">Hoggen Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_slave_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin slave market">Dublin slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Mathew_Bridge" title="Father Mathew Bridge">Bridge of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Early Scandinavian Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dublin_to_795" title="History of Dublin to 795">History of Dublin to 795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a> (c. 853-1170)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a> (919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> (1014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday" title="Black Monday">Black Monday</a> (1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnybrook_Fair" title="Donnybrook Fair">Donnybrook Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gates_of_Dublin" title="List of gates of Dublin">Gates of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathbornes_Candles" title="Rathbornes Candles">Rathborne Candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Audoen%27s_Church,_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)">St. Audoen's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Abbey,_Dublin" title="St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin">St. Mary's Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michan%27s_Church,_Dublin" title="St. Michan's Church, Dublin">St. Michan's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tholsel,_Dublin" title="The Tholsel, Dublin">The Tholsel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_O%27Neill_Challenge" title="Art O'Neill Challenge">Escape of Hugh Roe O'Donnell et al.</a> from Dublin Castle (1592)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> (est. 1592)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_gunpowder_explosion" title="Dublin gunpowder explosion">Dublin gunpowder explosion</a> (1597)</li> <li>Massacre of <a href="/wiki/Baldongan_Church" title="Baldongan Church">Baldongan Church</a> (1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rathmines" title="Battle of Rathmines">Battle of Rathmines</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dublin_(1649)" title="Siege of Dublin (1649)">Siege of Dublin</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Dublin" title="Smithfield, Dublin">Smithfield Market</a> (mid-1600s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brazen_Head" title="The Brazen Head">The Brazen Head</a> (est. 1661)</li> <li>Disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Ouzel_Galley" title="Ouzel Galley">Ouzel Galley</a> (1695)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Coffee_House" title="Dick's Coffee House">Dick's Coffee House</a> (1698-1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Georgian Architecture in Dublin</a> (1700s)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_South_Wall" title="Great South Wall">Great South Wall</a> (1700s) and <a href="/wiki/Bull_Wall" title="Bull Wall">Bull Wall</a> (1820s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_election_riot" title="Dublin election riot">Dublin election riot</a> (1713)</li> <li>Assassination of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Luttrell_(Jacobite_commander)" title="Henry Luttrell (Jacobite commander)">Henry Luttrell</a> (1717)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapier%27s_Letters" title="Drapier's Letters">Drapier's Letters</a> (1724-5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linenhall,_Dublin" title="Linenhall, Dublin">Linenhall</a> (1728-1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_Hill" title="Montpelier Hill">Hell Fire Club</a> (1735-1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)#Dublin,_1742" title="Messiah (Handel)">Premiere of Handel's Messiah</a> (1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daly%27s_Club" title="Daly's Club">Daly's Club</a> (1750-1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Streets_Commission" title="Wide Streets Commission">Wide Streets Commission</a> (1758-1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Brewery" title="Guinness Brewery">Guinness Brewery</a> (est. 1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Dublin" title="City Hall, Dublin">Royal Exchange</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Street_Club" title="Kildare Street Club">Kildare Street Club</a> (est. 1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crosbie" title="Richard Crosbie">Richard Crosbie's</a> balloon ascent (1785)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)" title="Grand Canal (Ireland)">Grand Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal" title="Royal Canal">Royal Canal</a> (Early 1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_quays" title="Dublin quays">Dublin quays</a> (1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">Irish Rebellion of 1803</a> (1803)</li> <li>Execution of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a> (1803)</li> <li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Martello_towers_in_the_Greater_Dublin_Area" title="Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area">Martello Towers</a> (1803-08)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Rochdale_and_Prince_of_Wales" title="Sinking of Rochdale and Prince of Wales">Sinking of Rochdale and Prince of Wales</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R115_road_(Ireland)" title="R115 road (Ireland)">Military Road</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Kingstown_Railway" title="Dublin and Kingstown Railway">Dublin and Kingstown Railway</a> (1834-56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Metropolitan_Police" title="Dublin Metropolitan Police">Dublin Metropolitan Police</a> (1836-1925)</li> <li>Sinking of the PS <a href="/wiki/PS_Queen_Victoria_(1838)" title="PS Queen Victoria (1838)">Queen Victoria</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire_Harbour" title="Dún Laoghaire Harbour">Dún Laoghaire Harbour</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton's</a> eureka moment at <a href="/wiki/Broom_Bridge" title="Broom Bridge">Broom Bridge</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1845_Royal_Canal_disaster" title="1845 Royal Canal disaster">Sinking of the Longford</a> on the Royal Canal (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Industrial_Exhibition_(1853)" title="Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)">Great Industrial Exhibition</a> (1853)</li> <li>Sinking of the RMS <a href="/wiki/RMS_Tayleur" title="RMS Tayleur">Tayleur</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monto" title="Monto">Monto (red light district)</a> (1860s-1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Monument,_Dublin" title="Wellington Monument, Dublin">Wellington Monument</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Fire_Brigade" title="Dublin Fire Brigade">Dublin Fire Brigade</a> (est. 1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Exhibition_of_Arts_and_Manufactures" title="International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures">International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_tramways" title="Dublin tramways">Dublin tramways</a> (1872-1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_whiskey_fire" title="Dublin whiskey fire">Dublin whiskey fire</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Artisans%27_Dwellings_Company" title="Dublin Artisans' Dwellings Company">Dublin Artisans' Dwellings Company</a> (1876-1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Murders" title="Phoenix Park Murders">Phoenix Park Murders</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_scandal" title="Dublin Castle scandal">Dublin Castle scandal</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingstown_lifeboat_disaster" title="Kingstown lifeboat disaster">Kingstown lifeboat disaster</a> (1895)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Howth_Tramway" title="Hill of Howth Tramway">Hill of Howth Tramway</a> (1901-59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_International_Exhibition" title="Irish International Exhibition">Irish International Exhibition</a> (1907)</li> <li>Theft of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Crown_Jewels#Theft" title="Irish Crown Jewels">Irish Crown Jewels</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Lock-out" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Lock-out">Dublin Lock-out</a> (1913-14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Walk_massacre" title="Bachelor's Walk massacre">Bachelor's Walk massacre</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howth_gun-running" title="Howth gun-running">Howth gun-running</a> (1914)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li>Introduction of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dublin_postal_districts" title="List of Dublin postal districts">Dublin Postal Districts</a> (1917)</li> <li>Sinking of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Leinster" title="RMS Leinster">RMS Leinster</a> (1918)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">First Dáil</a> (1919-21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)" title="Bloody Sunday (1920)">Bloody Sunday</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Gang" title="Cairo Gang">Cairo Gang</a> (1920s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Custom_House" title="Burning of the Custom House">Burning of the Custom House</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumcondra_ambush" title="Drumcondra ambush">Drumcondra ambush</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dublin" title="Battle of Dublin">Battle of Dublin</a> (1922)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)">Tailteann Games</a> (1924, 1928, 1932)</li> <li>Assassination of <a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Higgins#Assassination" title="Kevin O'Higgins">Kevin O'Higgins</a> (1927)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fields_(photographer)" title="Arthur Fields (photographer)">O'Connell Bridge photographer</a> (1930s-1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Modern_era" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day parade</a> (est. 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Eucharistic_Congress" title="1932 Eucharistic Congress">1932 Eucharistic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Dublin_riot" title="1933 Dublin riot">1933 Dublin riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Street_fire" title="Pearse Street fire">Pearse Street fire</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Bombing of Dublin in World War II</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggotonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggotonia">Baggotonia</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsday" title="Bloomsday">Bloomsday</a> commemorations (est. 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Housing_Action_Committee" title="Dublin Housing Action Committee">Dublin Housing Action Committee</a> (1960s-1970s)</li> <li>Demolition of houses along Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Georgian_mile" title="Georgian mile">Georgian mile</a> (1965)</li> <li>Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar#Destruction" title="Nelson's Pillar">Nelson's Pillar</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Studio_bombing" title="RTÉ Studio bombing">RTÉ Studio bombing</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Dublin_fires" title="1970 Dublin fires">Dublin fires</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_Train" title="Contraceptive Train">Contraceptive Train</a> (1971)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1971" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1971">1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1981" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1981">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1994" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1994">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1995">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1997">1997</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poolbeg_Generating_Station#Poolbeg_Chimneys" title="Poolbeg Generating Station">Poolbeg Chimneys</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_British_Embassy_in_Dublin" title="Burning of the British Embassy in Dublin">Burning of the British Embassy in Dublin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_and_1973_Dublin_bombings" title="1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings">Dublin bombings</a> (1972-73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison_helicopter_escape" title="Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape">Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_Bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin and Monaghan Bombings">Dublin and Monaghan Bombings</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport_bombing" title="Dublin Airport bombing">Dublin Airport bombing</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Quay" title="Wood Quay">"Save Wood Quay"</a> (1978-79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_fire" title="Stardust fire">Stardust fire</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUBU" title="GUBU">"GUBU" (Malcolm MacArthur)</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">Dublin Area Rapid Transit</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley_(1986)" title="Hurricane Charley (1986)">Hurricane Charley</a> flooding (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_Aid" title="Self Aid">Self Aid</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_Against_the_Destruction_of_Dublin" title="Students Against the Destruction of Dublin">Students Against the Destruction of Dublin</a> (1987-91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Millennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Millennium">Dublin Millennium</a> celebrations (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Dublin)_Act_1993" title="Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993">Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road_football_riot" title="Lansdowne Road football riot">Lansdowne Road football riot</a> (1995)</li> <li>Assassination of <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Guerin#Assassination_and_funeral" title="Veronica Guerin">Veronica Guerin</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crumlin-Drimnagh_feud" title="Crumlin-Drimnagh feud">Crumlin-Drimnagh feud</a> (2000-2016)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Special_Olympics_World_Summer_Games" title="2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games">Special Olympics</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luas" title="Luas">Luas</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Dublin_May_Day_protests" title="2004 Dublin May Day protests">May Day protests</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Dublin_riots" title="2006 Dublin riots">Dublin riots</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Port_Tunnel" title="Dublin Port Tunnel">Dublin Port Tunnel</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Ireland" title="Anti-austerity movement in Ireland">Anti-austerity</a> demonstrations (2008-15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Ireland_floods" title="2008 Ireland floods">2008 floods</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublinbikes" title="Dublinbikes">Dublinbikes</a> (est. 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bank_of_Ireland_robbery" title="2009 Bank of Ireland robbery">Bank of Ireland robbery</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M50_motorway_(Ireland)" title="M50 motorway (Ireland)">M50 motorway</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Police_training_explosives_incident" title="Slovak Police training explosives incident">Slovak Police training explosives incident</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Docks" title="Silicon Docks">Silicon Docks</a> (est. 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Dame_Street" title="Occupy Dame Street">Occupy Dame Street</a> (2011-12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutch%E2%80%93Kinahan_feud" title="Hutch–Kinahan feud">Hutch–Kinahan feud</a> (2015-to date)</li> <li>Occupation of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_House_(Dublin)" title="Apollo House (Dublin)">Apollo House</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Tech_Summit" title="Dublin Tech Summit">Dublin Tech Summit</a> (est. 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_British_Isles_cold_wave" title="2018 British Isles cold wave">The Beast from the East</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolock_feud" title="Coolock feud">Coolock feud</a> (2019-20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020-2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dublin_riots" title="2021 Dublin riots">Dublin riots</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_anti-immigration_protests_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish anti-immigration protests (2022–present)">Irish anti-immigration protests</a> (2022-to date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dublin_riot" title="2023 Dublin riot">Dublin mass stabbing & riot</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Annual sporting events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Horse_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Horse Show">Dublin Horse Show</a> (est. 1864)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship" title="All-Ireland Senior Football Championship">All-Ireland Football Final</a> (est. 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardstown_Racecourse" title="Leopardstown Racecourse">Leopardstown Racecourse</a> (est. 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Racecourse" title="Phoenix Park Racecourse">Phoenix Park Racecourse</a> (1902-1990)</li> <li>Hosting of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Hurling_Final" title="All-Ireland Hurling Final">All-Ireland Hurling Final</a> (est. 1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liffey_Swim" title="The Liffey Swim">Liffey Swim</a> (est. 1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin%E2%80%93Limerick_hurling_rivalry" title="Dublin–Limerick hurling rivalry">Dublin–Limerick hurling rivalry</a> (1923 - to date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liffey_Descent_Canoe_Race" title="Liffey Descent Canoe Race">Liffey Descent canoe race</a> (est. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Marathon" title="Dublin Marathon">Dublin Marathon</a> (est. 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Mini_Marathon,_Dublin" title="Women's Mini Marathon, Dublin">Women's Mini Marathon</a> (est. 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ireland_Run" title="Great Ireland Run">Great Ireland Run</a> (est. 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_O%27Neill_Challenge" title="Art O'Neill Challenge">Art O'Neill Challenge</a> (est. 2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1042" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193689#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1042" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193689#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1352821/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172931-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068025">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph784980&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5472901">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560537005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann (lower house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann (upper house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Immigration" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Immigration to the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Ireland" title="Americans in Ireland">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&oldid=1281002837">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Rising&oldid=1281002837</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-b7dkh","wgBackendResponseTime":314,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.478","walltime":"2.772","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20959,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":595150,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23748,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":734976,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2260.890 1 -total"," 39.53% 893.634 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.87% 358.766 74 Template:Cite_book"," 15.47% 349.757 104 Template:Sfn"," 11.51% 260.159 52 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.42% 258.234 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 5.88% 132.926 15 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[\"CITEREFCefaloni2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorráin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossonHuber2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullenMcCreanor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurran1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelapMorgan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDháibhéid2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDháibhéid2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorney2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrisceoil2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuffy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanning2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeeney2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerriter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlanagan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForkerMcCormick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodsonBrück2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolway1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraysonMcGarry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelmers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennessey1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimmelberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKautt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehoe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKildea2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeach2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeerssen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeerssen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevene2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidsterMassai2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonagh1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacardle1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaguire2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannionMcGarry2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcElligottConboy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGarry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGarry2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKillen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKillen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKillen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNallyPeter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQuaid2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoran1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoranCullen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrissey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrissey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulvagh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeeson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Donnell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Duibhir2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Farrell1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Gallagher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Leary2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Malley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;_Leary2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOutramLaybourn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Commission_on_the_Rebellion_in_Ireland1916\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._J._Connolly2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScanlonSatish_Kumar2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Irish_Times1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTormey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownshend2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreacy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUCD_Library._UCD_Library_Special_Collections1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeihman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhelehan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillem_DuyvendakM._Jasper2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFaan_de_Wiel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"Executions\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Irish independence\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Easter Rising\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 17,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 6,\n [\"History of Dublin\"] = 1,\n [\"IRB\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Ireland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 104,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 6,\n [\"Uprisings against Entente Powers during WWI\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Hiberno-English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use shortened footnotes\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 13,\n [\"Which\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","25.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","15.0"],["?","220","13.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.2"],["recursiveClone 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-01T07:05:18Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T18:27:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg","headline":"armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916"}</script> </body> </html>